JUNIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE
ENGLISH FIRST LANGUAGE
1101/1
PAPER 1 Reading and Directed Writing
2 hours
Marks 60
2013
Additional Materials: Answer Book
INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION TO CANDIDATES
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Write your answers in the separate answer book provided.
Write your Candidate Number and Name in the spaces on the answer book.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
Do not use correction fluid.
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Answer all questions.
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You should pay attention to spelling, punctuation and handwriting.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
This document consists of 8 printed pages.
Republic of Namibia
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
© MoE/DNEA
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SECTION A
Read the following passage carefully and answer Questions 1 – 14.
Passage 1
WIND POWER
Wind is the movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of low
pressure. In fact, wind exists because the sun unevenly heats the surface of
the Earth. As hot air rises, cooler air moves in to fill the void. As long as the
sun shines, the wind will blow. As long as the wind blows, people will harness
it to power their lives.
Ancient mariners used sails to capture the wind and explore the world.
Farmers once used windmills to grind their grains and pump water. Nowadays
more and more people are using wind turbines to wring electricity from the
breeze. Over the past decade wind turbine use has increased at more than
25% a year. Still, it only provides a small fraction of the world’s energy.
Most wind energy comes from turbines that can be as tall as a 20-storeyhigh building and have three 200-feet-long (60-metre-long) blades. These
contraptions look like giant aeroplane propellers on a stick. The wind spins the
blades, which turn a shaft connected to a generator that produces electricity.
Other turbines work in the same way, but the turbine is on a vertical axis and
the blades look like a giant egg beater.
The biggest wind turbines generate enough electricity to supply about 600
U.S. homes. Wind farms have tens and sometimes hundreds of these
turbines lined up together in particularly windy spots, like along a ridge.
Smaller turbines erected in a backyard can produce enough electricity for a
single home or small business.
Wind is a clean source of renewable energy that produces no air or water
pollution. Since wind is free, operational costs are nearly zero once a turbine
is erected. Mass production and technology advances are making turbines
cheaper, and many governments offer tax incentives to spur wind-energy
development.
Some people think wind turbines are ugly and complain about the noise the
machines make. The slowly rotating blades can also kill birds and bats, but
not nearly as many as cars, power lines and high-rise buildings do. The wind
is also variable. If it is not blowing, no electricity is generated.
Nevertheless the wind energy industry is booming. Globally, generation more
than quadrupled between 2000 and 2006. At the end of last year global
capacity was more than 70 000 megawatts. In the energy-hungry United
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States a single megawatt is enough electricity to power about 250 homes.
Germany has the most installed wind energy capacity, followed by Spain,
the United States, India and Denmark. Development is also fast growing in
France and China.
Industry experts predict that if this pace of growth continues, by 2050 the
answer to one third of the world’s electricity needs will be found blowing in
the wind.
(Adapted National Geographic, Wind Power Information, Wind Power Facts: environment.nationalgeographic.com)
Take note that Namibia is also considering wind energy generation.
According to an article in New Era of late November 2011 (“Taming the wind
– Namibia to harness wind power”) development of Namibia’s first-ever wind
power generation plant with a capacity to generate 44 megawatts of electricity,
has started with a detailed wind assessment at Diaz Point in Luderitz. The
project is set to cost N$1 billion. Developers would set up wind turbines
at Diaz Point. Among many technical requirements the assessment would
determine the number of turbines needed as well as their size.
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In answering Questions 1 – 6 write down the number of the question and the correct
answer next to it, for example 1A.
1
A synonym for mariner is a
A captain.
B traveller.
C geologist.
D sailor.
2
[1]
A decade is a period of
A five years.
B hundred years.
C ten years.
D twenty-five years.
3
[1]
Turbines can be as tall as
A 20-metre-high buildings.
B 60-metre-high buildings.
C 20-storey-high buildings.
D 200-feet-high buildings.
4
[1]
Wind farms are
A areas with tens to hundreds of wind turbines.
B farms with windy spots.
C windy areas for cattle-farming.
D windy areas of a country.
5
[1]
The electricity produced is measured in
A megabytes.
B megapixels.
C megastores.
D megawatts.
6
[1]
Which country has the most installed wind energy capacity?
A China.
B United States.
C France.
D Germany.
[1]
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7
Explain in detail why we have wind.
[3]
8
More and more people use wind turbines “to wring electricity from the breeze”.
Explain the meaning of “to wring electricity from the breeze”.
[1]
9
The author uses two similes (comparisons) to describe the wind turbines. Quote these similes.
[2]
10 Mention the use of the smaller wind turbines.
[2]
11 Select the correct meaning of the expression “The wind energy industry is booming”
from the following lIst:
(a) The wind energy industry is prosperous.
(b) The wind energy is on the decline.
(c) The wind energy is stagnant.
[1]
12 State whether the following is TRUE or FALSE:
“Global” relates to the whole world.
[1]
13 What do industry experts hope to achieve with wind energy?
[2]
14 What does the first stage of developing Namibia’s first-ever wind power generation
plant entail?
[2]
[20]
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SECTION B
Read the following passage carefully and answer Questions 1 – 5. Questions 1 – 5
should be answered in full sentences and in your own words as far as possible.
Passage 2
Windpumps are part of South African life
Windpumps were introduced in South Africa over 150 years ago and the first
recorded pump in South Africa dates back to 1848. The principle is simple
– wind turns the multiple blades of a rotor and the energy is transferred via
gearing to a shaft that can pump water up from wells as deep as 200 m.
Harnessing wind power to raise ground water to the surface had a significant
impact on economic development by making farming, especially stock farming,
possible in arid areas.
There are tens of thousands of these water workhorses in South Africa,
but they have fallen in disuse for some time. “Nowadays we only use the
windpump as a back-up to electric pumps,” explains Chris van Schalkwyk, an
agricultural economics lecturer at Stellenbosch University.
At Deze Hoek, a historic farm at the foot of the Piketberg Mountains owned
by the Eksteen family, there are a couple of windpumps, and one is still used
to raise water for cattle. The family now uses solar pumps to draw from their
spring-fed dam to irrigate table grapes.
“Parts for the pumps are scarce,” says Cobus, explaining that repairing
windpumps can be a laborious job. “The pipes for the water may go down
20 to 30 metres, and each section of pipe has to be hauled up. It can take a
whole day to take it out.”
Removing the head of the pump isn’t easy either. It involves fixing a clamp
to the frame so that the head can be winched down without damaging it. It
becomes apparent that if electricity and finance are available, farmers might
look for alternatives to using the windpump, the farmer’s old friend.
However, it seems that the ecologically friendly windpumps are now making
something of a comeback, at least that is the story from Mike Reynolds, sales
manager at Bloemfontein-based Southern Cross Industries (SCI), South
Africa’s biggest windpump manufacturers. They also supply pumps to other
African countries like Namibia, Nigeria and Tanzania. “A couple of years
ago, after a slow decrease, interest in the windpumps started up again,” says
Mike. This is partly driven by new farmers involved in government schemes
and also due to demand from other African countries. “South African farmers
have always relied on windpumps. Now electric and diesel pumps are used
in some areas, but electricity is expensive and, in the case of diesel-driven
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pumps, the components or the diesel may get stolen. We find that in the area
around Bloemfontein windpumps that were previously non-operational have
now been fixed. People can pump water without having to rely on Escom.”
Villiers Aqua Engineering has been in the windpump business for 17 years
and introduced the Poldaw pump seven years ago. “Windpumps are coming
back,” says sales manager Friamie Vorster, “and we are selling more of them
every year.” He has found a downturn in the popularity of electric pumps
because of reliability problems with Escom, while solar pumps are losing
popularity since they get stolen and can be unreliable.
“All over Africa there has definitely been a trend towards windpumps, and
about three to four years ago we started getting enquiries from around the
world: America, Sweden, Ireland, Somalia,” says Hans van Eden, owner and
MD of Turbex windpumps, which have a rotary rather than an up-and-down
mechanism. In South Africa the government programme to provide drinking
water for small communities has also opened up new avenues as windpumps
are reliable and need little maintenance.
“About 20 years ago Escom had surplus energy and there was a drive for
farmers to use electric pumps. At present this situation is being reversed. At
the end of the day it is economics that decides things,” says Hans.
He then tells about a study which found that when compared with solar, diesel
and electric pumps (especially when the cost of laying on cabling is included),
windpumps were the most economical, taking overall costs into account.
”Windpumps are a long-term investment, they can last a lifetime and they
make common sense.”
(Abridged and adapted, Country Life March 2012, pp.50 – 53)
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1
Describe how a windpump functions.
[4]
2
How do we know that there has been an increasing trend to use windpumps in
Africa?
[5]
3
Why do farmers revert to using windpumps?
[5]
4
Hans van Eden considers windpumps to be most economical. Why?
[3]
5
How can you prove that windpumps did not originate in South Africa?
[3]
[20]
6
You are very concerned about pollution and often disturbed by the fact that
Windhoek’s Van Eck Power Station is responsible for the production of smog as it
uses coal to generate electricity. You have checked on the usefulness of wind power.
In discussions with your peers at school you were disappointed about their indifference
towards these matters. Hence you decided to write an informative article on wind
power in the monthly newsletter of your school.
Write the article in which you discuss the advantages as well as the disadvantages of
wind energy and persuade your readers to consider changing to wind energy rather
than using fossil fuels like coal or diesel.
Supply the appropriate headings needed for the article.
Base the content of your article on both Passage 1 and Passage 2.
Your article should be about 200 words in length. JSC 2013, English First Language Paper 1
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