CONTENTS
List of Illustrations
Author’s Foreword
Acknowledgments
viii
xi
xiii
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
14
25
61
115
126
147
169
190
Cleopatra – Black and Beautiful?
Sources
King’s Daughter, King’s Sister, Great Royal Wife
Ruler, Regent, and Pharaoh
Cleopatra’s Capital and Court
Cleopatra as a Goddess
Cleopatra, Mark Antony, and the East
Death of a Queen, Rebirth of a Goddess
The Legacy of Cleopatra
Bibliography
Index
197
208
ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURES
3.1
3.2
4.1
The Ptolemies from Ptolemy V and Cleopatra I
Ptolemaic family from Ptolemy V to the end of
their history
Drawing of the birth-scene in the Mammisi at
Armant (after Lepsius)
32
33
90
PLATES
1.1
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
Coin showing portrait of Cleopatra VII on the
obverse and Mark Antony on the reverse, minted
in Antioch in 36 bce
The Ptah temple, Karnak
The temple pronaos at Kom Ombo, reign of
Ptolemy XII
Ptolemy XII wearing a blue crown from the
crypts at Armant
The Buchis bull from the crypts at Armant
Ptolemy XII wearing the crown of Upper
Egypt from the crypts at Armant
Clay seal impression showing a representation
of Ptolemy XII and Cleopatra V or VII
The temple of Horus, Edfu. The pylon shows
an image of Ptolemy XII smiting his enemies
The Geb shrine, Koptos. Cleopatra stands
alone offering to the gods
12
35
36
36
37
38
40
45
46
illustrations
The Geb shrine, Koptos. On the outside of the
shrine is a representation of Augustus
3.10 Limestone crown from a statue. The crown has
a triple uraeus and is inscribed with the titles of
the queen
3.11 The gateway of Khonsu, Karnak
3.12 Marble statue of Cleopatra VII
3.13 Marble statue of Cleopatra VII
4.1
Chapel of the God’s Wives of Amun, Medinat
Habu
4.2
Chapel of the God’s Wives of Amun, Medinat
Habu, detail
4.3
Limestone statue of Arsinoe II
4.4
Steatite statue representing Cleopatra VII
4.5
Basalt statue of Cleopatra III
4.6
Basalt statue of Cleopatra VII
4.7
Copper Alloy coin showing Cleopatra VII and
Ptolemy Caesar as a child
4.8
Basalt statue of Cleopatra VII
4.9
Architrave from the temple at Armant with the
cartouche of Cleopatra (now stored upside down)
4.10 Relief decoration showing Cleopatra III,
Deir el Medina
4.11 The south wall of the Temple of Hathor at
Denderah
4.12 Ptolemy XV Caesar and Cleopatra VII making
an offering, Temple of Hathor at Denderah.
Cleopatra wears the generic form of crown
4.13 Ptolemy XV Caesar and Cleopatra making an
offering, Temple of Hathor at Denderah.
Cleopatra wears the crown of Arsinoe II
4.14a Chapel of Hathor at Denderah
4.14b Cartouche reading “Cleopatra” from the Hathor
Chapel Denderah
4.15 Statue of Horus with the young Ptolemy XV
Caesar as a priest. Temple of Horus at Edfu
4.16 Basalt statue of Ptolemy Caesar
ix
3.9
47
49
52
59
60
65
65
67
70
78
84
85
86
89
91
93
97
98
100
101
109
110
x
4.17
4.18
5.1
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
illustrations
Granite statue of Ptolemy Caesar, Greco-Roman
Museum, Alexandria, inv. 11275
Granite statue of Cleopatra VII as Isis
Marble statue of Cleopatra VII as Isis, found at
the sanctuary of Isis in Rome
Relief showing the dynastic cults, temple of
Horus at Edfu
Relief showing Arsinoe II, temple of Isis Philae
Relief from the Khonsu gateway, Karnak
Marble statue of Cleopatra VII
Limestone statue of Cleopatra VII
Basalt statue of Cleopatra VII
Gold ring engraved with a representation of
Cleopatra VII
112
113
118
127
128
129
134
135
137
145