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מבנה ואפיוני! של תהלי* היווצרות הכוכבי!
בגלקסיות ננסיות בעלות בהירות נמוכה
בצביר הבתולה
חיבור לש! קבלת התואר דוקטור לפילוסופיה
מאת
אנה ב .הלר
הוגש לסנט של אוניברסיטת תל אביב
נובמבר 2001
העבודה הוכנה בהנחיית! של
פרופ' אליה ליבובי9
ד"ר נח ברוש
הפקולטה למדעי! מדוייקי! ע"ש ריימונד ובברלי סאקלר
בית הספר לפיסיקה ואסטרונומיה
אוניברסיטת תל אביב
תקציר
אני מציגה בעבודה זו תוצאות של מחקר הדמייה של מדגם שלם של גלקסיות בעלות בהירות
שטח נמוכה ) ,(LSBשהנן מהסוג "בלתי סדורה ננסית" ,החברות בצביר הגלקסיות "הבתולה"
) .(Virgoהתמונות נעשו במסנני אור U, B, V, R, Iוכן בקו הספקטרלי Hαוברצף האדום.
מדגם הגלקסיות שנחקר כולל את כל הגלקסיות המסווגות ImIVו ,ImV-בעלות בהירות גדולה
מ 17.2-גדלים ב .B-אני משווה את התצפיות עם מדגם מייצג של גלקסיות ננסיות בעלות
בהירות שטח גבוהה ) ,(HSBמסוג ,BCDאף הן חברות בצביר הבתולה ושנצפו באותן שיטות.
השטף הנפלט בקו הספקטרלי של Hαוהרוחב האקוויוולנטי של הקו ניתן כאן עבור כל אזור
HIIוהפליטה בקו ניתנת עבור הגלקסיה כולה .למרות שכמות הפליטה בקו הספקטרלי
מאזורי HIIשזוהו הנה משמעותית ,היא לא מהווה את כל הפליטה של פוטוני הקו עבור כל
הגלקסיות .עבור העצמים בהם התגלתה פליטה בקו ,Hαאני מוצאת קצבי היווצרות כוכבים
אופייניים של
³
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² Msol/yr
.4.3x10ערכים אלה חלשים בכסדר
גודל אחד מאלה שנמדדו עבור גלקסיות ה ,BCD-למרות שיש חפיפה חלקית בקצבי
ההיווצרות .אני מגלה בממוצע שני אזורי HIIבכל גלקסיה ,ומונה 38אזורים כאלה במכלול
17הגלקסיות בהן התגלתה פליטה בקו .אזורי HIIאלה קטנים וחיוורים יותר מאלו שנמצאו
בגלקסיות BCDשחברות באותו צביר של גלקסיות .הרוחב האקוויוולנטי של קו הפליטה
בגלקסיות שחקרתי קטן בכ 50%-מזה של מדגם ה ,BCD-אך השטח שהם מכסים מכלל
שטח הגלקסיה דומה .קיים הבדל גדול בבהירות בין אזור ה HII-הבהיר ביותר לשני הבהיר
ביותר בגלקסיות בהן נמצאו יותר מאזור HIIאחד .האזורים מהם נפלט קו ה Hα -נמצאים
בדרך כלל סמוך לשפת הגלקסיות ,לגבי המדגם בעל בהירות שטח נמוכה ,בעוד הם מרכזיים
עבור גלקסיות מסוג .BCDחוזק הפליטה בקו מתוך אזור HIIמסוים קשור לבהירות ברצף
האור האדום שנפלט מתחת לאזור זה; טענה זו נכונה הן לגבי גלקסיות LSBוהן לגבי אלה
עם .HSB
הפעילות של היווצרות הכוכבים במדגם ה LSB-מתוך צביר הבתולה נחקרה כפונקציה של
המהירות הרדיאלית יחסית למהירות הצביר ,והן כפונקציה של המרחק הזוויתי ממרכז
הצביר .בעבודה זו בדקתי את האמפליטודה של רמת האסימטרייה ,את התפלגותה
כפונקציה של הזווית האזימותלית ,ואת מידת הריכוז של אזורי היווצרות הכוכבים כפי
שמתבטאת מהפליטה בקו ,Hαבמדגם מוגדל של 78גלקסיות בלתי-סדורות מסוג מאוחר.
הגלקסיות חולקו לשתי קבוצות המאפיינות את הסוג BCDואת הסוג .LSBהתפלגות האור
נבדקה בעזרת אלגוריתם חדש ,שמאפשר גילוי פרטים בתבנית התפלגות האור .מצאתי
שבעוד שהאסימטריה של אור הרצף ,שמאפיין אוכלוסיית כוכבים זקנים ,הנה קטנה ,זו של
הפליטה בקו ה Hα -הנה מאוד בלתי סימטרית ותואמת ,מהבחינה הזוויתית ,את הכיוון הכללי
של אור הרצף .מידת הריכוז של אור הרצף תואמת את הריכוז של האור בקו
הספקטרלי;
פירוש ממצא זה הנו שלאוכלוסיית הכוכבים הצעירים התפלגות מרחבית דומה לזו של
אוכלוסיות כוכבים זקנות יותר ,אך תכונה זו מוגשת אצל האוכלוסייה הצעירה של הכוכבים.
מודל של היווצרות מקרית של כוכבים על פני גלקסיה נבחן על-ידי הוספת אזורי HIIעל פני
גלקסיה סינתטית .הנחת היסוד הייתה של גלקסיה דמוית-דיסקה שהתפלגות האור ממנה
היא כשל דיסקה מעריכית ,שרדיוסה כפליים מידת האורך ) (scale lengthשל הדיסקה .על
הדיסקה הוצבו צבירי כוכבים אדומים במקומות מקריים .אפשרתי שינויים בבהירות הנצפת
של הדיסקה ,במידת האורך ,בזווית ההטיה ,ובדרגת הפחיסות .בחנתי את התפלגות
האסימטריה והריכוז ש 1000-המודלים מנבאים מול ההתפלגות הנמדדת .הסיבה לחלק זה
של המחקר היא שגלקסיות LSBאינן מראות העדפה מיוחדת לגבי מיקום אזורי ה ,HII-בניגוד
לגלקסיות BCDשמרכזות את אזורי ה HII-במרכז ,ובלי תלות במספר אזורי HIIשלהן.
התבוננות בתכונות אור הרצף מראה כי רוב גלקסיות ה LSB-ניתן לתאר כדיסקות מעריכיות
שרדיוסיהן כפליים ממידת האורך .גלקסיות ה ,BCD-לעומת זאת ,זקוקות למידת ריכוז גבוהה
הרבה יותר ולמידות אורך קטנות מאלו בהן השתמשתי בסימולציות .המסקנה היא
שהיווצרות כוכבים כתהליך מקרי ,על פני הגלקסיה כולה ,אפשרית עבור גלקסיות LSBאבל
לא .BCD
פוטומטריה שטחית בצבעי UBVRIבוצעה למדגם העיקרי של הגלקסיות LSBבצביר בתולה.
מזה ,גזרתי את הבהירות המרכזית ,את מידת האורך ,את הבהירות והצבעים הכלליים ,ואת
הצבעים האופייניים )כחציון המדידות ברדיוסים שונים( .אני מתארת את התפלגות הצבעים
במונחים של פרופילים רדיאלים של בהירות ליחידת שטח .הגרדיאנטים בצבע מוסברים
ומושווים עם אלה של גלקסיות ספירליות בעלות בהירות שטחית נמוכה .התוצאות מראות
שהמודלים הפשוטים ביותר ,של התפרצויות יחידות וקצרות של היווצרות כוכבים ,אינם
מסבירים את התפתחות הגלקסיות הללו .התרומה היחסית של שטף אור הנוצר על-ידי
אוכלוסיות הכוכבים הצעירים והזקנים מותחמות על-ידי אלגוריתם חדש ,וכמות המתכות
נקבעת מהתאמה למודלים .המסקנה היא שגלקסיות ה LSB-לא יכולות להיות שאריות של
גלקסיות ננסיות שכוכביהן דהו וכן לא יכולות להיות עצמים בהם מתרחשת היווצרות כוכבים
מתמדת בקצב נמוך .ההסבר הסביר יותר הוא שבגלקסיות אלה היווצרות הכוכבים הנה
תהליך מתפרץ וקצר שמתרחש כמה פעמים בהיסטוריה של הגלקסיה ,בעצמה נמוכה מזו
שנמדדה בגלקסיות .BCD
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