CHAPTERS 14.1 and 15
States of matter and
Classification of Matter
Classification of Matter
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:
• WHAT IS MATTER?
• WHAT ARE THE STATES OF MATTER?
• HOW DO WE CLASSIFY MATTER?
• WHAT ARE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
CHANGES?
Matter
Anything that has mass and volume
 Found in a variety of forms
 Can be changed from one form to another (Law of
Conservation of Mass)

States of Matter
•
Kinetic Theory of Matter – states that all particles
of matter are in constant motion

The rate at which atoms in a substance move
determines its state
• Solid
Molecules tightly linked together in a definite
shape
Vibrate in place
Fixed volume and shape
Liquid
Molecules NOT as tightly linked as a solid
Maintains a fixed volume
Able to flow & takes the shape of the
container
Gas
Molecules have little or no attraction to each
other
Fill the volume of the container
Move very rapidly
• Plasma
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
MOST COMMON STATE OF
MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE!
No definite shape or volume
A portion of the particles
are IONIZED
Acts like a gas but responds
to electromagnetic fields
Phase Change
A reversible physical change that occurs when a
substance changes from one state of matter to
another
 Temperature does not change during a
phase change
 Thermal energy must be added or removed
to cause a substance to change state
Phase Change Graph
Changing States of Matter
Changing States of Matter
Endothermic Reactions – absorb energy
– Melting – ie. ice cubes
– Vaporization – liquid  gas
ie. boiling / evaporation / standing water
– Sublimation – solid  gas without liquid
phase
ie. dry ice
Changing States of Matter
Exothermic Reactions – release energy
– Freezing – ie. ice cubes
– Condensation – gas  liquid
ie. morning dew
– Deposition – gas  solid without liquid
phase
ie. frost on windows
Changing States of Matter
Composition of Matter
• Properties of materials are used to classify
them.
• The two main categories are
1. PURE SUBSTANCES
2. MIXTURES
Make a Hypothesis…Is ink a pure
substance or mixture?
 Ask yourself, based on what you already know:
 What is a pure substance? What is a mixture?
 What do you think the difference between the two is?
 How do you think we can use science to figure out
whether ink is a pure substance or mixture?
 Place your piece of filter paper in the cup of water. Be
sure that the water does not directly touch the ink!
PURE SUBSTANCES
• A type of matter with a fixed composition.
• ELEMENT: a substance that contains ONE TYPE
of atom: copper, carbon (graphite/diamond)
and oxygen (O2)..
Found on the periodic table
Cannot be broken down by a
physical or chemical change
PURE SUBSTANCES
• A type of matter with a fixed composition.
• COMPOUND: a substance in which the atoms
of two or more elements are chemically
combined in a fixed proportion: H2O, CaCO3,
CO2, and NaCl.
• The compound properties are often different
from the elements that make them
MIXTURES
• A type of matter with NO fixed composition.
• HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES: different
materials are distinguished easily: pizza, soup
mix, and granite.
• Not all are easily recognized
MIXTURES
• HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES: contains two or more
gaseous, liquid or solid substances blended evenly
throughout : soda, air, sea water, and vinegar.
• These are also known as SOLUTIONS: a
homogeneous mixture of particles that are
CONSTANTLY and UNIFORMLY mixed.
MIXTURES
• COLLOID: a mixture with particles that are larger
than a solution, but not heavy enough to settle out:
milk (water, sugars, fats, proteins), paint (oil,
pigment, etc), fog (air, liquids), and smoke in air.
How can we test a colloid?
Tindell Effect
MIXTURES
• SUSPENSIONS: heterogeneous mixture containing a
liquid in which the particles settle.
Physical Properties of Matter
• Physical Properties: Any characteristic of a
material that can be observed or measured
without changing the composition of the
substances in the material.
• E.g. viscosity, conductivity, malleability,
hardness, melting point, boiling point, and
density are examples of physical properties.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
• Using physical properties to separate – sifting,
sorting, using a magnet, etc. RECYCLING.
Section 15.2: PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL
CHANGES OF MATTER
• PHYSICAL CHANGE: a change in size, shape, or state
of matter. THE IDENTITY REMAINS THE SAME.
• These changes may involve energy changes but the
properties don’t change. E.g. iron when heated.
PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL CHANGES OF
MATTER
• PHYSICAL CHANGE: a change in size, shape, or state
of matter. THE IDENTITY REMAINS THE SAME.
• DISTILLATION – Uses a physical change to separate
(evaporation). Used in industry.
Using Properties to Separate Mixtures
• Filtration is another separation method.
• Filtration is a process that separates materials
based on the size of their particles.
Some examples: Panning for Gold,
archaeologist.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES & CHANGES
• CHEMICAL PROPERTY – A characteristic of a
substance that indicates whether it can undergo a
certain chemical change. E.g. flammable, changes
color.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES & CHANGES
• CHEMICAL CHANGE – produces heat, light, sound,
color change, precipitate, and gas bubbles.
PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL CHANGES
• FOR EXAMPLE: WEATHERING
• Physical – rocks broken apart by ice, streams carving
away rock, wind moving sand
• Chemical – Limestone (CaCO3) changes to gypsum in
acid