Т. Ю. Плетяго, А.В. Чумакова
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ 1 КУСА НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ «ЮРИСПРУДЕНЦИЯ»
(НАЧАЛЬНЫЙ УРОВЕНЬ, ОБЩЕКУЛЬТУРНАЯ И
ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНАЯ ТЕМАТИКА)
РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ
МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ
Государственное образовательное учреждение
Высшего профессионального образования
ТЮМЕНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
ИНСТИТУТ ГОСУДАРСТВА И ПРАВА
КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ
Т.Ю. Плетяго, А.В. Чумакова
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Учебно-методическое пособие
для студентов 1 куса направления «Юриспруденция»
(начальный уровень, общекультурная
и профессиональная тематика)
ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВО
ТЮМЕНСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА
2008
2
CONTENT
Topics
Grammar
Introduction English Alphabet
4
Transcription
Rules of reading
Unit 1
Character
- Past
Simple
and
Future
11
Simple of the verb TO BE
- Present Simple
Unit 2
Appearance
- Present Simple of the verb
23
HAVE GOT
- Past Simple
- Degrees of comparison of
adjectives
- Future Simple
Unit 3
Manners
- Conditional 1
36
- Modal Verbs
Unit 4
Family Life
- Plural Form of the Noun
47
- Possessive 's/ '
Unit 5
Lifestyle related
- Past Continuous
61
- Present Perfect
74
problems: Food
and Tobacco
Unit 6
Healthy Way of
Life
3
INTRODUCTION
™ English Alphabet
™ Transcription
™ Rules of reading
1. Study the alphabet.
Запомните, в английском алфавите 26 букв (6 гласных и 20
согласных), которые передают 44 звука.
Буква
A, a
B, b
C, c
D, d
E, e
F, f
G, g
H, h
I, i
Назва-
[ei]
[bi:]
[si:]
[di:]
[i:]
[ef]
[d i:]
[eit∫]
[ai]
Чтение
[ei, æ]
[b]
[k,s]
[d]
[e, i:]
[f]
[d ,g]
[h]
[ai, i]
Буква
J, j
K, k
L, l
M, m
N, n
O, o
P, p
Q, q
R, r
S, s
Назва-
[d ei]
[kei]
[el]
[em]
[en]
[‫כ‬u]
[pi:]
[kju:]
[a:]
[es]
[d ]
[k]
[l]
[m]
[n]
[‫כ‬u, ‫]כ‬
[p]
[kw]
[r]
[s, z]
ние
ние
Чтение
Буква
T, t
U, u
V, v
W, w
X, x
Y, y
Z, z
Назва-
[ti:]
[ju:]
[vi:]
[‘d/\blju:]
[eks]
[wai]
[zed]
[t]
[ju:, /\]
[v]
[w]
[ks, gz]
[ai, i, j]
[z]
ние
Чтение
2. Read the sounds.
[i], [ai], [e], [æ], [ei], [t], [‫]כ‬, [k], [g], [d ]], [j], [n], [l], [m], [s], [θ], [‫כ‬i], [h], [z], [u],
[‫כ‬u], [∂], [d], [p], [v], [wai], [∂:], [ŋ], [w], [f], [∫], [t∫], [ ], [r], [/\]
4
3. Read the transcription of the words. Pay attention to the sounds.
∗∗∗A∗∗∗
[e]
[æ]
[ei]
[ai]
[i]
[∂]
[pet]
[fæt]
[dei]
[faiv]
[it]
[‘lev∂l]
[ted]
[læd]
[meid]
[saiz]
[iz]
[´ti:t∫∂]
[ment]
[læmp]
[leit]
[main]
[til]
[´li:d∂]
[nelt]
[sænd]
[pein]
[laif]
[lid]
[´memb∂]
[send]
[flæt]
[nei]
[nais]
[did]
[´sent∂]
∗∗∗B∗∗∗
[i∂]
[u∂, ju∂]
[ai∂]
[j]
[au∂]
[ju:]
[hi∂]
[pju∂]
[ai∂]
[au∂]
[jel]
[nju:]
[ni∂]
[pu∂]
[´tai∂]
[pau∂]
[jes]
[sju:t]
[pi∂]
[tu∂]
[´tai∂d]
[´flau∂]
[jet]
[ju:s]
[di∂]
[∫u∂]
[s∂´tai∂]
[´vau∂]
[jæk]
[tju:n]
[ri∂l]
[kju∂]
[s∂´sai∂ti]
[´bau∂l]
[ji:st]
[mju:t]
∗∗∗C∗∗∗
[‫כ‬u]
[‫]כ‬
[‫כ‬i]
[au]
[]
[d ]
[s‫כ‬u]
[t‫כ‬m]
[b‫כ‬i]
[aut]
[´me ∂]
[d ein]
[n‫כ‬u]
[n‫כ‬t]
[t‫כ‬i]
[laud]
[´ple ∂]
[d in]
[sl‫כ‬u]
[l‫כ‬t]
['n‫כ‬iz]
[haus]
[´le ∂]
[d æk]
[‫כ‬uld]
[´k‫כ‬pi]
['k‫כ‬in]
[daun]
[rei´ i:m]
[sled ]
[‫כ‬un]
[´l‫כ‬fti]
[im'pl‫כ‬i]
[∂'baut]
[di'si ∂n]
[eid ]
∗∗∗D∗∗∗
[r]
[n ŋ]
[∂:]
[ε∂]
[u, u:]
[rait]
[sin - siŋ]
[t∂:n] - [w∂:ld]
[t∫ε∂]
[buk]
[rein]
[kin - kiŋ]
[g∂:l] - [w∂:k]
[hε∂]
[gud]
[red]
[win - wiŋk]
[f∂:st] - [´∂:li]
[stε∂]
[su:n]
5
[fri:]
[’siŋiŋ]
[v∂:b] - [∂:n]
[wε∂]
[bu:t]
[stri:t]
[´l∂:ŋiŋ]
['n∂:v∂s]
[mε∂]
[mu:v]
∗∗∗E∗∗∗
[θ]
[ð]
[w]
[h]
[∫]
[t∫]
[∧]
[θik]
[ðis]
[wai]
[him]
[∫i:]
[t∫es]
[k∧p]
[θin]
[ðæt]
[twais]
[hiz]
[∫‫כ‬u]
[t∫ek]
[l∧v]
[θi:m]
[beið]
[swei]
[hel]
[∫ai]
[int∫]
[l∧k]
[kl‫כ‬θ]
[bri:ð]
[´kwikli]
[hai]
[wi∫]
[lint∫]
[d∧st]
[welθ]
[riðm]
[swi:t]
[hi:]
[fi∫]
[t∫i:k]
[m∧st]
4. Read the transcription of the following words.
a) [lu:z], [nju], [s∂:v], [hi:],
[su:n], [gud], [ful], [b∂:d], [´m‫כ‬:niŋ], [l∂:n],
[s∂:f], [∫i:], [fi:∫], [∫æl], [∫‫כ‬u], [bæŋk], [∫uk], [´m∧ð∂], [h‫כ‬t], [haim], [tæŋk], [hai],
[hau:], [´me ∂], [´s∧mθiŋ], [di´vi n], [´ple ∂], [di´si n], [´i:tiŋ]
b) [kæp], [naif], [pai], [sik], [il], [æpl], [dei], [hæt], [mis], [said], [miks],
[læst], [saiz], [kaind], [ten], [mai], [t∂:n], [mai], [tεkst], [maild], [bεl], [desk],
[blæk], [mæs], [a:sk]
c) [´klev∂], [breiv], [k∂´mjunik∂tiv], [d ∧st], [´‫כ‬nest], [waiz], [p‫´כ‬lait], [brait],
[ka:m], [´d ∂n∂r∂s], [t∫i∂ful], [´gud´neit∫∂d], [in´d∧stri∂s], [∫ai], [kaind], [‘t∫a:miŋ],
[in'telid ∂nt], ['inθjuzi’estik]
d) [´k∧niŋ], [æm´bi∫∂s], [´h‫כּ‬t´temp∂d], [´æbs∂nt ´maindid], [n‫כ‬:ti],
[´b∂ustful], [´leizi], [´dis ´‫כ‬n∂st], [kru∂l], [ru:d], [im’pei∫∂nt], [´wi:k ´wild], [‘selfi∫],
[‘‫כ‬bstinit]
f) [∂´kwe∂ri∂s], [´sk‫כ‬:pi‫כ‬u], [´e∂ri:z], [´laibr∂], [´pisi:z], [´t‫כ‬:r∂s], [´kæns∂],
[´d ∂minai], [´v∂:g‫כ‬u], [sæd i´te∂ri∂s], [´li‫כ‬u], [sain], ['h‫כ‬r∂sk∂up]
6
5. Study the tables and read the words given after them.
∗∗∗A∗∗∗
ЧЕТЫРЕ ТИПА ЧТЕНИЯ ГЛАСНЫХ БУКВ В УДАРНЫХ СЛОГАХ
1
2
3
4
a
o
e
u
i
y
[æ]
[‫]כ‬
[e]
[∧]
map
not
ten
run
[ ei]
[ ‫כ‬u ]
[ I: ]
[ ju: ]
name
note
me
tune
fine
type
a+r
o+r
e+r
u+r
i+r
y+r
[ a: ]
[ ‫כ‬: ]
car
born
term
turn
firm
Byrd
a+re
o+re
e+re
u+re
i+re
y + re
[e∂]
[‫כ‬:]
[I∂]
[ju∂]
Mary
more
here
pure
[I]
sit
Myth
[ ai ]
[∂:]
[ai∂]
fire
tyre
Five, tip, bed, pipe, land, rule, fly, vale, off, dye, ton, tone, love, cut, circle,
shade, bus, blame, bird, poke, farm, eve, warm, won, world, find, cute, jury,
star, spite, bake, care, slept, murder, shot, wake, mar, cam, before, since,
film, port, note, girl, mete, blame, lift, duty, nurse, worst, fine.
∗∗∗B∗∗∗
ЧТЕНИЕ СОГЛАСНЫХ БУКВOСОЧЕТАНИЙ
Буквы
Позиция
Чтение
Примеры
sh
Любая
[∫]
she
ch
Любая
[t∫]
chess
tch
После кратких гласных
[t∫]
match
ck
После кратких гласных
[k]
black
th
1. В начале знаменательных слов и в
[θ]
thick
конце слова
7
2. В начале местоимений, служебных
слов и между гласными
[ð]
this
1. В начале слова перед всеми
[w]
what
2. Перед буквой о
[h]
who
qu
Перед гласными
[kw]
question
ng
В конце слова
[ŋ]
long
nk
Любая
[ŋk]
thank
wr
В начале слова перед гласными
[r]
write
ph
Любая
[f]
phone
ght
Любая
[t]
weight
kn
В начале слова
[n]
knit
wh
гласными, кроме о
Chest, wrong, white, physics, whole, watch, brother, think, worth, whisper,
these, fresh, where, think, push, write, bank, night, ring, catch, show, might,
there, sock, light, morning, quest, whale, phantasm, block, phrase, tight.
∗∗∗C∗∗∗
ЧТЕНИЕ СОГЛАСНЫХ БУКВ, ИМЕЮЩИХ ДВА ВИДА ЧТЕНИЯ
Буквы
c
g
x
Позиция
Чтение
Примеры
1. Перед e,i,y
[s]
cell, cinema, cyst
2. В остальных случаях
[k]
cap
1. Перед e, i, y
[d ]
page, gin, gym
2. В остальных случаях
[g]
dig
1.Перед ударной гласной
[gz]
e’xam
2. В остальных случаях
[ks]
text
Stage, box, cup, exact, range, next, cent, gather, strange, cite, example, clog,
cell, pence, fence, cub, cute, ‘excellent, gas, six, comet, exist, god, cash,
exhibit, wax, gun, tax, giraffe, garage, cycle, ‘axiom, ceiling, bridge, grow,
since, capital, change, space, exotic, gymnasium.
8
∗∗∗D∗∗∗
ЧТЕНИЕ ГЛАСНЫХ БУКВOСОЧЕТАНИЙ
1.
ei
ey
oi
oy
[ei]
[‫כ‬i]
vein
▲But: в некоторых словах
c+ei
they
[I:]
oil
receive, ceiling
boy
2.
oo
[u:]
too
▲ But: в некоторых словах
oo+k [u]
cook
ou = [ ∧] country, cousin, young
au
[‫כ‬:]
author
ou = [ υ:] youth, group, soup, rouble
ou
[au]
out
au + gh [a:] laugh
eu
[ju:]
neutral
3.
ai
ay
ie
ye
oa
oe
ue
ui
ee
ea
[ei]
[ai]
[‫כ‬u]
[ju:]
[I:]
maid
▲But:
day
• в некоторых словах ie + согласный [I:]
die
field, believe
rye
coat
• r, l, j + ui
[u:]
toe
due
suit
fruit, blue, juice
• ea + d / th
[e]
meet
tea
bread, death
Cheek, queen, chief, each, caught, autumn, peer, true, weight, peace, feel,
lain, taught, neutral, pie, took, chair, blue, bear, mouth, Europe, cause, aim,
health, obey, achieve, hear, boat, round, aid, pause, head, enough, conceive,
convey, brief, rough, clue, look.
9
6. Read the words.
Work, rare, fire, tyre, myrtle, type, myth, admire, party, parrot, lorry, pillow,
further, loud, box, walk, pain, palm, worship, pure, hare, share, store, here,
cure, fur, term, more, firm, spare, further, wire, mere, a famous painter, a rare
ring, the upper teeth, the thick wood, the first letter, the next room, the full
moon, the main street, a wise man, a strict lady, a cold lake, a stone wall, a
dull day, a cheap car, a lazy boy, a spare time.
7. Read the following English proverbs. Pay attention to the rules of
reading.
1)
A good beginning makes a good ending. – Лиха беда начала.
2)
A good name is better than riches. – Добрая слава лучше богатства.
3)
A hard nut to crack. – Орешек не по зубам.
4)
All is well that ends well. – Все хорошо, что хорошо кончается.
5)
An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening. – Утро вечера
мудренее.
6)
As the tree, so the fruit. – Яблоко от яблони недалеко падает.
7)
He laughs best who laughs last. – Хорошо смеется тот, кто смеется
последним.
8)
He who pleased everybody died before he was born. – На всех не
угодишь.
9)
Out of sight, out of mind. – С глаз долой – их сердца вон.
10) Speech is silver but silence is gold. – Слово серебро – молчание –
золото.
10
UNIT 1
CHARACTER
1. What kind of person are you? What is your sign of the Zodiac?
Signs of the Zodiac
Aries
[‘e∂rI:∂s]
Libra
[‘laibr∂]
Taurus
[‘t‫כ‬:r∂s]
Scorpio
[‘sc‫כ‬pi‫כ‬u]
Gemini
[‘d eminai]
Sagittarius
[sæd i’teri∂s]
Cancer
[‘kæns∂]
Capricorn
[‘kæprik∂n]
Leo
[‘li‫כ‬u]
Aquarius
[∂k’weri∂s]
Virgo
[‘v∂:g‫כ‬u]
Pisces
[‘pisiz]
2. Complete the following sentences. Mind Present Simple of the verb
TO BE
+
I
-
am
I
a
He
student
She
He
She
is
(It)
(It)
We
We
You
are
students
They
You
They
?
am not
is not
(isn’t)
are not
(aren’t)
Am
a
student
Is
I
he
a
she
student?
(it)
we
students
Are
you
students?
they
1. The 1st sign of the Zodiac is …
13. The sign of Capricorn is before…
2. The 6th sign …
14. The sign of Cancer is after…
3. The 10th sign …
15. The sign of Aries is between…
4. The 5th sign …
16. The sign of Sagittarius is before…
11
5. The 2nd sign …
17. The sign of Scorpio is between…
6. The 9th sign …
18. The sign of Pisces is after…
7. The 12th sign …
19. The sign of Leo is before…
8. The 3d sign …
20. My sign of the Zodiac is …
9. The 8th sign …
21. His sign of the Zodiac is…
10 The 4th sign …
22. Her sign of the Zodiac is …
11. The 7th sign …
23. My best friend is …
12. The 11th sign …
24. I am …
Phrases of agreement and disagreement
Agreement
Disagreement
1. I agree with you.
1. I disagree with you.
2. I think so.
2. I can’t agree with you.
3. You are right.
3. You are wrong.
4. That’s right.
4. Of course not.
3. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Use the phrases of
agreement and disagreement given above.
1) This is Capricorn. 2) You are Aries. 3) The last sign of the Zodiac is Pisces.
4) The sign of Virgo is after Libra. 5) Taurus is your sign of the Zodiac. 6) The
third sign of the Zodiac is Gemini. 7) Cancer is from the 21st of June – 20th of
July. 8) Your mother is Leo. 9)The best sign of the Zodiac is Aquarius. 10)
Your sign of the Zodiac is the best.
4. Now introduce your partner and tell us what his or her sign of the
Zodiac is.
Example: Let me introduce my friend. Her name
is Olga. Her sign of the Zodiac is Aries.
5. Team Horoscope. Would you check the sign of the student who sits next
to you (or anyone else) to find out whether you are compatible or not.
12
FIRE
Aries: March 21-April 20
Sagittarius: November 22- December 21
Leo: July 22- August 22
EARTH
Capricorn: December 22-January 20
Virgo: August 23-September 22
Taurus: April 21-May 20
WATER
Cancer: June: 22-July 21
Pisces: February 19-March 20
Scorpio: October 22-November 21
AIR
Gemini: May 21-June 21
Libra: September 23-October 21
Aquarius: January 21-February 18
FIRE and FIRE
When Fire meets the rest of the class will be left behind. You will start by
working incredibly well together and may even fall in love at first sight. But be
careful! Fire signs get bored very quickly and you could end up hating each
other equally fast.
EARTH and EARTH
A great team! Earth signs usually make good students. You know what to
expect from your partner and your working relationship will probably be
secure and stable. However, Earth signs often need a more lively partner to
make life more exciting so your relationship may not be all roses.
WATER and WATER
Water signs have very intense feelings but are not very good at expressing
them properly. It is possible that although you can support each other as
students (and human beings), neither of you will be brave enough to talk
about your personal problems.
AIR and AIR
13
Air signs are fantastically sociable and will instantly become friends. But while
you are both happy to analyse and discuss a problem from every possible
angle, neither of you will be able to get down to real problem of solving it.
FIRE and EARTH
It sounds as though it could be a disaster Fire with your head in the clouds
and Earth with your feet firmly on the ground. But even though you will have
your ups and downs, you will bring out the best in each other and create a
perfect balance.
WATER and FIRE
Fire can be very good for Water because it will insist on bringing things out
into the open instead of allowing the Water sign to keep its feelings inside.
The main problem is that Fire needs freedom while Water can be possessive.
AIR and WATER
You will either find this an impossible combination or a surprisingly successful
one. Air may find Water too emotionally deep while Water may find Air too
light-hearted. If you agree that you are both very different it may be will work.
EARTH and WATER
You can make perfect partners and might even fall deeply in love. Your
relationship will be one in which actions speak louder than words which is
probably good because Water signs find it very hard to express themselves
spontaneously.
AIR and EARTH
Air is the perfect sign to shake Earth up a bit and help it live life to the full.
You should both see eye-to-eye on most matters although Earth may feel
neglected because of Air’s habit of being independent.
FIRE and AIR
You will probably have a wild time and be so happy together that you’ll forget
about everyone else in the class. Your partnership will be both dramatic and
passionate. Although it might seem a bit superficial, you are guaranteed to
14
have a good time.
6. Can you tell us what kind of person you are?
7. Would you read the following traits of character? Find which of them
are suitable most for you.
Absent-minded
[‘æbsent-‘maindid],
capable
[‘keip∂bl],
hot-tempered
[‘hot’temp∂d], enthusiastic [‘inθjuzi’estik], fair [fe∂], bright [brait], cunning
[‘kΛniŋ], rude [ru:d], brave [breiv], light-minded [‘lait-‘maindid], flattering
[‘flæt∂riŋ], industrious [in’dΛstri∂s], clever [‘klev∂], ambitious [∂m’bi∫∂s], lazy
[‘leizi], calm [ka:m], wise [waiz], obstinate [‘‫כ‬bstinit], communicative
[k‫’כ‬mjunik∂tiv], honest [‘‫כ‬n∂st], shy [∫ai], imaginative [I’mæd in∂tiv], weakwilled [‘wi:k‘wild], just [d Λst], boastful [‘b‫כ‬ustful], kind [kaind], conservative
[k‫כ‬n’s∂:v∂tiv], frank [frænk], polite [p‫’כ‬lait], cheerful [‘t∫ieful], naughty [‘n‫כ‬:ti],
good-natured [‘gud-‘neit∫∂d], strong-willed [‘str‫כ‬ŋwild], dishonest [dis’‫כ‬n∂st],
generous [‘d ener∂s], cruel [kru∂l], punctual [‘pΛnktju∂l], level-headed [‘levelhedid], impulsive [im’pΛlsiv], impolite [imp‫’כ‬lait], sociable [‘s‫כ‬u∫∂bl], intelligent
[in’telid ∂nt], charming [‘t∫a:miŋ], critical [‘kritik∂l], patient ['pei∫∂nt], sensitive
[‘sensitiv], timid [‘timid], impatient [im’pei∫∂nt], independent [inde’pend∂nt],
creative [kri’eitiv], hard-working [‘ha:dw∂:kiŋ], selfish [‘selfi∫], reliable [ri’laibl].
8. The words above name positive and negative character traits. Group
them as positive and negative.
9. Find from the words above synonyms and antonyms.
Example: 1. Aggressive - hot – tempered (syn.)
2. Level-headed – hot- tempered (ant.)
10. Disagree with the following statements and transform the sentences
to give the opposite meaning.
Example: Veronica is very industrious. – No, you
are wrong. She is very lazy.
1) Paul is strong-willed. 2) Mary is boastful. 3) Veronica is very impulsive. 4) I
find Don level-headed. 5) Helen can be lazy. 6) Ann is quiet frank. 7)
15
Sometimes I am shy. 8) We are very polite. 9) All students of our group are
honest people. 10) I think you are an impatient person.
11. Choose one student in your group and ask him of his traits of
character.
12. Mind Past Simple of the verb TO BE
+
-
?
I
I
He
He
was not
She
(wasn’t)
She
was
shy
(It)
(It)
We
We
You
They
were
shy
You
They
I
he
shy
Was
she
shy?
(it)
were not
(weren’t)
we
shy
Were
you
shy?
they
13. Using the table given above, agree or disagree with other students.
Use the adjectives characterizing different traits of character.
Example: S1: Kate, you were an impulsive girl. S2: No, I was a calm person.
14. Tell us about yourself when you were a child.
15. Read the text Chinese horoscope
The Chinese Horoscope is based on the year of your birth. The legend is that
Buddha once called all animals to a New Year meeting. Only twelve came.
First was aggressive Rat, second was the hard-working Ox, third was the
smiling Tiger. Then came the cautious Rabbit and the showy Dragon. The
wise Snake was next, followed by the gifted Horse. Then came the gentle
Goat, then the merry Monkey and the proud Rooster. Last came the faithful
Dog and the honest Pig. Since then the years were named after these
animals in the order in which they arrived.
Find your birth date in the chart below and work out your sign. Then
16
read your characteristics. What do you agree and what do you disagree
with?
RAT:
OX:
TIGER:
RABIT:
DRAGON:
SNAKE:
1972, 1984, 1973,1985, 1974, 1986, 1975, 1987, 1976, 1988, 1977, 1989,
1996, 2008
HORSE:
1997, 2009 1998, 2010 1999, 2011 2000, 2012 2001, 2013
GOAT:
MONKEY: ROOSTER:
DOG:
PIG:
1978, 1990, 1979, 1991, 1980, 1992, 1981, 1993, 1982, 1994, 1983, 1995,
2002, 2014 2003, 2015 2004, 2016 2005, 2017 2006, 2018 2007, 2019
RAT: Rats are ambitious, yet honest, sociable and intelligent. If you are born
under this sign you are imaginative, charming and truly generous to the
person you love. However, you have a tendency to be quick-tempered and
overly critical. You also may be too suspicious. Rats are most compatible with
Dragons and Monkeys, least compatible with Horses.
OX: Oxen are conservative, hard-working, patient, methodical and good with
their hands. Most oxen are born leaders, they inspire confidence in all around
them. But if you are an Ox, guard against being stubborn and always
demanding your own way. You are most compatible with Snake or Rooster,
least compatible with Sheep.
TIGER: Tigers are enthusiastic, brave, magnetic, warm and sensible. So if
you are born under this sign, you are emotional and capable of great love.
However, you have a tendency to get carried away and be stubborn about
what you think is right. Tigers are most compatible with Horse and Dog, least
compatible with Monkey.
RABBIT: Rabbits are the luckiest of all signs. They are also talented, friendly,
shy, quiet, yet ambitious. They win friends easily and keep them. They tend to
be a little timid and sometimes panicky. They are most compatible with Goat
and Pig. Least compatible with Rooster.
DRAGON:
Dragons are strong, imaginative, passionate and sentimental.
17
The dragon is a popular individual even with the reputation of being foolhardy.
Dragons are most compatible with Monkey and Rat, least compatible with
Dog.
SNAKE: Snakes are attractive, smart, hot-tempered, wise and charming.
Sometimes they may be lazy. Keep their sense of humor of life. Snake is
most compatible with Rooster and Ox, least compatible with Pig.
HORSE: Horses are attractive, popular, charming, impatient, cheerful and
talented. Their capacity for hard work is amazing. They are very independent,
but may be egotistic. They are most compatible with Tiger and Dog, least
compatible with Rat.
GOAT: Goats are affectionate, creative, timid and sensitive. The Goat can be
charming company. You are elegant and artistic but the first to complain
about things. Put aside your pessimism and worry and try to be less
dependent on material comforts. Goats are most compatible with Pig and
Rabbit, least compatible with Ox.
MONKEY: Monkeys are quick, intelligent, humorous and witty. In fact your
sign promises success in any field you try. Because of your extraordinary
nature and magnetic personality, you are always popular. You must guard,
however, against being distrustful of other people. This sign is most
compatible with Dragon and Rat. Least compatible with Tiger.
ROOSTER: Roosters are proud, selfish and enthusiastic. You are a dreamer
and extravagant to an extreme. Rooster is most compatible with Snake and
Ox. Least compatible with Rabbit.
DOG: Dogs are reliable, honest, generous and intelligent. The Dog will never
let you down. Born under this sign you are honest and faithful to those you
love. However, you have a sharp tongue. Dogs are most compatible with
Horse and Tiger, least compatible with Dragon.
PIG: Pigs are noble, hardworking and peaceful. You are a splendid
companion, an intellectual with a very strong need to set difficult goals and
18
carry them out. You are tolerant and honest but by expecting the same from
others, you are naive. You are most compatible with Rabbit and Sheep, least
compatible with Snake.
PRESENT SIMPLE
I, we,
they,
you
He,
she,
it
I, we,
they,
you
He,
she,
it
Do
Does
do
How
does
I, we,
they,
you
he,
she,
it
I, we,
they,
you
he,
she,
it
wear
hair
short.
hair
short.
wears
don’t
wear
doesn’t
Yes, I do.
No, I don’t.
hair
wear
short?
Yes, she does.
No, she doesn’t.
I wear hair short.
hair?
wear
He wears hair
short.
I wear hair short.
Who
hair
wears
short?
He wears hair
short.
Для данного времени характерны следующие слова-показатели.
Usually -обычно
Often - часто
наречия, которые обычно употребляются
Always – всегда
перед смысловым глаголом
Seldom - редко
19
Sometimes - иногда
наречия и словосочетания,
From time to time – время от времени
которые употребляются
Every day (week, month …) – каждый день
либо в начале, либо в
(неделю, месяц)
конце предложения
Example: I usually wear hair short.
Sometimes I wear hair short
16.
Can you complete the sentences using the correct form of the
verbs in PRESENT SIMPLE. Study the grammar table given after the
sentences.
Study, listen, learn, push, cry, fight, help, teach, understand, do
1) They …… two languages in the University. 2) She never …… to me. 3) He
often …… with his brother. 4) I …… German. 5) You never …… me with my
homework. 6) She …… very hard at the weekends. 7) I often …… at the
cinema. 8) They …… English language very well. 9) He is very naughty – he
…… other children. 10) She …… a lot of homework in the evenings.
17. Make up the following sentences negative.
1) She works very hard. 2) We often see our neighbor in the garden. 3) These
first year students learn very quickly. 4) Your job is very interesting because
you meet a lot of people. 5) They do the same thing every day. 6) I know
much about laws. 7) He is a lawyer and he goes to the court every day. 8)
Every day different accidents happen in our city. 9) My brother wants to be a
famous judge. 10) My sister likes to answer different questions.
18. Study the table Special Question given below. Look back at the table
of the Present Simple.
20
Вопросительные слова к
Вопросительные слова к второстепенным
подлежащему
членам предложения
N + Vs
N + (Do, Does) + V
(вопр.слово + смысл. глаг.)
(вопр.слово + вспом.глаг. + смысл.глаг.)
Who
Кто
When
Когда
What
Что
Why
Почему, зачем
What + сущ.
Какой
Where
Где, куда
(подл.)
Какой,
How
Как
Which + сущ.
который
How often
Как часто
(подл.)
Чей
How long
Как долго, сколько
(время)
Whose + сущ.
(подл.)
How many (much)
Как много, сколько
(количество)
What + сущ. (доп.)
Какой
Which + сущ. (доп.)
Какой, который
Whose + сущ. (доп.) Чей
19. Restore the questions.
1) What language / she / speak / well? 2) Where / you / study? 3) Why / we /
learn / Latin? 4) What subjects / he / study / at the University? 5) You / speak
/ Italian? 6) How often / your group mates / write / to their parents? 7) When /
he / help / you? 8) Your brother / smoke? 9) How much / you / spend / every
week? 10) Who of you / go / to the library regularly?
20. Choose 5 or 6 adjectives which you think best describe either your
own or your friend’s character. Say why you think so.
Example: I am communicative because I like to talk with other people.
21
21. Combine the information from the Astrological and Chinese
horoscopes and make up a portrait of yourself as a person.
22. Answer the following questions.
1) Which of the traits of character are most important for you in your partner?
2) Which of the traits of character do you most dislike in your partner? 3) How
do you think, what people can not work hard? 4) What people are easy to
communicate? 5) What people have good manners? 6) What people can
always help you in difficult situation? 7) What people do you have high
opinion of? 8) What traits of character should a good lawyer possess? 9)
What people can never betray? 10) What people are good friends?
23. Speak about the people you admire. Explain why you admire such
people.
24. Character Chainword
1) A person who does everything at the exact time. 2) The seventh sign of the
Zodiac, presented by a pair of scales. 3) A person who has a strong desire for
success, power, wealth, etc. 4) The eighth sign of the Zodiac, presented by a
scorpion. 5) A person refusing to change one’s opinion, behaviour, in spite of
argument. 6) A person full of energy, very active. 7) A person clever in
deceiving, sly. 8) The third sign of the Zodiac, represented by a set of twins.
9) A hard-working person. 10) The ninth sign of the Zodiac, represented by
an animal that is half-horse half-human shooting an arrow. 11) A person
directed towards his own advantage without care of others. 12) A person who
does not lie, cheat or steal. 13) The second sign of the Zodiac, represented
by a bull. 14) A person nervous in the company of others. 15) An answer
expressing agreement.
22
1
2
8
3
9
12
13
4
15
14
10
7
11
6
5
UNIT 2
APPEARANCE
1. Read some riddles about parts of the body. Can you guess what
parts are meant here?
1) Two brothers live across a path but never see each other. 2) What is that
above your head and under your cap? 3) What is the best thing to put into
pies? 4) These two brothers live not far apart: one on the left, one on the
right; but they never see each other. 5) It lives alone between two bright stars.
23
2. Learn these words and expressions.
Appearance [∂'pi∂r∂ns]: attractive [∂‘træktiv], unattractive [Λn∂’træktiv],
ordinary [‘‫כ‬din∂ri], unordinary [Λn’‫כ‬din∂ri], handsome [‘hæns∂m], smart,
elegant, well-dressed, untidy-looking, good-looking, beautiful [‘bju:tiful].
Face: long, oval [‘‫כ‬uv∂l], round [raund], thin, square [skwe∂], wrinkled [rinkld],
pimpled, freckled [‘freklid], sunburned [‘sΛnb∂:nd], clean-shaven [‘kli:n’∫eivn],
unshaven [‘Λn’∫eivn].
Features [‘fit∫∂z]: delicate [‘delikeit], regular [‘regjul∂], irregular [ir’regjul∂],
rough [rΛf], stern [st∂:n].
Complexion [k‫כ‬mp’lek∫n]: dark, fair.
Nose: straight [streit], aquiline [‘ækwilain], flat, hooked [hu:kt], fleshy [‘fle∫i].
Cheeks [t∫i:ks]: chubby [‘t∫Λbi], hollow [‘h‫כ‬lou], pale, pink, rouged [ru: d].
Lips: full, rosy [‘r‫כ‬uzi], painted [‘peintid], thick, thin.
Mouth: firm [f∂:m], large [la:d ], small [sm‫כ‬:l], toothless, vivid.
Eyes: kind, warm, blue, brown, dark, grey, hazel [heizl].
Hair: black, dark, brown, fair, blond, red, gray, white, waved, curly [‘k∂:li],
straight [streit], thick, thin, short, long, dyed [‘daid], hair-do, hair-cut, baldheaded [‘b‫כ‬:ld’hedid].
Figure: slender, slim, plump, well-fed.
Stature [‘stæt∫∂]: tall, short, middle-sized.
Other words and expressions: to have good manners, to have no manners,
to behave [bi’heiv], to resemble [ri’zembl], to remind [ri’maind], moustache
[mes’ta: ∫], beard [bi∂d], scar [ska:], wear.
3. Can you find synonyms and antonyms to the following words and
word combinations from exercise 2.
Synonyms for: common, to resemble, beautiful, pink.
Antonyms for: handsome, rough, to have good manners, blond, thick, to wear
the hair short, full, hollow, regular, clean-shaven, aquiline, pale, hazel, wavy.
24
4.
Complete the following sentences.
1) A nose may be …… 2) A complexion may be …… 3) A face may be ……
4) An appearance may be …… 5) Cheeks may be …… 6) Hair may be ……
7) A person may wear the hair …… 8) A person may look …… 9) A person
can resemble …… 10) A person can remind…
5.
Complete these sentences. (More than one answer may be possible)
1) She has blonde ……. 2) He has very pale ……. 3) They have both curly
…… 4) I would say he is middle -……. 5) She doesn’t like men with ……. 6)
Both men are very good - ……. 7) All of them have dark ……. 8) She has
…… and …… cheeks. 9) Her mouth is …… but ……. 10) Her brother has a
very …… appearance.
6. Study Present Simple of the verb HAVE GOT and paraphrase the
sentences. Do not change their meaning.
+
-
We,
have
You,
got
They
She,
(It)
I,
I,
I,
He,
?
fair
hair
has
got
We,
have
You,
not got
They
He,
She,
(It)
Have
fair
not got
You,
They got
hair
has
We,
He,
Has
fair
hair?
She,
(it)
Example: 1) That woman is neither blond nor brunet. - That
woman has got neither blond nor brunet hair.
2) The old man is bald. - He has no hair at all.
1) This man has got ordinary features of the face. 2) His nose is hooked. 3)
The face of the woman has got many wrinkles. 4) His brother has not got
wavy hair. 5) His mother is blond and fair-haired. 6) Her hair-do is modern. 7)
There is a big scar on his left cheek. 8) He wears hair long. 9) She knows
how to behave. 10) He has got a beard and moustache.
25
PAST SIMPLE
I, you, he, she,
knew (2)
how to
liked
behave
didn’t
how to
know (1)
behave
it, we, they
I, you, he, she,
it, we, they
When
know (1)
how to
like
behave
know (1)
how to
like
behave
knew (2)
how to
liked
behave
we, they
you, he, she, it,
did
yesterday.
like
you, he, she, it,
Did
yesterday.
we, they
Who
yesterday?
yesterday?
yesterday?
С данным временем употребляются ниже перечисленные словапоказатели.
Yesterday - вчера
The day before yesterday – позавчера
Last week (month, year, century, Sunday…) – на прошлой неделе
(в прошлом месяце, году, веке, воскресенье…)
5 years ago – 5 лет назад
In 1980, in September – в 1980, в сентябре
По способу образования глаголы в Past Simple делятся на стандартные
и нестандартные. У нестандартных глаголов меняются корневые
гласные
(know
прошедшего
-
knew).
Стандартные
неопределенного
времени
инфинитиву глагола суффикса -ed (-d).
26
глаголы
путем
образуют
форму
прибавления
к
-ed, -d
[t]
[d]
[ id ]
после глухих
после звонких
после букв
согласных
согласных и гласных
t, d
dressed
opened
counted
helped
played
wanted
danced
answered
collected
8. Read and translate the following verbs in the Past Simple Tense.
Looked, represented, changed, lived, called, started, tried, listened, decided,
introduced, described, separated, wished, enjoyed, adapted, resembled,
stopped, translated, founded, addressed, copied, consisted, hoped, wanted,
missed, murdered, searched, disappeared, attracted, continued.
9. Give two forms of the verbs.
Read, write, wear, have, find, go, come, get, put, think, buy, feel, grow, hide,
write, bring, understand, hear, say, see, tell, speak, bear, stand, lose, make,
pay, know, do, give, forget, dream, take, sleep, meet, seek, fall, drive, catch.
10. Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the following verbs.
find, see, try, wound, read, accuse, look, buy, meet, decide, open, wear, grow
1) I …… a lot of articles about famous people. 2) He suddenly …… a face in
the window. 3) They …… him of spying. 4) She …… up in a poor family. 5) I
…… to stay with my uncle until I …… a flat. 6) The police …… fire and ……
two criminals. 7) This old man ……very angry. 8) He …… to adapt to his
superstar status. 9) We …… last summer. 10) Last year she …… the hair
long.
11. Transform the sentences from the positive into negative.
1) Pam bought a lot of clothes. 2) I looked very tired yesterday. 3) When she
was a child she wore a hair-cut. 4) She had an attractive appearance. 5) The
baby cried all last night. 6) The accident happened the day before yesterday.
27
7) The police wanted this man for murder. 8) They described him as a white
man with a beard. 9) She liked that handsome man. 10) I was a middle-sized
woman.
12. Read the story and find 10 lies in it.
One hot day in August, a newsagent was found dead in his shop.
Inspector Smith suspected Lenny Lier of the crime. He found him in a pub
drinking beer and he took him to the police station to ask him some
questions. “What were you doing on the night of August 15th?” the Inspector
asked. “Well, Inspector,” said Lenny, “I didn’t kill that man. I was at my uncle’s
in Scotland on that particular night. I went there to visit my bachelor Uncle
Jake Singer. He’s a very old man and he likes visitors. I’m his only relative. I
won’t forget that day because it was very hot and the coach journey was long
and tiring. I bought my ticket at the Victoria train station. I gave the clerk a sixpound note for a return ticket to Edinburgh, Scotland. I was surprised
because he didn’t give me any change back. The train left at 9.00 a.m. but
after an hour it stopped because of snow and ice on the line. We waited for
an hour before the train started again and we continued to Scotland. We
arrived at noon after six hours of traveling. I took a taxi to my uncle’s house
on Green Street and the conductor charged me five pounds. My uncle and his
niece met me at the door of his basement flat. My cousin was there because
it was my uncle’s birthday and she had brought him a cake. We went upstairs
to talk and he said that his wife was ill and in hospital. We drank orange juice
because my uncle and I don’t like beer. I returned to London two days later. If
you don’t believe me you can ask my Uncle Jake. His address is 42 Green
Street, Edinburgh.”
“Ah,” said Inspector S mith. “Now I’m sure you committed the crime.
Your story is a pack of lies.”
28
13. Read the text of Leonardo DiCaprio and answer the questions given
after it.
Leonardo DiCaprio is one of the hottest young film stars around at the
moment. He was born in Los Angeles on November 11, 1974. He’s a Scorpio.
His full name is Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio. His mother is German and his
father is Italian-American. They called him Leonardo because when his
mother was pregnant he started kicking while she was standing in front of
painting by Leonardo Da Vinci. His parents separated before he was born.
Leo grew up in a poor neighbourhood of Hollywood.
His face is on the covers of all the top movie and youth magazines and
is the subject of countless articles, rumors and showbiz gossip. Leonardo
doesn’t like reading about himself because “I read things about me that I have
never said in my life and never done”. But he tries to adapt to his superstar
status and to the rumours and lies that are written about him. “Before Titanic
I’d take things that were written about me very personally. Now I just let my
work speak for itself”.
1) Why did his parents call him Leonardo DiCaprio?
2) When did his parents separate?
3) Where did Leonardo DiCaprio grow up?
14. Do you remember the appearance of this actor? Complete the
sentences and describe him.
Leonardo DiCaprio is an …… man, not very ……. His face is …… with
…… features. His …… eyes always attracts to him a lot of admirers. He has
…… and …… hair.
15. Translate the sentences into English.
1) Внешность моей подруги очень привлекательная. 2) У нее очень
выразительный рот. 3) Я выгляжу как актриса. 4) Черты этого человека
29
обыкновенные, но правильные. 5) Он тебе напомнил моего дядю? 6)
Она умеет себя вести. 7) У нее темно-каштановые волосы и добрые
зеленые глаза. 8) У этого преступника были бледные, впалые щеки и
беззубый рот. 9) Она обычно носит стрижку или прическу? 10) Он ей не
понравиться, потому что у него усы и борода.
16. Study DEGRESS OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
Comparative
taller
her friend
older
She is
than
prettier
more
her sister
her sister-in-law
beautiful
Superlative
the tallest
of all the students in her group
the oldest
She is
of all
the busiest
the most
beautiful
in the Institute
REMEMBER!
‰
Если
прилагательное
оканчивается
на
согласную,
которой
предшествует ударная краткая гласная, то в сравнительной и
превосходной степенях, при прибавлении суффиксов -er, -est,
конечная согласная удваивается: big – bigger – the biggest
‰
Cогласн. + y
i+ er, est : dry – drier – the driest
But: gay- gayer – the gayest
30
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
good
Better
the best
bad
Worse
the worst
little
less
the least
more
the most
older
the oldest – старший по возрасту
elder
the eldest – старший в семье
farther – более
the farthest
дальний
the furthest
further - 1) более
самый дальний
many
much
old
Far
дальний; 2)
дальнейший,
дополнительный
17. Write the comparative and superlative forms of the following words.
Hard, lazy, industrious, attractive, long, smart, well-dressed, thin, large,
sunburned, good, slender, pale, clean, delicate, dark, old, rouged, chubby,
wrinkled, bad, intelligent, young, poor.
18. Complete the sentences using the positive, comparative or
superlative forms.
1) She is an (attractive) woman than her sister. 2) This girl has (chubby)
cheeks in the world. 3) He has a very (unordinary) appearance. 4) Who is
(sunburned) among your friends? 5) This criminal has a (fleshy) nose than
that one. 6) I have never seen (kind) eyes. 7) Negroes have (dark)
complexion than Asians. 8) My mother is (good-looking) woman among her
colleagues. 9) She has a very (curly) hair. 10) He is (tall) in the group.
31
19. WANTED! MISSING! Complete the gaps in these police posters.
Wanted for
MURDER
Charles
Beachum
Height 6ft
Oval-faced
Blue eyes
Straight nose
Dark, straight
hair
Wanted for
ROBBERY
Wanted
DEAD or ALIVE
Susan King
Rebecca Foster
Age ……
Stature ……
Height ……
……- faced
…… eyes
……nose
……,…… hair
Height ……
…… - faced
…… eyes
…… nose
……, …… hair
MISSING
Robert Smiles
…… man with
……eyes
and
…… hair. On the
right …… there
is a little …….
20. Would you take two pictures (portraits, photos) and compare the
people on them.
21. Think of one of the students in your group. Write two sentences to
describe him or her, giving information about the appearance, figure,
face, eyes, nose and hair. Read your description but don’t name this
person. The other students should guess who he (she) is.
22. Read the text and guess who he is. Pay attention to the words given
after the text. Remember them.
A murder was committed……. The detective arrives on the scene of the
crime. We know who the murderer is, but the detective does not. He seems to
suspect first, one person, then another. We watch him with amazement.
Because we know some things the detective doesn’t know, we feel a bit
superior at first. But as we watch the film, we admire him more and more, we
see how he gradually narrows down the list of suspects.
At first he seems hesitant, confused and uncertain. But we soon realize
that these qualities are on the surface only. In fact he is tough, intelligent and
persistent. He gradually tracks down the killer outwitting his opponents.
32
REMEMBER!
A murder – убийство
A scene of a crime –
To commit – совершать
A murderer – убийца
место преступления
To suspect –
A detective – детектив A list of suspects –
A killer – киллер
подозревать
список
To track down –
подозреваемых
выследить и поймать
23. Could you describe the appearance of the: 1) detective, 2) murderer?
Use any picture or photo you can find.
24. Now would you read the abstract from the book “True crime” by
Andrew Klavan and try to make up a portrait of Michelle Ziegler (her
appearance and her character).
Michelle Ziegler of the St. Louis News is a formidable creature. Young, a
kid really, only twenty-three. She has a soft, oval face with a Roman nose and
large brown eyes that see enough to make you sweet. She dresses buttondown blouses that emphasize her figure and very short skirts.
She is a good reporter, or is going to be one day. She is eager to flirt,
lie, blackmail, terrorize and steal to get her hands on information. Any
information: when she is on a story, she collects every detail, every
document, every quote from every involved person she could find.
25. Would you give a portrait of the person you admire and tell us a few
words of his character?
26. Study the table of Future Simple given below and put the verbs into
the correct form (positive or negative).
1) I suppose she (be) in London next week. 2) He never (agree) to your idea.
3) She (not put) on this dress. 4) Tomorrow I (do) a new hair-do. 5) The police
think that they (catch) him in some days. 6) I don’t like hair-cut. In future I (not
wear) it. 7) I promise, I (be) there in time. 8) She never (speak) to him again.
9) There (not be) a lot of people at this meeting. 10) He (answer) all your
questions tomorrow.
33
Future Simple
С данным временем употребляются следующие слова-показатели:
Tomorrow - завтра
The day after tomorrow - послезавтра
Next week (month, year)- на следующей неделе (в следующем месяце,
году)
Tomorrow morning (afternoon, evening) - завтра утром (днем, вечером)
In a week (month, year) - через неделю (месяц, год)
I, you, he,
she, it, we,
will
wear
a hair-cut.
next year.
wear
a hair-cut.
next year.
wear
a hair-cut
next year?
wear
a hair-cut?
they
I, you, he,
will not
she, it, we,
(won’t)
they
you, he,
Will
she, it, we,
they
you, he,
When
will
she, it, we,
they
you, he,
What
will
she, it, we,
wear
next year?
they
Who
will
wear
a hair-cut
next year?
27. Try to imagine how you will look like in 20-30 years. Make up a
portrait
of your group-mate or your personal portrait in future.
28. Solve the puzzle and read the proverb.
34
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
35
1) hollow (ant.); 2) unpainted (ant.); 3) pretty, nice (syn.); 4) sharp (ant.); 5)
dark (ant.); 6) with many wrinkles; 7) neither long nor round; 8) delicate (ant.);
9) shape, look, form; 10) black (syn.); 11) light in colour, not dark, but not
blond; 12) having the qualities of grace and beauty; 13) having curls or
tending to curl; 14) a skin with small flat brown spots on it; 15) neat and
stylish in appearance; 16) shaven (ant.); 17) red (ant.); 18) a good-looking,
attractive man; 19) irregular (ant.); 20) light-colored hair; 21) neither straight
nor hooked; 22) unordinary (ant.); 23) thin (ant.); 24) a nose shaped like a
hook; 25) way of behaving; 26) eyes having a light brown or greenish brown
colour; 27) unordinary (ant.); 28) hair of a bright brownish orange; 29) not
bent or curved.
Unit 3
MANNERS
1. Learn the new words and useful expressions.
To bargain – торговаться;
To drop by a friend’s house - зайти к другу в гости;
Second helping – добавка к блюду;
To share – делить, разделять;
To regard – считать, полагать;
To resolve – решать;
A cell phone – мобильный телефон;
Aisle – ряд сидений;
36
A wiseacre – мудрец, умный человек;
To pipe down – сбавить тон, стать менее самоуверенным;
To keep one’s fingers crossed – держать пальцы скрещенными;
To deserve - заслужить;
To put pen to paper - написать;
To appreciate – ценить, оценить;
A small favor – небольшая услуга;
Inconsiderate - необдуманный;
Emergency – срочная необходимость;
To depend - зависеть;
To incur – подвергаться, навлечь на себя;
Charge - тариф;
Trivial - тривиальный;
To wrap things up – завершать;
To peter out – иссякать, истощаться;
Within – в пределах;
To acknowledge – сознавать, признавать, допускать;
Chatty – болтливый.
2. Read these statements about cultural behavior. Is it the same or
different in Russia?
1) People often kiss friends on the cheek when they meet. 2) People usually
shake hands when they are introduced to someone. 3) It’s OK to blow your
nose in public. 4) It’s all right to chew gum while talking to someone. 5) It’s
OK to ask people how much they earn. 6) It’s common to bargain when you
buy things in stores or shops. 7) In an office, people usually prefer to be
called by their first names. 8) In high schools, it’s common to call a teacher by
his or her first name. 9) Students always stand up when the teacher enters
the classroom. 10) People always arrive on time when they are invited to
someone’s house. 11) It’s OK to drop by a friend’s house without calling first.
37
12) If you’re with strangers and want to smoke, you should ask if it’s OK. 13)
It’s OK to bring a friend or a family member when you’re invited to a party at
someone’s house. 14) It’s OK to ask for a second helping when eating at a
friend’s house. 15) When friends eat out together, each person pays his or
her share of the bill. 16) Parents usually decide who their children will marry.
17) Teenagers go out on dates a lot. 18) A man usually gives a woman a gift
when they go out on a date. 19) Young people usually live with parents after
they get married.
3. Comment upon each phrase: What do you think can be regarded as
good or bad manners in Russia?
4. Study the table, then answer the questions using the Conditional 1.
CONDITIONAL 1
present + will
Главное предложение
Придаточное предложение
(If, when)
Will+ inf
+
V, Vs
1)You will get there first
if you run
2) He will phone you
when he comes home
Won’t+ inf
_
?
Don’t / doesn’t + V
1) You won’t get there first
if you don’t walk faster/quicker -
2) He won’t have time to phone you
when he doesn’t come home early
Will …… inf.
V, Vs
1) Will you get there first
if you run?
2) Will he phone me
when he comes?
1) If you buy things in a shop, will you bargain? 2) If a woman enters the
room, will you stand up? 3) If you want to visit your friend, will you call him
first? 4) If your friend invites you to eat out together, will you share the bill? 5)
If you like the dish at your friends house, will you ask for a second helping? 6)
38
Will you go out, when you finish your homework? 7) Will you bring a small
present if you drop by a friend’s house? 8) If you have a new neighbor, will
you introduce yourself? 9) What will you do if someone pushes you in a bus?
10) Will you regard it as good manners if someone kisses you when you
meet?
5. There are some more conditional sentences. Use the correct form of
the verbs and make all necessary changes to complete the sentences.
1) If Sarah /save / pocket money buy /a new jumper. 2) If Tony /practice /
every day /be a success. 3) If we / be not quiet / hear / a film. 4) If they / go
/Tony’s party /have / a good time. 5) If you /not careful /break /a leg. 6) If he /
pass /examinations /get /a good job. 7) If they/like / a song / buy / a record. 8)
If the weather / nice / have a picnic. 9) If he / on time / see / the start of the
film. 10) If Mary / go / to the newsagent / buy a magazine.
6. Translate these sentences from Russian into English.
1) Если будет дождь, то мы не поедем за город на субботу и
воскресенье. 2) Если она придет на семинар, то легко справится с
домашним заданием. 3) Если меня пригласят, то я приду на вечеринку.
4) Мы обсудим этот фильм, когда ты его посмотришь. 5) Все будут
смеяться, если я расскажу об этом случае.6) Если у меня будет время, я
с удовольствием пойду с тобой в театр.7) Когда я научусь танцевать, то
не пропущу ни одной дискотеки. 8) Тебе не сдать экзамены, если
будешь пропускать лекцию. 9) Если ты меня подвезешь, то мы успеем
на поезд. 10) Если все будет хорошо, то и грустить не будет причины!
7. Now make up your own questionnaire. Suggestions: find out whether
people are energetic, polite, cultural, generous, honest, shy, careful with
money, fashion-conscious, interested in sport, interested in politics, or
sociable.
8. Study the table of Modal verbs, then read the text given after this table
and pay attention to usage of modal verbs.
39
MODAL VERBS
1)
Модальные глаголы, выражающие возможность
Глагол
Present
Past
Future
CAN
COULD
COULD
выражает
CAN
реальная
I can do it.
I could do it.
возможность,
Я могу (в состоянии,
Я мог (был в
физическая или
умею) делать это
состоянии,
умственная
умел) делать
способность
это.
MAY
MAY
MIGHT
допущение
You may go home.
He said I might
возможности,
Вы можете теперь
have a rest here.
разрешение
пойти домой.
Он сказал, что
совершить
я могу
действие.
отдохнуть
----
-----
здесь.
2)
Модальные глаголы, выражающие должествование
Глагол
Present
Past
Future
MUST
MUST
----
-----
должествование
I must do it now.
HAD TO
WILL HAVE
выражает
Я должен это
сделать сейчас.
HAVE TO
вынужденная
HAS TO
HAVE TO
TO
40
необходимость
I have to do it now. /
I had to go there. We will have
She has to do it now.
Я должен был
to go there.
Я должен это
(мне пришлось)
Мы должны
сделать сейчас. /
пойти туда.
будем (нам
Она должна сделать
придется)
это сейчас.
пойти туда.
OUGHT TO
моральный долг
OUGHT TO
----
----
----
----
----
----
We ought to help her.
Мы должны (нам
следует) ей помочь.
SHOULD
SHOULD
необходимость
You should not go
или совет
there.
Вы не должны (вам
не следует) идти
туда.
NEED
NEED
необходимость,
You need't hurry
целесообраз-
Вам не надо
ность (обычно
спешить.
употребляется с
отрицанием)
TO BE TO
WAS TO
AM
необходимость,
IS
предусмотрен-
ARE
WERE TO
TO
ную планом, дого-
41
----
воренностью,
1) The train is to arrive He was to be at
расписанием.
at 10.
the seminar.
Поезд должен
Он должен был
прибыть в 10.
присутствовать
2)I am to go there.
на семинаре.
----
Мне предстоит
поехать туда.
9. Translate the following sentences paying attention to modals
1) What can you say? 2) You never know what they might do. 3) You don’t
have to write a thank-you letter for a small favor. 4) May I borrow your cell
phone? 5) I'm afraid I have to get back to work now. 6) You shouldn’t talk
loudly on your cell phone on a crowded commuter train. 7) There's not a lot
you can do in this situation. 8) Can you e-mail her a thank-you note? 9) You
should cut off a never-ending e-mail conversation tactfully. 10) The person's
wireless plan may permit unlimited calls for the same monthly price.
10. Read and translate the following text
Expert Advice on Etiquette Dilemmas
To resolve some of today's most perplexing etiquette dilemmas, let us
turn to modern etiquette experts. Here's their advice:
A man is talking loudly on his cell phone on a crowded commuter train.
You're
sitting
across
the
aisle
from
him.
What
can
you
say?
"We wouldn't recommend being a wiseacre to anyone on a commuter train
because you never know what they might do if they've had a particularly bad
day," advise experts known also as the authors of Things You Need to Be
Told: An Etiquette Manifesto (Tarcher/Putnam, 2002). "You might, however,
ask the man if he would mind speaking more softly. If he doesn't pipe down,
you can either move to a different car or keep your fingers crossed that he
ends the call, loses the signal or gets off the train soon. It's awful, but there's
42
not a lot you can do”. A friend took you out for your birthday and gave you a
lovely scarf. Can you e-mail her a thank-you note? "A friend who has been
thoughtful deserves more than just the quickest possible form of reply," say
the Etiquette experts. "Write a real thank-you note. Putting pen to paper is the
best way to show you truly appreciate her gift.
You might use e-mail to thank someone for a small favor (for instance, a
friend who gives you a lift to the post office while your car is being repaired)."
When
is
it
okay
to
ask
to
borrow
someone's
cell
phone?
"People always say, 'May I borrow your cell phone?' yet they rarely pay you
for the call," say experts. "It's inconsiderate, so don't do it -- unless there's an
emergency or you know the person's wireless plan permits unlimited calls for
the same monthly price."
Is it rude to call a friend with an unimportant question on her cell phone?
"That depends on the sort of cell-phone user your friend is," say the Etiquette
experts. "If she uses the phone only for business purposes, it's rude to make
her think that her boss or another important person is trying to reach her
when it's just you, wondering if you should go blond. Also, many people own
cell phones only for use in emergencies or while traveling and don't wish to
incur air-time charges for friendly conversations. If, however, your friend has
said that she prefers to be reached on her cell, then it's okay to call with a
trivial question."
What's the best way to cut off a never-ending e-mail conversation?
Wrap things up tactfully, suggest the Etiquette experts. "You could say, 'This
has been an interesting exchange, but I'm afraid I have to get back to work
now. Why don't we talk later in the week?' Or you can mention that you're
running out to lunch. Of course, you can always stop responding once the
conversation appears to be petering out."
How
long
do
you
have
to
respond
to
someone's
e-mail?
You should get back to the person within a day -- or at least acknowledge that
43
you received the e-mail, say experts. If the message is chatty, just say you
loved the note and you'll get back soon about it."
11. Complete the following sentences using modals.
1) When someone talking loudly on his cell phone….. 2) If there is an
emergency……3) To show you appreciate your friend’s gift…… 4) To thank
someone for a small favor…… 5) If your friend uses his cell phone for
business purposes….. 6) To cut off a never-ending e-mail conversation……
7) When you receive the e-mail….. 8) If you don’t have time to respond the email within a day…… 9) If your friend doesn’t mind being reached on her
cell….. 10) If the message is chatty……
12. Work in pairs. Put questions about good manners to the person who
is an etiquette expert.
13. Read and translate the text.
Good manners. How not to behave badly abroad.
Travelling to all corners of the world gets easier and easier. We live in a
global village, but how well do we know and understand each other? Here is
a simple test. Imagine you have arranged a meeting at four o’clock. What
time should you expect your foreign business colleagues to arrive? If they are
German, they ‘ll be bang on time. If they’re Americans, they’ll probably be 15
minutes early. If they are British, they’ll be 15 minutes late, and you should
allow up to an hour for the Italians.
When the European Community began to increase in size, several
guidebooks appeared giving advice on international etiquette. At first many
people thought this was a joke, especially the British, who seemed to assume
that the widespread understanding of their language meant a corresponding
understanding of English customs. Very soon they had to change their ideas,
as they realized that they had a lot to learn about how to behave with their
foreign business friends.
For example:
44
ƒ The British are happy to have business lunch and discuss matters with a
drink during the meal; the Japanese prefer not to work while eating. Lunch
is a time to relax and get to know one another, and they rarely drink at
lunchtime.
ƒ The Germans like to talk business before dinner; the French like to eat first
and talk afterwards. They have to be well fed and watered before they
discuss anything.
ƒ Taking off your jacket and rolling up your sleeves is a sign of getting down
to work in Britain and Holland, but in Germany people regard it as taking it
easy.
ƒ Americans executives sometimes signal their feelings of ease and
importance in their offices by putting feet on the desk whilst on the
telephone. In Japan, people would be shocked. Showing the soles of your
feet is the height of bad manners. It as a social insult only exceeded by
blowing your nose in public.
The Japanese have perhaps the strictest rules of social and business
behaviour. Seniority is a very important, and a younger man should never be
sent to complete a business deal with an older Japanese man. The Japanese
business card almost needs a rule book of its own. You must exchange
business cards immediately on meeting because it is essential to establish
everyone's status and position.
When it is handed to a person in a superior position, it must be given and
received with both hands, and you must take time to read it carefully, and not
just put it in your pocket! Also the bow is a very important part of greeting
someone. You should not expect the Japanese to shake the hands. Bowing
the head is a mark or respect and the first bow of the day should be lower
then when you meet thereafter.
The Americans sometimes find it difficult to accept the more formal
Japanese manners. They prefer to be casual and more informal, as illustrated
45
by the universal “Have a nice day!” American waiters have a one-word
imperative “Enjoy!” The British, of course, are cool and reserved. The great
topic of conversation between strangers in Britain is the weather –
unemotional and impersonal. In America, the main topic between strangers is
the search to find a geographical link. “Oh, really? You live in Ohio? I had an
uncle who once worked there.”
“When in Rome, do as the Romans do”
Here are some final tips for travelers.
¾ In France you shouldn’t sit down in a cafe until you’ve shaken hands with
everyone you know.
¾ In Afghanistan you should spend at least five minutes saying hello.
¾ In Pakistan you mustn’t wink. It is offensive.
¾ In the Middle East you must never use the left hands for greeting, drinking
or smoking. Also, you should take care not to admire anything in your
hosts’ home. They will feel that they have to give it to you.
¾ In Russia you must match your hosts drink for drink or they will think you
are unfriendly.
¾ In Thailand you should clap your hands together and lower your head and
your eyes when you greet someone.
¾ In America you should eat your hamburger with both hands and as quickly
as possible. You shouldn’t try to have a conversation until it is eaten.
14. Could you answer the questions to the text given above.
1) What nationalities are mentioned in the text? 2) Which nationalities are the
most and least punctual? 3) Why did the British think that everyone
understood their customs? 4) Which nationalities do not like to eat and do
business at the same time? 5) Who do you normally have to feed and water?
6) Which nationalities have rules of behaviour about hands? What are the
rules? 7) How do you think if this article is serious or light-hearted? Why?
46
15. Discuss the following.
1) Do you agree with the saying “When in Rome, do as the Romans do?” (Do
you have a similar saying in your language?) 2) What are the “rules” about
greeting people in your country? (When do you shake hands? When do you
kiss? What about when you say goodbye?) 3) Think of one or two examples
of bad manners. For example, in Britain it is considered impolite to ask people
how much they earn. 4) What advice would you give somebody coming to live
and work in your country?
UNIT 4
FAMILY LIFE
1. What members of the family can you name?
FAMILY
47
2. Now read the text and check what other members of the family you
forgot or found new for yourself? What words are new for you?
When two persons are married, the man is called the husband; the woman
becomes his wife. When a child is born in the family, the father and mother of
the child are called parents. A family generally consists of a father, a mother
and children — sons or daughters or both. The first born child is the eldest,
the last born — the youngest. Two children that are born together are called
twins.
The father and mother of the husband become the father-in-law and
mother-in-law. The husband is the son-in-law; the wife — the daughter-in-law;
they have brothers-in-law and sisters-in-law.
The other members of the family are the relatives: uncles, aunts, cousins,
etc.
The brothers and sisters of any of the parents become uncles and aunts of
the children. The children of two married: brothers or sisters or brother and
sister are cousins to each other.
In case of a second marriage, we speak of a step-father or step-mother,
step-son, step-daughter, etc.
3. Look at the words in the vocabulary box.
1) Put the words in pairs. Two words have no pairs. Which ones are
they?
Example: aun t- uncle.
2) Divide all members of the family into Female relatives and Male
relatives.
Example: female: aunt,…
male : uncle,…
48
aunt, boy, boyfriend, brother, child, cousin, daughter, father, friend, girl,
girlfriend, grandfather, grandmother, husband, man, mother, nephew,
niece, parent, sister, son, uncle, wife, woman
PLURAL FORMS OF THE NOUN
Имена существительные образуют множественное число следующими
способами:
1) окончание -s
room – rooms, shoe – shoes, chair – chairs
2) имена существительные, оканчивающиеся в единственном числе
на -ss, -x, -sh, -ch + es
class – classes, box – boxes, dish – dishes
3) cогласн. + y
i + es
city - cities, body – bodies, factory - factories
But: day – days, boy – boys, key – keys.
4) o+es
cargo – cargoes, hero – heroes, tomato – tomatoes
But: piano – pianos, photo – photos
5) f (fe)
v + es
leaf – leaves, wolf – wolves, knife – knives
But: chief – chiefs (начальник), handkerchief – handkerchiefs (платок),
roof – roofs (крыша), safe – safes (сейф)
6) изменение корневой гласной:
man – men, woman - women, foot – feet, tooth – teeth, goose – geese,
mouse – mice, child – children, ox – oxen
49
7) существительные, заимствованные из латинского и греческого
языков
™
is [is] - es [iz]
analysis – analyses (анализ), basis – bases (основа), crisis – crises (кризис)
™
us – i [ai]
focus – foci (центр), radius – radii (радиус), nucleus – nuclei (ядро)
™
on/um – a[ ]
phenomenon – phenomena (явление), criterion – criteria (критерий), datum
– data (данная величина), maximum – maxima (максимум), minimum –
minima (минимум)
8) сложные существительные, которые пишутся слитно, образуют
множественное
число
по
правилу,
которому
подчиняется
второе слово, входящее в их состав:
housewife-housewives, postman – postmen
9) в сложных именах существительных, которые пишутся через
дефис,
форму
множественного
числа
обычно
принимает
основное в смысловом отношении слово:
hotel-keeper – hotel-keepers (хозяин гостиницы), mother-in-law – mothersin-law
10) если первым словом сложного существительного является
слово
man
или
woman,
то
оба
слова
принимают
форму
множественного числа:
man-servant – men-servants (слуга), woman-doctor – women-doctors
(женщина-врач)
11) форма единственного числа = форме множественного числа
sheep (овца), dozen (дюжина), works (завод), means (средство)
50
12) имена существительные, которые употребляются только в
единственном числе:
™ неисчисляемые существительные:
sugar (сахар), iron (железо), love (любовь), friendship (дружба)
™ advice
(совет,
советы),
information
(информация,
сообщения,
сведения), progress (успех, успехи), knowledge (знание, знания), money
(деньги), hair (волосы), vocation (каникулы) и некоторые другие
™ news (новость, новости)
™ названия наук, оканчивающиеся на -ics (mathematics, physics,
phonetics и т. п.), употребляются со значением единственного числа,
хотя и имеют форму множественного числа: mathematics, physics
13) имена существительные, которые употребляются только во
множественном числе:
scissors (ножницы), trousers (брюки), spectacles (очки), scales (весы),
tongs (щипцы), goods (товар, товары), clothes (одежда), stairs (лестница),
arms (оружие), riches (богатство, богатства), proceeds (выручка).
4. Give the plural form of the words.
Window, bus, leaf, watch, country, dress, woman, son-in-law, housewife,
party, day, fox, foot, passer-by, key, eye, child, wall, library, man, sister-inlaw, statesman, pocket-knife, hero, cousin, text-book, tooth, roof, journey.
5. Write the plurals of the words given in brackets to complete the
sentences;
1) Would you bring the bottle and some ………………. , please? (glass); 2)
We cut the cake into ……… (half);
3) I've read her……………….., but I
haven't seen any of her ……….. (book/play); 4) I bought some …………….
for the……………… (shelf/glass); 5) There were ………………. of ………….in
the factory. (thousand/box); 6) The ……………… went in one door and
51
the………………went in the other. (man/woman); 7) They have a lot of
……………. at the moment. (worry) 8) Would you bring the …………… and
……………? (nife/fork); 9) The ………………… chased ………………… the
for several miles (wolf/deer); 10) Did you make these ……………….?
(handkerchief)
POSSESSIVE 'S / '
Существительное в притяжательном падеже отвечает на вопрос
whose? (чей?) и обозначает принадлежность предмета.
В
форме
притяжательного
существительные
неодушевленные,
падежа
одушевленные.
за
некоторыми
употребляются
Существительные
исключениями,
притяжательном падеже не употребляются.
1. существительные в единственном числе
the girl's hat - шляпа девушки
2. существительные во множественном числе
a) the boys' books - книги мальчиков
b) the children's toys - игрушки детей
3.сложные существительные
my son-in-law's library - библиотека моего зятя
4. имена собственные, заканчивающиеся на -s
Charles's address – адрес Чарльза
5. когда два лица или более являются обладателями
одного и того же предмета, окончание притяжательного
падежа прибавляется к последнему существительному:
Peter and Helen's flat is large. - Квартира Петра и Елены большая.
52
в
6. устойчивые словосочетания.
- fixed phrases: the earth's surface, journey's end, the ship's company
- time phrases (singular): an hour's journey, a day's work, a month's salary
- time phrases (plural): two hours' journey, two days' work, two months'
salary
6. Rewrite these sentences, putting the apostrophe (') where necessary.
If two answers are possible, write the more likely one.
Example: We talked to the boys parents for some time. We talked to the boys' parents for some time.
We talked to the boy's parents for some time.
1) Have you met Susans friend? 2) About sixty people use the teachers room.
3) Someone had taken Barbaras purse. 4) Something was hurting the
animals foot. 5) I'm going to write to the childrens parents. 6) Jane works in
my mothers office. 7) The dog doesn't like its food. 8) Mary and Pat stayed at
their friends house. 9) Are you going to the secretaries meeting? 1 0 ) I put
the money in the waiters hand.
7.
Use the correct possessives to complete the sentences. If two
answers are possible, write more than one.
1) Where are the ______________? (books/boys); 2) I opened the
____________. (door/car); 3) My keys are in the ___________. (pocket/my
suit); 4) I'm afraid I've broken the______________ . (leg/chair); 5) The doctor
told me to have a______________ . (rest/week); 6 ) He wrote a letter to the
___________. (secretary/President); 7) Would you turn on the___________?
(light/kitchen); 8) This is Mrs Davies, the_____________. (manager/cinema);
9) You'll feel better after a _____________. (holiday/fortnight); 10) This was
_______________. (house/my parents)
53
9. Read the text about the family of Corinne and draw a line to show
each person's relationship to her. Say what members of the family she
has.
I have quite a large family, actually. My grandmother lives with my
mother and father, and she's called Jacqueline. Then I have a brother who's
called Raymond, who lives in Cassis, that's quite near Marseille, and a sister,
called Chantal who lives in Marseille. My aunt is called Christine and my
uncle is called Tony. Then, of course, there's my husband Vincent. His family
comes from Montpellier, and that's where we live now. Oh, I nearly forgot, my
mother is called Marie and my father is Georges. We're very close.
Jacqueline Raymond Chantal Christine Tony Georges Vincent
Marie
mother sister father grandmother brother aunt husband uncle
10. Correct the statements below with the true sentences.
For example: Vincent is Corinne's uncle. –
No, Vincent is Corinne's husband
1) Tony is Corinne's husband. 2) Vincent is Marie's husband. 3) Vincent is
Corinne's brother. 4) Vincent is Chantal's husband. 5) Georges is Corinne's
husband.
11. Read and translate the text. Rememebr the following words.
A head of the family – глава семьи
At least – по крайней мере
Each other – друг друга
To be alive – быть живым
54
To be common – быть общим, типичным
To chat – болтать
To die – умирать
To discuss smth – обсуждать что-либо
To get married – выйти замуж, жениться
To lead independent life –жить независимо от кого-либо
To leave home – оставлять дом, уходить из дома
To take one's decision - принимать решение
1. We usually see each other at least once a month, maybe more often. We
have lunch together on Sunday if we haven't got anything special to do. We
live in Montpellier, which is about an hour and a half away, but we always
come to Marseilles where my mother and father live. It's not so far. Usually
my grandmother and my uncle and aunt are there too - we're quite a large
family! Sometimes my brother and his girlfriend come over - they live nearby.
The meal takes about four hours, we spend a lot of time chatting and there's
always lots to eat.
2. There's no one we call the head of the family, although my father's advice
and opinion are very important in any decisions we take. My uncle Tony is in
fact older than my father, so I suppose he's the real head of the family. When
my grandfather was alive he liked to think that the whole family organised
itself around him, but these days it's different. But we all try to discuss things
together when we meet.
3. In most families, it's a small family group who live in the same house,
mother, father and the children before they get married. But if one of the
grandparents dies, the other usually sells their home and goes to live with
their children. So it's quiet common to have one grandparent living with you,
but not more.
4. In France most children leave home when they get married, and not
before. I lived in Marseilles with my mother and father until I got married. But
55
there are some people who want to lead independent lives and they find a flat
as soon as they start their first job, even before they get married. Of course,
the main problem is that flats are so expensive here, and we simply have to
live with our parents.
12. Match the questions with each paragraph. There is one extra
question.
1) Who is the head of the family? 2) How often does the family get together?
3) How many people live in your house? 4) How long do people live with their
parents? 5) How many people live in the same house?
13. Work in pairs and answer the questions above with the specific
information about your family. Ask more questions about the family of
your partner.
14. Read the text and make notes about the advantages and
disadvantages of living in a large family.
Janet puts the reason for her large family down to the fact that she was
an only child: 'Life was so lonely and dull for me I knew I wanted lots of
children.'
But there are difficulties. If they go anywhere as a family they need two
cars. And big families have big appetites. The Astons consume ten pints of
milk and two loaves of bread a day. They also produce a lot of washing - four
loads a day.
Richard is an accountant and budgets carefully for everything. The
phone is his main worry — the children spend too long on it. Nor can they
afford to go abroad on holiday. The eldest children work and Janet works
part-time in a doctor's surgery.
56
Another problem is that you get no privacy or space. Janet and Richard
share their room with the two youngest Astons, and Emily and Elizabeth
sleep in the same bed so that Christopher and Sarah can have rooms of their
own. 'That doesn't mean that you get left alone though,' complained Sarah.
'My room is on the ground floor, and if I bring a friend home, I get five faces at
the window.'
Although Richard and Janet are great believers in fairness, it often
doesn't work out in practice. Christopher claims that his parents were stricter
with the older children, and that Victoria never does any work. Although the
children may complain about each other and say that they won't have large
families themselves, there is a general stories about us,' said Sarah. 'Most
people have such boring lives compared to ours.'
15. Write down four advantages and four disadvantages of being an
only child.
Example:
One advantage of being an only child is that you get lots of presents.
One disadvantage of being an only child is that you can be lonely.
16. Read Debra's statements below. Do you think she is from a large
or small family?
• I was bored.
• I used to have a lot of imaginary brothers and sisters.
• I didn't have to share a bedroom.
• 1 got lots of presents.
• I was very spoilt.
• Lots of fuss was made over me.
• Now my parents are older, the responsibility will be all mine.
• My parents talked to me a lot.
57
17. Write down 10 statements about your family and read them to your
group mates. They should guess if you are from a large or small family,
if you have brothers and sisters or you are the only child.
18. Learn the words and phrases
Assistance — помощь
To start — начинать
Descendant – потомок
To be like – быть похожим
Diary - дневник
To be lost – (по)теряться
Divorce — развод
To break up — разбивать(ся),
Divorcee
распадаться
— разведенный
Existence – существование
Experience
To end — заканчивать(ся)
— жизненный опыт To manage the family budget —
Health-building home — дом
вести семейный бюджет
отдыха
To marry — жениться, выходить
Honour — честь
замуж
Housing shortage —
To preserve - сохранять
недостаток (нехватка) жилья
To rely on — полагаться,
Human — человеческий
рассчитывать на
Marriage – брак, замужество
To remarry — еще раз
Pride — гордость
жениться, (выйти) замуж
Reason — причина
To reveal – раскрывать
Restoration — возрождение,
To run a household — вести
восстановление
хозяйство
Revival — возрождение
Various — различный
Sense — чувство
Within a period (of) — в течение
To bring up children —
какого-то периода времени
воспитывать детей
58
19. Read the information about the family as a social problem. Answer
the questions at the beginning of the text.
Russian family: What Is It Like?
So what is it like the family tradition? Whose descendants are we?
What are the stories your granny used to tell? What can family albums, letters
and diaries reveal? What is your grandmother's name? What is the name of
your great-grandfather?
Many of the Russians are not able to answer these simple questions.
The family tradition is lost for them. And it is one of the reasons why most
people have no sense of family honour and pride.
A group of people who have the same name and sit together in front of
a TV is not yet a family. Here are some family statistics in Russia. Over 80
per cent of women and about 70 per cent of men marry by the age of 25.
At present, more than 40 out of every 100 marriages end in divorce.
Every year about one million families break up. About 50 per cent of divorcees do not want to remarry. Men remarry more often than women. Over 50
per cent of divorced men remarry within a period of ten years, while only 25
per cent of such women do so. Many young families have material difficulties.
As a result, young couples often have to rely on the assistance of their
parents.
The housing shortage is another problem of many young families. Most
young people don't wish to live together with their parents after they get
married but about half of them have to do this.
As a result these young people have no necessary experience in family
life. They don't know: 1) how to run a household; 2) how to manage the family
budget; 3) how to bring up children.
The revival of the family should start with the restoration of its traditions.
The people need family shops, cafes, cinemas and health-building homes.
59
In its various forms the human family has been in existence for as long
as man himself. The family tradition has preserved the picture of a Madonna
with a child in her arms. Can this beauty save the world? Shall we have this
tradition in future? Or lose it, as we lost so many other beautiful things?
20. Answer the questions.
1) What are the marriage statistics in Russia? 2) How many families break up
every year? 3) What kind of difficulties do young families have? 4) Why don't
young married people have the necessary experience in family life? 5) How
does the state help young families make a start in life?
21. Speak on the general information about family life in your country.
22. Find 19 members of the family hidden here.
R E H T A F D OGGR G
E E V I Т A L E R ОE R
H L Т V E S Т A E D H E
Т С В H Т A N Y Т MТ A
ОN R F GD F D H ОA Т
MU ОТ MU MD GТ F A
D Т Т A U U A A U H D U
N A H U N R N D A E N N
A E E S E Z I С D R A Т
R R R T С С S Т L 0 R I
GGS T E A U N Т E GE
X I Z O I GOD S ОN E
S E С ON D С OU S I N
60
UNIT 5
LIFESTYLE RELATED PROBLEMS: FOOD AND TOBACCO
1. Almost half of all premature deaths in the United States and other
developed countries are caused by lifestyle. What are they?
2. Study new words and expressions.
Additives - добавки
Pasta - макаронные изделия
Average - средний
Protein - белок
Cauliflower - цветная капуста
Rate - процент
Delicious - вкусный
Record-breaker - рекордсмен
Diabetes - диабет
Skimmed milk – снятое молоко
Doberman sized - размером с
Slimming treatment – курс лечения
добермана
с целью похудения
Dramatically - резко
Survey - опрос
Food
additives
–
пищевые To be healthy – быть здоровым
добавки
To be in - быть в моде To catch up -
Gym - тренажерный зал
догнать
Heart disease – заболевание
To complain - жаловаться
сердца
To concentrate on –
Lettuce - салат
концентрироваться на чем-либо
Liquid - жидкость
To concern - касаться
Margarine – маргарин
To do harm – вредить
Nightmare - кошмар
To emphasize – подчеркивать,
Nourishment – пища, питание
придавать особое значение
Obese - тучный
To indicate the danger of smth –
Overweight - имеющий
указывать на угрозу чего-либо
избыточный вес
To influence – влиять
61
To relax - расслабиться
To lose the weight – худеть
To make an effort – прилагать Vegetarian, veggie - вегетарианец
усилия
Violent - агрессивный
To munch - жевать
Waist - талия
To put smb on a diet – садить
кого-либо на диету
3. Complete the chart with words or phrases related to food from the
vocabulary above.
Food
Health
Treatment
Other words
4. Read and translate the text and say what problem is discussed in it.
Do we live to eat?
How much food do you think you will eat by the time you are seventy nine?
The average Frenchwoman, for example, will eat:
25 cows
8 kg of dirt
40 sheep
9,000 litres of orange juice
35 pigs
6000 litres of mineral water
1,200 chickens
1.37 tonnes of apples
2.07 tonnes of fish
768 kg of oranges
5.05 tonnes of potatoes
430 bags of carrots
30,000 litres of milk
720 kg of tomatoes
13,000 eggs
1,300 lettuces
50,000 loaves of bread
Hundreds of packets of coffee, sugar, spaghetti, etc.
Delicious, isn’t it? How many cows and pigs have you swallowed already?
Scientists say that we eat about half-a-ton of food a year — not counting
drink! Some people eat even more.
62
The Land of the fattest.
According to WHO (World Health Organization), Americans are the
fattest people in the world. 55% of women and 63% of men over 25 are
overweight or obese. (Doctors say that you are obese if you weigh at least
30% above ideal body weight.)
“Compared to Europeans, Americans eat all the time,” writes Joanna
Coles, a British correspondent for The Guardian. “At the hairdressers, in their
cars, during college lectures, while waiting in hospital and at the cinema,
where they arrive clutching monster buckets of pop-corn, Doberman sized
hot-dogs and containers(!) of diet Pepsi.”
The epidemic is spreading.
Though America is the world leader in obesity, Europe is quickly
catching up. According to WHO, almost one-third of people living in the
European Union are now overweight and one in 10 is obese.
Britain has replaced Germany as Europe’s most overweight nation!
20% of women and 17% of men are obese. And the English are fatter than
the Scots or Welsh. Russia, the Czech Republic and Finland also have some
of the heaviest people in Europe. Even in such countries as France, Italy and
Sweden, Europe’s slimmest nations, people (especially women) are
becoming fatter.
Put down this packet of chips and listen up!
What is tasty is not always healthy. Doctors say that chips and pizzas
are fattening, coca cola spoils our teeth, coffee shortens our lives. If you go
on eating too much, you’ll become obese, and obesity leads to heart disease,
diabetes and stroke. Some scientists believe that food influences not only our
bodies but our spirits as well. Foods with lots of additives, fat or sugar can
make you violent and anti-social.
63
Natural foods like fresh fruit and vegetables which contain lots of
vitamins and minerals can make you more intelligent, optimistic and
energetic.
So think twice before you start eating!
There is a danger hanging over your life!
If you are young and fit, don’t think that this doesn’t concern you.
Teenagers, too, are getting fatter. Obesity rates in teens, according to
experts, are doubling!
Surveys show that the favourite foods among teenagers both in Europe
and the USA are: hamburgers (cheeseburgers, fishburgers, beefburgers,
eggburgers... in fact anythingburgers!);chips (they are called French fries in
America);hot dogs; ice-cream.
Besides, teenagers in Britain, for example, spend 27 hours a week
watching TV, and nobody knows how much time they sit in front of their
computers.
What will today’s teenagers look like when they grow up? Imagine
yourself as a lazy, fat old man or woman with eyes glued to the TV screen,
hands digging down in a packet of chips, munch-munch, staring at the glaring
pictures. A real nightmare! As one of our teenage readers said: “No! Better
die in a war, be kidnapped by terrorists or disappear as a hero climber of the
Himalayas.”
But this is the danger hanging over your life!
5. Think and give the reasons (at least 2-3) why people all over the world
become fat.
6. Read the text and compare your reason with the given ones in the
text.
64
We live in the era of fast food culture. We are always in a hurry. We
have no time to relax and enjoy a meal. We want to eat now and we want to
eat fast.
Every day a new McDonald’s restaurant opens somewhere on our
planet. Soon American food will take over the whole world.
Another reason is lack of exercise. We spend too much time in front of
our computers and TV-sets. We walk less, because we prefer to use cars or
public transport. Yes, many people nowadays are exercise crazy, they spend
hours in gyms – and then they rush to have a good snack!
PAST CONTINUOUS
Данное
время
выражает
прошедшее
незаконченное
длительное
действие. Оно употребляется для выражения длительного действия,
начавшегося
в
определенный
момент
в
прошлом
и
все
еще
совершавшегося в этот момент.
+
-
?
I
I
I
He
He
he
She
was working
She
wasn’t working
Was
she
(It)
(It)
(it)
We
We
we
You
were cleaning You
They
weren’t working Were
They
you
working?
working?
they
Слова показатели:
at 5 o'clock – в 5 часов; at the moment – в тот (этот) момент; from 5 till 6
o’clock- с 5 до 6.
Другое прошедшее действие выраженное Past Sipmle (when he came)
Example: He was writing a letter at 5 o’clock.
It was raining when I left the room.
65
7. Complete these sentences by putting the verbs into the Past
Continuous or the Past Simple.
1) When the ambulance came, we …………… him into it. (carry); 2) She
………….. her car when she suddenly felt ill. (drive); 3) When he saw me, he
…………..off the wall. (fall); 4) We ……………. to the radio when it suddenly
stopped working. (listen); 5) Why ……………cards when he walked into the
office? (you play); 6) …………… you when you gave them the money? (they
thank); 7) …………… when you turned on the gas? (you smoke); 8) When I
arrived, they…………… hello but continued working. (say) 9) When I got to
the hospital, she …………… in the waiting room. (sit); 10) I ……………
television when the phone rang. (watch)
8. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the Past Continuous or the
Past Simple.
1) I (to go) to the Institute yesterday when I (to see) a house on fire. 2) When
I (to see) him, he (to stand) in the street. 3) I (to see) that Kate (to sit) at the
nearest table. 4) On Sunday, when I (to come) from a walk I (to meet) a
strange man. 5) He not (to see) me, as he (to read) a book when I (to come)
into the room. 6) When the phone (to ring), they (to have) dinner. 7) The boy
(to fall) and (to hurt) himself while he (to ride) his bicycle. 8) She (to wait) for
her sister, when I (to see) her. 9) He (to go) to the University, when I (to meet)
her. 10) Our friends (to discuss) something when we (to interrupt) them.
9. Tell your groupmates what you were eating or doing at different
periods of the previous day.
10. Ask a partner what he(she) prefers to eat, how much and why.
66
11. Is being Veggie in? How do you think why people become
vegetarians? Do you know people who are vegetarians? Complete the
list given below.
Leonardo da Vinci, Leo Tolstoy, Albert Einstein, Mahatma Gandhi, George
Bernard Shaw were veggies. Sir Paul McCartney is a veggie...
12. Read and translate the sentences on the problem "to Be or Not to
Be a Veggie". Divide them into the arguments For and Against it. Think
and give your own arguments.
FOR
™
AGAINST
A diet free from meat, researches say, has all the vitamins, minerals and
protein you need.
™
Vegetarianism is silly. You can't live for ever on cucumbers and apples,
can you?
™
And you could live longer as a veggie!
™
A vegetarian diet is not only healthier, but it is also kinder.
™
Organic foods are full of pesticides. What's the use of becoming a veggie?
™
Animals grown for meat production are now kept in special factory farms.
Pigs, calves and chickens are locked in boxes and cannot even turn
around! Calves are kept thirsty — the lack of liquid keeps the meat white!
™
If you really care about animals — and most of us do — stop eating them!
™
Some people still believe that you can't live without meat. But modern
scientific research shows that all the nutrients we need for a healthy life
can be found in plants.
™
I don't really care if I eat meat or not, but my parents say I must. Maybe
when I'm older…
™
You never see a tiger or a lion feeling sorry for its victim, do you?
™
The thought of eating a dead animal actually makes me sick.
67
™
I don't think it's necessary to kill to eat. It's cruel to let animals suffer so
much.
™
Why is killing an animal different from killing a human?
™
If you went to the slaughterhouse to see how animals are killed, you
wouldn't eat meat.
™
Animals don't wish to be killed and would like to enjoy life to the full, just as
any human would. Killing animals is a crime.
™
Our grandparents and great grandparents and great great grandparents
ate meat and were happy. So why should I become a veggie?
™
It's stupid to say everybody must be a vegetarian. In some places, it's very
difficult to get enough to eat. People have to eat what they can get.
™
People should eat both meat and plants. This is how it has always been,
and will be in the future for all living things.
Now be ready to speak on the advantages and
disadvantages of being a veggie. Use the
following phrases.
9 On the one hand … but on the hand …
9 There is no doubt that … but you can’t deny that…
14. Speak on the problem of food influence on the human health
TO SMOKE OR NOT TO SMOKE
15. Another life related problem is smoking. Answer the question:
1) Do you smoke? Why? How long? 2) How many members of your family
smoke? Who are they? 3) How many people around you smoke?
68
16. Read the text and answer the question why young people smoke
today more. Add your arguments.
You'd have to be living on Mars not to know that smoking is dangerous.
Yet statistics show that young people today smoke more, not less. Why?
One answer is that many teens think it’s cool. Another is the enormous
sums of money invested in advertising cigarettes. Tobacco companies spend
millions to encourage the young to start, or to continue, smoking. "The
Marlboro Man", "joe the Camel" and others do cool things and act important
while smoking — just to get you to think that if you smoke this brand, you can
do these things too. This isn't true. These people are not real and the things
they do are made-up.
For tobacco companies cigarettes mean money. For us they mean
disease and even death.
Shocking Facts:
• Over 90% of all smokers start before they are 18.
• The average age for a new smoker is 13.
• Among the 13-year-old smokers there are more girls than boys.
• Smoking kills about 3 million people every year. Some aren't even
smokers. They are people who live or work with heavy smokers.
If you think it’s cool, think again.
17. Study the words and phrases and make up sentences with their help
to answer the question. Why is smoking dangerous.
Addictive - вызывающий
Asthma - астма
привычку, привыкание
Asthmatic – астматик
Air freshener - освежитель
Bad breath - дурной запах изо
воздуха
рта
As for me - что касается меня
Brand - марка
69
Bronchitis – бронхит
Nicotine - никотин
Can't stick the smell - не выношу
Pack - пачка
запаха
Perfume - духи
Cocaine - кокаин
Pregnant - беременная
Disease - болезнь
Smell - запах
Disgusting - отвратительный,
Stillborn - мертворожденный
омерзительный
Suicide - самоубийство
Effect - влияние, воздействие
To advertise - рекламировать
Environment - окружающая
To ban - запрещать
среда
To clog - засорять, загрязнять
Fuss - суета, шум
To encourage - подстрекать,
Habit - привычка
потворствовать, вдохновлять
Heart attack - сердечный
To face - сталкиваться, оказаться
приступ, болезнь сердца
перед угрозой
Heavy smoker - заядлый
To get you to think that …- чтобы
курильщик
убедить вас в том, что…
Heroin - героин
To quit - бросать
Lung cancer - рак легких
To store - накапливать
Made-up - выдуманный,
To suffer - страдать
вымышленный, искусственный
Tobacco - табак, табачный
Mental disorder - психическое
расстройство
18. Read and find the sad facts about the smoking. Get into groups of 34 and think of more sad facts about smoking.
™
You will have bad breath.
™
Your hair and skin will become dry. You'll get premature wrinkles.
™
Smokers store more fat around the waist.
70
™
A smoker is 22 times more likely to die of lung cancer than a nonsmoker. (In fact, 30% of all cancer deaths are caused by smoking.)
™
Smoking causes heart attacks. (Heart disease is now the number-one
killer in Russia.)
™
Nicotine isn’t the only bad thing in cigarettes, there are over 400
chemicals in one cigarette that are known to be harmful.
™
Smoking causes bronchitis, asthma and emphysema.
™
Pregnant women (especially teenagers) who smoke will face a lot of
pregnancy risks. They even may give birth to stillborn babies.
™
Babies of women smokers are more likely to have mental disorders than
babies of women non-smokers.
™
Babies with mothers who smoke develop more slowly during childhood.
Cigarette smoke clogs and makes lungs awfully dirty.
™
Nicotine is as addictive as heroin or cocaine. Seven out of 10 smokers
want to quit, but can’t.
™
Girls, cigarette packs leave no room in your purse for your compact and
lipstick.
™
You’ll never be rich. Cigarettes cost money.
19. Have a talk with your partner. You should convince, encourage him
to stop smoking.
HOW TO EXPRESS ENCOURAGEMENT
™ Let's hope for the best.
™ Never give way to despair.
™ Don't let it get you down.
™ Why not give it another try?
71
20. Read the views of different people on this point: SHOULD SMOKING
BE BANNED IN PUBLIC PLACES? What is your opinion?
1)
Smoking is awful and I personally can't stick the smell. As for me, I
wouldn't just ban smoking in public but I would ban it everywhere in every
country.
2)
I have friends who smoke. Sure, I don't want them to, but they do
anyway. I don't think that banning it in public will work at all. People will do
what they want when they want!
3)
I think it should be banned. A non-smoker shouldn't have to suffer just
because people have not got enough will power to stop.
4)
I think people should stop smoking because it gets young people into
smoking and it's not good for the environment.
5)
I think that smoking should be banned in public because you are more
likely to die of passive smoking than actual smoking!
6)
Yeah — it should be banned. Smoking is a form of slow suicide. It
doesn't matter when you start; you can always stop. It's a question of will
power.
7)
As an asthmatic I strongly believe that smoking should be banned in
public places. If smokers knew how asthmatics felt when they breathe in
smoke many people would stop.
8)
What's all this fuss about? Perfumes also have bad effects on
asthmatics. Should we ban the use of perfumes and air fresheners?
9)
Smoking is a disgusting and stupid habit. Why should we suffer from
smokers?
10) If people want to kill themselves, let them. But I don't see why we should
let them kill others?
11) Smoking isn't cool. It's stupid! It can kill us. I strongly believe it should be
banned.
72
21. Speak on the problem of smoking. Express your point of view on
this matter.
22. Find all the words related to the lifestyle problem and fill in the
chainword. Some letters of the words are given.
1)
2)
F
3) S
L
4)
M
11)
12)
T
13)
L
Y
5)
18)
C
E
D
U
17)
E
I
19)
6)
H
10)
B
21)
C
20)
T
14)
O
S
L
9)
С
16)
T
I
8)
15)
Q
R
73
7)
UNIT 6
HEALTHY WAY OF LIFE
1. Think and answer the questions.
1) When was the last time you were ill?
2) Do you worry about staying well?
3) Do you think you are fairly healthy?
2. When someone says 'How are you?' do you reply 'Fine thanks,
how are you?' or do you say 'I'm not feeling very well. I've had
a bad cold, I've been off work, and now I've got a dreadful
cough.'? Some people never seem to be ill, others have always got
something wrong with them... or think they have.
QUESTIONNAIRE
Yes No
1. Have you ever broken an arm or a leg?
2. Have you ever stayed at home because of illness?
3. Have you ever taken vitamin pills?
4. Have you ever given up any of the following because of your
health?
• smoking
• drinking
• coffee
• meat
• sunbathing
5. Have you ever taken up any of the following because of your
health?
74
• running
• swimming
• regular exercise
6. Have you ever had an accident while watching a sport?
7 Have you ever had an accident while playing a sport?
8 Have you ever had...?
• a heart attack
• high blood pressure
• malaria
9. Have you ever had...?
• flu
• a headache
• food poisoning
10. Have you ever become ill on holiday?
11. Have you ever worried about getting ill?
12. Have you ever stayed in hospital?
13. Have you ever looked up an illness in a medical dictionary?
14. How are you keeping?
• Not so good.
• I've never felt better!
Mostly Yes: Either you've been unlucky with your health or you've become a
hypochondriac. Relax! Life's too short to worry so much about your health.
Mostly No: You're very lucky... so far. You're healthy and you don't worry
much. But maybe you need to take better care of yourself - just in case.
75
PRESENT PERFECT
Данное
время
обозначает
законченное
действие,
результат
которого важен на данный момент
Have (Has) + Ved (3 форма глагола)
I ,You, We, They have
+ He, She, (It)
looked
bought
has
(3)
I, You, We, They have not
- He, She, (It)
Have
?
Has
(through) the papers.
looked
bought
has not
(through) the papers.
(3)
I, you, we, they looked
bought
he, she (it)
(through) the papers?
(3)
Для данного времени характерны следующие слова-показатели:
Already – уже; Never – никогда; Just – только что; Often – часто; Ever –
когда-либо (обычно в вопросительных предложениях); Yet – уже (в
вопросительных
предложениях);
Yet
–
еще
(в
отрицательных
редложениях); Lately – недавно, за (в) последнее время; Recently –
недавно, на днях, в последнее время; Today – сегодня; This week
(month, year) – на этой неделе (в этом месяце, в этом году); For – в
течение, в продолжение; Since – с, с тех пор, с тех пор как
Примечание:
Наречия already, just, never, ever, often стоят, как правило, между
вспомогательным глаголом have (has) и Ved (3 форма глагола).
Наречия yet, lately, recently ставятся в конце предложения .
Since (союз и предлог) стоит перед словом или предложением, к
которому он относится.
76
1) We have already passed our
exams.
2) He has never been to Britain.
3) They haven’t heard the news yet.
1) Мы уже сдали экзамены.
2) Он никогда не быд в
Британии.
3) Мы еще не слышали эту
новость.
4) My brother has not come to see
4) Мой брат не навещал нас с
us since the New Year.
Нового года.
5) We haven’t heard from them
since they left for England.
5) Мы не получали от них
никаких известий с тех пор, как
они уехали а Англию.
3. Complete the sentences with SINCE or FOR.
1) We haven't seen our cousin ... ages. 2) His wife has changed a lot... the
last time we met. 3) My daughter hasn't written to me ... my birthday. 4) We
have lived here ... many years. 5) It hasn't snowed here ... six months. 6) Our
guests have not sailed ... last summer. 7) We haven't met... Christmas. 8) We
haven't been in the opera ... over a year. 9) I haven't spoken German ... the
end of the war. 10) You have kept me waiting ... half an hour!
4. Open the brackets, put the verbs in Present Perfect. Find the proper
place in the sentences for JUST, ALREADY, EVER, NEVER, YET.
1) I (close) the door. (just); 2) She (fill) the coffee pot. (already); 3) You (visit)
Mr. Brown? (ever); 4) You (listen) to that record? (yet); 5) No, I (listen) to
it.(yet); 6) He (finish) his work. (already); 7) He (start) to weed the garden?
(yet); 8) They (play) tennis, (never); 9) We (borrow) this dictionary, (already);
10) Mr. Brown (travel) to Europe? (ever)
77
Compare the tenses:
Present Perfect
Past Simple
Выражает законченное действие, 1. Выражает
совершившееся
речи,
но
до
с
непосредственную
которое
произошло в прошлом и не
момента
имеющее
действие,
связано с настоящим.
ним
связь, 2. Употребляется
тогда,
когда
которая может выражаться в
есть точное указание времени
виде конкретного результата
в прошлом (yesterday, the day
действия к моменту речи.
before yesterday, last week, 5
Нет точного указания времени в
years ago, in 1996).
прошлом (yesterday, the day 3. Вопрос, который начинается с
before yesterday, last week, 5
when.
years ago, in 1996).
Со
словами
already,
never,
показателями:
ever,
often,
just, lately, recently, yet, today,
this week, for, since.
Вопрос,
который
начинается
с
how long.
1) I have already read this book.
1) I read this book last week.
2) We have been to this museum 2) We were in this museum a few
lately.
days ago.
3) How long have you been to 3) When were you in France?
France?
5. Complete these sentences by putting the verbs into the Past Simple
or Present Perfect.
1) I never (to hear) this story from my father. 2) I cannot tell you whether I like
this book, as I not (to read) it. 3) When you last (to see) him? 4) I cannot give
78
you this book as I (to give) it to Ann. When you (to give) it to her? 5) It is cold
today. The weather (to change) since yesterday. 6) You (to receive) a letter
from your father this week? 7) I (to see) Ann on Wednesday. 8) How many
books you (to read) this week? 9) I (to be) at the theatre five or six times last
month. 10) The doctor (come). He is waiting for you in the next room.
6. What is Healthy Way of Life?
HEALTHY
WAY OF LIFE
7. Study the new words and expressions.
Absence of smth. – отсутствие чего-либо
Abstinence in (from ) smth – воздержание в (от) чего-либо
Attitude to smb – отношение к чему-либо
Balanced feeding – сбалансированное питание
Benevolence - благосклонность
Careful attitude to one's own health – внимательное отношение с
своему здоровью
Harmful habits – вредные привычки
Harmony - гармония
Leisure – отдых, досуг
Longevity - долговечность
Malice - злоба
79
Positive living position – положительная жизненная позиция
Spiritual - духовный
To be measurable – быть соизмеримым
To be sober – быть трезвым
To customize a nutrition – нормализовать питание
To ensure - oбеспечивать, гарантировать
To go in for sports – заниматься спортом
To increase one's level of physical activity – увеличить уровень
физической активности
To trespass – злоупотреблять чем-либо
Vitality – жизнеспособность
Vivacity – живость
Well-being - благополучие
Wholesome rest – здоровый, целебный, благотворный отдых
8. Study the diagrams, presenting the results of the survey of Russian
people revealing their attitude on the problem "Healthy Way of Life".
Make the same survey in your group. Mind the ways of asking different
questions.
1) HOW DO YOU UNDERSTAND THE EXPRESSION “HEALTHY WAY OF
LIVING,” WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
Responses
Russia
Moscow
Practice sport
28%
27%
Correct, balanced feeding
16%
15%
Material well-being
11%
10%
Careful attitude to one’s own health
7%
6%
Good work
7%
9%
Wholesome rest
4%
9%
80
Active way of living
3%
3%
Family well-being
2%
4%
Abstinence in everything
2%
3%
Favorable ecological conditions
2%
4%
Positive living position
1%
2%
Cultural leisure
1%
2%
Harmony in everything
1%
1%
Other
2%
1%
No responses, wrong responses
13%
4%
General Opinion
(% of those surveyed in Russia)
Absence of harmful
“Drink reasonably and do not smoke”;
habits
“abstinence from harmful habits”; “without
41
%
alcohol, tobacco, drugs”; “always be sober.”
Practice sports
“Go in more for sports”; “do physical training.”
26
%
Correct, balanced
“Eat vitamins”; “healthy, wholesome food”;
14
feeding
“possibility to eat correctly”; “when a family has
%
a sufficiently good feeding”; “drink juices”; “eat
more fruits and vegetables.”
Material well-being
“Be more provided for”; “when there is welfare
9%
in the family”; “more money – more health”; “life
without troubles.”
Careful attitude to
“Care about one’s own health”; “when a person
one’s own health
doesn’t do anything harmful for his health, but
6%
he does what is helpful”; “it is time to visit the
doctor.”
Good work
“Good and healthy work.”
81
6%
Wholesome rest
“Sound sleep and rest”; “regular trips”; “normal
4%
rest.”
Active way of living
“Constant movement as a style of life”; “active
3%
way of living.”
Family well-being
“Healthy and strong families”; “to be a good
2%
family man”; “good family relations.”
Abstinence in
“Nothing to trespass, everything must be
everything
measurable”; “absence of redundancy in
2%
everything.”
Favorable ecological
“Clean atmosphere”; “good ecology.”
2%
Positive living
“Life bringing joy to oneself and other people”;
1%
position
“benevolence, understanding”; “kind attitude to
conditions
people, not to be angry – all diseases are
coming from malice”; “sanity, confidence.”
Cultural leisure
“Go to the theater, cinema”; “cultural rest”;
1%
“more cultural events for the youth”; “develop
culturally.”
Harmony in
“The harmony of the physical and spiritual
everything
condition of a person”; “harmonized
1%
development.”
Other
“Peace everywhere”; “adherence to the day
2%
schedule”; “cheap or free medicines”; “good
services in hospitals”; “law abidance.”
No response, wrong
13
responses
%
82
2) DO YOU PRACTICE SPORTS, OR NOT? IF YOU DO, HOW OFTEN?
(Responses of those saying they have the opportunity to practice
sports)
Responses
%
I don’t play sports
15%
Every day
7%
A few times a week
11%
Once a week
5%
A few times a month
4%
A few times a year
2%
Hard to answer
1%
3) IF YOU DO PHYSICAL TRAINING OR PRACTICE SPORTS, EXACTLY
WHAT DO YOU DO?
Responses
Russia
Moscow
Excercises
7%
12%
Light athletics, running, walking
5%
6%
Skiing
4%
3%
Games
4%
3%
Swimming
3%
5%
Shaping, aerobics
2%
2%
Heavy athletics
2%
2%
Gymnastics
1%
1%
Bodybuilding, exercises
1%
3%
Walking in the fresh air
1%
2%
Wrestling
1%
2%
Affusion
1%
0%
Tennis
1%
1%
83
Others
1%
2%
No response, wrong responses
72%
65%
9. Read the text and choose the exircises you think are the most useful
and healthy for your body.
Sports and Exercises
Sports develop force, endurance, accuracy, and dexterity. It also
prevents organisms from various diseases. Physical culture accustoms the
man to discipline. It brings up such qualities as will power, boldness, and
resoluteness.
Listed below are some exercises that contribute to a healthier way of life:
• aerobic
• running
• basketball
• walking
• baseball
• soccer
• gymnastics
• American football
• hockey
• weightlifting
• skiing
• swimming
• ice skating
• tennis
• rugby
• wrestling
• yoga
10. Remember that all kinds of sports can be useful and healthy for your
body regardless of the sport you choose. The important thing is to
exercise regularly. Talk with your partner who has health problems.
Share your experience and give advice. Express your encouragement
and regret.
84
REGRET
™ I'm sorry.
ENCOURAGEMENT
ADVICE
™ Take it easy (не принимай ™ You'd better …
™ Too bad
это близко к сердцу)
™ Everything will be all right.
™ You'd rather …
™ I think it would be good
™ Let's hope for the best.
to …
™ You'll get over it. (вы это
переживете, все пройдет)
™ Cheer up! (не унывайте)
11. Read and translate the text on the keys to living a Healthy Way of
Life. Pick out all the unknown words. Compare your list with the list of
other students and find whose list is the biggest and the least…
The Keys to Living a Healthy Way of Life –
Education, Exercise and Good Nutrition
How many times have you gone to sleep at night, swearing you’ll go to
the gym in the morning, and then changing your mind just eight hours later
because when you get up, you don’t feel like exercising?
What people need to realize is that staying active and eating right are
critical for long-term health and wellness - and that an ounce of prevention is
worth a pound of cure.
The more you know about how your body responds to your lifestyle
choices, the better you can customize a nutrition and exercise plan that is
right for you. When you eat well, increase your level of physical activity, and
exercise at the proper intensity, you are informing your body that you want to
burn a substantial amount of fuel. This translates to burning fat more
efficiently for energy.
In other words, proper eating habits plus exercise equals fast
metabolism, which, in turn gives you more energy throughout the day and
allows you to do more physical work with less effort.
85
Proper diet forms the basis of man's vitality, vivacity, and longevity.
Healthy eating does not mean giving up all your favorite foods, it's all about
choosing foods wisely, preparing meals in a healthier way.
Well-balanced diet is the key to good health. Aim to eat food from each
following food groups each day:
1) Starchy foods-bread, rice, pasta, potatoes, cereals, etc.
2) Dairy products- cheese, milk, yogurt, etc.
3) Meat, Poultry- fish, and alternatives including lentils beans, nut products,
and eggs.
4) Vegetables and Fruits- broccoli, carrots, apples, strawberries, etc.
Eating a variety of foods from each of these group should ensure that
your body gets all the necessary vitamins and minerals you need and will
help you maintain a healthy well balanced diets.
The true purpose of exercise is to send a repetitive message to the
body asking for improvement in metabolism, strength, aerobic capacity and
overall fitness and health. Each time you exercise, your body responds by
upgrading its capabilities to burn fat throughout the day and night. Exercise
doesn’t have to be intense to work for you, but it does need to be consistent.
Life Time Fitness recommends engaging in regular cardiovascular
exercise four times per week for 20 to 30 minutes per session, and resistance
training four times per week for 20 to 25 minutes per session. This balanced
approach provides a one-two punch, incorporating aerobic exercise to burn
fat and deliver more oxygen, and resistance training to increase lean body
mass and burn more calories.
Here’s a sample exercise program that may work for you:
™ Warm Up -- seven to eight minutes of light aerobic activity intended to
increase blood flow and lubricate and warm-up your tendons and joints.
™ Resistance Training -- Train all major muscle groups. One to two sets of
each exercise. Rest 45 seconds between sets.
86
™ Aerobic Exercise -- Pick two favorite activities, they could be jogging,
rowing, biking or cross-country skiing, whatever fits your lifestyle. Perform
12 to 15 minutes of the first activity and continue with 10 minutes of the
second activity. Cool down during the last five minutes.
™ Stretching -- Wrap up your exercise session by stretching, breathing
deeply, relaxing and meditating.
When starting an exercise program, it is important to have realistic
expectations. Depending on your initial fitness level, you should expect the
following changes early on.
™ From one to eight weeks -- Feel better and have more energy.
™ From two to six months -- Lose size and inches while becoming leaner.
Clothes begin to fit more loosely. You are gaining muscle and losing fat.
™ After
six
months
--
Start
losing
weight
quite
rapidly.
Once you make the commitment to exercise several times a week, don’t
stop there. You should also change your diet and/or eating habits.
Counting calories or calculating grams and percentages for certain
nutrients is impractical. Instead, Life Time Fitness suggests these easy-tofollow guidelines:
- Eat several small meals (optimally four) and a couple of small snacks
throughout the day.
- Make sure every meal is balanced -- incorporate palm-sized proteins like
lean meats, fish, egg whites and dairy products, fist-sized portions of
complex carbohydrates like whole-wheat bread and pasta, wild rice,
multigrain cereal and potatoes, and fist-sized portions of vegetable and
fruits.
- Limit your fat intake to only what’s necessary for adequate flavor.
- Drink at least eight 8-oz. glasses of water throughout the day.
- Take a multi-vitamin each day to ensure you are getting all the vitamins
and minerals your body needs.
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12. Write down the questions to the text and ask the students in your
group to answer them.
1) When ………? 2) Why ………? 3) How ………? 4) What ………? 5) Who
………?
13. Speak on the problem of "Healthy Way of Life".
14. Read the text and say if you are a happy person.
25 WAYS TO A HAPPIER LIFE
1) Love yourself. Almost no one is satisfied with the way he or she looks.
Most of us are not the size and shape of the models we see on TV or in
magazines. Remember that you are you and you are unique.
2) Be yourself. You cannot be 'cool' all the time. And who determines what's
cool? The advertising companies? MTV? The happiness found from following
the crowd is not lasting. Don't sacrifice yourself to be with someone who
doesn't respect you, or care about you (you don't deserve it!)
3) Believe in yourself— if you don't, how can you expect others to?
4) If you set yourself goals, always set goals that you can reach. Then you
can always set another goal later. If you have done enough, then award
yourself for it. Smile at your face in the mirror and say: "I did great today". Say
it three times and mean it.
5) Learn the power of colour. Blue is calming, red gives you energy, orange
makes you more optimistic, turquoise makes you less shy and more confident
in yourself.
6) Believe dreams can come true; it's the first step on the road to making
them happen.
7) Learn to say 'No'. If you really don't want to do something, say so. If this is
difficult for you, say 'This isn't easy, but I have to say no.'
8) Eat breakfast. People who make time for it are slimmer and healthier.
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9) Exercise! It's really worth the time and effort it takes! Exercise is fun. It
strengthens your muscles. It is a good way of meeting people and making
friends. It helps to get rid of pent-up emotions and anger and it can lift your
mood.
10) If you are not used to exercise, here are some tips for you:
—When you have to walk somewhere, walk faster.
—Walk up stairs instead of taking a lift.
—Walk short distances rather than catching the bus or train.
11) Beware of watching too much television, and look out for the 'couch
potato' syndrome.
12) Once on, the TV can be difficult to turn off.
13) Get eight hours sleep a night — you'll feel and look better for it.
14) Feeling low? Try talking to someone you trust and respect — perhaps a
friend or a parent. Play happy music or read a poem out loud. Try doing a
crossword. Or simply take a nap. Just 10 minutes of sleep can improve your
mood. Reading something really gripping can also help.
15) Write down five things you really enjoy doing. When did you last do
them? Make plans to do them soon.
16) Expect to fail, sometimes. It happens to everyone, no matter how
successful. The important thing is to learn some useful lesson from your
disappointments.
17) Learn the power of positive speaking — sounding optimistic makes you
feel that way. Don't say: "It's not as bad as it looks." Do say: "It's better than it
seems."
18) Worried about something? What advice would you give your very best
friend? Take that advice yourself.
19) Don't buy anything new that doesn't look better than your favourite thing
in your wardrobe.
20) Be social. People with friends live longer than loners.
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21) The secret of small talk? When someone speak to you, look them in the
eye, give them a full answer, then ask them a question in turn. Easy!
22) Join something — a sports club or a drama society. People who feel
involved are more optimistic and more successful.
23) Our furry friends make us much happier. They love us and accept us for
what we are.
24) Crying is an important way of getting rid of stress-generated chemicals
that would otherwise build up in your body.
25) Feeling shy? There's absolutely nothing wrong with being shy. But it
wouldn't hurt to make an effort to be more social. Practise telling a couple of
good jokes. Then you are never at a loss for something funny to say.
26) Remember some words of wisdom:
—Life is what you make of it.
—If you want to be happy for life, love what you do.
—There is no time like the present.
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