1
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology: PSY 200
Greg Francis, PhD, [email protected]
Department of Psychological Sciences
Psychological Sciences Building, Room 3186, (765) 494-6934
http://www.psych.purdue.edu/⇠gfrancis/Classes/PSY200/index.html
Exam 1
Name
Purdue ID
Your score on this exam will count toward 17% of your final grade.
The following short answer questions are worth 10 points each. All answers should be
legible and in complete sentences and may include figures or diagrams. You might lose
points for extremely bad handwriting, grammar, or syntax.
(A) Describe an experiment that would demonstrate cognitive di↵erences between the left
and right brain hemispheres of a person who has had their corpus callosum cut.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 16 September 2015
2
(B) Explain the terms “spatial resolution” and “temporal resolution” as they relate to brain
scans. Give an example of an aspect of cognition where the resolution of current brain
scan technologies limit what we can learn.
(C) Describe the receptive field of a “simple cell”. What kind of stimulus will cause a high
firing rate for a given simple cell?
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 16 September 2015
3
(D) What does it mean to say that a neural network can “tolerate the loss of some cells”?
Give an example. Why is this an important property?
(E) Explain the role of sodium in a neural action potential. Discuss all the stages of an
action potential.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 16 September 2015
4
The following multiple choice questions are worth 2 points each. Enter your answer on
the scantron sheet. Enter only one choice for each question.
(1) Suppose a person damages their occipital lobe in a car accident. What aspect of cognition would most likely be a↵ected by the damage?:
(a) decision making.
(b) language.
(c) memory.
(d) visual perception.
(2) If a doctor says that a person has damage to Brodmann’s area 32, they are referring to:
(a) a spot marking 32% of the distance from the front to the back of the brain.
(b) the region of the brain dedicated to processing numbers.
(c) the 32nd largest area of the brain.
(d) a region of the brain marked by a number.
(3) A small spot of light coming into your left eye is initially processed by
(a) only the left brain hemisphere.
(b) only the right brain hemisphere.
(c) either the left or right brain hemisphere.
(d) only the hind brain.
(4) The primary sensory area is located in the:
(a) frontal lobe.
(b) occipital lobe.
(c) parietal lobe.
(d) temporal lobe.
(5) If someone tells you about a new fMRI study that shows brain di↵erences between
republicans and democrats, an appropriate response would be:
(a) “This proves that political orientation is defined by the brain.”
(b) “The temporal resolution of fMRI is not good enough to measure these di↵erences.”
(c) “I already knew there were brain di↵erences between republicans and democrats.”
(d) “That is impossible.”
(6) Which brain scan method measures electrical activity on the scalp?
(a) EEG.
(b) MRI.
(c) fMRI.
(d) single-cell recordings.
(7) The key di↵erence between an MRI and an fMRI scan is:
(a) The properties of the magnet.
(b) The analysis of the recorded signals.
(c) The behavior of the subject.
(d) The fMRI scan requires five measures.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 16 September 2015
5
(8) An fMRI study of the tongue display unit (TDU) revealed that:
(a) people using the device utilize brain regions related to the tongue rather than to visual
perception.
(b) people do not really “see” with the TDU.
(c) the device works best for people with some visual capabilities.
(d) fMRI does not have good enough spatial resolution to identify the brain areas involved
in using a TDU.
(9) The color used to display the results of a study using fMRI usually corresponds to
what?:
(a) activity of the brain.
(b) changes in activity of the brain.
(c) the BOLD signal.
(d) changes in the BOLD signal.
(10) A neuron sends a signal to other neurons with what anatomical part?:
(a) axon.
(b) dendrite
(c) membrane.
(d) soma.
(11) At “rest” a neuron typically has an electrical potential of:
(a) 0 mV.
(b) +50 mV.
(c) -50 mV.
(d) -70 mV.
(12) When a neuron receives an inhibitory signal, it is:
(a) less likely to have an action potential.
(b) more likely to have an action potential
(c) certain to have an action potential.
(d) certain to not have an action potential.
(13) The release of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft is triggered by:
(a) the myelin sheath.
(b) sodium.
(c) potassium
(d) an action potential.
(14) Which of the following is a neurotransmitter?:
(a) haldol.
(b) dopamine.
(c) L-DOPA.
(d) curare.
(15) Morphine is a pain killer primarily because it:
(a) mimics neurotransmitters called endorphin peptides.
(b) blocks dopmaine.
(c) enhances serotonin.
(d) generates haldol.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 16 September 2015
6
(16) The brains of people with Tourette’s syndrome have too much:
(a) acetylcholine.
(b) dopamine.
(c) haldol.
(d) serotonin.
(17) To understand how the brain processes information, we pay more attention to the firing
rate than to each individual action potential. This is because
(a) a single action potential often has little e↵ect on other neurons.
(b) action potentials in rapid succession can build up the release of neurotransmitter.
(c) a neuron often receives simultaneous signals from many other neurons.
(d) all of the above.
(18) Suppose a light touch to a certain place on your skin inhibits a particular neuron. Is
that stimulus part of the neuron’s receptive field?:
(a) yes.
(b) no.
(c) yes, if touch in a place nearby excites the neuron.
(d) no, if touch in a place nearby excites the neuron.
(19) What pattern of light will produce the strongest response in a neuron with an oncenter, o↵-surround receptive field?:
(a) a spot of light that covers all of the receptive field.
(b) a spot of light that covers just the on-center of the receptive field.
(c) a spot of light that cover just the o↵-surround of the receptive field.
(d) a bar of light that covers the on-center more than the o↵-surround.
(20) The blind spot refers to the:
(a) most sensitive part of the retina
(b) place on the retina where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the eye.
(c) place in cortex where neither eye provides information about what is in the world.
(d) extreme edge of the retina where stimuli are hard to see.
(21) In what sense are complex cells more complicated than simple cells?
(a) complex cells respond to faces whereas simple cells respond to lines.
(b) complex cells receive input from several di↵erent simple cells and so inherit multiple
receptive fields.
(c) simple cells respond to typical shapes in the world, whereas complex cells respond to
angles.
(d) complex cells use both excitation and inhibition, while simple cells use only excitation.
(22) In the neural network model, the term connection weight is most closely related to:
(a) firing rate.
(b) synaptic strength.
(c) dendrites.
(d) inhibition.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 16 September 2015
(23) Learning in a neural network is mostly about:
(a) increasing the strength of connection weights.
(b) increasing the strength of an activation.
(c) changing connection weights.
(d) decreasing the strength of connection weights.
(24) A key behavior for the resonance hypothesis is that the neural network model:
(a) eventually settles down to a stable pattern activities.
(b) can correct errors.
(c) uses feedback to introduce expectation.
(d) produces a grandmother cell.
(25) Hebb’s rule is related to:
(a) updating neural activity.
(b) the brightness contrast illusion.
(c) filling-in illusions.
(d) neural learning.
7
1
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology: PSY 200
Greg Francis, PhD, [email protected]
Department of Psychological Sciences
Psychological Sciences Building, Room 3186, (765) 494-6934
http://www.psych.purdue.edu/⇠gfrancis/Classes/PSY200/index.html
Exam 2
Name
Purdue ID
Your score on this exam will count toward 17% of your final grade.
The following short answer questions are worth 10 points each. All answers should be
legible and in complete sentences and may include figures or diagrams. You might lose
points for extremely bad handwriting, grammar, or syntax.
(A) Describe how the Hermann grid illusion can be explained by the responses of neurons
with on-center, o↵-surround receptive fields.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 09 October 2015
2
(B) Describe how the responses of feature maps explain the di↵erent e↵ects of set size
for feature and conjunctive searches in a visual search experiment. What is the role of
attention with regard to the feature maps?
(C) Explain the role of iconic and echoic memory for the modality e↵ect in immediate serial
recall.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 09 October 2015
3
(D) Describe the Brown-Peterson memory experiment (describe the stimuli, task, conditions, and measurement). Describe the typical experimental findings.
(E) Describe the word-length e↵ect and explain how the phonological loop accounts for the
word-length e↵ect.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 09 October 2015
4
The following multiple choice questions are worth 2 points each. Enter your answer on
the scantron sheet. Enter only one choice for each question.
(1) If you looked at a waterfall for a minute and then looked away to the ground, you should
expect that the:
(a) ground will look like it is going down.
(b) ground will look like it is going up.
(c) air in front of the ground will look like it is going down.
(d) air in front of the ground will look like it is going up.
(2) In the neural network model discussed in class, persistence was hypothesized to be due
to:
(a) after-responses.
(b) motion detectors.
(c) excitatory feedback.
(d) masking.
(3) To avoid noticeable flicker, lights must turn on and o↵:
(a) faster than the critical flicker frequency.
(b) slower than the critical flicker frequency.
(c) at exactly the critical flicker frequency.
(d) at exactly twice the critical flicker frequency.
(4) Apparent motion di↵ers from real motion in that:
(a) apparent motion is not detected by a Reichardt detector.
(b) the brain only responds to real motion.
(c) Korte’s laws only apply to real motion.
(d) a stimulus moving in apparent motion does not really move.
(5) When we do not notice a stimulus in the environment, the modern view of cognition
would describe it as:
(a) the stimulus was not detected.
(b) the information about the stimulus was not processed.
(c) the information about the stimulus was not available.
(d) we zoned out.
(6) The illusory brightness e↵ect in the brightness contrast illusion occurs because:
(a) on-center, o↵-surround cells respond strongly at edges.
(b) on-center, o↵-surround cells respond weakly for a homogeneous region.
(c) both (a) and (b).
(d) neither (a) nor (b).
(7) The attentional paradox refers to the observation that:
(a) attending to a red spot does not make it seem more red.
(b) attending to a red spot actually makes it seem more green.
(c) attention is easily tricked.
(d) people respond slower to changes in stimuli that are attended.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 09 October 2015
5
(8) The CogLab version of the visual search experiment measures:
(a) percentage correct detection of the target.
(b) percentage correct detection of the distractor.
(c) reaction time.
(d) similarity of the target and distractor.
(9) The ability to seemingly do a complex task without attention is called:
(a) serial processing.
(b) Stroop processing.
(c) automaticity.
(d) the Simon e↵ect.
(10) We can see bluish-green, but not reddish-green. This property is largely because of the
competition between:
(a) pathways of a gated dipole.
(b) simple cells and complex cells.
(c) working memory and short-term memory.
(d) the visuo-spatial sketchpad and the phonological loop.
(11) The partial report method suggests a bigger capacity of iconic memory than the whole
report method. This is mainly because:
(a) the whole report method introduces masking.
(b) the partial report method uses persistence.
(c) the partial report method allows you to attend to fading stimulus information.
(d) the whole report method requires guessing.
(12) The suffix e↵ect for immediate serial recall is most closely related to:
(a) the capacity of iconic memory.
(b) the duration of echoic memory.
(c) masking in echoic memory.
(d) the partial report method.
(13) Based on the Ebbinghaus study and interpretation, which of the following is a property
of long-term memory?:
(a) information lasts for only a few minutes unless it is rehearsed.
(b) new information always overwrites old information.
(c) new information can interfere with similar old information.
(d) it has a capacity of about seven items.
(14) In the modal model of memory, the typical flow of information is:
(a) sensory memory ! short-term memory ! long-term memory.
(b) short-term memory ! sensory memory ! long-term memory.
(c) short-term memory ! long-term memory! sensory memory.
(d) sensory memory ! long-term memory! short-term memory.
(15) In a free recall memory task, performance is often worst for items in the middle of a
list. For some situations this can be explained as information being:
(a) only in short-term memory and not long-term memory.
(b) only in long-term memory and not short-term memory.
(c) unlikely to be in either short-term memory or long-term memory.
(d) likely to be in both short-term memory and long-term memory.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 09 October 2015
6
(16) In the hypothetical search processes considered by Sternberg, the main prediction of a
parallel search is that:
(a) reaction time will increase with the number of items in memory.
(b) reaction time increases faster for target present than absent trials, as a function of
the number of items in memory.
(c) reaction time is constant as the number of items in memory increases.
(d) reaction time is faster for target present than for target absent trials.
(17) The conclusion of the Sternberg memory search experiment was that search of shortterm memory was:
(a) parallel.
(b) serial, self-terminating.
(c) serial, exhaustive.
(d) nearly complete.
(18) A key di↵erence between short-term memory and working memory is:
(a) the time scale of the memories.
(b) the hypothesized processes involved in memory.
(c) the capacity of the theories.
(d) the neural mechanisms.
(19) Which memory system has the largest capacity?:
(a) echoic memory.
(b) short-term memory.
(c) working memory.
(d) long-term memory.
(20) Sternberg’s memory search experiment suggested the existence of:
(a) the central executive.
(b) the phonological loop.
(c) the visual spatial sketchpad.
(d) sensory memory.
(21) The conclusion from the Brooks study is that:
(a) working memory contains separate systems for language and visual-spatial information.
(b) working memory includes a central executive.
(c) working memory interfaces with long-term memory.
(d) memory involves information processing.
(22) It is not a good idea to study with the TV on because of:
(a) the irrelevant speech e↵ect.
(b) articulatory suppression.
(c) the word-length e↵ect.
(d) phonological similarity.
(23) The information in the phonological loop is a representation of:
(a) words.
(b) sounds.
(c) visual information.
(d) speech sounds.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 09 October 2015
(24) Which system would be least involved in the Stroop task?:
(a) echoic memory.
(b) phonological loop.
(c) visual-spatial sketchpad.
(d) long-term memory.
(25) The e↵ect of phonological similarity on memory seems to be due to:
(a) interference in rehearsing similar items.
(b) improved storage of similar items.
(c) more efficient coding of similar items.
(d) interference producing faster decay of similar items.
7
1
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology: PSY 200
Greg Francis, PhD, [email protected]
Department of Psychological Sciences
Psychological Sciences Building, Room 3186, (765) 494-6934
http://www.psych.purdue.edu/⇠gfrancis/Classes/PSY200/index.html
Exam 3
Name
Purdue ID
Your score on this exam will count toward 17% of your final grade.
The following short answer questions are worth 10 points each. All answers should be
legible and in complete sentences and may include figures or diagrams. You might lose
points for extremely bad handwriting, grammar, or syntax.
(A) Memory is often constructive. Explain the impact of this characteristic on eye-witness
testimony.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 04 November 2015
2
(B) How would you measure the build up of proactive interference in a memory experiment?
Explain how proactive interference might build up across trials of a memory experiment
(e.g., describe mechanisms that produce the interference).
(C) Explain how to use the method of loci to remember a set of items.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 04 November 2015
3
(D) Describe the CogLab mental rotation experiment and its typical data. Explain why the
typical results indicate that mental images are (somewhat) like real images.
The following 30 multiple choice questions are worth 2 points each. Enter your answer
on the scantron sheet. Enter only one choice for each question.
(1) In a part-set cuing experiment, memory recall of some items is better for the subjects
who:
(a) previously recalled other items.
(b) are given some other items.
(c) are not given any other items.
(d) studied only part of the set.
(2) Which of the following descriptions best reflects the encoding specificity principle? memory is best for items that are:
(a) strongly encoded.
(b) most discriminable.
(c) studied in a context similar to the recall context.
(d) less familiar.
(3) Which of the following implications of the encoding specificity principle make it difficult
to determine if something is completely forgotten?:
(a) hints do not always help retrieve items from memory.
(b) changing context might make something that was forgotten be remembered.
(c) context can include internal context such as mood or sobriety.
(d) there is no fundamentally “best” study method.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 04 November 2015
4
(4) People tend to better recall information in a classroom if they studied in the same room.
This is largely due to:
(a) part-set cuing.
(b) proactive interference.
(c) retroactive interference
(d) encoding specificity.
(5) What is the best description of the false memory experiment?:
(a) people do not remember the critical lure.
(b) people remember the critical lure at a rate higher than actually shown items.
(c) people remember the critical lure, but think it came from the list rather than themselves.
(d) people do not remember items that were shown.
(6) The misinformation e↵ect suggests that:
(a) memories are like video recordings.
(b) recall of a memory interferes with future recalls of the same memory.
(c) the content of memories can be changed by false information.
(d) memories can never be trusted.
(7) If I forget my password for my old Google account because I have set up di↵erent
passwords for Facebook and my bank, this is an example of:
(a) part-set cuing.
(b) proactive interference.
(c) release from proactive interference.
(d) retroactive interference.
(8) Based on an experiment with “hints”, we concluded that the build up of proactive
interference was due to interference at:
(a) recall.
(b) storage.
(c) encoding.
(d) learning.
(9) One conclusion of the memory study that used high school year-books is that:
(a) information in LTM memory lasts forever.
(b) there is no interference in LTM.
(c) information in LTM can last a very long time.
(d) recall is easier than recognition.
(10) The most accurate description of the Penfield (1959) studies is that:
(a) a person’s memory can be changed by questions.
(b) flashbulb memories are not as accurate as they seem.
(c) stimulating the brain can produce something that seems like a memory.
(d) stimulating the brain produces vivid memories of things that had been forgotten.
(11) According to the phonological loop theory, forgetting in STM is because of:
(a) interference with recalling information.
(b) interference with storing information.
(c) proactive interference.
(d) retroactive interference.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 04 November 2015
5
(12) Flashbulb memories are:
(a) unusually vivid.
(b) unusually accurate.
(c) both unusually vivid and accurate.
(d) not a real phenomena.
(13) When a patient is unable to remember events prior to the onset of amnesia, it is called:
(a) anterograde amnesia.
(b) cognitive amnesia.
(c) infantile amnesia.
(d) retrograde amnesia.
(14) When retrograde amnesia is the result of an auto accident, which of the following is
typical?:
(a) the patient cannot form new memories for about a year after the accident.
(b) the patient never recovers a week or so of memories prior to the accident.
(c) the patient recovers the newest memories first.
(d) memories from childhood are often never recovered.
(15) Memory about how to tie a shoe is probably which type (give the most specific answer):
(a) declarative.
(b) nondeclarative.
(c) STM.
(d) LTM.
(16) If measured with a standard memory span experiment, an anterograde amnesic would:
(a) be unable to do the task at all.
(b) be better than non-amnesics.
(c) be nearly the same as non-amnesics.
(d) show primacy but not recency.
(17) Infantile amnesia refers to the finding that most adults:
(a) do not remember childhood events that happened before the age of four.
(b) have better memories than children younger than four.
(c) cannot explain things to four year olds.
(d) were unable to permanently learn childhood events when they were younger than
four.
(18) Subject SF increased his memory span to 81 digits. If he was then tested for a memory
span of letters, it would be around:
(a) 81.
(b) 40.
(c) 7
(d) 2.
(19) Judgments of Learning are most accurate when they are made:
(a) right after studying.
(b) with a delay after studying.
(c) prior to studying.
(d) with an intention to learn.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 04 November 2015
6
(20) Suppose you are learning vocabulary words with flash cards. You get a vocabulary
word correct. Which action will subsequently lead to better memory for that word later?:
(a) keep studying that word.
(b) set it aside and focus on studying other words.
(c) keep testing yourself on that word.
(d) set it aside and focus on testing yourself for other words.
(21) The main conclusion about learning styles is that:
(a) di↵erent people do have di↵erent preferred learning styles.
(b) matching a teaching method to a learning style does not seem to be a good strategy.
(c) learning is best when the teaching method matches the learning style.
(d) everybody can learn material equally well, as long as it is taught in way that matches
their learning style.
(22) Experimental evidence for memory repression:
(a) is found by analyzing dreams.
(b) is consistent with behavioral problems.
(c) indicates that it occurs with traumatic events.
(d) does not exist.
(23) Which is not necessarily a part of the prototype theory of concepts?:
(a) a concept is represented by a single thing.
(b) whether a new item is an instance of the concept is decided by similarity with the
prototype.
(c) the prototype is an average.
(d) some items can be more or less of a concept.
(24) The Posner & Keele (1968) experiment on prototypes used random dot patterns because:
(a) they wanted to define new concepts.
(b) other types of concepts do not generate prototypes.
(c) random dot patterns cannot be represented by a definition.
(d) random dot patterns cannot be represented by an exemplar.
(25) A key di↵erence between the prototype and exemplar theory of concepts is:
(a) only one is able to account for the Posner & Keele (1968) findings.
(b) they have fundamental di↵erences about how conceptual information is represented.
(c) only one is able to account for the definition aspects of concepts.
(d) only one can be part of propositions.
(26) Which of the following is not a property of propositions?:
(a) a proposition is the simplest statement that can be judged as true or false.
(b) a proposition identifies relationships between concepts.
(c) a proposition can consist of a single concept.
(d) people seem to think in terms of propositions.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 04 November 2015
7
(27) In the graphical representation of propositions, the links between circles correspond
to:
(a) concepts.
(b) exemplars.
(c) prototypes.
(d) relations.
(28) Trying to answer geography questions with a mental map demonstrates that some
mental images:
(a) are almost identical to real images.
(b) definitely have a perceptual aspect.
(c) almost surely include propositional information.
(d) are represented in the occipital lobe of the brain.
(29) Mental images would most likely utilize which part of working memory?:
(a) articulatory control process.
(b) phonological store
(c) central executive.
(d) visuospatial sketchpad.
(30) Kosslyn’s (1976) experiment on mental images investigated:
(a) mental images were all propositions or all perceptual information.
(b) how subjects accessed information when thinking about a concept in di↵erent ways.
(c) whether subjects can “see” a new image in a rotated mental image.
(d) how subjects scan mental images.
1
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology: PSY 200
Greg Francis, PhD, [email protected]
Department of Psychological Sciences
Psychological Sciences Building, Room 3186, (765) 494-6934
http://www.psych.purdue.edu/⇠gfrancis/Classes/PSY200/index.html
Exam 4
Name
Purdue ID
Your score on this exam will count toward 17% of your final grade.
2 Optional: You can have your score on this exam replace part of your score on exam
1. If you check the box, your current exam 1 score will be replaced by the average of your
old exam 1 score and the score you earn on this exam. Thus, if you think you have done
better on this exam than on exam 1, you should check this box. If you think you have done
worse on this exam than on exam 1, you should leave the box unchecked.
The following short answer questions are worth 10 points each. All answers should be
legible and in complete sentences and may include figures or diagrams. You might lose
points for extremely bad handwriting, grammar, or syntax.
(A) Describe the Turing test for consciousness/intelligence. Include at least one shortcoming of the test.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 02 December 2015
2
(B) Describe the methods and conclusions of the CogLab Age of Acquisition experiment.
(C) Explain why difficulties in parsing indicate that words and grammar are not always
enough to ensure communication.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 02 December 2015
3
(D) Explain why people are generally unsatisfied with any plural form of the word walkman.
The following multiple choice questions are worth 2 points each. Enter your answer on
the scantron sheet. Enter only one choice for each question.
(1) Modern English includes many words from French, this indicates that:
(a) language is not an instinct.
(b) children learn language in schools.
(c) English is a kind of pidgin rather than a true language.
(d) culture influences language.
(2) Children sometimes say things like “holded”. This indicates that children:
(a) are biased to learn the language of their parents.
(b) do not just mimic the speakers around them.
(c) only learn a pidgin.
(d) cannot learn a creole.
(3) A pidgin is:
(a) not a language.
(b) a dialect of a language.
(c) phase 2 of learning a language.
(d) a rewrite rule.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 02 December 2015
4
(4) When a speaker of African American Vernacular English says something like “If you
bad,” they are speaking:
(a) with poor grammar.
(b) by skipping long-term dependencies.
(c) incorrectly on purpose, to make a point.
(d) properly.
(5) The two key aspects of language are:
(a) symbols and speech.
(b) symbols and grammar.
(c) grammar and speech.
(d) speech and coarticulation.
(6) The term symbols refers to:
(a) rules of word order.
(b) words.
(c) meaning.
(d) phonemes.
(7) A sentence like “The child seems sleeping”:
(a) is grammatically correct.
(b) is meaningless.
(c) conveys information despite being non-grammatical.
(d) conveys information despite being meaningless.
(8) Words at the beginning of a sentence can influence words near the end of a sentence.
This is called a:
(a) nonsense sentence.
(b) long-term dependency.
(c) morpheme dependency.
(d) parsing interaction.
(9) The term phrase tree is most closely related to what part of language?:
(a) grammar.
(b) co-articulation.
(c) phonemes.
(d) morphemes.
(10) Approximately 80% of the world’s languages generally order sentences so that the
subject comes before the verb. This is an example of a:
(a) rewrite rule.
(b) long-term dependency.
(c) language universal.
(d) creole.
(11) In the CogLab word superiority experiment, the measure was:
(a) ratings of word frequency.
(b) reaction time.
(c) recall of words versus nonwords.
(d) foreign words versus English words.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 02 December 2015
5
(12) A prefix is a:
(a) morpheme but not a word.
(b) word but not a morpheme.
(c) headless word
(d) headless morpheme.
(13) If you show children a new object called a “slarb” and prompt them to make the plural
form of the word, they will typically say:
(a) slarbs.
(b) slerb.
(c) that they have not know the plural form of the word.
(d) that they have to ask their mother for the plural form.
(14) In the compound word snowman, the head of the word is the:
(a) consonant “s”.
(b) syllable “sn”.
(c) noun “snow”.
(d) noun “man”.
(15) Which of the following has the smallest role in interpreting language?:
(a) parser.
(b) mental lexicon.
(c) schemas.
(d) qualia.
(16) When parsing a sentence like The plastic pencil marks... a difficulty is that:
(a) word ambiguity is not resolved until later in the sentence.
(b) some words do not exist in the mental lexicon.
(c) coarticulation makes it impossible to separate words.
(d) some suffixes can only be added to a root.
(17) The strange thing about the sentence Time flies like an arrow. is that it is:
(a) grammatically correct, but no one understands it.
(b) meaningless, but still conveys information.
(c) not grammatical, but people do not notice.
(d) ambiguous, but people do not notice.
(18) The strange thing about the sentence Bu↵alo bu↵alo... is that it is:
(a) grammatically correct, but no one understands it.
(b) meaningless, but still conveys information.
(c) not grammatical, but people do not notice.
(d) ambiguous, but people do not notice.
(19) Current computers often struggle to understand human conversations because they
lack:
(a) words.
(b) grammar.
(c) schemas
(d) speech.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 02 December 2015
6
(20) People coarticulate their speech in order to:
(a) make it easy for the listener to follow.
(b) talk quickly.
(c) stress the phonemes of key words.
(d) guide the parser.
(21) In speech, place of articulation refers to:
(a) when air flow is blocked.
(b) where air flow is blocked.
(c) whether the vocal cords vibrate or not.
(d) whether a phoneme is a consonant or a vowel.
(22) A phoneme:
(a) is in the mental lexicon.
(b) are the units for re-write rules.
(c) is any speech sound.
(d) is all sounds made by the vocal tract, including coughs and hiccups.
(23) Adults often cannot remember that smote is the past tense form of the verb smite and
say smited. This is an example of:
(a) overgeneralization.
(b) voicing.
(c) an age of acquisition e↵ect.
(d) babbling.
(24) Most children generate (basic) adult sentences with proper grammar at around age:
(a) 2.
(b) 4.
(c) 8.
(d) 10.
(25) For many people, learning a second language in college is:
(a) the best time to do it.
(b) not worth the e↵ort.
(c) about 15 years later than the best time to do it.
(d) prone to overgeneralizations.
(26) Difficulty identifying words for concepts or objects is called:
(a) anomia.
(b) dualism.
(c) parsing.
(d) morpheme.
(27) E↵orts to teach chimps language found that they could:
(a) not learn words or complex grammar.
(b) learn some words but not complex grammar.
(c) not learn words but could learn complex grammar.
(d) learn both words and complex grammar.
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - 02 December 2015
7
(28) The idea that the mental and physical words are separate and distinct is called:
(a) dualism.
(b) materialism.
(c) distributed processing.
(d) qualia.
(29) E↵orts to identify the place in the brain that correspond to consciousness may be futile
because:
(a) di↵erent parts of the brain know di↵erent things at di↵erent times.
(b) of long-term dependencies.
(c) of co-articulation.
(d) thinking is in mentalese.
(30) The entirely personal and subjective experience of seeing the color red is called a:
(a) phoneme.
(b) mentalese.
(c) qualia.
(d) re-write rule.