Western Washington University Western CEDAR History Humanities 6-2011 Who are "The People"? Locating Popular Authority in Postrevolutionary America. A Review of: Constituent Moments: Enacting the People in Postrevolutionary America Johann N. Neem Western Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://cedar.wwu.edu/history_facpubs Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Neem, Johann N., "Who are "The People"? Locating Popular Authority in Postrevolutionary America. A Review of: Constituent Moments: Enacting the People in Postrevolutionary America" (2011). History. 19. http://cedar.wwu.edu/history_facpubs/19 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Humanities at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in History by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. 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