Spain:”grapevine varieties and
clonal selections”
Jesús Yuste
[email protected]
Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León
Valladolid, Spain
Spain: main grapegrowing regions
Galicia
Navarra
Valladolid
Rioja
Cataluña
*
Castilla y León
Aragón
Europe
• 1,150,500 ha
Portugal
Spain
**
Madrid
Madrid
Extremadura
• 40 million HL
• 75 A. of Origin
Castilla
La Mancha
Valencia
Baleares
Murcia
Andalucía
Canarias
Spanish varieties
•
•
White varieties (main):
Albariño, Airén, Malvasía, Verdejo, Viura
Red varieties (main)
(special in Castilla-León):
Bobal, Garnacha Tinta, Graciano, Mencía,
Monastrell, Prieto Picudo, Tempranillo
•
Varieties specifically in Castilla-León:
Albillo Mayor, Albillo Real, Juan García, Rufete
Galicia
ALBARIÑO
•Area: 5,500 ha
•Synonyms: Alvarinho
(Portugal)
•Cluster: little / Berry: little size
•Good ripening: moderate alcoholic
content and remarkable acidity.
•Very high aroma potential, fruity
with some floral characteristics.
*
*
•Excellent young wine quality, but also
new interesting aged wine.
AIRÉN
La Mancha
•Area: 300,000 ha
•Cluster: big / Berry: medium size
•Medium-high alcoholic content but
very low acidity. Low aroma (neutral
to fruity) and dry extract.
•Drooping habit of growth. High
fertility & very productive, even with
short pruning (“head” or basal buds).
*
*
•Highly resistant to drought, low
fertile soils & pest and diseases
(suitable for ecologic growing).
Galicia
Castilla-León
DOÑA BLANCA
•Area: 3,000 ha
•Synonyms: MALVASÍA CASTELLANA
•Cluster: medium / Berry: medium
•Moderate vigor, semi-upright growth
habit. Med.-high fertility & yield.
•Ripening: moderate alcohol & good
acidity. Quite aromatic. Very good
reputation as fine wine, even for
sweet wine with Moscatel in Toro.
*
*
•Clonal selections: developing program
in West of Castilla-León.
Castilla-León
VERDEJO
•Area: 15,000 ha
•Synonyms: NO Verdelho
•Cluster: little-med / Berry: medium
•Good and early-medium ripening:
moderate alcohol and good acidity.
•High aroma potential, bitter almond
flavour, floral, greenish yellow color.
*
*
•Excellent young wine quality (gliceric,
persistent), but also as aged, sparkling
wine & even sweet wine or generous.
Rioja
Castilla-León
Cataluña
Aragón
Extremadura
La Mancha
VIURA
•Area: 35,000 ha
•Synonyms: MACABEO
•Cluster: big / Berry: medium
•Vigorous, upright habit of growth.
High fertility & yield. Too productive
in fresh & fertile soils & susceptible
to p. mildew & botrytis & arid soils.
*
*
•Ripening: moderate alcohol & good
acidity (balanced), not very aromatic
(floral), little astringent (young & aged).
•Expectations: usually for sparkling
wine (cava), appreciated versatility.
Castilla-León
Castilla –
Valencia
La Mancha
*
*
BOBAL
•Area: 85,000 ha
•Synonyms: no
•Cluster: med.-big / Berry: med.-big
•Vigorous, semi-upright habit of
growth. Med.-high fertility & med.high yield. Drought tolerant but
susceptible to p. mildew & botrytis.
•Ripening: late, but moderate alcohol
& medium acidity, good color, tannic,
but astringent. Careful irrigation to
avoid yield excess & dilution.
•Expectations: good rose wine, but
lately also high quality red wines.
Navarra
Castilla-León
Aragón
Madrid
La Mancha
GARNACHA TINTA
•Area: 75,000 ha
•Synonyms: Grenache, Alicante
•Cluster: med.-big / Berry: medium
•Ripening: slow, but high alcoholic
content (if low yield) and moderate
acidity.
•Interesting aroma potential, but
weak body, suitable to blend to age.
*
*
•Susceptible to oxidation, aged
quickly. Interesting rose wine quality
& blended with Tempranillo & others.
Navarra
Rioja
Castilla-León
Castilla –
La Mancha
GRACIANO
•Area: 1,500 ha
•Synonyms: Morrastrel in France (?)
•Cluster: big / Berry: small-medium
•Medium vigor (best 110R), upright
habit of growth. Med.-high fertility &
yield (cluster thinning). Warm climate
(not direct radiation) & water suitable
*
*
•Moderate ripening, but high acidity &
phenols. Typical intense aroma & quite
astringency (ageing). Prestigious.
•Clonal selections: program & clones
developed by CIDA of La Rioja.
Galicia
Castilla-León
MENCÍA
•Area: 9,000 ha
•Synonyms: Jaen
(Portugal)
•Cluster: medium / Berry: med.-big
•Ripening: good, moderate alcoholic
degree & variable medium acidity.
•Very aromatic wine with good color
& fruity, but exigent to avoid loss
of acidity and excess of yield.
*
*
•Very good carbonic maceration &
rose wine. More limited potential for
ageing, but suitable in some cases.
MONASTRELL
La Mancha
Valencia
Murcia
•Area: 63,000 ha
•Synonyms: Mourvedre, Mataro
•Cluster: med.-big / Berry: medium
•Ripening: late, alcoholic potential.
Intense color, structure & tannins.
•Interesting long ageing potential,
necessary to become balanced & soft.
*
*
•Quite resistant to oxidation & acid
suitable for long ageing (to get less
astringency) and blending.
Castilla-León
PRIETO PICUDO
•Area: 5,500 ha
•Synonyms: no
•Cluster: small / Berry: small
•Ripening: very good, moderate high
alcoholic degree & adequate acidity.
•Intense & good aroma (black fruits
& pepper). Interesting violet cherry
color & freshness taste.
*
*
•Very good typical rose (including
slightly sparkling) & red wine (young
& medium aged).
Castilla-León
Aragón
Madrid
Extremadura
La Mancha
TEMPRANILLO
•Area: more than 220,000 ha
•Synonyms: Tinta del País, T. de Toro
•Cluster: med-big / Berry: medium
•Ripening: good, medium to high
alcoholic content & moderate acidity,
better with cool nights in maturation.
•Intense aroma & color, fruity, but
variable high quality depending on
site, climate & level of yield.
*
*
•Very good aged wine (no herbaceous
extract allows long maceration). Also
very good blends with acid varieties.
Tempranillo: importance
•Tempranillo is grown in all Spanish regions &
allowed to be grown in most of Apellations of Origin
•Amazing increase during the last decades, mainly in
Rioja, Castilla-La Mancha & Castilla y León
•Nurseries: TP higher quantity of grafted plants in
Spain (85%, 13 M) & Europe (24%, 37 M) in 2000
La Rioja
Valladolid
Castilla
* y Leon
Portugal
**
Madrid
Madrid
La Mancha
•Spread to other countries:
Portugal, Argentina, Chile, France,
Australia, USA, etc.
•Variability: genetic/environmental
• TP: best red Spanish variety
TEMPRANILLO
•A.O.C. Rioja: Tempranillo 65% 40000 ha
•Castilla y León: Tempranillo 70% 35000 ha
A.O. Ribera del Duero Tinta del país 85%
A.O. Toro Tinta de Toro 75%
•Castilla-La Mancha: Cencibel 15%
30000 ha /200000 ha (Valdepeñas)
•Aragón: Tempranillo, Aragonés
•Cataluña: Ull de llebre
•Extremadura: Escobera
•Madrid: Tinto fino, etc.
•Selections: clones of Castilla-León at FPS
CL-98, -117, -242, -292, -306, -311. Other:
Rioja (ex.:RJ-43), France (ex. 770).
Castilla-León
ALBILLO MAYOR
•Area: 1,500 ha
•Synonyms: Albillo, Blanca del País
Extremadura
•Cluster: med.-big / Berry: medium
•Vigorous, upright habit of growth.
Med.-high fertility & yield.
•Good ripening: moderate alcohol &
acid. Fruity aroma. Used mostly to
blend with white & red varieties;
also as monovarietal new tendency.
*
*
•Clonal selections: Clones of CastillaLeón (FPS: CL-30 / Spain: CL-7, -17).
Castilla-León
Madrid
ALBILLO REAL
•Area: 1,000 ha
•Synonyms: Albillo de Madrid
•Cluster: medium / Berry: medium
•Low vigor, drooping growth habit.
Low fertility & yield. Highly early.
•Ripening: early but medium
alcohol & med.-low acidity.
Fruity aroma. Used for young
wine, blends & sweet wines.
*
*
•Clonal selections: Clones of CastillaLeón (FPS: CL-35 / Spain: CL-207).
Galicia
Castilla-León
JUAN GARCÍA
•Area: 1,300 ha
•Synonyms: Mouratón
•Cluster: medium / Berry: med.-big
•Moderate vigor, semi-upright habit
of growth. Med.-high fertility & yield.
Susceptible to p. mildew & botrytis.
*
*
•Moderate ripening: medium alcohol
& acidity. Fruity aroma but unstable
color. Limited potential to rose and
red young wines or for blends.
•Clonal selections: Clones of CastillaLeón (FPS: CL-21, -52 / Spain: CL-12).
Castilla-León
RUFETE
•Area: 1,000 ha
•Synonyms: no
•Cluster: small / Berry: medium
•Moderate vigor, semi-upright habit
of growth. High fertility & yield.
Thin skin, susceptible to botrytis.
*
*
•Ripening: moderate alcohol & good
high acidity. Intense aroma (fruity,
mineral). High expectative for
young, blends or, mainly, aged wine.
•Clonal selections: developing clones in
Sierra de Salamanca (Castilla-León).
Castilla y León (94,000 km )
2
Valladolid
*
*
Madrid
Castilla y León: clonal selection program
MENCIA
PRIETO PICUDO
ALBILLO MAYOR
GARNACHA TINTA
TINTA DEL PAIS
JUAN GARCIA
TINTA DE TORO
VERDEJO
ALBILLO MAYOR
TINTA DEL PAIS
ALBILLO REAL
GARNACHA TINTA
Clonal selection: program & evaluation
•Grapevine material in Spain: standard or certified?
Some wrong concepts about “old vineyards”
•Clonal selection programs in
different regions orientated to
emphasize “typical character”.
Castilla-León: clonal selection program
NO virus
Fanleaf
Leafroll
Fleck
PLOT FOR
COMPARISON
OF CLONES
Castilla-León: clonal selection program
AGRONOMIC ASPECTS
SANITARY ASPECTS
ENOLOGIC ASPECTS
SELECTION
CLONES
SELECTED FOR
CERTIFICATION
Castilla y León: selection process
•ORIGINAL VINEYARDS
•CLONAL PRESELECTION
4-5 years
•COMPARISON PLOT
•PRINCIPAL CLONAL
SELECTION
5-6 years
•SELECTED CLONES
•CLONES TO CERTIFY
CERTIFIED CLONE OF TEMPRANILLO - ITACYL
TINTA DEL PAÍS
CL - 98
Valladolid
Agronomy
Variety
Clone
Valuation
Budbreak
8 Apr
11 Apr
Yield (t/ha)
8.78
8.26
Med-low
Pruning weight (kg/vine)
1.04
1.11
Medium
Cluster weight (g)
257
226
Low
Berry weight (g)
1.94
1.99
Medium
Ravaz Index
3.31
2.92
Med.-low
Alcoholic degree (% v/v)
12.7
13.0
Med.-high
Titratable acidity (g/l)
5.3
5.6
Med.-high
pH
3.47
3.44
Medium
14
14
Med.-high
Enology
Total polyphenols
Valuation of wine
Tasting
Main organoleptic feature
Excellent
Structured
Characteristics: Which clone to choose?
•CL-98 (syn. Tinta del País):
moderate yield, small cluster, med.high %vol-acid, intense, balanced
•CL-242 (syn. Tinta del País): lowmed. yield, med.-big berry, good
ripening, aroma, body, balanced
•CL-292 (syn. Tinta de Toro): med.
yield, small-med. berry, good
ripening, med. %vol, body, balance
•CL-306 (syn. Tinta de Toro): low
yield, small cluster and berry, good
maturation, high %vol, intense body
Which variety in what place?
A place for a variety?: no,
limited management to optimize quality
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION TO:
Spain:”grapevine varieties and
clonal selections”
Jesús Yuste
[email protected]