A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of
BLACK STUDIES RESEARCH SOURCES
Microfilms from Major Archival and Manuscript Collections
General Editors: John H. Bracey, Jr., and August Meier
PAPERS OF THE NAACP
Part
9
Discrimination in the
U.S. Armed Forces,
1918-1955
Series B:
Armed Forces' Legal Files,
1940-1950
UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA
A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of
BLACK STUDIES RESEARCH SOURCES
Microfilms from Major Archival and Manuscript Collections
General Editors: John H. Bracey, Jr., and August Meier
PAPERS OF THE NAACP
Part 9. Discrimination in the
U.S. Armed Forces, 1918-1955
Series B:
Armed Forces' Legal Files,
1940-1950
Editorial Adviser
Richard M. Dalfiume
State University of New York at Binghamton
Project Coordinator
Randolph Boehm
Guide compiled by
David H. Werning
A microfilm project of
UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA
An Imprint of CIS
4520 East-West Highway * Bethesda, Maryland 20814-3389
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People.
Papers of the NAACP.
Accompanied by printed reel guides.
Contents: pt. 1. Meetings of the Board of Directors,
records of annual conferences, major speeches, and
special reports, 1909-1950 / editorial adviser, August
Meier--etc.]--pt. 8, ser. A & B. Discrimination in the
criminal justice system--pt. 9, ser. A, B, & C.
Discrimination in the U.S. armed forces, 1918-1955.
1. National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People-Archives. 2. Afro-Americans--Civil rights-History--20th century--Sources. 3. Afro-Americans-History--1877-1964--Sources. 4. United States--Race
relations--Sources. I. Meier, August, 1923II. Boehm, Randolph.
E185.61
973'.0496073
86-892185
ISBN 1-55655-117-7 (microfilm : pt. 9B)
Copyright © 1989 by University Publications of America.
All rights reserved.
ISBN 1-55655-117-7.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
vii
Notes on Sources
xvii
Editorial Note
xvii
Scope and Content Note
xix
Abbreviations
xxii
Reel Index
Reels 1-5
Group II, Series B, Legal File
Group II, Boxes B-12-B-13; B-15-B-20
Courts-Martial
1
Reel 6
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Boxes B-20 cont.; B-23
Courts-Martial cont
6
Group II, Box B-56
Dedmon, Jesse O
7
Reel 7
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-57
Dedmon, Jesse O. cont
8
Group II, Box B-58
Discharge Requests
9
Reel 8
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont,
Group II, Box B-58 cont.
Discharge and Transfer Requests
Discharge Review Board
9
9
Group II, Box B-59
Discharges
9
Reel 9
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Boxes B-59 cont.-B-60
Discharges cont
10
Reel 10
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-60 cont.
Discharges cont
10
Group II, Box B-148
Selective Service
Soldier Complaints
11
11
Reels 11-13
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Boxes B-148 cont.-B-151
Soldier Complaints cont
12
Reel 14
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-151 cont.
Soldier Complaints cont
Soldier Killing
22
22
Group II, Box B-152
Soldier Killing cont
22
Reel 15
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-153
Soldier Marriage
Soldier Morale
SoldierTravel
23
24
24
Reels 16-23
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-153 cont.-B-170
Soldier Trouble
25
Reel 24
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-191
United Service Organizations
Group II, Box B-192
U.S. Air Force
U.S. Armed Forces
U.S. Army
41
:
Group II, Box B-193
U.S. Army cont
42
42
42
42
Reel 25
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-193 cont.
U.S. Army cont
44
Group II, Box B-194
U.S. Army cont
U.S. Army Air Corps
U.S. Coast Guard
45
46
46
Group II, Box B-195
U.S. Navy
U.S. Navy Discrimination
46
47
Reel 26
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-195 cont.
U.S. Navy
U.S. Navy Guam Racial Conflict and Courts-Martial
48
48
Group II, Box B-196
U.S. Navy Seabees
U.S. Navy Seamen Complaints
48
50
Group II, Box B-197
U.S. Navy Seaman Complaints cont
50
Reel 27
Group II, Series B, Legal File cent.
Group II, Box B-197 cont.
U.S. Navy Seaman Complaints cont
U.S. Navy Seaman Killing
U.S. Navy Seaman Trouble
51
53
53
Group II, Boxes B-197 cont.-B-198
U.S. Navy Seaman Trouble cont
U.S. Navy, Yerba Buena, California (12th Naval District) Mutiny
54
56
Reels 28-30
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Boxes B-13-B-15; B-20-B-22
Courts-Martial
Subject Index
56
59
INTRODUCTION
Throughout
American history t h e relationship o f African-Americans t o t h e nation's military
to integration of the armed forces in the post-World War II era, a dynamic exerted itself: AfricanAmericans, recognizing that military service provided both opportunities not otherwise available and
a claim forfull citizenship, sought such opportunities; white Americans, acting out of prejudiced beliefs
concerning blacks' roles, prowess, or fears about allowing a subjected population to acquire military
skills, sought to restrict participation until the demands of an emergency required them to relent; once
the emergency was over there was an effort to both disparage the military service of AfricanAmericans and to restrict it once again.
Early American Militia
This pattern was established in the colonial militia, where each colony initially followed an
exclusionist policy until some saw fit to temporarily modify the restrictions to meet an increased need
for manpower generated by one crisis or another. This pattern prevailed during the American
Revolution when African-Americans were excluded from the Continental army. Afterwhite volunteers
became harder to enlist, this policy changed and approximately 5,000 blacks served. Although official
policy barred African-Americans from the militia and the regular armed forces of the new nation,
military necessity provided opportunities for army and navy service in the 1798-1800 naval war with
France and in the War of 1812. Beginning around 1800 the navy, finding it increasingly difficult to fill
its roster because of the dangers and discomfort of sea duty, began enlisting blacks in disregard of
whatever the official policy of the moment happened to be. This tradition lasted till the end of the
nineteenth century.
It was not until the Civil War that the African-American soldier was made a permanent part of the
U.S. military establishment. At first President Lincoln, intent on maintaining the loyalty of the border
states and on catering to those in the North who saw the war as a secessionist crisis rather than a
conflict over slavery, refused to sanction any policy--including the use of black soldiers--that would
support the view that this was a war for abolition. By 1863, as the war became one for abolishment
of slavery and as the need for military manpower increased, Lincoln supported, tentatively at first and
then with increasing conviction, the utilization of African-American soldiers. Although prejudice and
discrimination followed them wherever they marched, by 1865 black soldiers were doing a significant
share of the fighting and dying for the union, comprising between 9 and 10 percent of the army's
strength. In recognition of their service and sacrifice, Congress made black units a part of the regular
army for the first time--the Ninth and Tenth U.S. Cavalry Regiments and the Twenty-fourth and
Twenty-fifth Infantry Regiments were established by law.
From the end of the Civil War until the Spanish-American War, the four regular army units fought
Indians and garrisoned outposts in the West. During the Spanish-American War the regulars, as well
as volunteers, served in Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and the Philippine insurrection that
followed. The Ninth and Tenth Cavalry Regiments played a significant role in the most famous
engagement of the war at San Juan Hill--a valor that Theodore Roosevelt at first acknowledged but
then came to disparage later as he sought the votes of white southerners, who were committed to
establishing the Jim Crow system of rigid segregation and discrimination as the replacement for
slavery and the shifting twilight zone of freedom that followed the Civil War.
The period from the 1880s into the early 1900s witnessed a number of developments that served
to legitimize racism, segregation, and discrimination in the eyes of the majority. These included a
series of Supreme Court decisions that diluted the promises of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth
Amendments to the Constitution and made "separate but equal" the law of the land; the disfranchisement of blacks from southern politics and the increasing, at best, benign neglect and, at worst, overt
hostility in northern politics; the tendency to exclude African-Americans from the union movement and
to freeze their occupations to those of the lowest status and pay; the increasing turn to mob violence
whether through lynch ings or race riots; and the infusion of popular culture with the tenets of scientific
racism, providing a patina of respectability for racial prejudice and discrimination.
The color line that was drawn firmer in American society inevitably affected the military
came, by the early 1900s, to restrict the service of blacks to that of messmen or servants, and then
to exclude them from even this role in favor of Filipinos. By 1932 the navy had just slightly more than
four hundred blacks on active duty. The newly established National Guard allowed states to exclude
black militia units, as several states in the South did. When the regular army underwent expansion
in the first decade of the twentieth century to police the empire acquired from the war with Spain and
to flex the nation's muscles as an emerging military power, some black leaders, including Booker T.
Washington, expressed hope that expanded opportunities for African-Americans would be included.
The army responded to such entreaties with arguments embracing Jim Crow: placing black units
among a white population devoted to segregation would "open a running sore"; studies indicated that
black Americans as a race did not have the skills or intelligence needed for the modem army; and in
past wars it had been white troops alone that had fought the significant battles and made the major
sacrifices.
In 1906 in Brownsville, Texas, an episode occurred that pitted the soldiers of the newly stationed
Twenty-fifth Infantry against the residents. The city government adopted a code of Jim Crow laws,
most businesses refused to serve them, and the city park was marked with signs forbidding black
entry. Unfounded stories circulated that the soldiers had tried to rape white women, and white citizens
and officials went out of their way to harrass and abuse the black soldiers. Early one August morning,
shots erupted on the streets near Fort Brown, killing one and wounding two white citizens. Although
witnesses claimed to have seen black soldiers in the pre-dawn darkness, there remained questions
about the evidence and no soldier could be found who admitted knowledge of the incident.
Nevertheless, President Theodore Roosevelt ordered the dishonorable discharge of all suspects-three companies of Afro-American soldiers. It was not until 1972 that the army corrected this injustice
by changing the discharges to honorable ones, when only one member of the Brownsville garrison
was still alive. In the context of 1906, the incident led southern congressmen to call for the elimination
of black units from the regular army and to disparage the history of African-American military service
in general. Black Americans were deeply resentful toward Roosevelt, and their belief that the South
was set on discrediting their right to full citizenship by discrediting their military service to the nation
was confirmed.
Calls for Equality
As the incidents of mob violence against black Americans accumulated, the need for an
short-lived Afro-American Council in the 1880s and 1890s and the National Negro Business League
founded by Booker T. Washington in 1900. Washington's de-emphasis of political disfranchisement
and civil rights matters in favor of accommodation with whites on economic development seemed to
many an inadequate response to the times. By 1903 W. E. B. Du Bois was issuing a mild rebuke to
Washington for not recognizing the virulence and reach of white supremacist thought in the nation and
for being intolerant of those who believed that a more confrontational strategy was in order. In 1905
Du Bois and several other black men and women organized the Niagara Movement to protest
lynching, disf ranchisment, Jim Crow, and the leadership from the nation's capital. When a lynch mob
formed in Abraham Lincoln's hometown of Springfield, Illinois, in 1908 and went on a rampage for
three days, a number of white progressive reformers, fearful of what the spread of mob violence to
the North meant for the future of American democracy, resolved to take action. In 1909 they issued
a "Call to Discuss Means for Securing Political and Civil Equality for the Negro" to an interracial group
of reformers. By 1911 this conference became a permanent organization, the National Association
for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), with Du Bois as editor of the association's journal,
The Crisis.
The period encompassing World War I witnessed a new peak in mob violence directed against
blacks and, paradoxically, renewed hope among blacks that the deterioration in their prospects since
the late nineteenth century was about to be reversed. Between 1910 and 1920, 555,000 black
southerners left the South finding hope in the promise of better jobs, higher pay, and escape from the
discrimination, segregation, and violence. On the other hand white southerners feared and resented
the loss of their cheap supply of labor, and white northerners feared the consequences of racial
diversity for their neighborhoods and cities and the competition for jobs and housing. In 1917, the first
summer of U.S. involvement in the war, there were race riots in Waco, Texas; Memphis, Tennessee;
Chester, Pennsylvania; and East St. Louis, Illinois, where the mayor, police, and local militia allowed
houses of blacks with the tenants still inside to be burned and where at least two hundred men,
women, and children were massacred. The potential effect of this racial cauldron on the military
seemed evident to many when, in Houston, Texas, black soldiers of the Twenty-fourth Infantry rioted
and killed sixteen whites in protest against their outrageous treatment by local civilians and the lack
of concern by their white officers.
In addition to the prospects for better economic opportunities, the war also seemed to promise a
break in the racial status quo in the United States and the world, providing another strand of optimism
for African-Americans in the midst of interracial conflict. If this was indeed a war to make the world
safe for democracy, as President Woodrow Wilson presented it to the nation, surely they were
included, many African-Americans hoped. W. E. B. Du Bois expressed extreme optimism that this was
the case in a Crisis editorial, claiming that "the tide against the Negro in the United States has been
turned, and...from now on we may expect to see the walls of prejudice gradually crumble before the
onslaught of common sense and racial progress." Prominent whites lent support to this notion of the
war's impact on race relations. Theodore Roosevelt was telling black audiences that America's war
aim of securing greater international justice in the world would lead to a "juster and fairer treatment
in this country of colored people."
In July, 1918, Du Bois published his most famous wartime editorial, "Close Ranks," in the Crisis:
Let us not hesitate. Let us, while the war lasts, forget our special grievances and close
our ranks shoulder to shoulder with our white fellow citizens and the allied nations
that are fighting for democracy. We make no ordinary sacrifice, but we make it gladly
and willingly with our eyes lifted to the hills.
Although Du Bois probably represented the majority of black opinion, there was an outpouring of
militant objections. Even the Washington, D.C. branch of the NAACP adopted a resolution scoring
the "Close Ranks" editorial for being "not timely [and] inconsistent with the work and the spirit of the
Association." They saw no reason for "stultifying our consciences [or] pretending or professing to be
ignorant of, or indifferent to, the acts of indignity and injustice continually heaped upon us, or by
admitting that they are to be excused or forgotten until they are discontinued."
Military Discrimination
This anxiety, suspicion, and anger fed on the collective memories of past discrimination against
black servicemen and on reports of current abuses such as the fate of the Houston garrison.
Discrimination occurred at the beginning of the process of becoming a soldier--in the draft. All-white
draft boards, especially in the South, saw nothing wrong with preserving the flower of white manhood
by filling theirquotas with African-Americans. The result was that blacks made up a higher total of the
number of draftees than their percentage of the population. The Marine Corps continued to exclude
blacks as it had since 1798. The navy followed the policy it had evolved since the turn of the century,
accepting blacks as stewards only. Most of the 380,000 African-American servicemen of World War
I served in the army, 89 percent of whom were placed in hastily organized service or labor units. The
Wilson administration sought to retain the support of the black community for the war by providing
opportunities to serve in the combat arms through the creation of two new combat units (the Ninetysecond Division and the Ninety-third Division (Provisional)), the appointment of a black assistant to
the secretary of war, and the provision for black officers' training at the urging of the NAACP and
others. At the same time, the administration sought to assure whites that no major changes in the
racial status quo were necessary for the war effort.
The leadership of the army, like most white Americans of that time, firmly believed in the racial
inferiority of blacks and the host of racial stereotypes that served to confirm this belief. There was the
notion that African-Americans were fit only for labor duties because of their long history as laborers,
and conversely they were unfit for combat duty because of a lower intelligence and an innate
cowardice. A common premise in the army was that southern white noncommissioned and
commissioned officers made the best leaders for black soldiers because they "understood" their
limitations. One result of this policy was continual resentment by black soldiers toward their white
leaders, who routinely called them "nigger," "coon," and "darkey." Disdain and disrespect for black
officers was rampant and provided a deeply embittering experience for many who served.
The effects of such attitudes on the morale and performance of black servicemen ran deep. Many
white contemporaries, as well as a later generation of military leaders, would look at the experience
of World War I and say "I told you so." Such was General Robert Lee Bullard, commander of the
Second Army, to which the Ninety-second Division was assigned. "Poor Negroes! They are
hopelessly inferior," he wrote in his diary. This controversy came to be centered on the performance
of black combat units in Europe, particularly the Ninety-second Division. Historians looking at the
history of this ill-trained, ill-led unit find a self-fulfilling prophecy. As Bernard Nalty concludes: "Little
was expected of the blacks fighting in the American army. They were trained accordingly, and they
responded by performing pretty much as the white generals expected." An interesting counterpoint
are the four black infantry regiments of the Ninety-third Division--the 369th, 370th, 371st, and 372nd
attached to the French army where they were treated more as comrades and more was expected and
delivered. Three of these regiments were awarded the croix de guerre for valor under fire.
Racial Crises
The once bright hopes of democracy being the result of a war fought for democracy became more
difficult to sustain as race relations deteriorated at home and the extent of discrimination and
mistreatment of black servicemen became known. Fifty-eight African-Americans were lynched in the
United States in 1918 (an increase from thirty-eight in 1917) and seventy in 1919, many of them
soldiers still in uniform. The Ku Klux Klan was revived in the South as early as 1915 and was
experiencing the dramatic growth that would make it a national political force throughout the nation
in the 1920s. Racists were alarmed that the more liberal attitude of Europeans toward black
servicemen in Europe had dangerously corrupted "our niggers." So much blood was spilled in
interracial strife during the summer of 1919 that it was called the "Red Summer." Between June and
the end of the first postwar year, some twenty-five race riots occurred, the most serious being in
Chicago were 38 people were killed, 537 injured, and 1,000 families, mostly black, were left homeless.
Having travelled far from the optimistic call of "close ranks" in 1918, W. E. B. Du Bois cried out to the
NAACP in 1919: "By the God of Heaven, we are cowards and jackasses if now that the war is over,
we do not marshal every ounce of our brain and brawn to fight a sterner, longer, more unbending battle
against the forces of hell in our land."
The treatment accorded black servicemen was like a spreading stain of despair to the AfricanAmerican community. In 1918 the NAACP decided to support the writing of a history of AfricanAmericans in the war as a source of pride and as a counter to the expected efforts of whites to
disparage those contributions. Du Bois was commissioned to write it and was sent to Europe to gather
materials. In articles published in The Crisis, he expressed shock over what he found. "Anti-Negro
prejudice was rampant in the American army," he reported. Du Bois expressed the indignation and
sense of betrayal of many when he asked how African-American soldiers "who had offered their lives
for their people and their country, could be so crucified, insulted, degraded, and maltreated while their
fathers, mothers, sisters, and brothers had no adequate knowledge of the real truth." Feeling within
the NAACP was so strong that the organization passed a resolution at its annual convention calling
for a congressional investigation of the matter.
The experience of African-American soldiers in World War I seemed to confirm the broadly held
suspicion in the community since the late nineteenth century that prejudiced whites were intent on
discrediting black military contributions and, by extension, their claims to full citizenship. The
bitterness remained for a long time, and as World War II approached, those leading the protest against
discrimination and segregation in the armed forces were black former officers and soldiers. Also,
many of the high-ranking officers and policymakers in the army at the beginning of World War II had
imbibed the prejudiced stereotypes of the World War I era as young officers. The NAACP, reflecting
concern in the black community, had placed the plight of black servicemen on its agenda from its
founding, and the organization would continue to play a leading role in the years to come.
Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, African-Americans found themselves fending off various efforts
by the army to reduce the number of black servicemen in the four regular army units, to convert these
once proud combat units to service or housekeeping duties, and to continue excluding them entirely
from the new air corps. The NAACP and other spokesmen were quick to protest these actions, but
with little influence on a civilian and military leadership that was generally convinced that blacks were
racially inferior to whites as soldiers. By the beginning of 1940, after Europe was engulfed in World
War II, African-Americans were restricted from serving in the navy except in the messman's branch.
The Marine Corps and the Army Air Corps did not accept blacks. In the army, black Americans were
refused enlistment except for the few vacancies in the drastically reduced four regular army units.
Blacks and Politics
By the late 1930s, as the increasing likelihood of another world war dawned, blacks became more
outspoken and organized in their protests to Washington, D.C. This was due in part to the influential
Pittsburgh Courier, which, together with a group of black World War I officers, formed the Committee
for Participation of Negroes in the National Defense in 1938. Many black veterans of World War I
shared their bitter memories anew in the press with the message that such discrimination must not
occur in the next war. Public opinion was further inflamed by frequent reports in the black press that
the remnants of the four regular army regiments had been reduced to service as orderlies for white
officers, gardeners, and "flunkies." Roy Wilkins of the NAACP wrote the secretary of war to let him
know that on no other issue, except possibly lynching, was there such unanimity of opinion in the black
community. And as a reminderof the increasing importance of the black vote in the New Deal coalition,
Wilkins reminded him that the administration that eliminated restrictions against blacks in military
service would surely receive the gratitude of African-American voters in the presidential elections of
1940.
With the NAACP playing a leading role, intense lobbying efforts were directed in 1939 toward
requiring the air corps to admit blacks. When this effort failed, attention turned to the Selective Service
and Training Act of 1940, which was successfully amended to specify that there would be no racial
discrimination in the interpretation or administration of the new law. This affirmation was modified by
language that also stipulated that draftees must meet certain standards and must have housing and
facilities available to receive them. Black leaders were determined to get additional assurances,
convinced that a presidential election year was the time to get them. As Walter White, executive
secretary of the NAACP, said to his organization's annual meeting in 1940, "Any candidate for
president meriting the colored support must stand first for the elimination of the colored line from
armed forces." After the Republican party platform stated that discrimination in the armed forces must
be eliminated, President Franklin D. Roosevelt knew that more was required of him on this issue if
black voter support for the Democratic coalition was to be assured.
The NAACP, drawing support from a sympathetic Eleanor Roosevelt, arranged one of the rare
meetings of black leaders with the president. The black leaders--Walter White of the NAACP, T.
Arnold Hill of the National Urban League, and A. Philip Randolph of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
Porters--asked for nothing less than the integration of military service. Failing to get a response on
ending segregation, they left a memorandum calling for a commitment to nondiscrimination in the
implementation of the draft, admission to the Army Air Corps and other technical services, the
expansion of black opportunities in the navy, and the acceptance of black women as nurses and Red
Cross aides. When the secretaries of war and navy responded sluggishly to the demand for changes,
President Roosevelt promised shortly before the election that blacks would be drafted according to
their percentage of the population and that they would serve in all branches of the service. Although
segregation would continue because it was believed that separate units "had proven satisfactory over
a long period of years" and "to make changes now would produce a situation destructive to morale,"
blacks must recognize that this pledge represented a "very substantial advance" over past policy.
President
Roosevelt also assured African-Americans that further developments would b e
developments were announced a week before the presidential election. Colonel Benjamin O. Davis
was promoted to the rank of general, the first African-American to hold such rank. This promotion
served to partially compensate for the perceived injustice of not promoting Colonel Charles Young,
who was retired instead, at the beginning of World War I. At the urging of Roosevelt, William H. Hastie,
the first black appointed to the federal bench and a staunch NAACP member, was appointed civilian
aide to Secretary of War Henry Stimson. Campbell C. Johnson was appointed as a black adviser to
the director of selective service. The president's assurances and appointments were generally well
received and served their political purpose in the 1940 election.
Discrimination in World War II
The inefficiencies, racial conflict, and morale problems produced by a policy of segregation would
continue to plague the military during World War II. The hypocrisy and paradox involved in fighting
a war for the four freedoms and against aggression by an enemy preaching a master race ideology,
while at the same time upholding racial segregation and white supremacy, was immediately apparent
to black Americans and increasingly apparent to white Americans. To the issue of military
Americans were routinely excluded from or hired only for the most menial jobs. By early 1941 there
were demonstrations around the country protesting all forms of discrimination in the defense effort.
The NAACP and an umbrella group called the Allied Committees on National Defense played a major
role in this effort. A. Philip Randolph galvanized this renewed militancy when he wrote an article for
the black press pointing out that all of the pleas for nondiscriminatory treatment in the defense effort
heretofore had little effect. "Only power can affect the enforcement and adoption of a given policy,"
he wrote, "and power is the active principle of only the organized masses, the masses united for a
definite purpose." To focus the weight of the masses, Randolph suggested a march of thousands of
black-Americans on the nation's capital, with the slogan: "We loyal Negro-American citizens demand
the right to work and fight for our country."
Randolph's call energized the African-American community, challenged the NAACP and National
Urban League to join in a major effort they did not control, and stimulated the Roosevelt administration
to take some meaningful action to avoid what it feared, a mass march on Washington, D.C. The March
on Washington movement originally demanded an end to military segregation and a series of actions
and policies to attack employment discrimination. The armed services informed the president that
integration of the military was "impossible," and in June 1941 he issued Executive Order 8802
establishing the Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) that would be the most significant
government agency speaking out against employment discrimination during World War II. Even
though the march was called off, historians have noted the significance of the March on Washington
movement as a pioneer of direct action protest that would characterize the mid-twentieth-century civil
rights movement. Randolph himself would revive the idea of a march on Washington and successfully
carry it off in 1963.
From the beginning of World War II the army set out to implement its version of separate but equal.
It alone among the services accepted black draftees, setting as its goal 10 percent of strength--the
approximate percentage of African-Americans in the population--a goal it never reached because of
the very requirements of segregation. Not until 1943, when forced by the War Manpower Commission
and the selective service system, did the navy and the Marine Corps accept black draftees. Because
the army's policy required separate training, housing, and recreation facilities, as well as separate
assignments based on race, African-American soldiers were often viewed as manpower problems
rather than assets. Overlaying the official policies were the deeply entrenched racial stereotypes
among white civilian and military leaders to the effect that blacks were an inferior race, were racially
unsuitable as combat soldiers as demonstrated during World War I, and were most satisfactory as
labor or support troops. Such an emphasis on racial segregation inevitably undermined the efficient
utilization of manpower, supposedly a major goal of the military, and as the war continued the
evidence of inefficiency mounted and provided ammunition for those who challenged the policies and
practices.
The policies and attitudes within the military also inevitably led to discrimination against AfricanAmerican soldiers in everything from the type and the quality of training received, to the kinds of units
provided, the opportunities for officers of color, and the treatment on and off military bases. Such
treatment produced major morale problems for African-American soldiers, as well as civilians who
were kept fully abreast through letters home and the hard-hitting reporting and commentary in the
black press. William Hastie, civilian aide to the secretary of war, perceived the problems with the racial
policy of the military after only ten months of observation. "The traditional mores of the South," he
wrote the secretary of war, "have been widely accepted and adopted by the army as the basis of policy
and practice affecting the Negro soldier." He had been separated "as completely as possible" from
his white counterpart, and in southern training camps the army had exerted little effort to ensure that
he was properly treated by white civilians.
This philosophy is not working. In civilian life in the South, the Negro is growing
increasingly resentful of traditional mores. In tactical units of the army, the Negro is
taught to be a fighting man...in brief, a soldier. It is impossible to create a dual
personality which will be on the one hand a fighting man toward the foreign enemy,
and on the other, a craven who will accept treatment as less than a man at home.
One hears with increasing frequency from colored soldiers the sentiment that since
they have been called to fight they might just as well do their fighting here and now.
Conflicting Values
Prior to 1943, the position of the military was as stated by General George C. Marshall, the army
chief of staff. People like Hastie wanted to solve "a social problem which has perplexed the American
people throughout the history of this nation [but] the army cannot accomplish such a solution, and
should not be charged with the undertaking." The army had to recognize certain facts: segregation
was an established American custom, and "experiments within the army in the solution of social
problems are fraught with danger to efficiency, discipline, and morale." Hastie found himself quickly
isolated as a radical for his unrelenting and realistic critique of the inanities of military segregation.
When the War Department responded to the increasing volume of problems caused by its racial policy
in 1942 by creating the Advisory Committee on Negro Troop Policies, Hastie was not consulted or
included in this body. He finally resigned in January 1943, telling the press, "It is difficult to see how
a Negro in this position with all his superiors maintaining or inaugurating racial segregation can
accomplish anything of value."
The situation was ripe for conflict and violence, and between 1941 and 1945 numerous outbreaks
occurred. Southern white police shot and killed black soldiers on leave in communities nearby the
camps. Soldiers of color traveling off post were expected to conform to the local mores or risk being
clubbed, jailed, or shot. There was frequent interracial conflict between soldiers on and off military
posts, many of these incidents involving skirmishes with weapons. One investigator for the army
inspector general in Great Britain found African-American soldiers asking him, "Who are we over here
to fight, the Germans or our own white soldiers?" There were countless incidents of black servicemen
rebelling against their treatment through confrontation or passive resistance. Racial conflict also
increased in civilian communities during the war. Lynchings increased, and in 1943 these peaked in
a series of race riots in several large urban centers, notably Detroit, Harlem, and Los Angeles.
The Second World War corresponded to, and helped stimulate, major changes in American race
relations of which interracial conflict was a partial reflection. The war crisis provided AfricanAmericans a unique opportunity to point out, for all to see, the difference between the American creed
of equal opportunity and the practice of racial discrimination. The democratic ideology and rhetoric
with which the war was fought stimulated hope that the time for change was ripe. In part, this
confidence was also the result of the mass militancy and race consciousness that developed in these
years, as reflected in the popularity of the March on Washington movement and the tremendous
growth of the NAACP from about fifty thousand members in 1940 to 450,000 in 1946. In addition, first
the Great Depression and then the war encouraged a large outmigratton of African-Americans from
the South to the North and the West in search of economic opportunity, but which also had the effect
of increasing the political significance of the black vote in the Democratic coalition in the industrial
states. Gunnar Myrdal.authorof the classic study of American race relations published during the war,
An American Dilemma, found many who agreed with his view: "It cannot be doubted that the spirit of
American Negroes in all classes is different today from what it was a generation ago," and as a result
"there is bound to be a redefinition of the Negro's status in America as a result of this war."
Renewed Commitment
By
1943 even some military leaders began to admit the failures of segregation in gross
of reports and criticism by the NAACP and the black press and the resulting pressure from the
administration to take some positive steps. In part it also resulted from the recognition that there was
a growing shortage of military manpower at just the point that planning for the final push toward victory
was underway. Under the circumstances, the black combat units languishing in this country because
overseas commanders "knew" they were ineffective, became an embarrassment. The
deficient and unfit for combat, appeared wasteful as the need for more combat units asserted itself.
Thus there began a number of changes in policy to lessen overt discrimination, changes that did not
always find their way to implementation at the lower levels because of the continuing hold of
prejudiced attitudes and stereotypes on the minds of individual commanders.
The immediate effect of this renewed commitment to use all-black units in combat was commitment
of elements of the Ninety-third Division in the Pacific and the Ninety-second Division in Italy. While
these efforts produced mixed results reminiscent of World War I, events surrounding the Battle of the
Bulge in the winter of 1944 produced an interesting experiment involving integration. A drastic
shortage of infantry replacements led to a crash program to retrain surplus soldiers from service units.
Lieutenant General John C. H. Lee persuaded General Dwight Eisenhower that black service troops
should be given the opportunity to volunteer as infantry replacements to be utilized where needed
without regard to race--a degree of integration that would be modified before implementation. In two
months, 4,560 African-American soldiers had volunteered, some taking reductions in rank for the
privilege. Eventually the army sent approximately fifty black platoons to be integrated into white
companies and fight alongside white troops in France, Belgium, and Germany; commanders were
almost universal in their praise of the results. Here was proof that the army's widespread fear of
violence and disorder resulting from integration was unfounded. Significantly, opinion surveys
conducted by the army's research branch indicated that the white soldiers who experienced this effort
underwent a profound change in their attitudes toward black soldiers as individuals and comrades in
arms, from mostly unfavorable to mostly favorable.
By the end of World War II, other evidence had accumulated against the conventional wisdom of
segregation. The navy, which began the war with the most restrictive policies, had moved toward the
end of the war to a policy of integration. Overall the variety of opportunities for African-American
military service during the war were far more extensive than in World War I, running the gamut from
service units, combat units, and the first black military pilots, to opportunities for women. To a large
degree this was the result of the unrelenting political pressure of the NAACP and other organizations,
as well as the black press. It also resulted from the accumulating evidence of waste and discrimination
produced by segregation, and the growing number of people who allowed their prejudices to be
challenged by this evidence. In each of the services there emerged a small group of officers and
civilians convinced that racial segregation was not only unfairto black servicemen but produced major
inefficiencies in the utilization of manpower. Studies of World War II racial policy were underway with
an eye toward producing a new policy for the postwar period, and there was every hope that
segregation would be replaced with integration.
Status Quo?
It had been said that the military planned to fight the next warwith the strategy of the last one. Despite
the continued attempts of reformers in the immediate post-World War II period, most influential
officers and civilians in the defense establishment contented themselves with the racial status quo
on the grounds of racial stereotypes rooted in the past, a belief that the majority of white servicemen
would violently resist integration, and a conviction that the military had no role in social reform. Despite
contrary experience during World War II, these were the same defenses of segregation given by
General Marshall at the beginning of that war. In fact, through the use of enlistment quotas for blacks
and the reimposition of rigid segregation policies in the immediate postwar years, there was a retreat
from gains made at the end of the war.
As civil rights became a major political issue in the postwar years leading up to the 1948 presidential
election, military racial policies were too important to be left in the hands of military authorities. Military
segregation, a campaign issue in the two previous presidential elections, had by 1948 become an
important symbol of President Truman's resolve to use his executive authority to advance civil rights
in the face of a recalcitrant, conservative Congress. In 1947, the President's Committee on Civil Rights
was critical of segregation in general, found military segregation "particularly repugnant," and
proposed immediate action to end it. These actions and attitudes were part of the nation's changing
consciousness about racial segregation in a democratic society and the inherent contradiction in the
doctrine of separate but equal. In an age of cold war, President Truman and others were acutely
conscious of how racism and segregation tarnished the nation's image. The top dog in a world which
is over half colored ought to clean his own house," the president said. State Department officials
estimated that about half of Soviet propaganda against the United States focused on racial
discrimination.
End of Quota
In a special message to Congress on civil rights in February 1948, President Truman noted that he
had instructed the secretary of defense to eliminate military segregation. Military leaders resisted, and
A. Philip Randolph threatened to lead civil disobedience resistance against implementation of the new
draft law unless segregation was ended. Needing to cement the political support of black voters in the
closely contested 1948 election and to proceed with meaningful action against military resistance,
Truman issued Executive Order 9981 in July 1948, establishing the President's Committee on
Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Forces. Chaired by former Solicitor General
Charles H. Fahy and including two African-American members, John H. Sengstacke, publisher of the
Chicago Defender; and Lester Granger, head of the National Urban League, the committee got
underway in 1949 with a firm pledge of support from President Truman. The army resisted mightily
with all of the arguments of the past. The navy presented a fine policy on paper, but indicated little
willingness to make it a reality in practice. Only the air force, under the leadership of its secretary,
Stuart Symington, moved enthusiastically to meet the goals of the president's order.
There ensued months of bitter negotiations between the committee and the army, with the army's
leadership intent upon wearing down or outmaneuvering the committee and forcing the administration
to accept less than complete integration. The committee countered with documented arguments
demonstrating that segregated military units wasted resources and prevented equal opportunity.
When Truman remained steadfast in support of the committee, the army issued a new personnel
policy in January 1950 stipulating that black soldiers would be utilized according to skills and would
be "assigned to any unit without regard to race or color." When it became clear to the committee that
the army intended to implement this policy slowly over a period of years, maintaining tight control of
the number of black servicemen through the existing 10 percent quota on black enlistments, the
committee insisted that the quota be eliminated. The president intervened personally with the
secretary of the army to accomplish this.
The end of the quota and the policy of assigning African-Americans on the basis of need and training
were two key accomplishments of the committee that quickly spurred integration in the Korean War
that began in June 1950. Without the quota, black enlistments quickly expanded beyond the capacity
of remaining segregated units to absorb them, and first basic training facilities and then units under
fire in Korea were integrated. Despite continued resistance and pleas to reinstate the quota,
integration proceeded by its own logical necessity without the dire consequences that had been
predicted. A team of social scientists declared the results a success, and the Korean experience
added to the pressure for the army to complete the process in the United States and Europe. By the
end of the Korean War, 90 percent of the army's units were integrated.
Although problems of discrimination and racial conflict would continue to plague the military for
years to come, as in civilian society, the basic policies of integration and equal opportunity had been
established. The role of African-Americans in the military, always symbolic of their status in the larger
society, continued to reflect this congruence. The challenge continued to be to make policy practice,
to make principles reality. The NAACP, comprehending from its founding the symbolic significance
of military service for African-Americans, continued over the years to press for full participation and
to protest discrimination. Its files are a rich source of individual case histories, as well as of a larger
significant struggle against racial discrimination that would turn into a struggle against racial
segregation and for integration.
Richard M. Dalfiume
Professor of History
State University of New York
at Binghamton
Bibliography
Arthur E. Barbeau and Florette Henri, The Unknown Soldiers: Black American Troops in World
War/(1971)
Ira Berlin, ed., Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861-1867, series II, The
Black Military Experience (1982)
Dudley T. Cornish, The Sable Army: Negro Troops in the Union Army, 1861-1865 (1966)
Richard M. Dalfiume, Desegregation of the U.S. Armed Forces: Fighting on Two Fronts,
7939-7953 (1969)
Marvin Fletcher, The Black Soldier and Officer in the United States Army, 1891-1917 (1974)
Jack D. Foner, Blacks and the Military in American History (1974)
William H. Leckie, The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Negro Cavalry in the West (1967)
Ulysses Lee, The United States Army in World War II, Special Studies: The Employment of Negro
Troops (1966)
Morris J. MacGregor and Bernard C. Natty, eds., Blacks in the United States Armed Forces:
Basic Documents, 13 vols. (1977)
Bernard C. Nalty, Strength for the Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military (1986)
Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the American Revolution (1961)
NOTE ON SOURCES
All documents reproduced on this microfilm are held by the Manuscripts Division of the Library of
Congress, Washington, D.C. The original NAACP collection is subdivided into three accession
groups: Group 1, 1909-1939; Group II, 1940-1955; and Group III, 1956-1970. Each accession group
has been further subdivided by Library of Congress archivists into series that generally reflect the
organizational structure of the NAACP itself: General Office File, Legal Department File, Branch Files,
etc.
The files selected for Part 9B of this edition have been drawn from Series B (Legal Files) of Group
II (1940-1955) in the original NAACP collection. This edition includes the complete files from Group
II, Series B (Legal Files) for the following categories: Courts-Martial, Jesse O. Dedmon, Discharge
a n d Transfer Requests, Discharge Review Board, Discharges, Selective Service, Soldier
Force, U.S. Armed Forces, U.S. Army, U.S. Army Air Corps, U.S. Navy, and Veterans.
A selection strategy was employed for the extensive Soldier Trouble file in the Legal File of Group
II; however, in interest of saving space and winnowing out a large amount of material with little if any
research value, UPA editors have systematically omitted alphabetized files ("B," "C," "D") from the
Soldier Trouble series. The alphabetical files contain requests for assistance that were summarily
rejected by the NAACP legal staff, and it was felt this substantial body of material was of minimal
research value relative to its bulk in the collection. The very first alphabetized file, "A," has been
reproduced on the microfilm in the interest of providing researchers with a sample of this material.
Except for the omission of the alphabetical files, the Soldier Trouble files are microfilmed in their
entirety. All of the cases that the NAACP actively supported are included on the microfilm.
EDITORIAL NOTE
This edition is made up of files drawn exclusively from Group II (1940-1955), Series B (Legal Office
Files) of the NAACP Collection at the Library of Congress. Selections were made under the direction
of Richard Dalfiume, John H. Bracey, Jr., and August Meier. The individual files series that were
selected from the Legal File for this edition are defined in the Scope and Content Note.
There were no Legal Office Files pertaining to the military in Group I of the NAACP Collection (19091939). Litigation in the World War I era, however, is covered among other matters of the NAACP
papers. Many of the World War I era records were lost before the NAACP collection was deposited
at the Library of Congress. The Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress has information
regarding the loss. Researchers may also want to consult the Arthur Waskow collection at the State
Historical Society of Wisconsin for notes taken by the last researcher who used the files before they
were lost.
Each file selected has been reproduced in its entirety, with three exceptions. In the Discharge
Reviews series, three cases involving allegations of homosexual behavior have been deleted in the
interest of confidentiality. The originals are open to researchers at the Library of Congress. The
withdrawals were made from files "D-G," "H-L," and "R-Y" for the years 1947-1948 of Discharge
Reviews.
SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE
The Legal Office Files provide an extensive chronicle of the work of NAACP lawyers on behalf of
black servicemen and women in the 1940s. (In 1950, the Legal Department moved from the NAACP
national office into separate quarters and shortly thereafter, it was reorganized as an autonomous
agency: The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. This new agency kept its own
records, and the exchange of documents with the national office appears to have been reduced to
a minimum. As a result, the legal files in the original NAACP collection trail off sharply after 1950.) Most
of the Legal Files are case files. These are arranged alphabetically by type of case--court-martial,
soldier killing, etc.--and thereunderthey are arranged alphabetically by name of the black defendant
or victim. Apart from the case files, there are a number of administrative files that the legal staff
maintained. These administrative files include fairly extensive correspondence files with NAACP
veterans affairs secretary, Jesse O. Dedmon, and correspondence files with each of the branches of
the U.S. military: the army, the Army Air Corps, and the navy. The case files range widely in depth.
Some cases contain little more than a copy of the original complaint to the NAACP national office and
a letter from the national legal department to an NAACP branch recommending that a local attorney
be found to take up the matter. A second, and more common pattern of case files, includes original
complaints and references with follow-up support from the national office to the local attorney. Finally,
there are numerous cases in which attorneys from the national office handled themselves, mostly at
the appellate level. The administrative correspondence concerns referrals from the veterans affairs
secretary, discriminatory policies of the armed services and Veterans Administration, and army camp
investigations.
The following are summary descriptions of each file series in this edition:
Courts-Martial
This series contains case files on black defendants in serious cases, including alleged murders,
rapes, assaults with dangerous weapons, riots, and mutinies. Most of the case files contain significant
correspondence between the national legal staff and both the defendants and their local attorneys.
There are also copies of legal documents and some trial transcripts. The Soldier Trouble series
described below also contains scattered court-martial cases. Also, t w o lengthy court-martial
files, are included on Reels 28 through 30 at the end of the edition. The cases are the mutinies at Fort
Lawton, Washington, and of the 1320th Engineers Battalion at Oahu, Hawaii.
Jesse O. Dedmon
These files contain correspondence with NAACP national secretary for veterans affairs, Jesse O.
Dedmon. A significant amount of the correspondence pertains to Dedmon's regular referral of legal
complaints to the national legalstaff, but there is also a great deal of correspondence on
correspondence on Dedmon's investigation of discriminatory policies on military bases from 1944 to
1946. Researchers can find more on all of these topics in the separate edition of the Veterans Affairs
Department that makes up Part 9C of UPA's microform publication, Papers of the NAACP.
Discharge and Transfer Requests
These folders include complaints of discriminatory treatment by black servicemen with regard to
discharges and requests for transfers. Because the NAACP had no legal grounds to challenge
discriminatory practices in these matters, no cases could be drawn. A number of the letters are
petitions to the NAACP to intervene with the War Department to secure discharges for servicemen
who need to care for dependent family members. A larger file of similar materials can be found in Part
9C of Papers of the NAACP.
Discharge Review Board
These files document efforts by the NAACP secretary for veterans affairs in representing black
veterans challenging the status of their less than honorable discharges. Many of the case synopses
indicate the reason for the dishonorable discharge. All of the petitions for reversing the discharge
seem to have been rejected by the armed services. Again, a largerfile of similar materials can be found
in Part 9C of Papers of the NAACP.
Discharges
These are cases alleging discriminatory treatment in dishonorable discharges that the NAACP
legal staff fought with considerable determination.
Selective Service
These cases involve discriminatory treatment by selective service draft boards. The major case
represented in the file (Lynn v. Downer) was handled by the American Civil Liberties Union, not by
the NAACP. The case involved a black inductee who filed a writ of habeas corpus against the army
to protest his Jim Crow status. A second major case is Tomlinson v. Hershey, et al. The NAACP
formulated a challenge to the racial classification policies of the Selective Service Administration in
the late 1940s, after President Truman's executive order to desegregate the military gave the
association a legal pretext to make the challenge.
Soldier Complaints
These files contain complaints of poor treatment and discrimination against black soldiers on
military bases. Because the discrimination and harassment was of a non-criminal nature, the NAACP
did not have grounds to sue, and few if any legal actions were attempted; however, many of the
complaints do provide informative accounts of racial tensions and discriminatory policies on military
installments. Similar material can be found in Part 9C of Papers of the NAACP.
Soldier Killings
This file pertains to black victims, most of whom were killed by white civilian police officers. The
James C. Evans file contains correspondence with Evans, an adviser to the secretary of defense, on
the problem of murder of black soldiers.
Soldier Marriage
This file contains correspondence discussing the status of interracial couples. Most of the material
pertains to war brides in foreign countries.
Soldier Morale
This folder contains information on the discriminatory treatment of black soldiers by military and
civilians at southern military posts, mess halls, recreational facilities, and elsewhere. A significant
amount of correspondence consists of NAACP letters to Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, pointing
to the deleterious consequences of poor morale among black troops.
Soldier Travel
Problems created by Jim Crow segregation on public carriers is the subject of this series. Many
black servicemen from northern states had never been subjected to the southern color bar, and the
need for them to use common carriers throughout the South provided grounds for conflict and
resentment.
Soldier Trouble
This is the largest series in the present edition. It contains a wide range of material unified only by
the fact that each file presents an issue of criminal law. Many of the files document courts-martial, and
they might logically have been filed with the courts-martial series at the beginning of the collection.
The largest percentage of charges are murders and rapes. There are also many mutinies, assaults,
acts of insubordination, desertions, incitements to riot, and larcenies. Several of the murders and
assaults arise out of interracial disputes between black soldiers and their commanders. Several of the
files are well-developed cases. Almost all cases document the interaction of NAACP legal staff
members with local attorneys, military officials, and the War Department. Files in this series with only
an alphabetical designation have been deleted from this edition in the interest of saving space.
U.S. Air Force
This small file documents NAACP proposals for desegregating the air force in compliance with
President Truman's executive order. Recommendations from other organizations such as the
National Negro Military Services Committee and the Committee on Equality of Treatment and
Opportunity in the Armed Forces are also represented. There are also numerous complaints about
continuing racial discrimination by the military.
U.S. Armed Forces
These files document general problems of discrimination in the armed forces, the exclusion of
Negro names from honor rolls of servicemen in southern cities, and wartime segregation in the War
Department bureaucracy in Washington.
U.S. Army
The files in this series are almost entirely administrative correspondence files rather than case files.
They cover the army from 1940 through the war and the desegregation policies after 1947. A major
file (Fulton Lewis) concerns a controversy over establishing a segregated Negro Officers Training
School of 1941. The Regulations and Disposals file documents the NAACP's input on military policies
for the review of dishonorable discharges and court-martial procedures. A file on the Women's Army
Corps at the end of the series concerns the brutal treatment of Negro WACs who defied the color bar
in public transportation.
U.S. Army Air Corps
The main files in the series pertain to the segregated training program for black airmen at Tuskegee
Air Base in Alabama. Included is correspondence on inadequate facilities provided the air base and
the NAACP opposition to the very conception of a segregated air base.
U.S. Navy
The NAACP collection contains extensive files on its negotiations with the U.S. Navy over the issue
of discrimination and segregation. Important files concern meetings with Secretary of the Navy James
F. Forrestal, as well as segregated units of black servicemen, especially among the construction
battalions of the Seabees.
Veterans
The Veterans files pertain mostly to discrimination against black veterans in housing benefits. There
are also files on discriminatory treatment at VA hospitals.
ABBREVIATIONS
The following abbreviations are used frequently in this guide and are listed here for the convenience
of the researcher,
ACLU
American Civil Liberties Union
AWOL
Absent Without Official Leave
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
USO
United Service Organizations
VA
Veterans Administration
WAAC
Women's Army Auxiliary Corps
REEL INDEX
This collection is divided into file folders for which UPA has included three items: The case's attorneys, legal
issues, and locations. However, forfolders that contain many individual cases, the attorneys have not been listed.
Furthermore, where the above format was not appropriate UPA has listed the folder's major topics and principal
correspondents.
The beginning of each folder is indicated by a file folder frame number on the left side of the Reel Index page,
indicated by the "File Folder Frame #" heading. Also, an indented frame number beneath the "Intra-File Frame
#" heading is given to identify the location of a prominent case within a file folder. Information that is not
discernable from the microfilm is noted as "Unknown".
Reel 1
File Folder Intra-File
Frame #
Frame #
Group II, Series B, Legal File
Group II, Box B-12
Courts-Martial
0001
0029
0096
"A." 1943-1946. 28pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Murder; rape.
Locations: Philippines; European theater.
0002
Allen, Julius J. 1944. 23pp.
Attorneys: Edward R. Dudley; Robert L. Carter; Thurgood Marshall.
Legal Issues: Procedural abuses at trial; mass prosecution; mutiny.
Location: Port Chicago, San Francisco, California.
Anderson, John A. 1944-1954. 66pp.
John A. Anderson; Henry W. Courts; Leon R. Polk; Leslie C. Hall; Albert G. Stinson.
Attorneys: Thurgood Marshall; Oscar C. Brown; William H. Temple; Robert E. Bryant.
Legal Issue: Mutiny.
Location: Hastings, Nebraska.
"B." 1945-1949. 52pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Rape; murder; mutiny.
Locations: Germany; France; Camp Van Dorn, Mississippi.
Group II, Box-13
Courts-Martial cont.
0148
"C." 1944-1946. 29pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Assault; desertion; insubordination; manslaughter; rape.
Locations: Army Air Forces, MacDill Field, Florida; Germany.
0177
Creasy, Merrit A. 1943. 234pp.
Attorney. Tnurgood Marshall.
Legal Issues: Procedural abuses at trial; voluntary manslaughter.
Location: Army Air Force School of Applied Tactics, Orlando, Florida.
0411
"D." 1945-1946. 25pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: AWOL; assault; involvement in a riot; pointing a weapon at a superior
officer; procedural abuses at trial.
Location: Japan.
0436
"E." 1945-1946. 31pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Mutiny; procedural abuses at trial; rape.
Locations: European theater; Saverne, France.
0467
Foreman, John A. 1943-1946. 79pp.
Attorney. Leslie A. Perry.
Legal Issues: Procedural abuses at trial; assault with the intent to murder.
Location: Cotton Plant, Arkansas.
0546
Fort Lawton, Washington. General. 1944-1945. 122pp.
Alston, Nelson L., et al.
Attorneys: Thurgood Marshall; Robert L. Carter.
Legal Issues: Murder; procedural abuses at trial; riotous and unlawful assembly.
Location: Fort Lawton, Washington.
[Note: The transcript of the Fort Lawton case (Group II, Boxes B-13-B-15) has been filmed
separately on Reel 28.]
Group II, Box B-15
Courts-Martial cont.
0668
Fort Lawton Transcript Digest. 1945. 74pp.
Group II, Box B-16
Courts-Martial cont.
0742
"G." 1946. 8pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Assault with intent to murder; larceny; misappropriation of government
vehicles; procedural abuses at trial; rape.
Locations: France; Naples, Italy.
0750
General. 1944-1949. 22pp.
0772
"H." 1945-1948. 77pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: AWOL; assault; assault with intent to murder; assault with intent to rape;
murder; procedural abuses at trial; rape; unlawful entry of home; unlawful firing of
weapon; voluntary manslaughter.
Locations: Fort Lawton, Washington; Fort Logan, Colorado; France; Germany; Hawaii;
Japan; Philippines; Pueblo, Colorado; Tablanoosoe.
0849
Hall, Leslie C. 1944. 67pp.
Attorney. Thurgood Marshall.
Legal Issues: Aiding the escape of a prisoner; disobeying the lawful order of his
superior officer; treating superior officer with contempt.
Location: Hastings, Nebraska.
Reel 2
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-16 cont.
Courts-Martial cont.
0001
Howell, George H. et al. 1946. 125pp.
Attorney. Unknown.
Legal Issues: Assault with a dangerous weapon; unlawful entry; involvement in a riot.
Location: Nagoya, Japan.
0126
"I." 1946. 3pp.
Ivey, Leamon.
Attorney. Franklin H. Williams.
Legal Issues: Procedural abuses at trial; assault with intent to murder.
Location: Unknown.
0129
"J." 1945-1947. 33pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Procedural abuses at trial; AWOL; assault with intent to commit
manslaughter; assault with intent to rape; carelessly endangering the lives of others;
"conduct to the prejudice of good order and discipline"; desertion; rape.
Locations: Camp Ellis, Illinois; Camp Lejeune, North Carolina; Camp Myles Standish;
Nashville, Tennessee.
0162
Jones, David H. 1944. 280pp.
Attorney. Case rejected.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Camp Ellis, Illinois.
0442
"K." 1946. 7pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issue: Desertion.
Location: Fort Dix, New Jersey.
0449 "L." 1944-1946. 27pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Procedural abuses at trial; rape; mass prosecutions; riotous and
unlawful assembly.
Locations: Camp Swift, Texas; Germany; Fort Lawton, Washington.
0476
"Me." 1944-1946. 5pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
0481
McCoy, Julius. 1944-1946. 61pp.
Attorney. Leslie A. Perry.
Legal Issues: Procedural abuses at trial; unlawful entry with intent to assault.
Location: San Francisco, California.
0542
"M." 1942-1946. 97pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: AWOL; discrimination in use of swimming pool; fraternizing with German
citizens; insubordination; larceny; murder; procedural abuses at trial; rape; striking a
superior officer.
Locations: Randolph Park, Tucson, Arizona; Crimmitschau, Germany; Volkstedt,
Germany; San Antonio, Texas.
0639
Martin, Arzie. 1944-1945. 42pp.
Attorney. Case rejected.
Legal Issues: Involvement in a riot; assault with intent to murder.
Location: Paignton, Doven, England.
0681
Name Lists. 1945. 17pp.
0698
Nevans, Edward, et al. 1943-1946. 277pp.
Attorneys: Robert L. Carter; Leslie A. Perry.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
Reel 3
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-17
Courts-Martial cont.
0001
Newman, Albert C. 1945-1946. 33pp.
Attorney. Franklin H. Williams.
Legal Issues: Procedural abuses at trial; assault with a dangerous weapon; assault
with the intent to rape.
Location: Leyte Gulf, Philippine Islands.
0034
North, Ollie. Correspondence. 1944. 16pp.
Attorneys: Thurgood Marshall; Leslie A. Perry.
Legal Issues: Mutiny; insubordination.
Location: Phoenix, Arizona.
0050
North, Ollie. Transcript. 1943. 393pp.
0443
"P." 1944-1946. 12pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: AWOL; murder; procedural abuses at trial; rape.
Locations: Vallejo, California; France; India.
0455
Polk, Leon, et al. 1944-1945. 261pp.
Attorney. Thurgood Marshall.
Legal Issues: Striking another person in the navy; aiding the escape of a prisoner;
disobeying the lawful order of a superior officer; disrespectful language to a superior
officer; mutiny.
Location: Hastings, Nebraska.
0716
"R." 1946. 33pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Assault with a dangerous weapon; insubordination; murder.
Locations: Japan; Fort Leavenworth, Kansas; Fort Lewis, Washington; Walla Walla
Army Air Field, Washington.
Group II, Box B-18
Courts-Martial cont.
0749
Riddle, Ellis. 1943-1944. 106pp.
Attorney. Case rejected.
Legal Issue: Rape.
0855
Location: Noumea, New Caledonia.
"S." 1944-1946. 59pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Assault with intent to kill; conscientious objectors; desertion;
insubordination; murder; procedural abuses at trial; rape.
Locations: Fort McClellan, Alabama; France; Camp Edwards, Massachusetts;
Columbia, South Carolina; Tunisia.
Reel 4
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-18 cont.
Courts-Martial cont.
0001
San Francisco, California. Mutiny. 1944. 293pp.
Julius J. Allen, et al.
Transcript of Court-Martial. September 14-October 24, 1944. Volume I, pages 1-263.
Attorney. Thurgood Marshall.
Legal Issues: Procedural abuses at trial; forced confessions; mass trials; mutiny.
Location: Mare Island, San Francisco, California.
0294
San Francisco, California. Mutiny. 1944. 271pp.
Julius J. Allen, et al.
Transcript of Court-Martial. Volume II, pages 264-520.
Attorney. Thurgood Marshall.
Legal Issues: Procedural abuses at trial; forced confessions; mass trials; mutiny.
Location: Mare Island, San Francisco, California.
Group II, Box B-19
Courts-Martial cont.
0565
San Francisco, California. Mutiny. 1944. 225pp.
Julius J. Allen, et al.
Transcript of Court-Martial. Volume III, pages 521-739.
Attorney. Thurgood Marshall.
Legal Issues: Procedural abuses at trial; forced confessions; mass trials; mutiny.
Location: Mare Island, San Francisco, California.
0790
San Francisco, California. Mutiny. 1944. 285pp.
Julius J. Allen, et al.
Transcript of Court-Martial. Volume IV, pages 740-1018.
Attorney. Thurgood Marshall.
Legal Issues: Procedural abuses at trial; forced confessions; mass trials; mutiny.
Location: Mare Island, San Francisco, California.
Reel 5
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-19 cont.
Courts-Martial cont.
0001
San Francisco, California. Mutiny. 1944. 217pp.
Julius J. Allen, et al.
Transcript of Court-Martial. Volume V, pages 1019-1230.
Attorney. Thurgood Marshall.
Legal Issues: Procedural abuses at trial; forced confessions; mass trials; mutiny.
Location: Mare Island, San Francisco, California.
Group II, Box B-20
Courts-Martial cont.
0218
San Francisco, California. Mutiny. 1944. 230pp.
Julius J. Allen, et al.
Transcript of Court-Martial. Volume VI, pages 1231-1505.
Attorney. Thurgood Marshall.
Legal Issues: Procedural abuses at trial; forced confessions; mass trials; mutiny.
Location: Mare Island, San Francisco, California.
0448
San Francisco, California. Mutiny. 1944-1945. 222pp.
Julius J. Allen, et al.
Attorney. Thurgood Marshall.
Legal Issues: Procedural abuses at trial; forced confessions; mass trials; mutiny.
Location: Mare Island, San Francisco, California.
Major Topics: Mutiny; subsequent trial of fifty sailors involved; letters, memorandums,
newspaper clippings, press releases, and telegrams pertaining to case.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Thurgood Marshall; Roy Wilkins; Leslie A.
Perry; Edward R. Dudley; William H. Hastie; Robert L. Carter; James V. Forrestal.
0670
Simms, Calvin. 1946. 24pp.
Attorneys: Thurgood Marshall; Franklin H. Williams.
Legal Issues: Procedural abuses at trial; rape.
Location: Spokane, Washington.
0694
Statistics. 1946. 13pp.
0707
Stovall, Frank. 1943. 71pp.
Attorney. Unknown.
Legal Issue: Mutiny.
Location: MacDill Field, Florida.
0778
"T." 1945-1946. 21pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: AWOL; assault with intent to rape; assault with intent to kill; procedural
abuses at trial.
Locations: France; Maxton, North Carolina; Fort Jackson, South Carolina.
0799
1320th Engineers. General. June 1944-1945. 127pp.
William R. Allen, et al.
Attorneys: Thurgood Marshall; Robert L. Carter; Leslie A. Perry also Walter White.
Legal Issues: Procedural abuses at trial; mass prosecutions; mutiny.
Location: Oahu, Hawaii.
[Note: The transcript of the 1320th Engineers case (Group II, Boxes B-20-B-22) has been filmed
separately on Reels 29 and 30.]
Reel 6
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-20 cont.
Courts-Martial cont.
0001
1320th Engineers. July 1945-1946. 47pp.
William R. Allen, et al.
Attorneys: Thurgood Marshall; Robert L. Carter; Leslie A. Perry also Walter White.
Legal Issues: Procedural abuses at trial; mass prosecutions; mutiny.
Location: Oahu, Hawaii.
Major Topic, Letters, memorandums, press releases, and telegrams pertaining to the
trial.
[Note: The transcript of the 1320th Engineers case (Group II, Boxes B-20-B-22) has been filmed
separately on Reels 29 and 30.]
Group II, Box B-23
Courts-Martial cont.
0048
Thompson, Odell. 1943. 49pp.
Attorney. Unknown.
Legal Issues: Procedural abuses at trial; assault with intent to murder.
Location: Cotton Plant, Arkansas.
[Note: The transcript of the case is a negative photostat copy that has been darkened as a result
of the photoduplication process.]
0097
Williams, Lloyd. 1944-1945. 164pp.
Attorney. Unknown.
Legal Issues: Procedural abuses at trial; forced confession; rape.
Location: Williams Field, Chandler, Arizona.
0261
"W." 1945-1946. 35pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: AWOL; assaulting a superior officer; insubordination; murder;
procedural abuses at trial; rape.
Locations: India; Camp Polk, Louisiana; Pacific theater.
0296
"Y." 1945-1949. 20pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Assault with a dangerous weapon; procedural abuses at trial; rape.
Locations: Fort Benning, Georgia; Philippine Islands.
0316
Yerba Buena, California. Seamen Correspondence. 1944-1946. 110pp.
Major Topics: Letters, memorandums and telegrams that deal generally with Yerba
Buena mutiny trial.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Ed Rutledge; James V. Forrestal; Thurgood
Marshall; Theodore M. Berry; Edward R. Dudley; Francis Biddle; Roy Wilkins; Lester
Granger; Donald Harrington; Robert L. Carter; Leslie A. Perry; Franklin H. Williams.
0426
Yerba Buena, California Seamen Legal Papers and Notes. 1944-1945, undated.
113pp.
Major Topic. Letters, memorandums, and notes pertaining to the Yerba Buena mutiny
trial.
Principal Correspondents: Thurgood Marshall; T. L. Gatch; Gerald E. Veltmann;
Robert L. Carter.
Group II, Box B-56
Dedmon, Jessie O.
The NAACP natbnal office, recognizing the need of returning Negro World War II soldiers and seamen to have
an unbiased source of information and support concerning their benefits and rights as veterans, established late
in 1944 the Office of Secretary of Veterans' Affairs in Washington, D.C. Captain Jesse O. Dedmon, Jr., assumed
the position of secretary on January 1, 1945. This folder contains general correspondence between Jessie O.
Dedmon, Jr., and officers of the NAACP.
0539
General. June 1944-1945. 186pp.
Major Topics: Appointment process of Jessie O. Dedmon Jr., to secretary of office of
Veterans' Affairs; monthly activity reports of Secretary Dedmon; veterans' affairs
column for the Pittsburgh Courier, resistance to Jim Crowism at Camp Plauche, New
Orleans, Louisiana.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Henry Stimson; Roy Wilkins; Edward R.
Dudley; Robert L. Carter; Reid Lewis; Clarence DeHart; William H. Hastie; Leslie A.
Perry; James H. Robinson; Arthur B. Spingam; Ella J. Baker; Omar Brown.
0725
General. July-December 1945. 156pp.
Major Topics: Case referrals from national office; monthly activity reports of Secretary
Dedmon; propriety o f Secretary Dedmon accepting personal clients; postwar
Principal Correspondents: Thurgood Marshall; Walter White; Robert L. Carter; Roy
Wilkins; William H. Hastie; Edward R. Dudley; Charles P. Browning; Ferdinand C.
Smith.
Reel 7
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-57
Dedmon, Jesse O. cont.
0001
General. 1946. 234pp.
Major Topics: Case referrals from national office; types of academic institutions that
may receive veterans under G.I. Bill of Rights; suitable employment (and compensation) for veterans; discrimination at USO club in Port au Spain, Trinidad.
Principal Correspondents: Thurgood Marshall; Gloster B. Current; Walter White;
Franklin H. Williams.
0235
General. 1947. 219pp.
Major Topics: Case referrals from national office; number and category of Negro
employees in VA; discrimination at community commissary in Nurnberg, Germany;
strengthening local veterans' committees; terminal leave pay for veterans.
Principal Correspondents: Omar N. Bradley; Walter White; Franklin H. Williams;
Gloster B. Current; Lenora B. Willette; Roy Wilkins; Joseph A. Berry; James Egert
Allen.
0454
General. 1948-1949. 113pp.
Major Topics: Case referrals from national office; VA budget reduction; segregation of
army hostesses in Korea; Office of Veterans' Affairs discontinued.
Principal Correspondents: Franklin H. Williams; James C. Evans; Thurgood Marshall;
Roy Wilkins; Robert L. Carter.
0455
Wilbert Cowan. 1943-1947. 12pp.
Attorney. Jesse O. Dedmon, Jr.
Legal Issue: Award of disability compensation.
Location: Alabama.
0567
U. S. Army Camp Investigations. 1944-1945. 105pp.
Major Topics: Segregation and discrimination in army camps; resistance to Jim
Crowism at Camp Plauche, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Principal Correspondents: J. A. Ulio; Walter White; Leslie A. Perry; Edward R. Dudley;
Omar Brown; Henry Stimson.
0672
U.S. Army Camp Investigations. 1945-1946. 124pp.
Major Topics: Investigation of treatment of Negro troops at military posts; reports on
specific posts by Jessie O. Dedmon, Jr.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Robert P. Patterson; Howard C. Petersen;
B. O. Davis; William A. Clark.
Group II, Box B-58
Discharge Requests
0796
1942. 69pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Age as cause for separation from active military service; dependency as
cause for separation from active military service; physical disability; transfer requests.
Locations: Tyndall Field, Panama City, Florida; Fort Benning, Georgia; Camp
Campbell, Kentucky; Fort Devans, Massachusetts; Las Vegas, Nevada; Deming,
New Mexico; Fort Bragg, North Carolina; Camp Walters, Texas; Fort Belvoir, Virginia.
Reel 8
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-58 cont.
Discharge and Transfer Requests
0001
1943. 151pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Discharge request because of age; discharge review; medical discharge;
request for defense job to secure discharge; request for government employment after
discharge.
Locations: Tuskegee, Alabama; Berkeley, California; Denver, Colorado; MacDill Field,
Florida; Fort Benning, Georgia; Camp Phillips, Kansas; New Orleans, Louisiana; Camp
Van Dorn, Mississippi; Butte, Montana; Rome, New York; Fort Bragg, North Carolina;
Camp Guber, Oklahoma; North Charleston, South Carolina; Camp Tyson, Tennessee;
Camp Maxey, Texas; Camp Lee, Virginia; Spokane, Washington.
Discharge Review Board
Most cases that were brought before the Discharge Review Board (Pentagon, Washington D.C.) by the NAACP
legal staff on behalf of veterans were handled by Jesse O. Dedmon, Jr. Moreover, the purpose of each hearing
was to appeal for a change in the veterans' discharge status.
0152
0317
0492
0548
0711
0739
Cases. "A-C." 1947-1948. 165pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Cases. "D-G." 1947-1948. 175pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Fuller, Luther Marion. 1941-1946. 56pp.
Cases. "H-L." 1947-1948. 163pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Cases. "R-Y." 1947-1948. 28pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
General. 1946-1948. 51 pp.
Group II, Box B-59
Discharges
0790
1944-1946. 263pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Change of discharge status; discharges resulting from a general courtmartial.
Reel 9
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-59 cont.
Discharges cont.
0001
1947. 273pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
0274
0391
0625
Legal Issues: Change of discharge status; discharges resulting from a general courtmartial; veterans' benefits.
1948. 117pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issue: Change of discharge status.
1949. 234pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Change of discharge status; insubordination; physical and mental
disabilities.
Locations: Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri; Camp Ellis, Illinois.
1950-1951. 109pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issue: Change of discharge status.
0696
White, Odell. 1950. 30pp.
Attorneys: Clifford Moore; Jack Greenberg.
Legal Issues: Procedural abuses at hearing; unsuitability for military
service.
Location: Fort Dix, New Jersey.
Group II, Box B-60
Discharges cont.
0734
Nolen, Albert. 1947-1950. 141pp.
0875
Attorney. Franklin H. Williams.
Legal Issues: Change of discharge status; insubordination; physical and mental
disabilities; request for new trial.
Location: Camp Ellis, Illinois.
Strauss, Leon. 1950. 18pp.
Attorney. Case rejected.
Legal Issue: Change of discharge status.
Reel 10
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-60 cont.
Discharges cont.
0001
Thornton, Spencer. 1940-1950. 41pp.
Attorneys: Jack Greenberg; Franklin H. Williams; Jesse O. Dedmon, Jr.
Legal Issues: AWOL; change of discharge status; failure to repair at place of duty.
Location: Connally Air Force Base, Waco, Texas.
Group II, Box B-148
Selective Service
0042
Bushnell, et al v. Patterson, et al. 1942. 18pp.
Attorneys: Thurgood Marshall; Franklin H. Williams.
Legal Issues: Veterans' benefits; voluntary induction by a minor with consent of his
parent.
Location: New York, New York.
0060
Galloway, Ernest. 1940-1941. 22pp.
Attorney. Thurgood Marshall, also Walter White
Legal Issue: Conscientious objections.
Location: Chicago, Illinois.
0082
General. 1941-1947. 256pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Discriminatory selective service procedures; draft evasion; enlistment
quotas set for Negro enlistees; requests for deferments from military service;
voluntary induction.
0338
Lynn v. Downer. Correspondence. 1943-1944. 129pp.
Attorney. Arthur Garfield Hays, ACLU.
Legal Issues: Discrimination in selection and training of draftees; Jim Crow policies of
armed forces; Selective Service and Training Act of 1940.
Location: Jamaica, Long Island, New York.
0467
Lynn v. Downer. Legal. 1940-1944. 44pp.
Attorney. Arthur Garfield Hays, ACLU.
Legal Issues: Discrimination in the selection and training of draftees; Jim Crow policies
of armed forces; Selective Service and Training Act of 1940.
Location: Jamaica, Long Island, New York.
0511
Tomlinson v. Hershey, et al. Correspondence. 1947-1949. 152pp.
Attorneys: James K. Baker; Robert L. Carter; Charles H. Houston; Thurgood Marshall;
Marian Wynn Perry; Franklin H. Williams.
Legal Issues: Executive Order 9981; procedure b y which t h e selective service
0663
Selective Service and Training Act of 1948.
Location: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Tomlinson v. Hershey, et al. Legal Papers and Background Material. 1945-1949.
132pp.
Attorneys: James K. Baker; Robert L. Carter; Charles H. Houston; Thurgood Marshall;
Marian Wynn Perry; Franklin H. Williams.
Legal Issues: Executive Order 9981; procedure b y which t h e selective service
Location: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Soldier Complaints
0795
"A." 1942-1946. 86pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Assignment of Negro soldiers to fill civil service vacancies; Negro
facilities on military bases unequal to Caucasian facilities; Negro officers promoted
less often than Caucasian officers; requests for legal assistance.
Locations: Fort Huachuca, Arizona; Camp Beale, California; Fresno, California; San
Francisco, California; Hartford, Connecticut; Fort Benning, Georgia; Fort Knox,
Kentucky; Camp Livingston, Louisiana; Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland; Fort
Custer, Michigan; Fort Dix, New Jersey; Rome, New York; Chillicothe, Ohio;
Greenville, South Carolina; Camp Maxey, Texas.
Reel 11
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-148 cont.
Soldier Complaints cont.
0001
Army Camps. General. 1941-1947. 300pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Assignment of trained soldiers to service companies; discrimination
practiced by military authorities; discrimination in promoting and selecting Negro
officers; discrimination towards Negro soldiers by civilian establishments; Jim Crow
policies of armed forces; military and civilian police brutality; segregated and
inadequate housing, medical, and recreational facilities for Negro soldiers; soldier
killings.
Locations: Fort McClellan, Alabama; Camp Kelly, Montgomery, Alabama; Tuskegee
Army Flying School, Tuskegee, Alabama; Bisbee, Arizona; Flagstaff, Arizona; Phoenix,
Arizona; Camp Robinson, Arkansas; Wels, Austria; Hendricks Field, Florida; MacDill
Field, Tampa, Florida; Cochorn Field, Georgia; Fort Benning, Georgia; Hunter Field,
Georgia; Lager, Hammelburg, Germany; Chanute Field, Illinois; Camp Claiborne,
Louisiana; Camp Edwards, Massachusetts; Camp Brady, Saulte St. Marie, Michigan;
Fort Dix, New Jersey; Camp Deming, New Mexico; Camp Davis, North Carolina; Fort
Bragg, North Carolina; Officer's Training School, Carlisle, Pennsylvania; Camp Croft,
South Carolina; Ogden, Utah; Fort Belvoir, Virginia.
Group II, Box B-149
Soldier Complaints cont.
0301
Army Camps. Camp Lee, Virginia. 1941-1949. 135pp.
Legal Issues: Discrimination against Negro civilian craftsmen by defense contractors;
discrimination practiced by military authorities; Negro officer candidates requested not
to attend graduation; Negro officers' mess hall separate from Caucasian officers';
Negro soldiers barred from service club near Camp Hood, Texas; military police
brutality.
Locations: Camp Hood, Texas; Camp Lee, Virginia.
0436
"B." 1940-1943. 88pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Assignment of trained soldiers to service companies; brutal treatment of
civilian Negro women who work for army; compulsory pay deductions for laundry
charges; discrimination against Negro soldiers by civilian establishments; discrimination in promoting and selecting Negro officers; discrimination practiced by Caucasian
military officers and noncommissioned officers against Negro servicemen; Jim Crow
policies of armed forces; local segregation law concerning public conveyances upheld
by company commander; inadequate and segregated housing, medical, and recreational facilities for Negro soldiers; soldier killings; transfer requests.
Locations: Long Beach, California; Los Angeles, California; Elgin Field, Florida; Fort
Benning, Georgia; Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Camp Polk, Louisiana; Keesler Field,
Mississippi; Camp Kilmer, New Jersey; Fort Bragg, North Carolina; Indiantown Gap
Military Reservation, Pennsylvania; Camp Jackson, South Carolina; Sioux Falls Field,
South Dakota; Biggs Field, Texas; Tacoma, Washington.
0524
0649
"B." 1944-1946. 135pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Assignment of trained soldiers to service companies; brutal treatment of
Negro soldiers by Caucasian personnel; discrimination practiced by Caucasian military
officers and noncommissioned officers against Negro servicemen; inadequate and
segregated housing, medical, and recreational facilities for Negro servicemen; Jim
Crow policies of armed forces; Negro officers barred from use of officers' mess and
club; transfer and discharge requests.
Locations: European theater; Hammer Field, Fresno, California; Dale Mabry Field,
Tallahasse, Florida; MacDill Field, Tampa, Florida; Tyndall Field, Florida; Camp
Gordan, Georgia; Mount Home, Idaho; Camp Claiborne, Louisiana; Camp
Plaquemine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Fort Devans, Massachusetts; Selfridge Field,
Michigan; Camp Shelby, Mississippi; Gulfport Army Air Field, Gulfport, Mississippi; Las
Vegas, Nevada; Fort Bragg, North Carolina; Sioux Falls, South Dakota; Camp Swift,
Texas; Camp Lee, Virginia; Fort Belvoir, Virginia; Camp George Jordan, Seattle,
Washington; Fort Lawton, Washington.
Fort Bragg. 1941. 74pp.
Legal Issues: Brutal treatment of Negro soldiers by Caucasian personnel;
discrimination practiced by Caucasian officers and noncommissioned officers against
Negro servicemen; inadequate a n d segregated recreational facilities f o r Negro
0723
Locations: Fayetteville, North Carolina; Fort Bragg, North Carolina.
"C." 1942-1943. 83pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Civilian brutality against Negro servicemen stationed at southern military
posts; discharge and transfer requests; discrimination against Negro soldiers by
civilian establishments; discrimination practiced b y Caucasian officers a n d
0806
facilities; inadequate and segregated housing; Jim Crow policies of armed forces;
military and civilian police brutality; southern segregation laws enforced by military
authorities.
Locations: Australia; Maxwell Field, Alabama; Fort Huachuca, Arizona; Calexico,
California; Camp Stewart, Georgia; Camp Claiborne, Louisiana; Columbus,
Mississippi; Greenville Army Flying School, Greenville, Mississippi; Keesler Field,
Mississippi; Carlsbad, New Mexico; Camp Adair, Oregon; Deadwood, South Dakota;
Sioux Falls, South Dakota; Dalhart, Texas; Fort Clark, Texas; Camp Lee, Virginia;
Moses Lake Air Base, Moses Lake, Washington.
"C." 1944-1947. 160pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Discrimination against physically unfit soldiers; assignment of trained
soldiers to service companies; inadequate and segregated recreational facilities;
inadequate and segregated housing; inadequate medical facilities; discharge and
transfer requests; prejudice of commanding officer towards Negro officer; Jim Crow
policies o f armed forces; discrimination practiced b y Caucasian officers a n d
civilian police brutality; segregated swimming pool on naval base; discrimination
practiced by civilian establishments; civilian brutality against Negro servicemen
stationed at southern military posts; discharge review request.
Locations: Spokane Army Air Depot, Spokane, Washington; Camp Crowder, Missouri;
Fort Ord, California; Hill Field, Ogden, Utah; Las Vegas, Nevada; Buckingham Army
Air Base, Fort Myers, Florida; Camp Pickett, Virginia; Amarillo Field, Texas; Boca
Raton, Florida; Naval Air Station, Quonset Point, Rhode Island; Army Air Field,
Ardmore, Oklahoma; Amphibious Training Base, Little Creek, Virginia; Camp Hood,
Texas; Camp Plauche, New Orleans, Louisiana; Madison, Wisconsin; India;
Greensboro, North Carolina; New York, New York; Pawling, New York; Camp John T.
Knight, Oakland, California; New Rochelle, New York.
Reel 12
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-149 cont.
Soldier Complaints cont.
0001
"D." 1942-1949. 59pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Inadequate and segregated housing on military base; inadequate and
segregated recreational facilities; Jim Crow policies of armed forces; segregation
enforced by commanding officers; lack of adequate food; brutal treatment of Negro
soldier by southern officers; discrimination practiced by civilian establishments near
army bases; military police brutality; inadequate and segregated medical facilities.
Locations: Camp Dix, New Jersey; Davis, California; Camp Pickett, Virginia; MacDill
Field, Florida; Army Air Base, Dalhart, Texas; Camp Stewart, Georgia; Orlando Air
Base, Orlando, Florida; Mitchel Field, New York; Camp Polk, Louisiana; Durham,
North Carolina; Dale Mabry Field, Tallahassee, Florida.
0060
"E." 1942-1945. 24pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Civilians complain to army about stationing Negroes near town;
inadequate medical care; discharge requests; request for compensation for injury
sustained on active duty; assignment of trained soldiers to service companies.
Locations: Eagle Pass, Texas; Fort Devans, Massachusetts; Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania; Fall City, Alabama; Fort Benning, Georgia.
0084
"F." 1942-1949. 80pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Discriminatory and discourteous treatment by military police; military and
civilian police brutality; civilian brutality against Negro soldiers; inadequate food and
housing; discharge and transfer requests; discrimination practiced at training school;
discrimination in assigning Negro soldiers to Officer's Candidate School; request for
assistance in finding employment after discharge; Jim Crow policies of armed forces;
limited overseas assignments for Negro soldiers; Gillem Board study on the use of
Negro troops; limited opportunity for advancement for Negro officers.
Locations: Fitzsimmons General Hospital, Denver, Colorado; Charleston, South
Carolina; Fayetteville, North Carolina; Sioux Falls, South Dakota; St. Augustine,
Florida; Camp Robinson, Arkansas; Fort McClellan, Alabama; Fort Bragg, North
Carolina; Camp Shelby, Mississippi; Marietta, Georgia; Camp Siebert, Alabama; Camp
Lejeune, North Carolina; Mitchell Field, New York; Fort Jackson, South Carolina; Fort
Riley, Kansas.
Group II, Box B-150
Soldier Complaints cont.
0166
"G." 1942-1943. 97pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Military and civilian police brutality; protests from civilians against army
for stationing Negro soldiers in southern towns; Senator John D. Bankhead proposes
quartering northern Negroes in Northern states; inadequate and segregated barracks;
inadequate and segregated mess halls; inadequate and segregated recreational
facilities on military posts; Jim Crow policies of armed forces; discrimination practiced
by Caucasian officers; brutality by Caucasian soldiers against Negro soldiers; soldier
killings; complaints that mail is not sent or received; request for discharge and job in
defense industry; discrimination by draft boards; discrimination by company
commander against Negro soldier; assignment of trained soldiers to service
companies.
Locations; Camp Gordon, Augusta, Georgia; Jacksonville, Florida; Tampa, Florida;
Gieger Field, Spokane, Washington; Fort George Wright, Washington; Fort Leonard
Wood, Missouri; Camp Claibome, Louisiana; Camp Sibert, Alabama; Camp Van Dorn,
Mississippi; Fort Wadsworth, New York; Camp Upton, New York; Camp Leckett,
California; Fort Benning, Georgia.
0263
"G." 1944-1947. 71pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Soldiers physically unfit for armed forces; Jim Crow policies; discharge
and transfer requests; soldier's mother beaten; application to attend School for Applied
Military Government denied; reimbursement for travel on military business sought;
discrimination against Negro clinical psychologist; antidiscrimination clause of Selective
Service and Training Act of 1940; limited opportunities for promotion of Negro officers;
assignment of Negro officers at army separation centers requested; military police
brutality.
Locations: Camp Gordon, Georgia; Maxwell Field, Alabama; Camp Lejeune, North
Carolina; Tuskegee Army Air Field, Tuskegee, Alabama; McClellan Field, California;
Fort Huachuca, Arizona; Fort McPherson, Atlanta, Georgia; Fort McClellan, Alabama;
Honolulu, Hawaii.
0334
"H." 1942-1943. 109pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Military and civilian police brutality; discrimination and discourteous
treatment by military police; transfer requests; inadequate medical care; soldier claims
his military trial unfair; Jim Crow policies; soldier complains about Governor Sidney P.
Osborn's (Arizona) request of army to assign Negro soldiers to pick cotton;
army hospital; military police hand over Negro soldier to civilian authorities to be tried
for minor offense; disabled veteran's mother evicted without notice; compensation for
injury requested; segregated housing and recreational facilities; discriminatory
practices by southern officers; discrimination against Negro army pilots; discrimination
practiced by civilian establishments.
Locations: Fitzsimmons General Hospital, Denver, Colorado; Harding Field, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana; Fort Belvoir, Virginia; Attica, New York; Charleston, South Carolina;
Fort Huachuca, Arizona; Camp Livingston, Louisiana; Temple, Texas; Turner Field,
Albany, Georgia; Leechburg, Pennsylvania; Asheville, North Carolina; Camp Kearns,
Utah; San Francisco, California; Serfridge Field, Michigan; McAlester, Oklahoma.
0443
0543
0564
0634
"H." 1944-1946. 100pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Transfer and discharge requests; inadequate medical care; Jim Crow
policies; request for letter of recommendation; brutal and prejudicial treatment by
company commander; inadequate and segregated barracks; assignment of trained
soldiers to service companies; American military authorities enforcing discrimination
and segregation on U.S. camps overseas; lack of Negro officers for enlisted men to
appeal to; treatment of Negro soldiers at southern army camps; inadequate recreational facilities; request for dependency discharge; discrimination against Negro
companies who saw combat from receiving battle points; promotion of Negro officer to
top commander of combat unit; Negro merchant marines barred from German club.
Locations: Camp Reynolds, Pennsylvania; Camp Hathaway, Washington; Camp
Atterbury, Indiana; Camp Ellis, Illinois; Camp Plauche, New Orleans, Louisiana; Camp
Claibome, Louisiana; Tuskegee Army Air Field, Tuskegee, Alabama; Camp Edwards,
Massachusetts; France; Camp Huckstep, Cairo, Egypt; Keesler Field, Biloxi,
Mississippi; Camp George Gordon, Seattle, Washington; Italy; Camp Pickett, Virginia;
India Burma theater; Camp Livingston, Louisiana; Walter Reed Army Medical Center,
Washington, D.C.; Teisendorf, Germany; Nordenham, Germany.
"I." 1942-1945. 21pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Soldier sentenced to death for killing policeman; military and civilian
police brutality; inadequate medical care; assignment of trained soldiers to service
companies; Jim Crow policies.
Locations: Shreveport, Louisiana; Indio, California; Indiantown Gap Military
Reservation, Pennsylvania; Pacific theater.
"J." 1942-1943. 70pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Inadequate and segregated housing, medical care, and recreational
facilities; discrimination against Negro soldiers at southern military posts; military and
civilian police brutality; commanding officer of southern camp enforces discrimination
and segregation; discrimination practiced by civilian establishments; soldier protests
having no furlough for ten months; Negro officer contests having to appear before
reclassification board; Negro soldier's commission withheld pending investigation of
his activities with Communist party; discrimination against Negro soldiers on southern
railway; Negro officer treated with disrespect and prejudice; segregated mess halls;
limited opportunities for promotion of Negro officers.
Locations: Jackson Air Base, Jackson, Mississippi; Camp Davis, North Carolina; Camp
Gordon, Georgia; Fort Huachuca, Arizona; Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri; Camp Polk,
Louisiana; Kansas City, Missouri; Fort Devans, Massachusetts; Liberia; Joplin,
Missouri; Fort Benning, Georgia.
"J." 1944-1949. 76pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Discrimination in discharge and reclassification of Negro army officers;
Negro soldiers accepting Section VIII discharges without counseling; inadequate
medical care; discharge and transfer requests; segregated and unsanitary hospital;
Caucasian officer upholds desire of prisoners of war not to be subjected to orders
from Negro soldier; Negro soldiers assigned exclusively to sanitary companies;
discriminatory treatment of Negro soldiers at southern military posts; Jim Crow
policies; soldier's mother does not receive dependency allowance; battle promotions
denied to Negro soldiers; discrimination against soldier on public bus.
Locations: Fort Lewis, Washington; Sheppard Field, Texas; Camp Polk, Louisiana;
Fort Eustis, Virginia; Sioux Falls, South Dakota; Petersburg, Virginia; Camp Lee,
Virginia; Army Air Forces Hill Field, Ogden, Utah; Marana, Arizona; Camp Gordon
Johnston, Florida; Dutch New Guinea; Memphis, Tennessee; Fort Sill, Oklahoma.
0710
0757
0869
"K." 1942-1946. 47pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Military and civilian police brutality; discrimination practiced by civilian
establishments; Negro ministers inducted without opportunity to appeal for deferment;
inadequate medical care; harassment of soldiers declared physically unable for combat
duty; discrimination and segregation practiced at army hospital; wife of soldier does not
receive dependency allowance; discharge and transfer requests; Jim Crow policies of
armed forces; inadequate and segregated housing and recreational facilities; military
authorities practicing discrimination and segregation overseas; request for statistics on
Negro troops overseas; discrimination against Negro voluntary enlistees; quota calls
based on race at induction centers; discrimination and segregation on public
conveyances.
Locations: Houston, Texas; Fort Eustis, Virginia; Fort Huachuca, Arizona; Prescott,
Arizona; Boca Raton, Florida; Camp Ellis, Illinois; San Antonio, Texas; Fort McClellan,
Alabama; Florence, Italy; Bologna, Italy; Buckley Field, Colorado; New York, New York.
1." 1942-1946. 112pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Military and civilian police brutality; inadequate and segregated
recreational facilities; discrimination practiced against Negro soldiers by civilian
establishments; request for furlough; discharge and transfer requests; discrimination
against Negro officers and noncommissioned officers; discrimination against Negro
applicants for officer candidate training; Jim Crow policies of armed forces; request for
more appointments of Negro officers and military police to Negro companies; request
to commanding officer to enforce integration on public conveyances and at recreational
facilities on camp grounds; inadequate medical care; inadequate supply of food;
discriminatory treatment of Negro soldiers by southern officers and at southern camps;
interracial marriage of Negro soldier and European woman; rent raised for government
housing of soldier's wife; Negro chaplain claims he was forced to resign; assignment of
trained soldiers to service companies.
Locations: Lancaster, South Carolina; Fort Lewis, Washington; Camp Gordon,
Georgia; Camp Livingston, Louisiana; Lackawanna, New York; Fort McClellan,
Alabama; Hunter Field, Savannah, Georgia; Fort Bragg, North Carolina; Fort
Huachuca, Arizona; Camp Lee, Virginia; Camp McCain, Mississippi; Camp Claiborne,
Louisiana; Alamogordo, New Mexico; New York, New York; Fort Leonard Wood,
Missouri; La Junta Army Air Field, La Junta, Colorado; Earlsboro, Oklahoma; France;
Germany; Camp Locket, California; European theater; Manila, Philippines; Fort Ord,
California.
"Me." 1942-1949. 41 pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Segregated latrines on government reservation; segregation enforced
on military bus; discrimination practiced by civilian establishments against Negro
soldiers; discriminatory treatment of Negro soldiers in southern camps by military
personnel and civilians; assignment of trained soldiers to service companies; discharge
and transfer requests; Jim Crow policies of armed forces; discrimination overseas
against Negro servicemen by army officers.
Locations: Fort Dix, New Jersey; Gainesville, Florida; Greenville, South Carolina;
Wright Field, Ohio; Fort Benning, Georgia; Pacific theater; Camp Plauche, New
Orleans, Louisiana; Camp Gordon Johnston, Florida; Baltimore, Maryland; Fort
Sheridan, Illinois; European theater; Gelahausen, Germany.
Reel 13
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-150 cont.
Soldier Complaints cont.
0001
"M." 1942-1943. 76pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Caucasian soldier reprimanded for dancing with Negro hostess; wife
claims husband killed by soldier; procedural abuses at trial of Caucasian hotel owner
charged with discrimination; discrimination against Negro soldiers applying for officers'
training school; inadequate medical care; segregated movie theaters on military base;
soldier not assigned to skill he trained for; civilians abusive to Negro soldiers stationed
near town; inadequate and segregated service club on military base; soldier killings;
discharge and transfer requests; commanding officer practices discrimination against
Negro soldiers.
Locations: New York, New York; Bangor, Maine; Camp Livingston, Louisiana; Fort
Meade, Maryland; Fort McClellan, Alabama; Fort Dix, New Jersey; Muroc Army Air
Base, California; Camp Lee, Virginia; Keesler Field, Mississippi; Fort Clark, Texas;
March Field, California; MacDill Field, Florida; Camp Gordon, Georgia; McClockey
General Hospital, Temple, Texas; Dow Field, Maine; Oakland, California; Camp Ellis,
Illinois; Camp Gruber, Oklahoma.
Group II, Box B-151
Soldier Complaints cont.
0077
"M." 1944-1946. 61 pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Proposal for all-Negro hospital; inadequate medical care; soldiers
denied opportunity to purchase Negro weeklies at post exchange; Jim Crow policies
of armed forces; limited opportunity for combat duty for Negro marines and soldiers;
Negro sailors forced to work long hours; navy officers intimidate sailors to accept
other than honorable discharges; request for clemency; army discharge system slow
and ineffective; discharge requests; Negro officer requests subsidization of book by
NAACP; veteran refused permission by draft board to reenlist.
Locations: Camp Shoemaker, California; Miami, Florida; Camp Rousseau, Port
Hueneme, California; New York, New York; Newport, Arkansas; New Guinea; Camp
Ellis, Illinois; Cherry Point, North Carolina; Port Chicago, California; MacDill Field,
Tampa, Florida; Camp Lejeune, North Carolina; San Francisco, California; Terre
Haute, Indiana; Washington, D.C.; Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio; Birmingham, Alabama.
0138
"N." 1942-1946. 26pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Inadequate and unsanitary living conditions at military post; soldier
physically unfit for military duty kept in hospital; segregation and discrimination
against Negro soldiers o n military base; Negro soldiers restricted from using
0164
reduction of force procedures; discharge requests.
Locations: North Charleston, South Carolina; El Paso, Texas; Navajo Ordnance
Depot, Flagstaff, Arizona; Amarillo Army Air Base, Texas; Seattle, Washington.
"O." 1942-1949. 25pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Discriminatory treatment of Negro soldiers on southern military posts by
Caucasian soldiers and Caucasian military police; request for disability discharge.
Locations: Fort Ord, California; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Camp San Luis Obispo,
California.
0189
0247
0322
0435
"P." 1942-1943. 58pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Discharge and transfer requests; discriminatory treatment of Negro
soldiers by Caucasian southern officers; Governor Lehman (New York) approves
establishment of Negro battalion of state guard; discrimination and segregation
enforced on southern military posts; discrimination practiced by public restaurants
against Negro soldiers; soldier's wife beaten for entering restaurant; unsanitary living
and eating conditions at military camp; limited opportunities for Negro enlisted men to
be promoted; request for furlough; branding of Negro soldier by four Caucasian
civilians; discriminatory treatment of Negro soldiers by Caucasian civilians and police.
Locations: Fort Huachuca, Arizona; Parker Dam, California; Albany, New York; Sioux
Falls, South Dakota; New York, New York; Camp Polk, Louisiana; Pine Camp, New
York; Fort Knox, Kentucky; De Ridder, Louisiana; Montgomery, Alabama.
"P." 1944-1947. 75pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Discrimination and segregation enforced on southern military posts;
inadequate medical care; soldier forced to accept other than honorable discharge;
wife of slain soldier requests benefits; Negro service company near battle line
requests ammunition; discharge request because of physical disability; establishment
of strict curfew; requests for locations of missing soldiers; request for financial
assistance; transfer request.
Locations: Camp Stewart, Georgia; Vallejo, California; Brooklyn, New York; Pacific
theater; Camden, New Jersey; Fort Francis E. Warren, Wyoming; European theater;
Venice, Florida; Frankfort, Germany; Norfolk, Virginia; Camp Peary, Williamsburg,
Virginia; Jackson, Mississippi; North Wilkesboro, North Carolina; Luzon, Philippine
Islands; Chariottesville, South Carolina; Fort Benning, Georgia; Pacific theater;
Manila, Philippines.
"R." 1942-1947. 113pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Discharge and transfer requests; request for furlough; discriminatory
treatment of Negro soldiers; segregated post exchanges; soldier's loss of service
record; assignment of trained soldiers to service companies; army establishes
restricted areas in Little Rock, Arkansas for Negro soldiers only; unfair physical
examination at induction center; discriminatory treatment of Negro soldiers by officers
and civilians in southern towns; inadequate recreational facilities for Negro soldiers;
military police brutality; Negro officer discriminated against; physically disabled Negro
soldiers forced to work; inadequate and segregated housing for Negro soldiers;
theater refuses to sell seats to Negro soldiers; soldier physically unfit for military
service; assignment of Negro soldiers in occupied Germany limited to quartermaster
corps and transportation corps.
Locations: Italy; Fort Riley, Kansas; Daniel Field, Augusta, Georgia; Camp Claibome,
Lousiana; Randolph Field, Texas; Camp Joseph T. Robinson, Arkansas; Fort Belvoir,
Virginia; Camp Rucker, Alabama; Charleston, South Carolina; New Orleans,
Louisiana; Camp Maxey, Texas; New York, New York; Roswell, New Mexico; Jersey
City, New Jersey; Okinawa; Bremerhaven, Germany.
"S." 1941-1943. 121pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Officer orders death penalty for soldiers having interracial sexual
relations; inadequate and segregated recreational facilities; requests for furloughs;
discrimination in selecting candidates for officer training; inadequate housing; officer
solicits funds from soldiers in his company; Negro soldiers on bus forced to give their
seats to Caucasian civilians; military and civil police brutality; discrimination against
Negro soldiers by officers and civilians at southern camps; Negro soldiers promised
training school assigned to service companies; Negro soldier and citizens attacked
0556
and beaten by southern Caucasians lead by town mayor, town marshal!, and local
constable; segregated post exchanges; discharge and transfer requests; Negro
soldiers ordered to clean snow from Seattle, Washington's streets; activation of Negro
paratrooper unit considered by War Department; parents request location of soldier
son; army's unwillingness to assign Negro soldiers to combat duty.
Locations: Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania; Eglin Field, Florida; Fort Francis E. Warren,
Wyoming; Fort Ord, California; Daniel Field, Augusta, Georgia; Camp Shelby,
Mississippi; Camp Sutton, Monroe, North Carolina; Prentiss, Mississippi; Newhebron,
Mississippi; Gieger Field, Spokane, Washington; New Orleans, Louisiana; Fort Lewis,
Washington; Yuma, Arizona; Camp Lejeune, North Carolina; Seymour, Indiana;
Washington, D.C.; Fort Benning, Georgia; Fort Sill, Oklahoma; West Point, New York;
Femdale, Michigan; Barksdale Field, Louisiana; Fort Huachuca, Arizona.
"S." 1944-1949. 77pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Mistreatment of soldiers at training center; Negro antiaircraft artillery
units changed to labor battalions; discrimination against Negro soldiers in southern
towns and military posts; soldier's mother threatened with eviction; discharge and
transfer requests; segregation enforced at post theater; Negro noncommissioned
officers denied admittance to Sergeants Club; Caucasian sergeant demoted to private
for not joining segregated club; company commander enforces segregation on army
a i r field; soldier beaten b y military police; segregated prophylactic stations f o r
0633
and medical care.
Locations: Los Angeles, California; Camp Stewart, Georgia; Camp Claibome,
Louisiana; Fort Benning, Georgia; Camp Shanks, New York; Cleveland, Ohio;
Deming Army Air Field, Deming, New Mexico; Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri;
Statesboro, Georgia; Camp Plauche, Louisiana; Camp Gordon Johnston, Florida;
Honolulu, Hawaii; Lawrence, Kansas; Eglin Field, Florida.
T." 1942-1946. 127pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Military and civilian police brutality; discharge and transfer requests;
segregation of Negroes on transportation facilities; Negro soldiers not given leave to
attend concert; fight between Negro soldiers and Negro civilians; Negro soldier
trained as photographer rejected for service in Signal Photographic Corps; soldier to
be deported requests assistance; discriminatory treatment of Negro soldiers by
southern officers; twenty places of public accommodation and recreation barred to
Negro soldiers by official army order; Negro sergeant taken off train by order of
conductor and beaten by civilian police; Negro workers at army camp paid less than
Caucasians; few opportunities for promotion of Negro enlisted men; three Negro
noncommissioned officers who refused to be segregated at camp meeting demoted
to privates; post theater segregated by commander; Negro aviation cadets barred
from flying; no passes issued to Negro soldiers at military post; discrimination
encountered by Negro soldiers stationed in South; soldier's wife assaulted by
Caucasian grocer; soldier physically unfit for military duty forced to work; soldier's
family homeless; Negro soldiers returning from overseas transferred to service
companies; discrimination against veterans; discriminatory treatment of Negro
soldiers overseas; Negro officer denied position with military government in Germany.
0760
0782
Locations: Camp San Luis Obispo, California; New York, New York; Fort Ord,
California; Orlando, Florida; Washington, D.C.; Walla Walla, Washington;
Raymondville, Texas; Rice, California; Camp Shelby, Mississippi; Camp Murphy,
Florida; Houston, Texas; Fort Bragg, North Carolina; Camp Pucker, Alabama; Hunter
Field, Savannah, Georgia; Geiger Field, Spokane, Washington; Camp Sibert,
Alabama; Centralia, Illinois; Lawrenceville, Illinois; Los Angeles, California; Fort
McClellan, Alabama; Kansas City, Kansas; Whidley Island, Washington; Fort Lewis,
Washington; Morristown, Tennessee; Herlong, California; Ruth, Germany; Munich,
Germany.
"U, V." 1943-1945. 22pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Mistreatment of Negro patients by Caucasian orderlies at military
hospital overseas; discharge and transfer requests.
Locations: Camp Edwards, Massachusetts; Rouen, France; Memphis, Tennessee;
Columbus, Ohio.
"W." 1941-1942. 72pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
0854
Legal Issues: Negro soldiers denied same training facilities as Caucasian soldiers;
twenty places of public accommodation and recreation barred to Negro soldiers by
official army order; soldier's pay not received; beating of soldier by bus driver;
discrimination and physical abuse encountered by Negro soldiers stationed in South;
officer takes money from enlisted men; mistreatment of Negro soldiers physically unfit
for military service; discrimination practiced at army hospital; transfer request.
Locations: Fort Francis E. Warren, Wyoming; Walla Walla, Washington; Indianapolis,
Indiana; Key Field, Meridian, Mississippi; Macon, Georgia; Savannah, Georgia; Fort
Wadsworth, New York; New York, New York; Camp Rucker, Alabama; Army Air
Base, Muroc, California.
"W." 1943. 71pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Lack of food; mistreatment of Negro soldiers physically unfit for military
service; transfer request; discrimination practiced at army hospital; Negro troops
required to clean barracks, mess halls, and latrines of Caucasian soldiers; inadequate
recreational facilities and no furloughs; Jim Crow policies at army camp; soldier killing;
civilian police harassment of soldiers' wives; discrimination and physical abuse
encountered by Negro soldiers stationed in South; Negro soldiers with high IQ's
assigned as mess attendants; Negro soldier trained as photographer rejected for
service in Signal Photographic Corps; separate facilities for Negroes and Caucasians
at West Point; censorship of soldiers' mail.
Locations: Westover Field, Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts; Fort Francis E. Warren,
Wyoming; Camp Swift, Texas; Camp Wheeler, Georgia; Williams Field, Arizona;
Camp Carson, Colorado Springs, Colorado; Louisiana, Missouri; Augusta, Georgia;
Fort Ord, California; Lake Charles, Louisiana; San Antonio, Texas; Lima, Ohio; West
Point, New York; Fort McClellan, Alabama; New Orleans, Louisiana; Camp Sutton,
North Carolina; Fort Clark, Texas; Fort Benning, Georgia.
Reel 14
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-151 cont.
Soldier Complaints cont.
0001
"W." 1944-1949. 93pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Discrimination and physical abuse by military and civilians at southern
camps; inadequate and segregated housing and recreational facilities for Negro
soldiers; few opportunities for Negro soldiers to transfer to combat units; soldier
requests transfer to Negro paratrooper unit; Negro soldiers forced to sit in Jim Crow
railroad cars; discharge and transfer requests; requests for furloughs; requests for
medical attention; soldier's mother does not receive dependent benefit check;
abusive and prejudicial language directed towards Negro soldiers by Caucasian
officer; discrimination against Negro reenlistees; few opportunities for Negro soldiers
to be stationed overseas; skilled Negro soldiers assigned to labor battalions; military
and civilian police brutality; protection of children of American soldiers and Japanese
women.
Locations: Camp Lejeune, North Carolina; Camp Gordon Johnston, Florida;
Nashville, Tennessee; El Paso, Texas; Elizabeth City, North Carolina; Los Angeles,
California; Camp Rucker, Alabama; Camp Plauche, New Orleans, Louisiana;
Randolph Field, Texas; Fort Bragg, North Carolina; Seattle, Washington; Charleston,
South Carolina; Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri; Demopolis, Alabama; Key Field,
Meridian, Mississippi; Fort McClellan, Alabama; New York, New York; Camp Polk,
Louisiana; Fort Benning, Georgia; Camp Grfu, Honshu, Japan.
Soldier Killing
0094
Anderson, Sylvester A. 1947. 8pp.
Location: MacDill Field, Tampa, Florida.
0102
Bailey, Lawrence. 1943. 8pp.
Location: Pine Bluff, Arkansas.
Group II, Box B-152
Soldier Killing cont.
0110
Carr, Raymond. 1942-1943. 63pp.
Legal Issue: Civilian police brutality.
Location: Alexandria, Louisiana.
0173
Davis, Willie. 1943-1945. 14pp.
Legal Issue: Civilian police brutality.
Location: Summit, Georgia.
0187
Evans, James C. 1948-1949. 12pp.
[This folder contains correspondence between Franklin H. Williams and James C.
Evans, adviser to the secretary of defense, pertaining to soldier killings.]
0199
Ferguson, Charles and Alfonso. February-March 1946. 165pp.
Attorney. Stanley Faulkner (Ferguson family's private lawyer; NAACP assisted in this
case and presented a brief amicus curiae).
Legal Issues: Civilian police brutality; discrimination and segregation practiced by
civilian establishments; procedural abuses at trial of Richard Ferguson, brother of
deceased.
Location: Freeport, Long Island, New York.
Other Organizations: Communist party of New York State; Socialist Workers party.
0364
0434
0481
0538
0560
0593
0639
0837
0849
0856
Ferguson, Charles and Alfonso. April-October 1946. 70pp.
Attorney. Stanley Faulkner (not of NAACP; NAACP assisted in this case and
presented a brief amicus curiae).
Legal Issues: Civilian police brutality; discrimination and segregation practiced by
civilian establishments; procedural abuses at trial of Richard Ferguson, brother of
deceased.
Location: Freeport, Long Island, New York.
Other Organizations: Communist party of New York State; Socialist Workers party.
Foster, Thomas B. 1942. 47pp.
Legal Issue: Military and civilian police brutality.
Location: Little Rock, Arkansas.
General. 1941-1949. 57pp.
Locations: Fort Benning, Georgia; Little Rock, Arkansas; Camp Polk, Louisiana;
Mount Vernon, Illinois; Camp McCain, Mississippi; Duck Hill, Mississippi; Centreville,
Mississippi; Camp Forrest, Tennessee; New Orleans, Louisiana; Anniston, Alabama;
Maxwell Field, Alabama; Orlando, Florida; San Antonio, Texas; Okeechobee, Florida;
Sheppard Field, Texas; Greenville, North Carolina; Temple, Texas; Johnsonville,
South Carolina; Camp Lucky Strike, St. Valery, France; Shreveport, Louisiana;
Savona, Italy; Durham, North Carolina.
Green, Edward. 1944. 22pp.
Legal Issue: Killed by bus driver.
Location: Alexandria, Louisiana.
McMurray, Raymond. 1944. 33pp.
Location: Pell City, Alabama.
Spicely, Boker T. 1944. 46pp.
Legal Issue: Killed by bus driver.
Location: Durham, North Carolina.
Thurman, Ned and ElvinL.Hargraves (Caucasian). 1941. 198pp.
Location: Fayetteville, North Carolina.
White, James. 1943-1944. 12pp.
Location: Foster Field, Victoria, Texas.
Williams, Raife. 1942. 7pp.
Location: Hampton, Arkansas.
Willis, Hollie (also Morris Nichols accused of rape). 1943-1944. 47pp.
Location: Camp Ellis, Lewistown, Illinois.
Reel 15
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-153
Soldier Marriage
0001
1944-1949. 172pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issue: Interracial marriage.
Locations: Reims, Morne, France; Summerville, South Carolina; Southmead, Bristol,
England; Redfield, Bristol, England; Cheswold, Delaware; Liege, Belgium; Manila,
Philippine Islands; Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia; Mexico, Missouri; Camp Lee,
Virginia; Rouen, Seine-lnferieure, France; Valence, Rhone Drome, France; Niirnberg,
Germany; Coco Solo, Panama Canal Zone; Fort Slocum, New York; Valpariso,
Florida; Eglin Field, Florida; Paris, France; Springfield, Massachusetts; Lockland Air
Force Base, San Antonio, Texas; Kyoto, Honshu, Japan.
Soldier Morale
0173
1941-1945. 239pp.
Major Topics: Entertainment of troops; discriminatory treatment of Negro soldiers by
military and civilians at southern military posts; segregated camps, mess halls, and
recreational facilities on military posts; discrimination in defense industry; integration
of Negroes into armed forces and defense industry especially in technical areas;
Senate Resolution 75; treatment of Negro soldiers by military police; racial clashes at
Fort Bragg, North Carolina and Gurdon, Arkansas; NAACP requests appointment of
independent civil-military commission to investigate activities of military police and all
cases of alleged mistreatment of Negro soldiers; employment of Negroes in armed
forces as chaplains and morale officers; establishment of canteens for servicemen in
towns near military post.
Principal Correspondents: Noble Sissle; Frederick H. Osborn; Senator Sheridan
Downey (California); William H. Hastie; Walter White; Carl Murphy; C. E. Stovall;
Eustace Gay; Cliff Mackay; P. D. Young; Edward L. Bernays; David P. Page; Prentiss
M. Brown; Henry L. Stimson; H. L. Justice; Simeon B. Osby, Jr.; Chan Gurney;
Eleanor Roosevelt; Francis Keppel; Roy Wilkins; Truman K. Gibson, Jr.; Thurgood
Marshall; Norman Thomas; James J. McClendon; Frank D. Reeves; Henry L.
Sherman; Fiorello H. La Guardia; Leslie A. Perry.
0412
Stimson, Secretary of War, Dealings with. 1941 -1942. 98pp.
Major Topics: Discriminatory treatment of Negro soldiers by military personnel and
civilians at southern military posts; Jim Crow policies of armed forces; education of
soldiers in order to remove or lessen racial prejudice based on lack of information;
southern Caucasian soldiers spread prejudice overseas through propaganda to
citizens of host countries.
Principal Correspondents: Henry L. Stimson; Walter White; Frank Knox; Franklin D.
Roosevelt; Eleanor Roosevelt; Charles H. Houston; Roy Wilkins; William H. Hastie;
David P. Page; Alexander D. Surles; Frederick H. Osborn.
Soldier Travel
0510
1941-1942. 129pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issue: Segregation practiced on military and public conveyances against Negro
soldiers and defense workers.
Locations: Fort Belvoir, Virginia; Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri; Montgomery, Alabama;
Bowling Green, Kentucky; Arkansas City, Kansas; Washington, D.C.;Macon, Georgia;
Mobile, Alabama; New York, New York; Norfolk, Virginia; Hartingen, Texas; Beaumont,
Texas; Henderson, Kentucky; Memphis, Tennessee; Little Rock, Arkansas.
0639
1943-1946. 278pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Segregation practiced on military and public conveyances against
Negro soldiers and defense workers; segregated accommodations for soldiers' wives
on and off base when visiting husbands; Irene Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia.
Locations: Beaumont, Texas; Savannah, Georgia; St. Louis, Missouri; Clover, Virginia;
Camp Pickett, Virginia; Anniston, Alabama; Camp Robinson, Arkansas; Birmingham,
Alabama; Camp Polk, Louisiana; Jackson, Mississippi; Memphis, Tennessee; Camp
Atterberry, Indiana; Starksville, Mississippi; Turner Field, Albany, Alabama; Camp Hood,
Texas; Steubenville, Ohio; Montgomery, Alabama; Ripley, Tennessee; Fredericksburg,
Virginia; Gulfport Field, Mississippi; Hendricks Field, Florida; Aiken, South Carolina;
Columbus, Georgia; Thermal, California; Tallahassee, Florida; Indianapolis, Indiana;
Alliance, Nebraska; Washington, D.C.; Springfield, Missouri; Page, Oklahoma; Perry,
Florida; Trilby, Florida; Wildwood, Florida; Suffolk, Virginia; Camp Lee, Virginia.
Reel 16
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-153 cont.
Soldier Trouble
0001
0130
0154
"A." 1943-1950. 129pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Attempted rape; burglary; robbery; rape; insubordination; AWOL;
incitement to riot; larceny; assault; homosexuality.
Locations: Alexandria, Louisiana; Camp Stoneman, Pittsburgh, California; Monroe,
Louisiana; New Orleans, Louisiana; Greensboro, North Carolina; Houston, Texas;
Camp Van Dorn, Mississippi; Cherbourg, France; Fort Knox, Kentucky; European
theater; Trenton, New Jersey; Honolulu, Hawaii.
Abney, William. 1947-1948. 24pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Pacific theater.
Abston, Dotria C. 1948-1950. 62pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Nurnberg, Germany.
Group II, Box B-154
Soldier Trouble cont.
0216
Adams, Richard, et al. Correspondence. May-September 1942. 189pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; forced confessions; procedural abuses at trial; jurisdiction of
federal court tested before Supreme Court; jurisdiction of court-martial; habeas
corpus.
Location: Camp Claiborne, Louisiana.
0405
Adams, Richard, et al. Correspondence. October-March 1943. 152pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; forced confessions; procedural abuses at trial; jurisdiction of
federal court tested before Supreme Court; jurisdiction of court-martial; habeas
corpus.
Location: Camp Claiborne, Louisiana.
0557
Adams, Richard, et al. Correspondence. April-May 1943. 95pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; forced confessions; procedural abuses at trial; jurisdiction of
federal court tested before Supreme Court; jurisdiction of court-martial; habeas
corpus.
Location: Camp Claiborne, Louisiana.
0652
Adams, Richard, et al. Correspondence. June-November 1943. 135pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; forced confessions; procedural abuses at trial; jurisdiction of
federal court tested before Supreme Court; jurisdiction of court-martial; habeas
corpus.
Location: Camp Claiborne, Louisiana.
0787
Adams, Richard, et al. Correspondence. 1944-1948. 94pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; forced confessions; procedural abuses at trial; jurisdiction of
federal court tested before Supreme Court; jurisdiction of court-martial; habeas
corpus.
0881
Location: Camp Claiborne, Louisiana.
Adams, Richard, et al. Legal Papers. 1942-1943. 214pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; forced confessions; procedural abuses at trial; jurisdiction of
federal court tested before Supreme Court; jurisdiction of court-martial; habeas
corpus.
Location: Camp Claiborne, Louisiana.
Reel 17
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-155
Soldier Trouble cont.
0001
Adams, Richard, et al. Transcript of Trial. 1942-1943. Part 1. 233pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; forced confessions; procedural abuses at trial; jurisdiction of
federal court tested before Supreme Court; jurisdiction of court-martial; habeas
corpus.
0234
0470
0730
0767
0813
0849
0871
0903
Location: Camp Claiborne, Louisiana.
Adams, Richard, et al. Transcript of Trial. 1942-1943. Part 2. 236pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; forced confessions; procedural abuses at trial; jurisdiction of
federal court tested before Supreme Court; jurisdiction of court-martial; habeas
corpus.
Location: Camp Claiborne, Louisiana.
Adams, Richard, et al. Transcript of Court-Martial. 1943. 260pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; forced confessions; procedural abuses at trial; jurisdiction of
federal court tested before Supreme Court; jurisdiction of court-martial; habeas
corpus.
Location: Camp Claiborne, Louisiana.
Alston, Thomas R. 1947-1950. 37pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Japan.
Andrews, Floyd. 1948. 46pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; forced confessions.
Location: Fort Bliss, Texas.
Archer, Herbert L. 1947-1949, 36pp.
Legal Issues: Assault; attempted rape.
Location: Albany, Georgia.
Arnold, John H. 1946-1949. 22pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: European theater.
Askemeese, Silas. 1944-1945. 32pp.
Legal Issues: Breaking and entering; burglary.
Location: Dunn, North Carolina.
Atkins, Joseph. 1945. 17pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Germany.
Group II, Box B-156
Soldier Trouble cont.
0920
Australia (rape case). 1944-1945. 59pp.
Legal Issue: Rape; forced confessions.
Location: Townsville, Australia.
0979
Baily, John H. and Banks, Samuel C. 1946-1950. 54pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; forced confessions.
Location: Okinawa Shima.
1033
Baker, Calvin J. 1947. 32pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; procedural abuses at trial.
Location: Allewind, Germany.
1065
Bartley, Herman. 1942-1943. 25pp.
Legal Issue: Assault.
Location: Camp Stewart, Georgia.
1095
1121
Battle, Robert. 1946. 26pp.
Legal Issue: AWOL.
Location: Camp Butner, North Carolina.
Bell, Rieves. 1943-1944. 34pp.
Legal Issues: Assault and battery with intent to murder; brutal treatment of Caucasian
civilians towards soldier; discrimination practiced by southern Caucasian civilians.
Location: Starksville, Mississippi.
Reel 18
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-156 cont.
Soldier Trouble cont.
0001
Brandon, Levi. 1943. 32pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; forced confessions.
Location: Kansas City, Kansas.
0033
Brandon, Mathew. 1943-1947. 48pp.
Legal Issue: Mutiny.
Location: Fort Monmouth, New Jersey.
Group II, Box B-157
Soldier Trouble cont.
0081
Brewster, Harris. 1943-1949. 44pp.
Legal Issues: Murder; double jeopardy; habeas corpus.
Location: Doake Crossroad, Tennessee.
0125
Brooks, Clark. 1945-1947. 39pp.
[This folder also contains documents pertaining to the court-martial case of Ollie
Brown.]
Legal Issue: Burglary.
Locations: Fort Worth, Texas; Okinawa.
0164
Brooks, Roland R. 1945-1946. 21pp.
Legal Issues: Insubordination; withdrawing in the face of the enemy.
Location: Italy.
0185
Brown, Lawrence A. 1945-1946. 30pp.
Legal Issue: Caucasian soldier murdered.
Location: Italy.
0215
Brown, Walter. 1946-1947. 31pp.
Legal Issue: Assault with intent to murder.
Location: Bossendorf, France.
0246
Burton, John D. 1946. 40pp.
Attorney. Case rejected.
Legal Issue: Assault.
Location: Florence, Italy.
0286
Butler, Anderson. 1945. 17pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Wilmington, Delaware.
0303
Camp Blanding. 1943-1944. 57pp.
Attorney. Case rejected.
Legal Issues: Mutiny; assault with intent to murder; insubordination.
Location: Camp Blanding, Florida.
0360
0502
Camp Claiborne. 1944-1946. 142pp.
Legal Issues: Mutiny; riot; insubordination; southern Caucasian civilians threaten
violence to Negro soldiers; rape; attempted rape; failure to attempt to stop a mutiny.
Location: Camp Claiborne, Louisiana.
Camp Hood. 1944-1945. 58pp.
Legal Issues: Mutiny; insubordination.
Location: Camp Hood, Texas.
Group II, Box B-158
Soldier Trouble cent.
0560
Camp Robinson. 1941. 7pp.
Legal Issues: AWOL; discrimination practiced by southern military officials and
civilians against Negro soldiers; military and civilian police brutality.
Location: Camp Robinson, Arkansas.
0567
Camp Rucker, Alabama. 1942-1943. 54pp.
Legal Issues: Riot; AWOL
0621
Camp Van Dorn. 1943. 77pp.
Legal Issues: Discriminatory and brutal treatment of Negro soldiers in the South;
murder of Negro soldier by civilian police chief; lack of Negro officers; harassment of
soldiers' wives and families.
Location: Camp Van Dorn, Mississippi.
0698
Casey, Lee A. 1945. 22pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Clarksdale, Mississippi.
0720
Chance, Samuel H. 1946-1947. 35pp.
Legal Issue: Desertion.
Location: MacDill Field, Florida.
0755
Cheives, Arthur S. 1946-1947. 14pp.
Legal Issue: Recovery of funds.
Location: Saint Ermie, France.
0769
Clay, Leroy A. 1945. 120pp.
Legal Issue: Refusal to obey orders.
Location: Mediterranean theater.
0889
Cockrell, Andrew C. 1949. 25pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Stuttgart, Germany.
0914
Cole, Booker T. 1944-1945. 32pp.
Legal Issue: Harassment of Negro soldier's Caucasian collecting agent.
Locations: Fort Myers, Florida; Moline, Illinois; Rock Island, Illinois.
0946
Coleman, William L. 1945-1946. 47pp.
Legal Issues: Murder; assault with intent to murder; willful disobedience; threatening
superior officer with dangerous weapon.
Location: European theater.
0993
Conrad, Frederick. 1946-1947. 79pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; tampering with transcript of court-martial.
Location: Gutersloh, Germany.
1072
Copeland, Dock. 1945. 14pp.
Attorney. Case rejected.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Africa.
1086
Crawford, James W. 1948. 31pp.
Attorney: Case rejected.
Legal Issue: Murder.
1117
1138
Location: Colombey-les-Belles, France.
Cummings, Samuel. 1945. 21pp.
Legal Issue: Assault with intent to murder.
Location: Fayetteville, North Carolina.
Curry, Donill. 1946-1948. 57pp.
Legal Issue: Assault with a dangerous weapon.
Locattorr. Washington, D.C.
Group II, Box B-159
Soldier Trouble cont.
1157
Davis, JamesL.1947-1949. 28pp.
Attorney: Case rejected.
Legal Issues: Murder; attempted larceny; forced confessions; procedural abuses at
trial.
Location: Philippine Islands.
Reel 19
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-159 cont.
Soldier Trouble cont.
0001
Davis, Joseph R. 1946-1948. 79pp.
Legal Issues: Involvement in a riot; assault with a dangerous weapon.
Location: Yokohama, Honshu, Japan.
0080
Davis, Melvin, Jr. 1946. 17pp.
Attorney. Case rejected.
Legal Issue: Desertion.
Location: Camp Bowie, Texas.
0097
Davis, Monroe. 1946. 18pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Manila, Philippine Islands.
0115
Denson, Alston T. 1946-1947. 16pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Palermo, Sicily, Italy.
0131
Diggs, Freddie. 1945. 12pp.
Attorney. Case rejected.
Legal Issue: Forgery.
Location: Steilacoom, Washington.
0143
Dobbs, Felix. 1944-1945. 17pp.
Legal Issues: Disrespect toward superior officer; bribery.
Location: South Pacific.
0160
Doss, George. 1946-1947. 52pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Erlangen, Germany.
0212
Edwards, Fred A. 1942-1943. 18pp.
Legal Issues: Breaking and entering; inciting a riot.
Location: Camp Shelby, Mississippi.
0230
Egerton, Carl A. 1944-1946. 24pp.
Legal Issues: Negro soldier sits in Caucasian section of movie theater; disorderly
conduct; Caucasian civilian police brutality.
Locattorr. Evansville, Indiana.
0254
0280
0305
0339
0378
0446
0568
Elliot, Stephen. 1945-1946. 26pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: European theater.
Essex, Arthur C. 1946. 25pp.
Legal Issues: Mutiny; procedural abuses at trial.
Location: European theater.
Everett, Lawrence J. 1945-1946. 34pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Saverne, France.
Flowers, Pontius Pilate. 1945. 39pp.
Legal Issue: Assault with intent to murder.
Location: Montgomery, Alabama.
Fort Benning. 1945-1948. 68pp.
Legal Issues: Discrimination and segregation practiced on military and public
conveyances, at post exchanges, and at post movie theaters; military and civilian
police brutality; War Department Order Number 97; assignment of Negro soldiers to
service companies; Jim Crow policies; Gillem Board study on use of Negro troops.
Location: Fort Benning, Georgia.
Fort Devans. 1945. 122pp.
Legal Issues: Negro members of Women's Army Corps restricted to menial labor;
Women's Army Corps strike; insubordination.
Location: Fort Devans, Massachusetts.
Fort Huachuca. 1942-1944. 171 pp.
Legal Issues: Riot; mutiny; forced confessions; procedural abuses at trial; AWOL;
rape.
Location: Fort Huachuca, Arizona.
Group II, Box B-160
Soldier Trouble cont.
0739
Fort Warren, Wyoming. 1946. 18pp.
Legal Issues: Military and civilian police brutality; forced confessions.
Location: Cheyenne, Wyoming.
0757
Freeman Field Air Force Base. 1945-1946. 157pp.
Legal Issues: Segregated housing, messing and recreational facilities; Negro officers
barred from Caucasian officers' club; Negro officers refuse to obey Jim Crow policies;
mutiny.
Location: Seymour, Indiana.
0914
Funderburk, Carl. 1944. 12pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Camp Troy, North Carolina.
0926
Galmon, Ben. 1945-1946. 43pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: European theater.
0969
Gardiner, Leon J. 1945. 20pp.
Legal Issue: Armed forces censorship regulations.
Location: Manila, Philippine Islands.
0989
Gibbs, Herman. 1946-1947. 20pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: France.
1009
Gibson, Andrew. 1944-1945. 13pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; soldier executed.
Location: New Guinea.
1022
Gibson, Clarence D. 1945. 19pp.
Legal Issues: Murder; forced confession.
Location: Lake Charles Army Air Field, Lake Charles, Louisiana.
1041
1061
1080
Goens, Maurice E. 1946-1947. 20pp.
Legal Issues: Larceny; misappropriation of three government vehicles.
Location: Naples, Italy.
Goodlet, Andrew. 1945. 19pp.
Legal Issue: Negro soldier shot by town marshal.
Location: Oakdale, Louisiana.
Gorman, William. 1946-1948. 92pp.
Legal Issues: Assault; inciting to riot; military police brutality; procedural abuses at
trial; assault with a dangerous weapon.
Location: Harfleur, France.
Reel 20
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-160 cont.
Soldier Trouble cont.
0001
Grayer, Henry. 1945-1946. 16pp.
Attorney. Case rejected.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Marseilles, France.
0017
Greenidge, Noel W. 1945-1946. 32pp.
Legal Issues: Failure to obey orders; procedural abuses at trial.
Location: Italy.
0049
Greenville Army Air Base. 1945-1946. 16pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Greenville, South Carolina.
0065
Gresham, William J. 1942-1944. 62pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; assault with intent to murder.
Location: Needles, California.
Group II, Box B-161
Soldier Trouble cont.
0127
Hansford, Norman. 1948. 27pp.
Legal Issues: AWOL; desertion.
Location: Fort Slocum, New York.
0154
Harding, Clarence W. 1943-1946. 43pp.
Legal Issues: Leaving post without being properly relieved; disloyalty.
Location: Fort McPherson, Georgia.
0197
Harris, Oliver W. 1946-1948. 38pp.
Legal Issue: Aggravated battery.
Location: Tallulah, Louisiana.
0235
Harris, Thomas E. 1950. 25pp.
Legal Issue: Insubordination.
Location: Springfield, Missouri.
0260
Harrison, Roe V. 1947. 16pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: France.
0276
Harvey, Henry B. 1945. 17pp.
Legal Issue: Mutiny.
Location: Pacific theater.
0293
Hassell, James O. 1946-1948. 23pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Philippine Islands.
0316
Hawkins, Albert. 1946. 15pp.
Legal Issue: Assault with intent to do bodily harm.
Location: European theater.
0331
Hayes. Alfred. 1945-1947. 28pp.
Legal Issue: Assault with intent to rape.
Location: Hawaii.
Group II, Box B-162
Soldier Trouble cont.
0359
Haynes, William J. 1946. 31pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Germany.
0390
Hedgemond, Jerry M. 1944-1945. 27pp.
Legal Issue: Insubordination.
Location: Fort Ord, California.
0417
Henderson, Samuel. 1947. 15pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Viernheim, Germany.
0432
Hill, Clarence. 1943-1947. 39pp.
Legal Issues: Murder; forced confessions.
Locations: Hamilton Township, New Jersey; Morrisville, Pennsylvania.
0471
Hill, Clarence. 1943-1944. 13pp.
Legal Issues: Violation of traffic law (speeding); perjury.
Location: Greensboro, North Carolina.
0484
Hill, Samuel. 1945-1946. 34pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: New Guinea.
0518
Hord, Eugene E. 1947-1948. 34pp.
Legal Issues: Assault with intent to kill; assault with intent to do bodily harm;
unlawfully discharging a dangerous weapon.
Location: Fukuoka, Japan.
0552
Home, Chester, Jr., et al. 1946. 55pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Asperg, Germany.
0607
Horton, Townsend. 1947. 26pp.
Legal Issue: Brutal treatment of Negro soldier by Caucasian army officer.
Location: Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.
0633
Howard, Harry. 1946. 29pp.
Legal Issues: Murder; assault with intent to do bodily harm.
Location: Regensburg, Germany.
0662
Hunter, James. 1947. 17pp.
Legal Issue: Jim Crow policies of trains operating in South.
Location: North Carolina.
0679
Hutchins, James E. 1946. 26pp.
Legal Issue: First degree burglary.
Location: Castle Rock, Washington.
Group II, Box B-163
Soldier Trouble cont.
0705
Jackson, David. 1946. 18pp.
Legal Issue: Desertion.
Location: Camp Miles Standish, Massachusetts.
0723
Jackson, Purdie S. 1945-1946. 17pp.
Legal Issue: Assault.
Location: Nashville, Tennessee.
0740
0768
0782
0795
0818
0929
0945
0990
1010
1038
1068
1083
Jackson, William H. 1946-1947. 28pp.
Legal Issues: Robbery; forced confessions.
Location: Macon, Georgia.
Jay, Robert H. 1946. 14pp.
Legal Issue: Insubordination.
Location: France.
Jeffers, Lance. 1945. 13pp.
Legal Issue: Unknown.
Location. England.
Johnson, Benjamin J. 1947-1948. 23pp.
Legal Issue: Unbecoming conduct.
Location: Manila, Philippine Islands.
Johnson, Mitchell. 1943-1945. 111pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Dumbea, New Caldonia.
Johnson, Vernon. 1945-1946. 16pp.
Legal Issues: Unbecoming conduct; misappropriation of government property; forced
perjury.
Location: Naples, Italy.
Jones, Jewel. 1946. 45pp.
Legal Issue: Civilian police brutality.
Location: Claxton, Georgia.
Jones, Phate. 1949-1950. 20pp.
Legal Issues: Perjury; misuse of commissary book.
Location: Coco Solo, Panama Canal Zone.
Keith, Waddell. 1944-1945. 28pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: La Junta, Colorado.
King, John. 1946. 30pp.
Legal Issue: Reckless driving.
Location: Birmingham, Alabama.
Kinney, Samuel L. 1946. 15pp.
Attorney. Case rejected.
Legal Issues: Rape; assault.
Location: European theater.
Knox, Gerald. 1946-1947. 19pp.
Legal Issue: Desertion.
Locations: Camp Upton, New York; Fort Dix, New Jersey.
Reel 21
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-163 cont.
Soldier Trouble cont.
0001
Lacewell, James D. 1947-1948. 23pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Okinawa.
0024
Laird, Willie L. 1945. 13pp.
Legal Issues: Civilian police brutality; reckless driving.
Location: Sardis, Mississippi.
0037
Lane, Edward A. 1945-1949. 15pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: India.
0052
0069
0113
0133
Land, Willie. 1945-1946. 17pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: European theater.
Leftridge, Allen. 1945-1948. 44pp.
Legal Issues: Negro soldier shot by military police; Jim Crow policies of armed forces
overseas; wife of dead soldier denied gratuity pay and pension.
Location: Camp Lucky Strike, St. Valery, France.
Lewis, Eugene R. 1945-1946. 20pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Locatton: Germany.
Lewis, Levi. 1946-1947. 11pp.
Legal Issue: Unknown.
Location: New York, New York.
Group II, Box B-164
Soldier Trouble cont.
0144
Lewis, Prentice A. 1947-1949. 32pp.
Legal Issues: Sodomy; assault with intent to sodomize.
Location: Eglin Field, Florida.
0176
Lindsay, Mary. 1944-1946. 53pp.
Correpondence between Thurgood Marshall and his assistant in California, Mary
Lindsay, pertaining to the production of the NAACP's pamphlet about the Yerba
Buena mutiny trial.
0229
Lofton, Fred T. 1945-1948. 15pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: England.
0244
Long, Meron. 1946, 1951. 10pp.
Legal Issues: Civilian police brutality; aggravated assault.
Location: El Campo, Texas.
0254
Long, Robert W. 1945-1946. 24pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Germany.
0278
Lyon, Kenneth D. 1944-1945. 31 pp.
Legal Issues: Insubordination; Jim Crow policies practiced at camp; no recreational
facilities for Negro troops.
Location: Camp Swift, Texas.
0309
McClow, William H. 1948. 13pp.
Legal Issues: Solicitation.
Location: Guam.
0322
McGlothon, Mare. 1945-1948. 19pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; assault with intent to murder.
Location: Rouen, France.
0341
McKnight, Henry. 1945-1946. 27pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Germany.
0368
McNeal, Alt. 1948-1949. 14pp.
Legal Issue: Voluntary manslaughter.
Location: Regensburg, Germany.
Group II, Box B-165
Soldier Trouble cont.
0382
Manning, Walter. 1948. 48pp.
Legal Issues: Robbery; forced confession.
Location: Marina De Pisa, Italy.
0430
0460
0471
0484
0497
0519
0534
0568
0709
0724
0746
0793
0859
0870
0888
0918
0980
Manns, Arthur. 1945-1946. 30pp.
Legal Issue: Larceny.
Location: San Antonio, Texas.
Martin, I. M. 1950. 11pp.
Legal Issue: Transfer request.
Location: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Mason, Florence J. 1945. 13pp.
Legal Issue: Assault.
Location: Fort Lewis, Washington.
Massey, William. 1948-1949. 13pp.
Legal Issues: Attempted murder; forced confession.
Location: Italy.
Mathies, Joe. 1945-1946. 22pp.
Legal Issue: Assault with intent to rape.
Location: San Bernadino, California.
Mercy, C. D. 1946. 15pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: European theater.
Mickles, Garland. 1946-1947. 34pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; forced confession; military police brutality.
Location: Guam, Marianas islands.
Middlebrooks, Sylvester. 1946-1951. 141 pp.
Legal Issues: Extradition; AWOL; denial of due process; civilian police brutality;
habeas corpus; William O. Douglas, associate justice of the Supreme Court, refusal
to issue stay of execution; writ of certiorari denied by Supreme Court.
Locations: Macon, Georgia; Stormville, New York; Lompoc, California.
Miller, Ralph. 1945. 15pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Cosenza, Italy.
Mitchell, Albert. 1945-1946. 22pp.
Legal Issue: Striking a superior officer.
Location: Camp McQuade, California.
Moore, George. 1943. 47pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Fry, Arizona.
Moore, McKinley. 1946-1949. 66pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Volkstedt, Germany.
Morgan, Otha. 1944. 11 pp.
Legal Issue: Negro officer charged with entering a berth of a Caucasian woman while
en route to New York on a train.
Location: Collywoods, Ohio.
Newsom, Jesse. 1945. 18pp.
Legal Issue: Mutiny.
Location: France.
Norman, James. 1946-1947. 30pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Philippine Islands.
Oglesby, Joseph and Adderly, Cyril. 1944-1945. 62pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; Supreme Court refuses to alter death sentence.
Location: Pecos, Texas.
Orange, Willie H. 1944-1945. 79pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Fort Huachuca, Arizona.
Group II, Box B-166
Soldier Trouble cont.
1059
Parham, James A. 1946. 30pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Locations: Ziegenhain, Germany; Bad Wildungen, Germany.
1089
Pate, Nathaniel. 1945-1948. 44pp.
Legal Issues: Mutiny; involvement in a riot.
Location: Pilot Knob, California.
1133
Patterson, Allen. 1946-1947. 29pp.
Attorney. Case rejected.
Legal Issue: Assault with intent to rape.
Location: Fort Benning, Georgia.
1162
Patterson, Theodore. 1944-1945. 27pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Noumea, New Caledonia.
Reel 22
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-166 cont.
Soldier Trouble cont.
0001
Pete, Louis. 1944-1946. 71pp.
Legal Issues: Insubordination; Negro soldier denied assignment to special unit
because of color.
Location: Camp Polk. Louisiana.
0072
Powell, Clyde. 1944-1945. 12pp.
Legal Issue: Insubordination.
Location: Camp Bowie, Texas.
0084
Powell, Edward. 1945-1948. 25pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Cherbourg, France.
0109
Pyles, Willard. 1946. 31 pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Stockholm, Germany.
0140
Ramsey, Dallas. 1945-1947. 22pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Santa Monica, California.
Group II, Box B-167
Soldier Trouble cont.
0162
Reed, Edmund. 1942-1943. 51pp.
Legal Issues: Murder; assault with intent to murder; military and civilian police
brutality; discriminatory treatment encountered by Negro soldiers stationed in
southern towns.
Location: Macon, Georgia.
0213
Reid, Chester J. 1945-1949. 11pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Eggenfelden, Germany.
0224
Rhodes, William L. 1947-1949. 15pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Unknown.
0239
0265
0286
0299
0310
0319
0335
0366
0377
0392
0407
0438
0475
0485
Roberson, Bennie J. 1946-1948. 26pp.
Legal Issue: Insanity plea.
Location: Terre Haute, Indiana.
Robertson, C. D. 1946-1949. 21pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Fort Lewis, Washington.
Robinson, Albert. 1945. 13pp.
Legal Issue: Insubordination.
Location: Fort McClellan, Alabama.
Robinson, Charles H. 1945. 11pp.
Legal Issue: Assault.
Location: Unknown.
Robinson, Jackie. 1944. 9pp.
Legal Issues: Insubordination; segregation enforced on military post bus.
Location: Camp Hood, Texas!
Robinson, Richard. 1948. 16pp.
Legal Issues: Discriminatory and brutal treatment of Negro soldiers at military
installation; use of insulting language toward a noncommissioned officer.
Location: Hickam Field, Hawaii.
Rollins, Perry J. 1946. 31 pp.
Legal Issue: Larceny.
Location: San Antonio, Texas.
Rowley, Edward. 1946. 11pp.
Attorney. Case rejected.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Okinawa.
Rubit, Lemar J. 1946. 15pp.
Legal Issues: Murder; forced confession.
Location: Fort Sill, Oklahoma.
Ryals, Benjamin. 1946. 15pp.
Legal Issue: Military police brutality.
Location: Savannah, Georgia.
Sayles, Preston E. 1945-1946. 31 pp.
Legal Issues: Insubordination; conscientious objector.
Location: Columbia, South Carolina.
Scarborough, Henry. 1943-1947. 37pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; robbery; forced confession.
Location: Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan.
Seamon, Fled. 1945-1946. 10pp.
Legal Issue: Assault.
Locator: Italy.
Shakespeare, Earnest. 1945-1946. 11 pp.
Attorney. Case rejected.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Germany.
Group II, Box B-16S
Soldier Trouble cont.
0496
Sharp, Charles H. 1945-1946. 25pp.
Attorney. Case rejected.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Waldgrehweiler, Germany.
0521
Simms, Calvin. 1944-1946. 47pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; procedural abuses at trial.
Location: Spokane, Washington.
0568
0585
0604
0621
0632
0669
0784
0793
0825
0847
0880
0901
0935
0965
0997
1064
Sims, Berry W. 1946. 17pp.
Legal Issue: Assault with intent to rape.
Location: France.
Smith, Harrison W. 1945. 19pp.
Legal Issue: Mutiny.
Location: Manheim, Germany.
Smith, James R. 1946. 17pp.
Legal Issue: Desertion.
Location: MacDill Field, Florida.
Smith, Sidney T. 1945. 12pp.
Legal Issue: Insubordination.
Location: Italy.
Smith, William. 1944. 37pp.
Legal Issues: Assault with intent to murder; battery.
Location: Perry, Georgia.
Spear, Ben. 1943-1944. 115pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Fort McClellan, Alabama.
Speed, Leroy. 1946. 9pp.
Attorney. Case rejected.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Tunisia.
Spencer, Haber (Benjamin). 1947-1949. 32pp.
Attorney. Case rejected.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Manila, Luzon, Philippine Islands.
Stancil, Joe H. 1946. 22pp.
Legal Issue: Larceny,
Location: Camp Upton, New York.
Steen, Leroy. 1945-1948. 33pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Baccarat, France.
Stevenson, Samuel. 1948. 21pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Mannheim, Germany.
Stevenson, William A. (also Manuel, Homer E.). 1945-1946. 34pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; sodomy.
Location: Germany.
Stewart, Earnest. 1945-1947. 30pp.
Legal Issue: Assault with intent to murder.
Location: Unknown.
Stewart, Warren A. 1945-1947. 32pp.
Legal Issue: Involvement in a riot.
Location: Philippine Islands.
Stout, Charles. 1943. 67pp.
Legal Issue: Attempted rape.
Location: Columbus, Georgia.
Stovall, Frank. 1943-1944. 85pp.
Legal Issues: Joining in a mutiny; failure to suppress a mutiny.
Location: MacDill Field, Tampa, Florida.
Reel 23
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box-168 cont.
Soldier Trouble cont.
0001
Suggs, Joe N. 1945. 25pp.
Legal Issue: Civilian police brutality.
Location: Micanopy, Florida.
0026
Sullivan, Jake. 1945-1946. 82pp.
Legal Issues: Civilian police brutality; resisting a police officer; assault and battery
with a dangerous weapon with intent to kill; denial of due process; habeas corpus.
Location: Walterboro, South Carolina.
0108
Sydnor, John W. 1946. 15pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Germany.
Group II, Box B-169
Soldier Trouble cont.
0123
Taylor, Zack C. 1946. 18pp.
Legal Issue: Assault with intent to rape.
Location: France.
0141
Thompson, Robert. 1945-1946. 13pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Unknown.
0154
Thorpe, John H. 1945-1946. 32pp.
Legal Issue: Assault with intent to murder.
Location: Columbia, South Carolina.
0186
Thorton, J. W. 1941. 5pp.
Legal Issue: Insubordination.
Locatbn: France.
0191
Thurston, Marvin. 1945-1947. 38pp.
Attorney. Case rejected.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Germany.
0229
Turner, Benjamin. 1946. 25pp.
Attorney. Case rejected.
Legal Issue: Unknown.
Location: Unknown.
0254
Valentine, Wellington C. 1949. 13pp.
Legal Issues: Military police brutality; unlawful arrest.
Location: Fort Worth, Texas.
0267
Various Names. 1945-1946. 21 pp.
Legal Issues: Murder; participation in a riot; rape; mutiny; AWOL; assault with intent
to murder; assault with intent to rape; assault and battery.
Locations: Minter Field, Bakersfield, California; Camp Hood, Texas; Bracken,
Brackenshire, Wales; Amarillo, Texas; Martock, Samerset, England; China-BurmaIndia theater; Maxwell Field, Alabama; Manheim, Germany; Saipan, Mariana Islands.
Group II, Box-170
Soldier Trouble cont.
0288
Wallace, Earnest. 1942-1943. 56pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Camp Forrest, Tennessee.
0344
0361
Wallace, Samuel B. 1945. 17pp.
Legal Issue: Insubordination.
Location: Camp Polk, Louisiana.
Washington Bureau Cases. 1943-1945. 328pp.
Legal Issues: Segregation and discrimination on military installations; soldier killing;
segregation on public conveyances; soldier in custody of civilian authorities; AWOL;
military and civilian police brutality; discrimination at post exchange; inciting a riot;
inadequate medical care; discriminatory and brutal treatment of Negro soldiers by
civilians a n d military personnel i n southern towns; Negro soldiers given f e w
0689
0704
0715
0727
0745
0776
0793
segregated and inadequate recreational facilities; civilian Caucasian women not
allowed to associate with Negro troops; assault with intent to murder; mutiny;
discrimination against Negro soldiers by discharge boards; interracial marriage.
Locations: Fort Riley, Kansas; Fort Huachuca, Arizona; Camp Kearns, Utah; Camp
Shenango, Pennsylvania; Camp Breckenridge, Kentucky; Camp McCain, Mississippi;
Fort Clark, Texas; Alexandria, Louisiana; Camp Van Dorn, Mississippi; Denver,
Colorado; Dayton, Ohio; Camp Sutton, North Carolina; New Orleans, Louisiana;
Camp Miles Standish, Massachusetts; Orlando, Florida; MacDill Field, Tampa,
Florida; Boston, Massachusetts; Starksville, Mississippi; Albuquerque, New Mexico;
Eugene, Oregon; Atlanta, Georgia; Seattle, Washington; Boca Raton Field, Florida;
Oscoda Army Air Field, Michigan; Camp Pickett, Virginia; De Ridder, Louisiana; Des
Moines, Iowa; Selfridge Field, Michigan; Camp Wheeler, Georgia; Camp Gordon
Johnson, Florida; Charleston, South Carolina; Peace River Camp, Fort Saint John,
British Columbia; Elgin Field, Florida; Camp Claibome, Louisiana; Camp Patrick
Henry, Newport News, Virginia; Camp Cumberland, Virginia; Langley Field, Virginia;
Daniel Field, Augusta, Georgia; Nashville, Tennessee; Fort Lawton, Washington;
Gulfport Field, Mississippi; Lake Charles, Lousiana; Hastings, Nebraska;
Montgomery, Alabama; Tuskegee, Alabama; Fort Francis E. Warren, Wyoming;
Fresno, California; Camp Ellis, Illinois; Fort Benning, Georgia; Shoemaker, California;
Camp Barkeley, Texas; Camp Huckstep, Cairo, Egypt; Robins Field, Georgia; Perry,
Georgia; Camp Hood, Texas; Fort Sill, Oklahoma; Evansville, Indiana; Baton Rouge,
Louisiana; Camp Lee, Virginia; Key Field, Mississippi; Rome, Italy.
Webb, James. 1945-1946. 15pp.
Legal Issue: Mutiny.
Location: European theater.
Westcott, William A. 1945-1946. 11 pp.
Legal Issue: AWOL.
Location: European theater.
Wilhoite, Alfred. 1946-1947. 12pp.
Legal Issue: Unknown.
Location: Seattle, Washington.
Williams, Alfonso. 1946. 18pp.
Legal Issues: Robbery; release from parole.
Location: New York, New York.
Williams, Arthur D. 1943-1945. 31pp.
Legal Issues: Discriminatory treatment of Negro chaplain by southern Caucasian
officers; inadequate medical care.
Locations: South Pacific; Fort Huachuca, Arizona.
Williams, Frank. 1948-1949. 17pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Unknown.
Williams, Linwood. 1946-1948. 21pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; housebreaking.
Location: Heidelberg, Germany.
0814
0844
0855
0893
0920
0928
0963
1012
1033
1055
1066
Willis, James F. 1945-1946. 30pp.
Legal Issue: Manslaughter.
Location: Wrangell, Alaska.
Willis, Ortean. 1943-1946. 11pp.
Legal Issue: Unknown.
Location: Fort Devens, Massachusetts.
Wilson, Willie. 1945-1948. 38pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Noumea, New Caledonia.
Winstead, Gurney. 1946-1949. 27pp.
Legal Issue: Mutiny.
Location: Mannheim, Germany.
Woods, John E. 1949. 8pp.
Legal Issue: Insubordination.
Location: Camp Kilmer, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Woods, Lemas. 1946. 35pp.
Legal Issues: Murder; forced confession; procedural abuses at trial.
Location: Manila, Philippine Islands.
Wright, Luster. 1945-1948. 49pp.
Legal Issue: Rape.
Location: Germany.
Yancy, Harry P. 1946-1947. 21pp.
Legal Issues: Assault; AWOL; escape from confinement; military police brutality.
Location: Nichols Field, Luzon, Philippines.
Young, James. 1946-1947. 22pp.
Legal Issues: Rape; procedural abuses at trial.
Location: Manila, Philippine Islands.
Young, Ralph. 1945. 11 pp.
Legal Issues: Burglary; mutiny; murder.
Location: Bayreuth, Germany.
Youngblood, George W. 1949. 34pp.
Legal Issue: Assault.
Location: Fort Benning, Georgia.
Reel 24
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-191
United Service Organizations
0001
1941. 39pp.
Major Topics: Building of recreational facilities for soldiers in training camps,
especially in small towns where entertainment is limited; NAACP support of USO.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Richard W. Lawrence; Walter Moving;
Thomas E. Dewey; Edward D. Tuthill.
0040
1942. 61pp.
Major Topics: Inadequate and segregated recreactional facilities for Negro soldiers;
providing recreactional facilities for servicemen; Fair Employment Practices
Committee; publications of NAACP; Jim Crow policies of USO.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Agnes C. Grant; Fritz Pollard, Sr.; Herman
Laws; Wendell Stafford; Ada P. McCormick; E. Frederick Morrow; Helen B. Stafford;
Harry A. Wann; Maurice T. Moore; Walter Hoving; Hubert T. Delaney; Roy Wilkins;
Winthrop W. AIdrich.
Group II, Box B-192
U.S. Air Force
0101
Desegregation Plan. 1949. 104pp.
Major Topics: Integration of U.S. Air Force; screening board to test Negro
of Negro officers incommensurate t o Caucasian officers; segregation o f a n d
the Armed Forces (Fahy committee); Jim Crow policy of air force in assigning
Caucasians only to security service; National Negro Military Services Committee's
plan for integration of air force; Giilem Board; 332nd Negro fighter group at
Lockbourne Air Force Base, Columbus, Ohio; integration of Negro air force base,
Lockbourne, Columbus, Ohio; segregated pool at Biggs Air Force Base, Biggs Field,
Texas; segregated and inadequate housing facilities at MacDill Air Force Base,
Tampa, Florida; discrimination and segregation at Lackland Air Force Base, San
Antonio, Texas.
Principal Correspondents: Hoyt S. Vandenbert; Walter White; Robert L. Carter; Roy
Wilkins; Thurgood Marshall; James C. Evans; Claude A. Conner, Jr.; Franklin H.
Williams; James E. Briggs; Jack Greenberg; William J. Pope, Jr.; Kenneth C. Royall.
U.S. Armed Forces
0205
General. 1941-1948. 30pp.
Major Topics: Discrimination and segregation; letters, memorandums and telegrams
dealing with discrimination in armed forces.
0235
Southern Municipal Honor Rolls. 1945. 42pp.
Major Topic. Exclusion of Negro names from honor rolls of servicemen in southern
cities.
0277
War Department Building Segregation. 1941-1943. 53pp.
Legal Issues: Jurisdiction over federal building in Virginia; question of whether or not
Jim Crow transportation law of Virginia applies to Negro federal workers traveling
from District of Columbia to Virginia; discrimination and segregation enforced at War
Department employee cafeteria located in Virginia; guard stationed at War
Department cafeteria strikes Negro worker desiring admission.
Location: Arlington County, Virginia.
U.S. Army
0330
General. 1940-1947. 165pp.
Major Topics: Segregation o f a n d discrimination against Negro servicemen;
between Negro soldiers and Caucasian civilians in the South; military and civilian
police brutality; segregated pool at Randolph Park, Tucson, Arizona; War
Department's memorandums, letters, and orders pertaining to utilization of Negro
manpower; segregated and inadequate recreational facilities for Negro servicemen;
assignment of Negroes to service companies; assignments to occupation force in
Germany exclude Negro servicemen; review of military court system and courtmartial cases; restoration of general prisoners.
Principal Correspondents: William H. Hastie; Charlotte Crump; Truman K. Gibson, Jr.;
Roy Wilkins; Walter White; Albert Deutsch; Edward R. Dudley; Frank D. Reeves;
Thurgood Marshall; James E. Evans; Franklin H. Williams; Marian Wynn Perry; Jesse
O. Dedmon, Jr.; Tom C. Clark; Robert L. Carter.
0495
General. 1948-1949. 146pp.
Major Topics: Segregation and discrimination in the armed forces; movement to
abolish segregation in the armed forces; President's Committee on Civil Rights;
Negro officers excluded from Officers' club at Camp Campbell near Nashville,
Tennessee; Brigadier General Edward C. Rose appointed chief of staff, State
Department of Defense; Committee against Jim Crow in Military Service and Training
seeks to extend policy set by President Harry S Truman's Executive Order 9981;
discontinuance of NAACP's Office of Veterans' Affairs; U.S. Air Force integration
plan; discrimination at hotel in Noboribetsu, Hokkaido, Japan; Jim Crow policies of
USO; General Omar Bradley's nomination to chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff;
Caucasian officer's fitness f o r duty questioned b y superiors a s a result o f h i s
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Walter White; Franklin H. Williams; Clifford R.
Moore; Thurgood Marshall; Marion Wynn Perry; James C. Evans; Constance Baker
Motley; Annette H. Peyser; Robert L. Carter; Jack Greenberg.
Group II, Box B-193
U.S. Army cont.
0641
Lewis, Fulton. Broadcast re: Mixed Officers' School. October 1941. 116pp.
Major Topic: Fulton Lewis' radio broadcast that certain Negro leaders approve and
request separate training schools for Negro officers repudiated by NAACP and
others.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; William H. Hastie; Ira Lewis; Carl Murphy; A.
C. MacNeal; Roscoe Dunjee; C. A. Franklin; Chester E. Stovall; Elmer A. Carter;
Charlotte Bass; C. A. Scott; Washington Rhodes; J. E. Mitchell; Louis Martin; Fred R.
Moore; Mordecai W. Johnson; Rufus E. Clement; John W. Davis; J. B. Ellison; Dwight
O. Holmes; O. Clay Maxwell; John A. Gregg; George E. Haynes; C. C. Spaulding; A.
Philip Randolph; Dorothy Boulding; Rayford Logan; Frank Crosswaith; J. E. Scott; E.
K. Jones; Euclid L. Taylor; J. E. Smith; Mabel K. Staupers; Charles H. Houston;
Raymond Pace; T. G. Nutter; Hubert T. Delany; Homer S. Brown; Robert Ming, Jr.;
Louis L. Redding; Leon A. Ransom; Jane Bolin; Charles E. Toney; James S. Watson;
Elsie Austin; Roy Wilkins; Henry L. Stimson.
0757
Lewis, Fulton. Broadcast re: Mixed Officers'School. November 1941. 28pp.
Major Topic. Fulton Lewis' radio broadcast that certain Negro leaders approve and
request separate training schools for Negro officers repudiated by NAACP and
others.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Chester E. Stovall; R. R. Wright, Jr.; D. V.
Jemison; S. W. Layten.
0785
Milwaukee Springs, Florida Soldier Recreation Area. 1942. 26pp.
Major Topic. Establishment of a federally funded recreational and health facility for
Negro soldiers and civilians in Florida.
Principal Correspondents: Samuel Wyche Getzen; Walter White; Mary McCloud
Bethune; Paul N. McNutt; William H. Hastie; Mark McClosky.
0811
94th Engineers (in Arkansas). Affidavits. 1941. 68pp.
Legal Issues: Members o f Arkansas state police u s e abusive language a n d
police officer gives order to members of armed forces; military and civilian police
brutality; fights between Negro soldiers and Caucasian civilians; federal authorities
deny they have jurisdiction over case.
Locations: Gurdon, Arkansas; Camp Robinson, Arkansas.
0879
1045
94th Engineers (in Arkansas). Correspondence. 1941-1942. 166pp.
Legal Issues: Members of Arkansas state police use abusive language and
discriminatory treatment toward white officer and Negro company he commanded;
state police officer gives order to members of armed forces; military and civilian police
brutality; fights between Negro soldiers and Caucasian civilians; NAACP urges
appointment of civilian-military board to investigate military police; assignment of
skilled Negro soldiers to service companies; federal authorities deny they have
jurisdiction over case.
Locations: Gurdon, Arkansas; Camp Robinson, Arkansas.
94th Engineers (in Arkansas). Press Releases, Clippings. 1941. 33pp.
Legal Issues: Members o f Arkansas state police u s e abusive language a n d
1078
1122
police officer gives order to members of armed forces; military and civilian police
brutality; fights between Negro soldiers and Caucasian civilians; NAACP calls on
army to abolish all segregation; court-martial system; federal authorities deny they
have jurisdiction over case.
Locations: Gurdon, Arkansas; Camp Robinson, Arkansas.
Officers' Candidate Training. 1942-1943. 44pp.
Major Topics: Qualifications for admission to Officer Candidate School; discrimination
against Negro soldiers seeking promotions; educated and qualified Negro civilians
denied commissions into Officers' Corps.
Principal Correspondents: William H. Hastie; Frank D. Reeves; Walter White; Charles
H. Houston; Roy Wilkins; Charles H. Matthews; Milton Konvitz; Leslie A. Perry;
Truman K. Gibson; Thurgood Marshall.
Regulations and Disposals (of Courts-Martial). 1945-1949. 95pp.
Major Topics: War Department Discharge Review Board; procedure to have record of
court-martial removed from individual's service record; death sentences given by
courts-martial overseas; W a r Department Clemency Board; NAACP urges
National Guard units.
Principal Correspondents: Truman K. Gibson; Edward R. Dudley; Robert L Carter;
Thurgood Marshall; Roy Wilkins; Walter White; William H. Hastie; Robert P.
Patterson; Henry L. Stimson; Shermon Minton; Franklin H. Williams; Arthur P.
McNulty; Jesse O. Dedmon, Jr.; Kenneth C. Royall; Morris A. Soper; James M. Mead;
Marcus H. Ray; James C. Evans.
Reel 25
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-193 cont.
U.S. Army cont.
0001
Segregation Policy. 1940. 68pp.
Major Topics: Segregation of and discrimination against Negroes in the armed forces;
NAACP resolution to aid volunteers for the armed forces who are discriminated
against because of race or color; Burke-Wadsworth Conscription Bill; legal basis for
enlistment of Negroes to any branch or service of the armed forces; army's policy of
segregation during World War I; segregated Citizens' Military Training Camps;
segregation and discrimination on public conveyances; segregated movie theater on
army post; assignment of Negro troops to service companies; civilian police brutality;
conflicts between Negro soldiers and Caucasian civilians in the South.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Thurgood Marshall; Frank D. Reeves; L. A.
Ransom; Robert Ming, Jr.; William H. Hastie; L. L. Redding; Theodore Spaulding.
0069
77th Coast Artillery Regiment. 1941 -1942. 57pp.
Legal Issues: Discriminatory treatment of Negro soldiers by Caucasian officers from
South; Caucasian commanding officer issues order forbidding soldiers to commit
voluntary interracial sexual relations; inadequate a n d segregated recreational
Locations: Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania; Wilmington, Delaware.
Group II, Box B-194
U.S. Army cont.
0126
Staten Island Situation. 1945. 42pp.
Legal Issues: Assault with a dangerous weapon; rape; grand jury charges army with
responsibility for crime wave because of lack of supervision and recreational facilities
for soldiers; Negro troops moved from Staten Island cantonment; Caucasian officer
orders Negro noncommissioned officer to shoot Negro private.
Location: Fox Hills, Staten Island, New York.
0168
372nd Infantry Regiment. 1942. 38pp.
Legal Issues: Inadequate living conditions; inciting a riot; military police brutality;
conflicts between Negro soldiers and southern Caucasian officers; abusive language
and discriminatory treatment inflicted upon Negro soldiers; Governor Herbert H.
Lehman (New York) denies NAACP charge that he objected to placement of Negro
troops within state; Negro soldier asked t o leave barber shop; Caucasian
0206
0261
Location: New York, New York.
War Department Memorandum #97 Banning Army Post Jim Crow. 1944-1945. 55pp.
Major Topics: War Department general order forbidding practice of segregation and
discrimination in army post exchanges, theaters, and transportation facilities; refusals
from commanding officers to obey or implement order.
Principal Correspondents: Leslie A. Perry; Consuelo D. Young; Vito Marcantonio;
Max Yergan; Robert P. Patterson; Walter White; Grant Reynolds; Edward R. Dudley;
Thurgood Marshall; Truman K. Gibson, Jr.
Women's Army Auxiliary Corps. General. 1943-1949. 179pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Discrimination and segregation inflicted on Negro WAACs while riding
public conveyances; civilian police brutality; Negro WAAC officers barred from
officers' club; segregated swimming pool at army post; Negro WAAC recruiting staff
face disbandment because of cutbacks; conduct unbecoming an officer; military pay
being withheld; striking a superior officer; insubordination; disorderly conduct; Negro
WAAC officer released from duty t o avoid assigning h e r t o Caucasian unit;
segregation and separate units for Negro WAACs upheld by Senate Armed Services
subcommittee; inadequate medical treatment; Negro WAAC officer treated with
0440
post hospital overseas.
Locations: Camp Sibert, Alabama; Fort Devans, Massachusetts; Fort Des Moines,
Iowa; Chicago, Illinois; Fort George G. Meade, Maryland; Mullins, South Carolina;
Fort Jackson, South Carolina; Hamlet, North Carolina; Camp McCoy, Wisconsin;
Springfield, Missouri; New York, New York; Fort Knox, Kentucky; San Francisco,
California; Fort Ord, California; Fort Dix, New Jersey; Yokohama, Honshu, Japan.
Women's Army Auxiliary Corps. White, Naomi. 1947-1948. 19pp.
Legal Issue: Honorably discharged WAAC not recommended for further military
service.
Location: Camp Beale, California.
U.S. Army Air Corps
0459
Discrimination. 1940-1945. 10pp.
Major Topics: Separate units for training and service of Negroes; legal basis for
enlistment of Negroes to any branch or service of armed forces; segregation and
discrimination enforced on military bus at Napier Field, Dothan, Alabama.
Principal Correspondent Edward R. Dudley.
0469
Segregation Policy. 1940. 16pp.
Major Topic. Refusal of air corps to accept application of Negro.
Principal Correspondents: Thurgood Marshall; Leon A. Ransom; Louis L. Redding;
Theodore Spaulding; William H. Hastie; Walter White.
0485
Tuskegee Air Base. 1940-1945. 119pp.
Major Topics: NAACP opposition to establishment of separate all-Negro air base at
Tuskegee, Alabama; student refused admission to air corps because of race and
color; separate army air corps training program for Negroes; conflict between NAACP
and president of Tuskegee Institute about merits of segregated air base; Negro
medical officers denied privilege of taking official flight surgeons' course at Randolph
Field, Texas; Negro fliers trained at Tuskegee Air Base not assigned to combat units
after completion of program; termination of government contract for training fliers at
Tuskegee; segregation of all Negro postwar flying activities at Tuskegee; inadequate
housing facilities.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Catherine T. Freeland; Frederick D.
Patterson; William H. Hastie; Carl R. Hurd; Franklin D. Roosevelt; Enoc P. Waters,
Jr.; Thurgood Marshall; Roy Wilkins; Prentice Thomas; Charlotte Crump; Truman K.
Gibson, Jr.; Robert P. Patterson.
0604
Tuskegee Air Base Nurses. 1942-1946. 32pp.
Legal Issue: Negro nurse stationed at Tuskegee Army Flying School beaten by
Montgomery, Alabama, police for refusing to leave bus.
Locations: Tuskegee, Alabama; Montgomery, Alabama.
0636
Williams, Yancey, Case. 1940-1941. 42pp.
Legal Issues: Legal basis for enlistment of Negroes to any branch or service of
armed forces; student's application to army air corps rejected because of lack of
separate training facilities for Negroes.
Location: Washington, D.C.
U.S. Coast Guard
0678
Discrimination. 1943-1944. 22pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Assignment of Negroes to service companies; assault with intent to
murder; striking another person in the navy; brutal beating of Negro sailor.
Locations: Detroit, Michigan; San Francisco, California; San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Group II, Box B-195
U.S. Navy
0700
Allan, Edmund. 1942. 20pp.
Legal Issue: Negro's applications to become aviation cadet or navy ensign rejected
because of armed forces segregation policies.
Location: Chicago, Illinois.
U.S. Navy Discrimination
0720
Franklin, Dr. Harold J. 1941. 99pp.
Legal Issue: Negro medical doctor's voluntary enlistment into medical corps rejected
because of navy's segregation policy.
Location: Jersey City, New Jersey.
0819
General. 1941-1942. 118pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Uniform of cooks and stewards with rank of petty officer changed to that
of ordinary enlisted personnel; Negroes employed in vital defense industry jobs
denied deferments; pay grades increased earlier for Caucasians; navy policy to enlist
Negroes into messman branch only; Negro apprentices assigned dangerous and
menial tasks before Caucasians; discrimination of Negro laborers at navy mine depot
in salary scale; assault; AWOL; inadequate and segregated recreational facilities;
discrimination against Negro applicants at defense plants; Executive Order 8802;
Committee on Fair Employment Practice; Negroes in U. S. Coast Guard allowed to be
mess attendants only; Negro sailors refused service at public hotel; segregation of
Negro and Caucasian sailors in pullman car of train; officer of navy uses abusive and
prejudicial language in speech.
Locations: San Diego, California; New York, New York; Oakland, California; Norfolk,
Virginia; Yorktown, Virginia; Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; Portland, Maine; Key West, Florida;
Alton, Illinois; Hampton Institute, Virginia.
0937
General. 1943-1946. 205pp.
Miscellaneous Cases. ,
Legal Issues: Negro women barred from enlisting in navy; technically skilled Negro
sailors assigned as stevedores or messmen; insignia for chiefs in messman's branch
changed to avoid similarity to chief petty officer; Navy publication prints abusive
language; Negro teacher promised rank of chief specialist upon enlistment given rank
of specialist first class; Negro sailor beaten to death; Senate Resolution 132;
Selective Service and Training Act of 1940; segregation and discrimination practiced
on naval base in use of latrines and military buses; inadequate and segregated
recreational facilities; Negro nurses segregated in separate housing facilities; navy
screening examination discriminates against Negroes.
Locations: New York, New York; Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; Chicago, Illinois; Camp
Lejeune, New River, North Carolina; San Francisco, California; Corpus Christi, Texas;
Boston, Massachusetts; Washington, D.C.; Yorktown, Virginia; Vallejo, California;
Quonset Point, Rhode Island; Treasure Island, San Francisco, California; Mare
Island, San Francisco, California; Port Hueneme, California; Orange, New Jersey;
Hastings, Nebraska; Shoemaker, California; New Guinea; Norfolk, Virginia; New
Orleans, Louisiana; Cleveland, Ohio; Bainbridge, Maryland; Le Havre, France.
1142
Policy. 1941-1943. 7pp.
Major Topics: Relegation of Negroes to service companies in navy and Marine Corps;
NAACP's proposal to fight discrimination in navy and Marine Corps.
Principal Correspondents: Frank Knox; Charles H. Houston; Frank D. Reeves; Walter
White; Leslie A. Perry.
Reel 26
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-195 cont.
U.S. Navy
0001
General. 1940-1947. 163pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Navy's policy of discrimination against Negroes; relegation of Negroes
to messman branch; requirements for pilot training under aviation cadet program;
rental allowance for seamen of first three pay grades which excludes members of
messman branch; discrimination against Negroes in defense industry jobs; abusive
and prejudicial language against Negroes published in book about navy; applicant to
U.S. Naval Reserve Officer Corps rejected because of creed (later appointed by
president); all-Negro Naval Training Unit at Hampton Institute staffed by Caucasian
officers; harassment of Negro women by Caucasion sailors; recognition for bravery of
Negro messmen in battle; navy screening examination discriminates against Negroes;
uniform of stewards and cooks with rank of petty officer changed to avoid similarity to
chief petty officers'; postwar employment opportunities f o r Negro veterans;
navy photographer; compulsory peacetime military training; discriminatory a n d
segregated recreational facilities; sailors service records indicate race and color.
Locations: Detroit, Michigan; Honolulu, Hawaii; New York, New York; Jacksonville,
Florida; Long Beach, California; Hampton, Virginia; Hertford, North Carolina;
Guadalcanal; Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; Peru, Indiana; San Mateo, California; Earle, New
Jersey; San Francisco, California; Oahu, Hawaii; Solomons, Maryland.
U.S. Navy Guam Racial Conflict and Courts-Martial
0164
Correspondence and Related Matter. 1945-1951. 165pp.
Legal Issues: Negro sailors subjected to repeated physical and verbal attacks by
Caucasian marines; rioting; unlawful assembly; proceedings of courts of inquiry;
military police brutality; mass trials; Negro sailor killed by Caucasian marine; individual
use of U.S. property; conduct to the prejudice of good order and discipline;
0329
story written by Walter White while in Guam held by navy censors for six months;
military government established on island discriminates against Guamanians;
Guamanians request for U.S. citizenship and organic act; lack of civil rights on Guam.
Location: Agana, Guam, Mariana Islands.
Walter White's Testimony. 1944-1945. 40pp.
Legal Issues: Negro sailors subjected to repeated physical and verbal attacks by
Caucasian marines; rioting; unlawful assembly; Supreme Court case Moore v.
Dempsey, Supreme Court case Smith v. Allright, absence of Negro officers to whom
enlisted men could appeal; discrimination and segregation practiced by navy
personnel.
Location: Agana, Guam, Mariana Islands.
Group II, Box B-196
U.S. Navy Seabees
0369
General. 1943-1944. 17pp.
Legal Issues: Selective service agents assign Negro selectees for induction to
Seabees, navy construction battalions, without choice; inadequate and segregated
mess
halls and recreational facilities.
Locations: New York, New York; Camp Lee Stephenson, Quoddy Village, Maine.
0386
0502
10th and 34th Construction Battalions. 1944-1945. 116pp.
Legal Issues: Discriminatory and abusive treatment against Negro sailors; inadequate
medical care; conflicts between Negro sailors and southern Caucasian officers; few
opportunities for promotion for Negroes; segregation of food lines, pay lines, showers,
and latrines by battalion commander; inadequate housing and recreation; battalion
commander requests civilian establishments not to serve Negro sailors; Negro sailors
forced to ride in separate navy buses.
Locations: Shoemaker, California; Port Hueneme, California.
80th Construction Battalion. 1943. 97pp.
Legal Issues: Few opportunities for promotion for Negro sailors; racial friction between
Negro sailors and Caucasian officers and sailors; abusive language and
skilled a n d trained Negro sailors forced t o d o menial tasks; discrimination a n d
and inadequate recreational and transportation facilities; Negro sailors forced to
march behind Caucasian sailors; racial friction between Negro sailors and civilians in
southern town; Negro sailors subjected to harsher penalties for breaking rules than
are Caucasians; nineteen Negro sailors of battalion given undesirable discharges
without explanation o r warning; NAACP a n d t h e Lynn Committee t o Abolish
0599
Board.
Location: Gulfport, Mississippi.
80th Construction Battalion. January-November 1944. 192pp.
Legal Issues: Nineteen sailors discharged with no official hearing, explanation, or
warning; segregation and discrimination enforced by commanding officer; complaints
of sailors heard at meeting requested by commanding officer; racial conflict between
Negro sailors and southern Caucasian navy personnel; review of discharges except
by general court-martial established by Congress (Public Law 346); National CIO War
Relief Committee asks Secretary o f t h e Navy James V . Forrestal f o r review o f
0791
Segregation in the armed forces represent nineteen Seabees before Discharge
Review Board.
Locations: Gulfport, Mississippi; Port Hueneme, California; Camp Endicott, Rhode
Island; Houston, Texas; Daytona Beach, Florida; Washington, D.C.; Oakland,
California; New York, New York; Springfield, Illinois; Morristown, Tennessee;
Tuskegee, Alabama; Galveston, Texas; Chicago, Illinois; Cleveland, Ohio; Detroit,
Michigan; Louisville, Kentucky; San Fernando, Trinidad.
80th Construction Battalion. December 1944-1946. 317pp.
Legal Issues: Few opportunities for promotion for Negro sailors; abusive language
and discriminatory treatment by noncommissioned officers and officers towards
Negro sailors; segregation enforced in mess halls, showers, and latrines; segregated
and inadequate recreational and transportation facilities; racial conflicts between
Negro sailors and southern Caucasian officers and sailors; Servicemen's
Readjustment Act of 1944; transcript of proceedings of hearing before navy Board of
Review, Discharges and Dismissals, pertaining to Isaac G. McNatt, et al.; NAACP,
ACLU, and the Lynn Committee to Abolish Segregation in the Armed Forces
represent nineteen Seabees before Discharge Review Board; participation in
seditious meetings; inciting to riot; unwilling to adapt to military life; memorandum
brief on behalf of ACLU as amicus curiae; memorandum brief on behalf of National
CIO War Relief Committee as amicus curiae.
Locations: San Fernando, Trinidad; Daytona Beach, Florida; Oakland, California;
Washington, D.C.; Detroit, Michigan; New York, New York; Louisville, Kentucky;
Galveston, Texas; Springfield, Illinois; Greenville, South Carolina; Chicago, Illinois;
Morristown, Tennessee; Houston, Texas.
U.S. Navy Seaman Complaints
1108
"A." 1943-1945. 7pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Uniform of cooks and stewards with rank of petty officer changed to
that of ordinary enlisted personnel; discharge request.
Locations: San Diego, California; San Francisco, California.
1115
"B." 1941-1945. 45pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Discrimination against Negro Coast Guard messmen in opportunities
for promotion; Spanish sailor denied rank of chief petty officer because of race;
Negro members of armed forces relegated to service companies or labor battalions;
Negroes limited t o enlist i n navy a s apprentice seamen f o r general service o r
segregation and discrimination against Negroes; Negro sailors subjected to harsher
penalties for breaking rules than are Caucasian sailors; inadequate medical care;
segregation enforced i n food lines a n d p a y lines; inadequate a n d segregated
Negro messman branch changed to that of ordinary enlisted personnel.
Locations: Port Angeles, Washington; New York, New York; Detroit, Michigan;
Washington, D.C.; Camp Parks, California; Corpus Christi, Texas; Baltimore,
Maryland.
Group II, Box B-197
U.S. Navy Seaman Complaints cont.
1160
"C." 1944-1945. 15pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Request f o r medical discharge; navy policy o f segregation a n d
Negro sailors forced t o take orders from Caucasian civilians; inadequate a n d
1175
Locations: Indianapolis, Indiana; Camp Earle, New Jersey; San Francisco, California.
"D." 1941-1945. 40pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Abusive language against Negro sailor by Caucasian sailor; racial
conflict between Negro sailors a n d southern Caucasian officers a n d sailors;
1215
treatment; request for discharge review; transfer requests; skilled and trained Negro
sailors relegated to doing menial tasks; Negro sailors forced to take orders from
Caucasian civilians; Negro sailors assigned more duties than Caucasian sailors with
same rank and class.
Locations: St. Louis, Missouri; Los Angeles, California; Camp Allen, Norfolk, Virginia;
New York, New York; Hingham, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California.
"E-F." 1943-1946. 14pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Uniform of cooks and stewards with rank of petty officer changed to
that of ordinary enlisted personnel; transfer request; request for liberty to go ashore
repeatedly denied.
Locations: New York, New York; San Francisco, California; San Diego, California.
Reel 27
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-197 cont.
U.S. Navy Seaman Complaints cont.
0001
"G." 1941-1945. 19pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Uniform of cooks and stewards with rank of petty officer changed to that
of ordinary enlisted personnel; Negroes enlisted to messman branch only;
0020
appointment to commissioned rank in naval reserve rejected; abusive language used
by naval officers towards Negro sailor.
Locations: Fort Mason, California; Baltimore, Maryland; San Francisco, California.
"H." 1941-1946. 29pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Transfer request; mail tampered with before leaving ship; Negroes work
longer hours than Caucasians aboard ship; discrimination and mistreatment of Negro
sailors by Caucasian officers; two Negro sailors beaten by two Caucasian chief petty
officers; uniform of cooks and stewards with rank of petty officer changed to that of
ordinary enlisted personnel; sailor's medical discharge delayed until repayment of
excess salary; request for assistance in getting leave.
Locations: Portsmouth, Virginia; Carry Field, Pensacola, Florida; Camp Parks,
California; Long Island, New York; Norfolk, Virginia.
0049
"J." 1943-1949. 27pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Brutal and discriminatory treatment of Negro sailors by chief master of
arms at naval air station; few opportunities for promotion for Negro sailors; inadequate and segregated recreational facilities; discrimination and segregation practiced
on naval base; uniform of cooks and stewards with rank of petty officer changed to
that of ordinary enlisted personnel; Negro sailor forced to sign identification card that
referred to his race; sailor court-martialed for being AWOL because of wife's illness;
sailor assigned duties not required by his rank; transfer request.
Locations: Corpus Christi, Texas; Piney Point, Maryland; Treasure Island, San
Francisco, California; Oakland, California; Norfolk, Virginia; Newport, Rhode Island.
0076
0086
"L" 1942-1945. 10pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issue: Navy policy of discrimination and segregation.
Locations: Tiburon, California; Willow Springs, North Carolina.
"M and Me." 1941-1945. 45pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Abusive and derogatory language addressed to Negro sailors by
Caucasian sailors; discrimination and segregation practiced on bases and aboard
ships; few opportunities for promotion or advancement for Negro sailors; Negro
messman branch not permitted to change rank to other branches of navy; Negro
enlisted in navy as apprentice seaman but was given rank of steward's mate; transfer
requests; skilled and trained Negro sailors relegated to perform menial tasks;
segregated buses on military base; inadequate and segregated housing, mess halls,
showers, and latrines; ratings of Negro sailors not respected by Caucasian sailors
with lower or same rank; inadequate and segregated recreational facilities; Negro
sailors not permitted to have haircuts from ship's barber; Negro sailors subjected to
physical abuse by Caucasian sailors; Negro navy lieutenant beaten at civilian
establishment.
0131
Locations: St. Petersburg, Florida; Tiburon, California; Manchester, Washington;
Bremerton, Washington; Port Hueneme, California; San Francisco, California;
Norfolk, Virginia; Hawthorne, Nevada; Kingston, New York.
"N." 1941-1945. 5pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Racial conflict between Negro and Caucasian servicemen; Jewish navy
ensign transferred because of concern over discrimination and segregation on ship.
0136
0154
0160
0191
0198
0210
Locations: Brooklyn, New York; Seattle, Washington.
"P." 1941-1947. 18pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Two Negro sailors beaten by civilian policeman; AWOL; segregation
enforced on navy buses; segregated mess halls at naval base; transfer request.
Locations: Portsmouth, Virginia; Vallejo, California; Hastings, Nebraska; San Diego,
California; Annapolis, Maryland.
"R." 1945. 6pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issue: Use of abusive and derogatory language against Negro race in naval
station newspaper.
Location: Long Island, New York.
"S." 1941-1945. 31pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Uniform of cooks and stewards with rank of petty officer changed to that
of ordinary enlisted personnel; discrimination and segregation practiced on naval
bases and aboard ships; transfer request; request for assistance in obtaining medical
discharge; conflicts between Negro sailors and Caucasian civilian police in southern
towns; requests for review of discharge; rights of child born in a state prison.
Locations: Boston, Massachusetts; Key West, Florida; New York, New York;
Hastings, Nebraska; Pensacola, Florida; Norfolk, Virginia; San Francisco, California.
T." 1941-1945. 7pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Negroes' service in navy limited to messman branch; inadequate
medical care; request for review of rape and scandalous conduct charges;
segregated mess hall and movie theater on base.
Locations: Hart's Island, New York; Peart Harbor, Hawaii; Terminal Island, San
Pedro, California.
"V." 1943-1945. 12pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Request for assistance in obtaining dependency discharge;
discrimination and segregation practiced on naval bases and aboard ships.
Locations: Vallejo, California; Norfolk, Virginia.
"W." 1943-1946. 57pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Admission to naval training schools denied; discrimination and
segregation practiced on naval bases and aboard ships; inadequate and segregated
mess halls and recreational facilities; abusive and discriminatory treatment of Negro
sailors by naval doctors; Negro sailor desires commission in Naval Air Corps; conflicts
between Negro sailors and southern navy personnel.
Locations: Atlantic City, New Jersey; Port Hueneme, California; Washington, D.C.;
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Great Lakes, Illinois; Port Chicago, San Francisco,
California; San Pedro, California; Little Creek, Virginia; Clarksville, Tennessee.
U.S. Navy Seaman Killing
0267
Fish, John Henry. 1944. 10pp.
Legal Issue: Cause of death.
Location: Port Chicago, San Francisco, California.
0277
Roberts, Eugene R. 1944. 4pp.
Location: Great Lakes Naval Training Center, Great Lakes, Illinois.
0281
Whaley, Cleo. 1943-1944. 8pp.
Legal Issue: Death by beating from Caucasian naval shore patrolmen.
Location: Vallejo, California.
U.S. Navy Seaman Trouble
0289
Austin, Lloyd K. 1942. 7pp.
Legal Issue: Assault with intent to murder.
Location: San Pedro, California.
0296
"B." 1945-1946. 24pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Assault and battery; assault with intent to rape; insubordination; striking
another person in the navy; striking a superior officer; conduct to the prejudice of
good order and discipline; AWOL.
Locations: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Portsmouth, New Hampshire; Hart's Island,
New York, New York.
0320
"C." 1945-1949. 12pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Voluntary manslaughter; assault and battery; insubordination; resisting'
arrest; murder; robbery.
Locations: Corpus Christ!, Texas; Boston, Massachusetts; Oakland, California.
0332
"D." 1945-1949. 28pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: AWOL; attempted murder; rape.
Locations: Charleston, South Carolina; Saipan, Mariana Islands; Treasure Island,
San Francisco, California; Dos Palos, California.
0360
"E." 1944-1945. 12pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Rape; discrimination against Negro seamen; being present at a mutiny
and failing to try to suppress it.
Locations: Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; Fall Brook, California.
0372
"F."
1944-1945. 23pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Discrimination against Negro seamen; conduct to the prejudice of good
order and discipline; desertion; conscientious objector.
Locations: Hastings, Nebraska; Camp Lejeune, North Carolina; Hart's Island, New
York, New York; Portsmouth, New Hampshire; Treasure Island, San Francisco,
California.
0395
"G." 1941-1948. 25pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Attempted assault; violation of U.S. postal laws; insubordination.
Locations: Portland, Maine; Port Hueneme, California; Camp Parks, California;
Terminal Island, San Pedro, California; Camp Lejeune, North Carolina; Norfolk,
Virginia.
0420
Gaines, Timmie E. 1945-1947. 34pp.
Legal Issue: Scandalous conduct tending to the destruction of good morals
(homosexuality).
Location: Terminal Island, San Pedro, California.
0454
0469
0474
0487
0542
0559
0564
General. 1945-1949. 15pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Negro sailor killed by civilian sheriff; Negro sailors beaten by shore
patrol; AWOL; murder.
Locations: Chase Field Naval Base, Beeville, Texas; Saipan, Mariana Islands;
Lakeland, Florida; Green Cove Springs, Florida.
"H." 1945-1949. 5pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Change of discharge status; grand theft.
Location: Vallejo, California; Agana, Guam, Mariana Islands.
Hickman, David. 1944-1945. 13pp.
Legal Issue: Assault with intent to rape.
Location: McAlester, Oklahoma.
"J." 1943-1947. 55pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: AWOL; scandalous conduct tending to the destruction of good morals;
bribery; assault; assault and battery with intent to rape; murder; conduct to the
prejudice of good order and discipline; carelessly endangering the lives of others;
insubordination.
Locations: Norfolk, Virginia; Memphis, Tennessee; Portsmouth, New Hampshire;
Oakland, California; South Pacific; Camp Lejeune, North Carolina; New York, New
York.
James, William Mose. 1949. 17pp.
Legal Issue: Assault with a dangerous weapon.
Location: Sicily, Italy.
Knight, Aldeen. 1945-1946. 5pp.
Legal Issue: Murder.
Location: Recife, Brazil.
"L." 1940-1947. 28pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Petit larceny; release from service by medical discharge; murder.
Locations: Panama City, Florida; Shoemaker, California; Subic Bay, Philippine
Islands.
Group II, Box B-198
U.S. Navy Seaman Trouble cont.
0592
MacMillan, William. 1945. 8pp.
Legal Issue: Striking another person in the navy.
Location: Guam, Mariana Islands.
0600
"M." 1941-1949. 43pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Transfer request; Negro sailors limited to service in navy's messman
branch; AWOL; perjury; murder; robbery.
Locations: Stapleton, New York; Camp Lejeune, North Carolina; San Francisco,
California; Willow Grove, Pennsylvania; Newport, Rhode Island.
0643
"N." 1945-1946. 19pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Rout; applying U.S. government property to one's own use; rape;
assault with intent to murder; conduct to the prejudice of good order and discipline.
Locations: Guam, Mariana Islands; Banana River, Florida.
0662
"O." 1946-1947. 13pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: AWOL; assault.
Locations: Jefferson, Texas; Savannah, Georgia.
0675
0699
0716
0740
0757
0770
0814
0838
0853
0882
0889
0959
0976
"P." 1944-1949. 24pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Negro sailor arrested for not addressing saloon owner as "mister";
assault with a dangerous weapon; rape; attempting to distill intoxicating beverages.
Locations: Vallejo, California; Baton Rouge, Louisiana; San Francisco, California;
Okinawa; Newport, Rhode Island.
Perry, Joseph Jr. 1946. 17pp.
Legal Issue: Grand larceny.
Location: Charleston, South Carolina.
"R." 1945-1949. 24pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Assault with a deadly weapon.
Locations: Portsmouth, New Hampshire; Charleston, South Carolina; Colon, Panama.
"S." 1945-1946. 17pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: AWOL; robbery.
Locations: Miami, Florida; Newport News, Virginia.
Steele. John H. 1944-1945. 13pp.
Legal Issue: Exhibiting obscene pictures.
Location: Norfolk, Virginia.
T." 1945-1949. 44pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Rape; murder.
Locations: Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; Manicani Island; Edenton, North Carolina;
Calapandayan, Zambales, Philippine Islands; Saipan, Mariana Islands.
Thompson, William. 1944-1948. 24pp.
Legal Issue: Request for assistance in receiving a pardon.
Location: Shoemaker, California.
Trottman, Erald C. 1945. 15pp.
Legal Issue: Breaking and entering with intent to steal.
Location: Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Tucker, Harvey L. 1946-1947. 29pp.
Legal Issues: Desertion; breaking arrest.
Location: Guinan Samar, Philippine Islands.
Utendahl, George C. 1944-1945. 7pp.
Legal Issue: Criticizing the morale of the armed forces while in a state of war.
Location: Honolulu, Hawaii.
"W." 1943-1948. 70pp.
Miscellaneous Cases.
Legal Issues: Negro sailor changed from seaman branch to messman branch upon
induction; rape; request for assistance in obtaining a dependency discharge; AWOL;
murder; aiding a stowaway; assault with intent to murder; assault.
Locations: Port Chicago, San Francisco, California; Willow Grove, Pennsylvania;
Williamsburg, Virginia; Portsmouth, Virginia; Norfolk^ Virginia; Great Lakes, Illinois;
Key West, Florida; Cobh, Ireland; New York, New York; Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
Ward, Richard H. 1945. 17pp.
Legal Issue: Unknown.
Location: Marshall Islands.
Williams, Walter. 1945-1946. 21pp.
Legal Issues: Striking another person in the navy; striking a superior officer; conduct
to the prejudice of good order and discipline; defendants denied counsel.
Location: Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
0997
1045
U.S.S. Philadelphia. 1940-1941. 48pp.
Legal Issue: Nine Negro sailors receive undesirable discharges for writing letter to
Pittsburgh Courier outlining navy policy of discrimination and segregation.
Location: Mare Island, San Francisco, California.
Women's Auxiliary Services. 1943-1945. 19pp.
Legal Issues: Negro women barred from service in Navy Women's Reserve, Marine
Corps Reserve, and Coast Guard Reserve; navy approval of plan to enlist Negro
women in auxiliary services.
Location: Washington, D.C.
U.S. Navy, Yerba Buena, California (12th Naval District) Mutiny
1064
Branch Protests. 1944-1945. 80pp.
This folder contains mostly letters of protest written by local branch presidents and
secretaries to James V. Forrestal, secretary of the navy, after the navy's judge
advocate general upheld the conviction of the fifty Negro sailors on charges of mutiny
for allegedly having refused to load ammunition onto ships. The court-martial trial was
highly publicized in the Negro and national papers and it became a cause celebre for
the NAACP, which was trying to break down the navy's policy of enlisting Negroes
only as messmen or stevedores. The transcript of the Yerba Buena mutiny trial)
consisting of six volumes, has been filmed separately on Reel 4 and on part of Reel 5
(4: 0001-0790; 5:0001-0218).
1144
Lindsay, Mary. 1944-1946. 53pp.
This folder contains correspondence between Thurgood Marshall and his assistant in
California, Mary Lindsay, pertaining to the production of the NAACP's pamphlet about
the Yerba Buena mutiny trial.
Reel 28
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-13
Courts-Martial
0001
Fort Lawton, Washington. 1944. 503pp.
Transcript of U.S. v. Alston, et al. Volume II, pages 449-948.
Attorneys: Thurgood Marshall; Robert L. Carter.
Legal Issues: Murder; riotous and unlawful assembly; procedural abuses at trial.
Group II, Box B-14
Courts-Martial cont.
0504
Fort Lawton, Washington. 1944. 385pp.
Transcript of U.S. v. Alston, et al. Volume III, pages 949-1331.
Attorneys: Thurgood Marshall; Robert L. Carter.
Legal Issues: Murder; riotous and unlawful assembly; procedural abuses at trial.
Group II, Box B-15
Courts-Martial cont.
0889
Fort Lawton, Washington. 1944. 481pp.
Transcript of U.S. v. Alston, etal. Volume IV, pages 1332-1811.
Attorneys: Thurgood Marshall; Robert L. Carter.
Legal Issues: Murder; riotous and unlawful assembly; procedural abuses at trial.
Reel 29
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-20
Courts-Martial cont.
0001
1320th Engineers. 1944. 457pp.
Transcript of U.S. v. Alston, et al.Volume I, pages 1-450.
Attorneys: Thurgood Marshall; Robert L. Carter; Leslie A. Perry. Also Walter White.
Legal Issues: Mutiny; mass prosecutions; procedural abuses at trial.
Location: Oahu, Hawaii.
0458
1320th Engineers. 1944. 452pp.
Transcript of U.S. v. Alston, et al. Volume II, pages 451-900.
Attorneys: Thurgood Marshall; Robert L. Carter; Leslie A. Perry. Also Walter White.
Legal Issues: Mutiny; mass prosecutions; procedural abuses at trial.
Location: Oahu, Hawaii.
Reel 30
Group II, Series B, Legal File cont.
Group II, Box B-21
Courts-Martial cont.
0001
1320th Engineers. 1944. 451pp.
Transcript of U.S. v. Alston, et al. Volume III, pages 901-1350.
Attorneys: Thurgood Marshall; Robert L. Carter; Leslie A. Perry. Also Walter White.
Legal Issues: Mutiny; mass prosecutions; procedural abuses at trial.
Location: Oahu, Hawaii.
Group II, Box B-22
Courts-Martial cont.
0452
1320th Engineers. 1944. 444pp.
Transcript of U.S. v. Alston, et al. Volume IV, pages 1351-1628 (and exhibits).
Attorneys: Thurgood Marshall; Robert L. Carter; Leslie A. Perry. Also Walter White.
Legal Issues: Mutiny; mass prosecutions; procedural abuses at trial.
Location: Oahu, Hawaii.
SUBJECT INDEX
The following index is a guide to the major subjects of this collection including, for the most part, the legal issues
the NAACP examined on behalf of Negro Americans serving in the armed forces. The first Arabic number refers
to the reel and the Arabic number after the colon refers to the frame number at which a particular subject begins.
For example, the entry at 24: 0495 would direct the researcher to a subject that begins at Frame 0495 of Reel
24. By referring to the Reel Index, which constitutes the initial section of this guiue, the researcher could find the
main entry for this subject.
ACLU
10: 0338. 0467; 26: 0599, 0791
Air force base, Negro
24: 0101
Applications
to Navy Reserves--rejected due to creed
26: 0001
to School for Applied Military Government
12: 0263
Arrest
breaking 27: 0853
resisting 23: 0026; 27: 0320
unlawful 23: 0254; 27: 0675
Assault
aggravated 21: 0244
attempted 27: 0395
with a dangerous weapon 2: 0001; 3: 0001,
0716; 6: 0296; 18: 1138; 19: 0001, 1080;
25: 0126; 27: 0542, 0675, 0716
general 1: 0148, 0411, 0772; 16: 0001;
17: 0813, 1065; 18: 0246; 19:1080;
20: 0723, 1068; 21: 0471; 22: 0299, 0475;
23: 0267, 1012, 1066; 25: 0819; 27: 0296,
0320, 0487, 0662, 0889
with intent to
commit manslaughter 2: 0129
do bodily harm 20: 0316, 0518, 0633
murder 1: 0467. 0742. 0772; 2: 0126, 0639;
3: 0855; 5: 0778; 6: 0048; 17: 1121;
18: 0215, 0303, 0946, 1117; 19: 0339;
20: 0065, 0518; 21: 0322; 22: 0162,
0632, 0935; 23: 0026, 0154, 0267, 0361;
25: 0678; 27:0289, 0643, 0889
rape 1: 0772; 2:0129; 3: 0001; 5: 0778;
20: 0331; 21: 0497, 1133; 22: 0568;
23: 0123, 0267; 27: 0296, 0474, 0487
sodomize 21: 0144
on soldier's wife 13: 0633
striking another person in the navy 3: 0455;
25: 0678; 27: 0296. 0592, 0976
on superior officer 1: 0411; 2: 0542; 6: 0261;
18: 0946; 21: 0724; 25: 0261; 27: 0296,
0976
Assembly
riotous 1: 0546; 2: 0449; 28: 0001, 0504, 0889
unlawful 1: 0546; 2: 0449; 26: 0164, 0329;
28: 0001, 0504, 0889
Assignments
to dangerous tasks 25: 0819
failure to repair at place of duty 10: 0001
picking cotton 12: 0334
requests for, denied 13:0001
to sanitary companies 12: 0634; 13: 0854
to shovel snow 13: 0435
see also Messman branch; Service companies
Assignments, lack of
to army separation centers 12: 0263
combat duty 12: 0077; 13: 0435; 14: 0001;
25: 0485
overseas duty 12: 0084; 14: 0001
to special units 22: 0001
see also Military government
AWOL
1: 0411, 0772; 2: 0129, 0542; 3: 0443; 5: 0778;
6: 0261; 10: 0001; 16: 0001; 17:1095;
18: 0560, 0567; 19: 0568; 20: 0127, 0154;
21: 0568; 23: 0267. 0361. 0689, 1012;
25: 0819; 27: 0049, 0136, 0296, 0332,
0454, 0487, 0600, 0662, 0740, 0889
see also Missing soldiers
Battery
aggravated 20: 0197
general 22: 0632; 23: 0267; 27: 0296, 0320
with intent to murder 17: 1121
Beating
of nurse 25: 0604
of officer 27: 0086
of sailor 25: 0678, 0937; 27: 0020, 0136, 0281.
0454
of soldier 13: 0435, 0556, 0633, 0782
of soldier's mother 12: 0263
of soldier's wife 13: 0189
see also Killing; Police brutality
Bradley, Omar
24: 0495
Branding
of soldier 13: 0189
Breaking and entering
17: 0871; 19: 0212; 23: 0793; 27: 0838
Bribery
19: 0143; 27: 0487
Brutality
bus driver 13: 0782; 14: 0538, 0593
see a/so Civilians, Caucasian; Communities,
southern; Killing; Military personnel,
Caucasian; Police brutality
Burglary
first degree 20: 0679
general 16: 0001; 17: 0871; 18: 0125; 23: 1055
Burke-Wadsworth Conscription Bill
25: 0001
Buses
see Conveyances, military; Conveyances,
public
Censorship
by armed forces 19: 0969
of soldier's mail 13: 0854
of Walter White's Guam story 26: 0164
see also Guam riot; Mail
Chaplains, Negro
called Uncle Tom 25: 0069
discrimination against 23: 0745
request for 11: 0806; 15: 0173
resignation of 12: 0757
Civilian establishments
discrimination practiced by 11: 0001, 0436,
0723, 0806; 12: 0001, 0334, 0443, 0564,
0710, 0757, 0869; 13: 0189; 14: 0199. 0364
see also Hotels
Civilians, Caucasian
brutalities by 12: 0084; 13: 0001; 17: 1121
discrimination by 13: 0189
see also Communities, southern
Civil rights
president's committee on 24: 0495
see also Military government
Civil service
discrimination practiced by--against Negro
employees 11: 0436; 13: 0633
discrimination practiced by--general 11: 0649
Clemency
request for 13: 0077
see also War Department
Commission, officer's
Negroes rejected 12: 0564; 24: 1078; 27: 0001,
0210
see also Officer Candidate School; Officers
Committee against Jim Crow In Military Service
and Training
24: 0495
see also Executive Orders, number 9981
Committee on Equality of Treatment and
Opportunity In the Armed Forces
24: 0101
Communist party
12: 0564; 14: 0199, 0364
Communities, southern
brutalities by 11: 0723, 0806; 18: 0360, 0621
conflict with Negro soldiers 24: 0330; 25: 0001;
26: 0502; 27: 0160
discrimination practiced by 12: 0869; 13: 0322,
0435; 14: 0001; 15: 0173; 17: 1121;
18: 0560; 22: 0162; 23: 0361; 24: 0235
Conduct
bad 2: 0129
disorderly 19: 0230; 25: 0261
to prejudice of good order and discipline
26: 0164; 27: 0296, 0372, 0487, 0643, 0976
scandalous--review of charge of 27: 0191
unbecoming--general 20: 0795, 0929
unbecoming an officer 25: 0261
Confessions, forced
4: 0001, 0294, 0565, 0790; 5:0001, 0218,
0448; 6: 0097; 16: 0216-0881; 17: 00010470, 0767, 0920, 0979; 18: 0001, 1157;
19: 0568, 0739, 1022; 20: 0432, 0740;
21: 0382, 0484, 0534; 22: 0377, 0438;
23: 0928
Congress of Industrial Organizations War
Relief Committee
26: 0599, 0791
Conscientious objectors
3: 0855; 10: 0060; 22: 0407; 27: 0372
Construction battalions, U.S. Navy
see Service companies
Contempt
treating superior officer with 1: 0849
see also Assault; Disrespect
Conveyances, military
discrimination on 19: 0378; 25: 0459, 0937
segregated 15: 0510. 0639; 19: 0378;
22: 0310; 25: 0459, 0937; 26: 0386, 0502,
0791, 1115; 27: 0086, 0136
Conveyances, public
discrimination on 12: 0634, 0710; 13: 0435;
19: 0378; 25: 0261, 0604
segregated 11: 0436; 12: 0710, 0869;
13: 0435, 0633; 15: 0510, 0639; 19: 0378;
23: 0361; 25: 0001, 0261
see also Buses; Trains
Counsel, defense
denied 27: 0976
Courts, military
investigations by 26: 0164
proceedings of 26: 0164
review of 24: 0330, 1045, 1122
Criticism
of armed forces while in state of war 27: 0882
Curfew
establishment of 13: 0247
Custody
of soldier 23: 0361
Dances
segregated 13: 0001
see also Recreational facilities
Death sentence
12: 0543; 13: 0435; 19: 1009; 21: 0918;
24: 1122
Defense Industry
discrimination by 11: 0301; 15: 0173; 25: 0819;
26: 0001
job request 12: 0166
Deferments
denied 12: 0710; 25: 0819
requests for 10:0082
Dependents of Negro servicemen
benefits for 13: 0247
foreign 14: 0001
homeless 13: 0633
rights of 27: 0160
see also Pay, military
Deportation
of soldier 13: 0633
Desegregation plan
of air force 24: 0101, 0495
see also Integration
Desertion
1: 0148; 2: 0129, 0442; 3: 0855; 18: 0720;
19: 0080; 20: 0127, 0705, 1083; 22: 0604;
27: 0372, 0853
Disablement, mental
9: 0391, 0734
Disablement, physical
compensation for 12: 0060, 0334
harassment of 9: 0391, 0734; 12: 0263, 0710;
13: 0138, 0322. 0633, 0782, 0854
see also Harassment
Discharge Review Board
see War Department
Discharges
forced upon Negroes 13: 0077, 0247;
26: 0502, 0599; 27: 0997
request for 7: 0796; 11: 0524, 0723, 0806;
12: 0060, 0084, 0166, 0263, 0443, 0634,
0710, 0757, 0869; 13: 0001, 0077, 0138,
0189, 0322, 0435, 0556, 0633, 0760;
14: 0001; 26: 1108; 27: 0160. 0198, 0889
review of 8: 0001, 0790; 9: 0001-0875;
10: 0001; 11: 0806; 25: 0261; 26: 1175;
27: 0160, 0469
types of
age 7: 0796; 8: 0001
dependency 7: 0796; 12: 0443; 27: 0198,
0889
disability 13: 0164, 0247
medical 8: 0001; 26: 1160; 27: 0160, 0564
section viii (blue) 12: 0634
undesirable 9: 0696
U.S. Army system of 12: 0077; 23: 0361
Discrimination
general--against Negro
aviation cadets 13: 0633
combat troops 12: 0443
medical doctor 25: 0720
photographer 13: 0633, 0854
pilots 12: 0334
psychologist 12: 0263
general--in armed forces 24: 0495
policy of--navy 26: 0001. 0329, 1115, 1160;
27: 0076
policy of--selective service 10: 0082, 0511,
0663
Disloyalty
20: 0154
Disrespect
towards superior officer 3: 0455; 19: 0143
see a/so Assault; Contempt
Double jeopardy
18: 0081
Draft evasion
10: 0082
Driving, reckless
general 20: 1038; 21: 0024
speeding 20: 0471
Due process
denial of 21: 0568; 23: 0026
Endangering lives of others
2: 0129; 27: 0487
Enlisted men, Negro
sailors--brutal treatment of 26: 0164, 0329;
27: 0020, 0049, 0086
sailors--discriminatory treatment of 13: 0077;
26: 0001, 0386, 0502, 0791, 1115, 1160,
1175; 27: 0020, 0049, 0086, 0160, 0198,
0210, 0360, 0372
soldiers--discrimination against 11: 0806;
12: 0634; 13: 0138, 0164, 0189, 0322.
0435, 0633, 0782, 0854; 14: 0001;
18: 0560; 23: 0361; 24: 0330; 25: 0168
soldiers--segregation of 24: 0330
see also Guam riot; Promotions, lack of
Entertainment
for Negro troops 15: 0173
see also Recreational facilities; USO
Evans, James C.
14: 0187
Eviction
of soldier's mother 13: 0556
of veteran's mother 12: 0334
Executive Orders
number 8802 25: 0819
number 9981 10: 0511, 0663; 24: 0495
see also Fair Employment Practices
Committee
Extradition
12: 0334; 21: 0568
Fahy Committee
see Committee on Equality of Treatment and
Opportunity in the Armed Forces
Fair Employment Practices Committee
24: 0040; 25: 0819
see also Executive Orders
Fights
interracial 15: 0173; 24: 0811-1045
intraracial 13: 0633
Financial assistance
request for 13: 0247
Food, lack of
12: 0001, 0084, 0757; 13: 0556, 0854
Forgery
19:0131
Forrestal, James V.
26: 0599; 27: 1064
Fort Lawton, Washington
see Murder
Fraternization
with German citizens 2: 0542
Furloughs
lack of 12: 0564; 13: 0854, 0633
requests for 12: 0757; 13: 0189, 0322, 0435;
14: 0001
see a/so Shore leave
G.I. Bill of Rights
6: 0725; 7: 0001
Glllem Board Study
12: 0084; 19: 0378; 24: 0101
Government, military
Germany--Negroes not assigned to 13: 0322,
0633; 24: 0330
Guam--discriminatory 26: 0164
Guam--lack of civil rights 26: 0164
see also Assignments, lack of
Government property
misappropriatbn of 1: 0742; 19: 1041;
20: 0929, 0990; 26: 0164; 27: 0643
restricted use of 13: 0138
Guam riot
general 26: 0164, 0329
White, Walter--testimony 26: 0329
see also Riot
Habeas corpus
16: 0216-0881; 17: 0001-0470; 18: 0081;
21: 0568; 23: 0026
see also Supreme Court
Hampton Institute
Negro training unit 26: 0001
see also Negro units; Training, military
Harassment
by soldier's collecting agent 18: 0914
of soldiers' families 18: 0621
of soldiers' wives 13: 0854; 18: 0621
see also Disablement, physical
Hearing
see Trial
Homosexuality
see Sexual relations
Hospitals
military--discrimination at 12: 0334, 0710;
13: 0782, 0854; 27: 0210
military--segregated 12: 0634
military overseas--discrimination at 13: 0760;
25: 0261
military overseas--segregated 25: 0261
Negro--proposal for 13: 0077; 24: 0785
veterans'--discrimination at 11: 0649
see also Medical care
Hotels
discrimination at 24: 0495; 25: 0819
see also Civilian establishments
Housing, military
inadequate 11: 0001, 0436, 0524, 0723, 0806;
12: 0001, 0084, 0166, 0443, 0564, 0710;
13: 0322, 0435, 0556; 14: 0001; 24: 0101;
25: 0168, 0485; 26: 0001, 0386, 1160;
27: 0086
rent raised 12: 0757
segregated 11: 0001, 0436, 0524, 0723, 0806;
12: 0001, 0166, 0334, 0443, 0564, 0710;
13: 0322; 14: 0001; 15: 0173, 0639;
19: 0757; 24: 0101; 25: 0937; 26: 1160;
27: 0086
unsanitary 13: 0138, 0189
Identification cards
indication of race on 27: 0049
Induction
classification procedure 10: 0511, 0663
of minor (with parent's consent) 10: 0042
physical examination for 13: 0322
selection process 10: 0338, 0467; 12: 0166
voluntary 10: 0082; 12: 0710; 25: 0700, 0720
see also Quotas
Insanity plea
22: 0239
see also Disablement, mental
Installations
general--brutal treatment at 22: 0319
general--discrimination at 23: 0361
overseas--discrimination at 12: 0710, 0869;
13: 0633
overseas--segregation enforced at 12: 0443,
0710
southern--discrimination at 12: 0443, 0564,
0634, 0757, 0869; 13: 0164, 0189, 0247,
0322, 0556, 0633, 0782. 0854; 14: 0001;
15: 0173; 18 :0621
southern--segregation enforced at 13: 0189
Insubordination
1: 0148. 0849; 2: 0542; 3: 0034, 0455. 0716,
0855; 6: 0261; 9: 0391, 0734; 16: 0001;
18: 0164, 0303, 0360, 0502, 0769, 0946;
19: 0446; 20: 0017, 0235, 0390, 0768;
21: 0278; 22: 0001, 0072, 0286, 0310,
0407, 0621; 23: 0186, 0344, 0920;
25: 0261; 26: 0164; 27: 0296, 0320, 0395,
0487
Integration, requests for
in armed forces 15: 0173; 24: 0495
in defense industry 15: 0173
on public conveyances 12: 0757
at recreational facilities 12: 0757
sae also Desegregation plan
Intoxicating beverages
distilling of 27: 0675
Jim Crow policies
of armed forces 6: 0539, 0567; 10: 0338. 0467;
11: 0001, 0436, 0524, 0649, 0723;
12: 0001, 0084, 0166, 0263, 0334, 0443,
0543, 0634, 0710, 0757. 0869; 13: 0077,
0854; 19: 0378; 21: 0278
overseas 21: 0069
refusal to obey 19: 0757
see also USO
Jurisdiction--tested
of court-martial 16: 0216-0881; 17: 0001-0470
over federal building 24: 0277
of federal court 16: 0216-0881; 17: 00010470; 24: 0811-1045
of Virginia transportation law 24: 0277
Killing
general 11: 0001, 0436, 0649; 12: 0166;
13: 0001, 0854; 14: 0094-0856; 23: 0361;
26: 0164
general--by police chief 18: 0621
of sailors
by civilian sheriff 27: 0454
general 27: 0267, 0277. 0454
by shore patrol 27: 0281
of soldiers--by bus driver 14: 0538, 0593
see also Beating; Police brutality
Labor battalions
see Service companies
Larceny
attempted 18: 1157
general 1: 0742; 2: 0542; 16: 0001; 19: 1041;
21: 0430; 22: 0335, 0825
grand 27: 0699
petit 27: 0564
Latrines, segregated
12: 0869; 23: 0361; 25: 0937; 26: 0386, 0502,
0791; 27: 0086
Legal assistance
request for 10: 0795
Lehman, Herbert H.
25: 0168
Library
segregated 25: 0261
Lynn Committee to Abolish Segregation in the
Armed Forces
10: 0338, 0467; 26: 0502, 0599, 0791
Mall
not received 12: 0166
not sent 12: 0166
see also Censorship
March on Washington Movement
10: 0338, 0467
Marriage, Interracial
12: 0757; 15: 0001; 23: 0361
Marshall, Thurgood
21: 0176; 27: 1144; 28: 0001, 0504, 0889;
29: 0001, 0458; 30: 0001, 0452
see also Murder; Mutiny
Mass trial (Mass prosecution)
see Trial
Medical care
inadequate 11: 0001, 0436, 0524, 0806;
12: 0001, 0060, 0334, 0443, 0543, 0564,
0634, 0710, 0757; 13: 0001, 0077, 0247,
0556; 23: 0361, 0745; 26: 0386, 1115;
27: 0191
requests for 14: 0001
segregated 11: 0001, 0436, 0524; 12: 0001,
0564
see also Hospitals
Mess halls
segregated 11: 0301, 0524; 12: 0166, 0564;
15: 0173; 19: 0757; 26: 0369, 0386. 0502,
0791, 1115, 1160; 27:0086, 0136,
0191,
unsanitary 13: 0189
Messman branch
coast guard--Negroes assigned to 25: 0819
discriminatory uniforms 25: 0819, 0937;
26: 0001, 1108, 1115, 1215; 27: 0001,
0020, 0049, 0160
navy--bravery of 26: 0001
Negroes assigned to 25: 0819, 0937; 26: 0001;
27: 0001, 0191, 0600, 0889
see also Service companies
Military government
see Government, military
Military Installations
see Installations, military
Military personnel, Caucasian
see Personnel, military (Caucasian)
Missing soldiers
requests for location of 13: 0247, 0435
Money
recovery of 18: 0755
solicitation of 13: 0435. 0782
Movie theaters
post--discrimination at 19: 0378
post--segregated 19: 0378; 25: 0001; 27: 0191
public--discrimination at 13: 0556
public--segregated 13: 0001, 0322, 0556,
0633; 23: 0361
Murder
attempted 27: 0332
of Caucasian soldier 18: 0185
Fort Lawton, Washington 1: 0546, 0668;
2: 0449; 28: 0001, 0504, 0889
general 1: 0001, 0096, 0772; 2: 0542, 0698;
3: 0443, 0716, 0855; 6: 0261; 16: 0130,
0154; 17: 0730; 18: 0081, 0698, 0889,
0946, 1072, 1086, 1157; 19: 0097, 0160,
0254, 0914, 1022; 20: 0001, 0049, 0260,
0293, 0359, 0417, 0432, 0552, 0633;
21: 0052, 0484, 0888, 0980, 1059;
22: 0162, 0224, 0366, 0377, 0793, 0847,
0880; 23: 0141, 0191, 0267, 0288, 0855,
0928, 1055; 27: 0320, 0454, 0487, 0559,
0564, 0600, 0770, 0889
manslaughter 1: 0148; 23: 0814
of Negro soldier 18: 0621
voluntary manslaughter 1: 0177, 0772;
21: 0368; 27: 0320
Mutiny
failure to suppress 18: 0360; 22: 1064;
27: 0360
0210 general 1: 0002, 0029, 0096, 0436; 3: 0034,
0455; 4: 0001, 0294, 0565, 0790; 5: 0001.
0218, 0448, 0707, 0799; 6: 0001; 18: 0033,
0303, 0360, 0502; 19: 0280, 0568, 0757;
20: 0276; 21: 0870, 1089; 22: 0585, 1064;
23: 0267, 0361, 0689, 0893, 1055
Mare Island 1: 0002; 4: 0001, 0294,0565,
0790; 5: 0001. 0218, 0448; 6:0316, 0426;
21: 0176; 27: 1064, 1144
1320th Engineers 5: 0799; 6: 0001; 29: 0001,
0458; 30: 0001, 0452
National Guard
segregated units 24: 1122
Negro units
organization of 24: 0330
paratroopers 13: 0435
staffed by Caucasian officers 26: 0001
U.S. Army--discrimination against
94th Engineers 24: 0811, 1045
77th Coast Artillery 25: 0069
372nd Infantry 25: 0168
see also Enlisted men, Negro; Police brutality
Obscene pictures, exhibition of
27: 0757
Officer's Candidate School
12: 0084; 23: 0361; 24: 1078
Officers clubs
segregated 19: 0757; 24: 0495; 25: 0261
see also Service clubs
Officers
commanding
discrimination enforced by 12: 0564
discrimination practiced by 11: 0806;
12: 0334; 13: 0001
segregation enforced by 12: 0001, 0564;
13: 0322, 0633, 0782; 26: 0386, 0599
morale--request for Negroes as 15: 0173
Negro
discharges of 12: 0634
discrimination against--candidates
12: 0084, 0757; 13: 0001, 0435
discrimination against--general 11: 0301,
0524, 0806; 12: 0334, 0564, 0634, 0757;
13: 0322; 25: 0261
lack of 12: 0443. 0757; 18: 0621; 26: 0329
Negro noncommissioned--abusive language
toward 22: 0319
Negro noncommissioned--discrimination
against 13: 0633
promotion of 12: 0443
reclassified 12: 0564, 0634
segregated training for 24: 0641, 0757
southern
brutal treatment by 12: 0001
conflicts with Negro servicemen 25: 0168;
26: 0386, 0599, 0791, 1175
discrimination practiced by 12: 0334, 0757;
13: 0138, 0189, 0322, 0435, 0633;
18: 0560
superior--conflicts with Negro servicemen
26: 0502
superior--discrimination by 11: 0001, 0301,
0436, 0524, 0649, 0723; 12: 0166, 0869;
14: 0001; 15: 0173; 25: 0126. 0819;
27: 0001, 0020
see a/so Assault; Contempt; Disrespect;
Promotions, lack of
Pardon
request for 27: 0814
Parole
release from 23: 0727
Pay, military
allowance not received
for dependents 12: 0634, 0710; 13: 0782;
14: 0001
for rent 26: 0001; 27: 0001
for transportation 27: 0001
compulsory deductions from 11: 0436
discriminatory 25: 0819
pension--not received 21: 0069
repayment of excess salary 27: 0020
segregated lines for 26: 0386, 1115
withheld 25: 0261
Perjury
forced 20: 0929
general 20: 0471, 0990; 27: 0600
Personnel, military (Caucasian)
brutalities by 11: 0524, 0649; 12: 0166, 0443;
20: 0607
conflict with Negro personnel 27: 0131
against segregation 13: 0556; 24: 0495;
27: 0131
southern--conflict with Negroes 27: 0210
see also Officers
Police
discrimination by--civilian 13: 0189; 24: 0811,
0879, 1045
discrimination by--military 12: 0084, 0334;
13: 0164; 15: 0173
investigation of Caucasian military police
15: 0173
lack of Negro military police 12: 0757
see also Beating; Killing
Police brutality
civilian 11: 0001, 0723, 0806; 12: 0084, 0166,
0334, 0543, 0564, 0710, 0757; 13: 0435,
0633; 14: 0001. 0110, 0173, 0199. 0364,
0434; 18: 0560; 19: 0230, 0378, 0739;
20: 0945; 21: 0024, 0244, 0568; 22: 0162;
23: 0001, 0026, 0361; 24: 0330, 0811,
0879. 1045; 25: 0001, 0261, 0604
military 11: 0001, 0301, 0723, 0806; 12: 0001,
0084, 0166, 0263, 0334, 0543, 0564. 0710.
0757; 13: 0322. 0435. 0556, 0633;
14: 0001, 0434; 18: 0560; 19: 0378. 0739,
1080; 21: 0534; 22: 0162, 0392; 23: 0254,
0361, 1012; 24: 0330, 0811, 0879, 1045;
25: 0168; 26: 0164
see also Beating; Killing
Port Chicago mutiny
see Mutiny, Mare Island
Postal laws, U.S.
violation of 27: 0395
Post exchanges
discrimination at 19: 0378; 23: 0361
segregated 13: 0322, 0435; 19: 0378
see also Movie theaters; Publications;
Recreational facilities; Service clubs
President's Committee on Civil Rights
24: 0495
Prisoners
aiding escape of 1: 0849; 3: 0455
escaping 23: 1012
restoration to duty 24: 0330
Promotion, lack of
during battle 12: 0634
Negro enlisted men 13: 0189, 0633; 23: 0361;
24: 1078; 26:0386,0502,0791, 1115;
27: 0049. 0086
Negro officers 10: 0795; 11: 0001, 0436;
12: 0084, 0263, 0564
see also Rating system, navy
Public Law 346
see War Department
Publications
navy--discriminatory 25: 0937; 26: 0001;
27: 0154
Negro
of NAACP 24: 0040
Pittsburgh Courier 27: 0997
subsidy request 12: 0077
unavailable at post exchange 12: 0077
Quartering
of Negro troops in South--protests against
12: 0060, 0166
see also Communities, southern
Quotas, armed forces
at induction center 12: 0710
for Negro enlistees 10: 0082
Railroad
see Trains
Rape
attempted 16: 0001; 17: 0813; 18: 0360;
22: 0997
general 1: 0001, 0096, 0148, 0436, 0742,
0772; 2: 0129, 0162, 0449, 0542; 3: 0443,
0749, 0855; 5: 0670; 6: 0097, 0261, 0296;
14: 0856; 16: 0001, 0216-0881;
17: 0001-0470, 0767, 0849, 0903, 0920,
0979, 1033; 18: 0001, 0286, 0360, 0993;
19: 0115, 0305, 0568, 0926, 0989, 1009;
20: 0065, 0484, 0818, 1010, 1068;
21: 0001, 0037, 0113, 0229, 0254. 0322,
0341, 0519, 0534, 0568, 0746, 0793, 0918,
1162; 22: 0084, 0109, 0140, 0213, 0265,
0438, 0485, 0496, 0521, 0669, 0784, 0901;
23: 0108, 0267, 0776, 0793, 0963, 1033;
27: 0332. 0360, 0643, 0675, 0770. 0889
review of charge of 27: 0191
Rating system, U.S. Navy
discriminatory 25: 0937; 26: 1115, 1175;
27: 0049, 0086
see also Promotion, lack of
Recommendation, letter of
request for 12: 0443
Recreational facilities
inadequate 11: 0001, 0436, 0524, 0649, 0723,
0806; 12: 0001, 0166, 0443, 0564, 0710,
0757; 13: 0001, 0138. 0322, 0435, 0854;
14: 0001; 23: 0361; 24: 0330; 25: 0069.
0819, 0937; 26: 0001. 0369, 0386, 0502,
1115, 1160; 27: 0049, 0086, 0210
lack of 21: 0278; 25: 0126
segregated 11: 0001, 0301, 0436, 0524, 0649,
0723, 0806; 12: 0001, 0166, 0334, 0564,
0710, 0757; 13: 0001, 0435; 14: 0001;
15: 0173; 19: 0757; 23: 0361; 24: 0330;
25: 0069, 0819, 0937; 26: 0001, 0369,
0502, 0791, 1115, 1160; 27: 0049, 0086,
0210
see also Movie theaters; Post exchanges;
Service clubs; USO
Reduction of forces
discriminatory procedures 13: 0138
Religious services
denied 13: 0138
Riot
inciting a 16: 0001; 19: 0212; 23: 0361;
25: 0168; 26: 0791
involvement in a 1: 0411; 2:0001, 0639;
18: 0360, 0567; 19: 0001, 0568, 1080;
21: 1089; 22: 0965; 23: 0267
see also Gu?m riot
Robbery
16: 0001; 20: 0740; 21: 0382; 22: 0438;
23: 0727; 27: 0320, 0600, 0740
Rout
27: 0643
Sailors, Negro
see Enlisted men, Negro
Screening board, Negro
U.S. Air Force 24: 0101
U.S. Navy 25: 0937; 26: 0001
Seditious acts
26: 0791
Segregation, general
in armed forces 10: 0511, 0663; 24: 0495,
on military installations 10: 0795; 13: 0138,
0556; 23: 0361
in U.S. Army 25: 0001
in U.S. Army Air Corps 25: 0459-0636
in U.S. Coast Guard 25: 0678
in U.S. Navy 25: 0700, 0720; 26: 0329
Segregation laws
disobedience of 19: 0230
enforced on southern bases 11: 0723
Selective Service and Training Act of 1940
10: 0338, 0467, 0511, 0663; 12: 0263;
25: 0937
Selective Service and Training Act of 1948
Strike
10: 0511
Senate, U.S.
Resolution 75 15: 0173
Resolution 132 25: 0937
Service clubs
discrimination by 13: 0556
segregated 13: 0001, 0556
see also Movie theaters; Officer clubs; Post
exchanges; Recreational facilities
Service companies
Negroes assigned to
U.S. Army--general 10: 0795; 11: 0001,
0436, 0524, 0806; 12: 0060, 0166, 0443,
0543, 0757, 0869; 13: 0322, 0435, 0556,
0633, 0782; 14: 0001; 19: 0378, 0446;
23: 0361; 24: 0330; 25: 0001
U.S. Army--request ammunition 13: 0247
U.S. Coast Guard 25: 0678
U.S. Navy 25: 0937, 1142; 26: 0369, 0502,
1115, 1175
see also Assignments; Assignments, lack of
Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944
26: 0791
Service record
indication of race 26: 0001
loss of 13: 0322
Sexual relations
homosexual 16: 0001; 27: 0420. 0487
interracial 13: 0435; 25: 0069
segregated prophylactic stations 13: 0556
sodomy 21: 0144; 22: 0901
Shooting
of soldier 19: 1061; 21: 0069
Shore leave
denied 26: 1215
request for 27: 0020
see also Furloughs
Showers
segregated 26: 0386, 0502, 0791; 27: 0086
Socialist Workers party
14: 0199, 0364
Solicitation
19: 0446
Supreme Court
cases
Irene Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia
15: 0639
Moore v. Dempsey 26: 0329
Smith v. Allright 26: 0329
U.S. v. Richard Adams, et al. 16: 02160881; 17: 0001-0470
stay of execution refused 21: 0568
upholds death sentence 21: 0918
writ of certiorari denied 21: 0568
Swimming pool
discrimination at 2: 0542; 11: 0806
segregated 24: 0101, 0330; 25: 0261
Tampering
with sailors' mail 27: 0020
with transcript of trial 18: 0993
Theft
grand 27: 0469
Training, military
compulsory 26: 0001
denied 27: 0210
discriminatory 10: 0338, 0467; 12: 0084;
13: 0556, 0782
for pilots 26:0001
segregated--at Tuskegee Air Base 25: 0485
segregated--U.S. Army Air Corps 25: 0459,
0469, 0636
Trains
discrimination on 12: 0564; 13: 0633; 14: 0001;
21: 0859
segregated 12: 0564; 20: 0662; 25: 0819
Transfer requests
8: 0001; 11: 0436. 0524, 0723. 0806; 12: 0084,
0263, 0334, 0443, 0634. 0710, 0757, 0869;
13: 0001, 0189. 0247, 0322. 0435, 0556,
0633. 0760, 0782, 0854; 14: 0001;
21: 0460; 26: 1160, 1175, 1215; 27: 0020.
0049, 0086, 0136, 0160, 0600
Transportation
see Conveyances, military; Conveyances,
public; Trains
Travel, military
reimbursement for 12: 0263
Trial
multiple defendants 1: 0002; 2: 0449; 4: 0001,
0294, 0565, 0790; 5: 0001, 0218, 0448.
0799; 6: 0001; 26: 0164; 29: 0001, 0458;
30: 0001, 0452
21: 0309
Southern communities
see Communities, southern
State Guard
New York--Negro battalion 13: 0189
Stlmson, Henry L.
see War Department
Stowaway
aiding 27: 0889
Trial cont.
procedural abuses at 1: 0002, 0177,0411,
0436, 0467, 0546. 0742, 0772; 2: 0126,
0129, 0449, 0481, 0542; 3: 0001, 0443,
0855; 4: 0001. 0294, 0565, 0790; 5:0001,
0218, 0448, 0670, 0778, 0799; 6: 0001,
0048, 0097, 0261, 0296; 9: 0696; 12: 0334;
13: 0001; 14: 0199, 0364; 16: 0216-0881;
17: 0001-0470, 1033; 18:1157; 19: 0280.
0568, 1080; 20: 0017; 22: 0521; 23: 0928,
1033; 28: 0001, 0504, 0889; 29: 0001,
0458; 30: 0001, 0452
unfair 12: 0334
Truman, Harry S
see Executive Orders, number 9981
Tuskegee Army Air Base
see Training, military
Uncle Tom
see Chaplains, Negro
Unlawful entry
general 1:0772; 2: 0001
with intent to assault 2: 0481
uso
construction of facilities 24: 0001
Jim Crow policies of 7: 0001; 24: 0040, 0495
VA
benefits 9: 0001; 10: 0042
budget reduction 7: 0454
Negro employees 7: 0235
Veterans
education benefits 7: 0001
employment opportunities 6: 0725; 7: 0001;
12: 0084; 26: 0001
disability compensation 7: 0455
discrimination against 13: 0663
reenlistment denied 13: 0077; 14: 0001
terminal leave pay 7: 0235
see also Hospitals
Veterans' Affairs, NAACP office of
discontinued 7: 0454; 24: 0495
secretary appointed 6:0539
WAAC
discrimination practiced by 25: 0261, 0440
Negro recruiting staff 25: 0261
segregated 25: 0261
War babies
see Dependents
War Department
Clemency Board 24: 1122
Discharge Review Board 8: 0152-0739;
24: 1122; 26: 0502. 0599, 0791
general 24:0330
Order Number 97 19: 0378; 25: 0206
secretary of 15: 0412
Weapon
unlawful firing of 1: 0772; 20: 0518
West Point Military Reservation
segregation at 13: 0854
White, Walter
26: 0164, 0329; 29: 0001, 0458; 30: 0001,
0452
Withdrawing In face of enemy
18:0164
Women, Negro
barred from
U.S. Coast Guard Reserve 27: 1045
U.S. Marine Corps Reserve 27: 1045
U.S. Navy 25: 0937
U.S. Navy Women's Reserve 27: 1045
eligible for--U.S. Navy auxiliary services
27: 1045
Workers Defense League
10: 0338, 0467
Yerba Buena mutiny
see Mutiny, Mare Island