BIO 141 Exam I Study Guide
What is anatomy?
What is physiology?
Describe the following positions:
Anatomical
Prone
Supine
Describe the regions of the body, where they are and what they include:
Head
Neck
Trunk
Upper Limb
Lower Limb
Define the following directional terms:
Superior/Inferior
Anterior/Posterior
Medial/Lateral
Intermediate
Ipsilateral/Contralateral
Proximal/Distal
Superficial/Deep
Describe the planes used to define the body
Saggital
Midsaggial
Parasaggital
Frontal/Coronal
Transverse/Cross Sectional
Oblique
Describe the following body cavities. Give location and what is included in each:
Cranial
Vertebral
Thoracic
Abdominopelvic
What are the seven characteristics something must have to be considered alive. Define each.
What is homeostasis?
What is a feedback system? How does it work (use receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway,
effector in your answer)
Describe negative feedback, give an example.
Describe positive feedback, give an example.
What is an element?
What are the bulk elements?
What are the bulk minerals?
What is an atom?
What is a proton?
What is a neutron?
What is an electron?
What is atomic number?
What is mass number?
What is atomic mass?
What is an isotope, and what are some uses?
What is an ion, give some examples?
Which atomic particle is responsible for bonding?
What is a bond?
What is a covalent bond?
What is an ionic bond?
What type of bond does water have?
What type of bond “sticks” water molecules together?
Define Cohesion
Define Adhesion
What is the type of energy stored in chemical bonds?
What is the difference between an endergonic and exergonic reaction?
Is ATP synthesis endergonic or exergonic?
Is the hydrolysis of ATP endergonic or exergonic?
What is a synthesis reaction?
What is a decomposition reaction?
What is an exchange reaction?
When a substance gains electrons is it oxidized or reduced?
What a substance loses electrons is it oxidized or reduced?
What is a hydrophilic substance, give an example.
What is a hydrophobic substance, give an example?
Define hydrolysis.
Define dehydration synthesis.
What is an acid, what is the pH range? Give some examples.
What is a base, what is the pH range? Give some examples.
What is the affliction where the body has too much acid?
What is a monosaccharide, give an example.
What is a disaccharide, give an example.
What is an oligosaccharide, give an example.
Define the following carbohydrates. Give some examples of each:
Polysaccharide
Lipids
Fatty Acids
Triglycerides
Sterols
Waxes
Phospholipids
Eicosanoids
Carotenes
Vitamins E and K
Lipoproteins
Proteins (include primary through quaternary structure)
What is an amino acid?
What are the functions of proteins?
What is an enzyme, what are the properties of enzymes?
What is a nucleic acid?
What is the difference between DNA and RNA
What are the different base pairs, and who bonds with who?
What are ADP and ATP?
What is a cell? Be able to label an animal cell (slide 4)
What is the study of cells called?
What structures do all cells have?
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
What are the components of the plasma membrane?
What are the different membrane proteins?
What are the functions of the membrane proteins?
Membranes are semipermeable. Name the substance that fall under the following categories?
Permeable to:
Non-permeable to:
Slightly permeable to:
What is passive transport?
What is diffusion?
What is simple diffusion, and what substances pass by simple diffusion?
What is facilitated diffusion and what substances pass by facilitated diffusion?
What is channel mediated diffusion, and what substances pass by channel mediated diffusion?
What is carrier mediated diffusion, and what substances pass by carrier mediated diffusion?
What is osmosis?
What 2 ways can water move by osmosis?
What is a solution’s tonicity?
What is hyper tonic?
What is hypotonic?
What is isotonic?
Be able to describe to me which way water will move in each case.
What happens to a blood cell in a hypertonic solution?
What happens to a blood cell in a hypotonic solution?
What is active transport?
What substance move by active transport?
How does active transport work?
What is secondary active transport?
What is a symporter?
What is anantiporter?
What is endocytosis?
What is receptor mediated endocytosis?
What is phagocytosis?
What is bulk-phase endocytosis?
What is exocytosis?
What is cytosol, and what is its composition?
What is the function or the cytoskeleton?
What is the structure of the cytoskeleton?
What is a centrosome, and what is its function?
What are cilia, what are their function, and where would I find cells with cilia in the human body?
What is a flagellum, what is its function, what is the only human cell with a flagella?
What are ribosomes and what are their function?
What is endoplasmic reticulum, what is its function, and what are the 2 types?
What is golgi apparatus and what is the function?
What are lysosomes and what are their function?
What are peroxisomes and what is their function?
What are proteasomes and what are their function?
What are mitochondria and what is their function?
What biochemical process is carried out in mitochondria?
What is the structure of mitochondria?
Do mitochondria have their own DNA?
What is the nucleus, what is its structure and function?
Where does protein synthesis take place? What organelles are involved?
What are the different types of RNA, and what are their function?
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
What is transcription?
Where does it occur?
What are the steps?
How does a cell prepare mRNA for translation?
What is translation?
Where does it occur?
What are the steps?
What types of RNA are used?
What is a codon?
How does a polypeptide become a protein?
What errors can occur in this process, and what diseases can it cause?
What is your genome?
What is a chromosome? How many do you have?
What is a gene?
What is DNA replication?
Where does it occur?
How do cells prepare for cell division?
Be able to label the parts of a replicated chromosome (slide 65)
Define:
Chromatin
Chromatid
Centromere
What is mitosis?
What is it used for?
What is interphase?
G1
S
G2
What phases does the cell division include? Define each of the phase below. Be able to pick out phases by their
pictures. Slide 74 and 75
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
What is cytokinesis?