World Aquaculture Society (WAS) 2010 ECOLOGY AND AQUACULTURE OF LINED SEAHORSE Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810 QIANG LIN, JUNDA LIN Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization SCSIO., CAS., Guangzhou 510301, P. R. China Vero Beach Marine Laboratory. Florida Institute of Technology Vero Beach, Florida 32963, U.S.A. [email protected] / [email protected] WAS 2010, San Diego, USA Many research works… Reproduction Seahorse Aquaculture survivorship Weaning Growth WAS 2010, San Diego, USA Background Seahorse (Hippocampus) is a unique fish, and it distributes throughout the world, especially south-east Asian regions (27/33 species). Habitats: shallow sea water – Seagrass – Coral reefs – Mangroves WAS 2010, San Diego, USA Background Economical value Chinese traditional medicine (CTM), ornamentals, curios and health products etc.(unit price $20-70 in USA) International trade China is the largest import country of seahorses (e.g., in 2000, the trade was 50 tons, but from 2005, it was 170 tons every year). Wild resource There are 33 species throughout the world, and 9 species in China (3 are used for culture), all are endangered and under CITES II. WAS 2010, San Diego, USA Background Research works Adult seahorses (especially for parent seahorses) Many works focused on biological study, e.g sexual selection, ecological evolution, and few on aquaculture. Sub-adults A few studies on growth and gonad development, nutritional composition. Juveniles Extensive works on survival and culture technique, and on biology. WAS 2010 — Parental seahorse 1、Reproduction Hippocampus kuda, H. trimaculatus, H. histrix, H. erectus, H. reidi Comparison among species F2 gestation time (d) brood size body size (cm) H. kuda H. trima H. histr H. erectus H. reidi 21 465 1.02 26 637 0.94 23 527 1.08 17 411 1.15 26 879 0.74 (Lin et al., 2006; 2007; 2008a, Aquaculture) WAS 2010 — Parental seahorse Exp. 1 Effect of generation on reproductive efficiency… Parameters F2: H. erectus F5: H. erectus F8: H. erectus Parent size (cm) 18.5±1.2 19.3±2.3 18.1±1.7 Mating time (d) 3.8±1.4 3.1±1.7 2.3±0.9 Gestation time (d) 17.5±2.8 23.6±4.4 24.5±5.3 Brood size (inds) 411±67 405±103 352±96 Juvenile size (cm) 1.15±0.08 1.01±0.17 1.05±0.12 Survivorship (%) 81.5±5.2 77.5±3.7 70.7±10.4 For parents, the males and females in the same size were used in the above experiment (Lin et al., 2010, unpublished data ) WAS 2010 — Parental seahorse Exp. 2 Reproductive efficiency… RUNNING F3: Effect of culture depth on the reproductive efficiency was studied in three months The higher the depth was, the better in reproduction!! Brood size (inds) Juvenile size (cm) Survivorship (%) 0.8 m 0.6 m 0.4 m 0.2 m 78±24 1.16±0.06 69.7±11.2 218±52 1.08±0.13 73.8±7.7 391±46 1.07±0.08 84.2±4.6 402±72 1.11±0.12 82.8±6.1 (Lin et al., 2010, unpublished data ) WAS 2010 — Juvenile seahorse 2、Juvenile research On growth and survivorship… Environmental factors(Temperature, salinity, light intensity, stocking density and DO, respectively) Nutritional factors(Copepods, Artemia, Rotifer(enriched by PUFA, micro-algae, Vb and Biotin, respectively)) Others,some macro-algae, CTM, drugs…… (Lin et al., 2006a. Aquaculture) (Lin et al., 2007a. Aquaculture) (J. Sheng, Q. Lin et al., 2006b. Aquaculture) (J. Sheng, Q. Lin et al., 2007b. Aquaculture) (Lin et al., 2008a. Aquaculture) (Lin et al., 2008b. Aquaculture Research) (Lin et al., 2009a. Aquaculture Research) WAS 2010 — Juvenile seahorse Exp. 3 Enriched diets Artemia nauplii (0.04±0.012 cm ) Survival rate (%) 100 90 80 70 60 PUFA: fish oil emulsion SUPER SELCO® (0.3 ml/L) CHL This Exp. was run in 3 weeks. PUFA CHL PLM PUFA/CHL PUFA CHL PLM PUFA/ CHL 4. 5 Standard body length (cm CHL: Chlorella spp. (85 mg/L) PLM: Platymonus spp. (100 mg/L) PUFA/CHL: mixture of PUFA and 50 4 3. 5 3 2. 5 2 Effect of enriched diets on survivorship and growth WAS 2010 — Juvenile seahorse Exp. 3 Growth under different factors… (c) 0.05 0.16 5 0.14 4.5 3.5 0.03 0.02 3 2.5 0.08 2 0.06 X max =4.64 (L=1320 Lux) Wet weight 0.04 X max =28.1 0.01 0.1 Standard length 0.02 0 X max =4.90 (L=1450 Lux) 25 27 29 31 T emperature (℃) 33 35 1 0.5 0 23 1.5 Standard length (cm) 4 0.12 0.04 Wet weight (g) Weight increment (g) Y = - 0.0013x 2 + 0.073x - 0.9952 (r 2 = 0.9886) 0 1,(50) 2,(100) 3,(500) 4,(1000) 5,(1500) 6,(2000) 7,(2500) 8,(3000) Light intensity (Lux) Effect of light intensity and temperature on the growth (Lin et al., 2008b. Aquaculture Research) (Lin et al., 2008c. J. the Worl Aqua. Soci) WAS 2010 — Juvenile seahorse Exp. 4 Air bubble disease 1. Body skin: Induced by water quality (happened in adults, juveniles) (see right) 2. Gut: Might be induced by light intensity, temperature, food conditions (juveniles) 100 90 80 Percentage (%) 70 60 Survival rate 50 Air-bubble disease rate 40 Light intensity, temperature, air bubble disease and survivorship 30 20 10 0 1,(50) (Lin et al., 2009b. Aquaculture Research ) 2,(100) 3,(500) 4,(1000) 5,(1500) 6,(2000) 7,(2500) 8,(3000) Light intensity (Lux) WAS 2010 — Juvenile seahorse A mode of juvenile seahorse culture WAS 2010 — Weaning juvenile 3、Weaning Juveniles Exp. 5 70 dph 63 dph 5 Treatments were used… 56 dph T42, T49 had negative growth (weight). T70 had a significant weight increment. T56, T63 had normal growth (weaning duration, food consume) For this specie, 60 dph was the best time to wean from live diets to frozen food 49 dph 42 dph Growth Effect of juveniles’ age… (Lin et al., 2009c. Aquaculture) WAS 2010 — Weaning juvenile Exp. 6 Relationship between the body size and weaning Increment ratio (b) 10 Standard length (cm) 9 8 Ts T ms 7 Tm Tl 6 5 4 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 T ime (day) Ts Tms Tm Tl The larger size, the better, but the cost is also higher!!! Effect of the body size… (Lin et al., 2009c. Aquaculture) WAS 2010 — Weaning juvenile SO…… These experiments showed that the body size was the key factor for weaning the juveniles from live diets to frozen food. Generally, it will be a proper time to wean the juveniles when they are 0.54-0.73g in wet weight, 6.59-7.46 cm in standard body length (approximately 60 dpp) (Lined seahorses H. erectus) WAS 2010 — Sub-adult seahorse 4、Growth of the sub-adults Exp. 8 Environmental conditions… 10 8 18 9 7 16 7 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 1 100 0.25 14 12 0.15 8 Wet weight increment 1 2 0 0 1000 1500 Light intensity (Lux) 2000 2500 Standard length Length of brood pouch Ratio of brood pouch 6 Standard length increment 500 0.2 10 2 0 0.3 4 Ratio 6 Standard length (cm) 8 Increment of wet weight (g) Increment of standard length (cm) (b) 0.1 0.05 0 1 time 2 times 3 times 4 times Feeding rhythm (time/day) Effect of light intensity and feeding frequency on the growth... (Lin et al., 2009d. Aquaculture) WAS 2010 — Sub-adult seahorse Exp. 8 Environmental conditions… (a) (a) 10 10 9 8 Incremental weight Initial wet weight Incremental weight 8 Initial wet weight 7 Wet weight (g) Wet weight (g) 7 9 6 5 4 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 35 33 31 Salinity (‰) 29 27 0 1.5 1 0.5 0.25 Stocking density (Inds/tank) Effect of salinity and stocking density on the growth... (Lin et al., 2009d. Aquaculture) WAS 2010 — Sub-adult seahorse Exp. 9 Males and females… (a) 9 S24(male) 8 S24(female) Wet weight (g) 7 S4(male) 6 S4(female) 5 4 3 2 1 0 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140 147 154 Age (day) Growth of the male and female seahorses... (Lin et al., 2009d. Aquaculture) WAS 2010 — Sub-adult seahorse Exp. 9 Brood pouch development… (b) 16 0.2 14 High stocking density can stimulate brood pouch development of male seahorses. 0.16 12 10 0.12 8 Ratio Standard length (cm) Stocking density (Space competition?) Standard length Brood pouch length 6 0.08 Ratio of brood pouch 4 0.04 2 0 0 1.5 1 0.5 0.25 Stocking density (Inds/tank) Effect of stocking density on brood pouch size... (Lin et al., 2009d. Aquaculture) WAS 2010 —Seahorse Aquaculture CONCLUSIONS Improving reproductive efficiency and survivorship of early juveniles are both needed to realize large-scale seahorse aquaculture. Lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus is an important seahorse species for commercial culture. SEAHORSE PROJECT —Acknowledgements Acknowledgements All the research work was carried out at the Vero Beach Marine Laboratory, Vero Beach, Florida, USA and Zhanjiang seahorse research center, Guangdong, PR.China. Dr. Dong Zhang Marine Laboratory. Florida Institute of Technology Vero Beach, Florida, U.S.A. Seahorse research was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Special Grade of the financial support from China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, Guangdong Oceanic and Fisheries Science and technology Foundation and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation. THE END THANKS Vero Beach
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