Application of 3D body scanning technology to human measurement for clothing Fit
Phoebe R. Apeagyei
Application of 3D body scanning technology to human measurement for
clothing Fit
Phoebe R. Apeagyei
Department of Clothing Design & Technology, Manchester Metropolitan University, England,
UK
Email: [email protected]
doi: 10.4156/jdcta.vol4.issue7.6
Abstract
Complications with garment sizing and poor fit inconvenience many consumers who become
dissatisfied with such provision on the high street. It is evident that human measurement and
classification of the human body based on size and shape are precedent to accurate clothing fit and
therefore fundamental to production and consumption. With advancement in technology, automated 3D
body scanners designed to capture the shape and size of a human body in seconds and further produce
its true-to-scale 3D body model have been developed. The use of data generated is extensive; and
include anthropometric dimensions and morphology for the creation of avatars and mannequins. This
technology is currently viewed as the frontier in solving fit problems, for instance by generating
accurate data for the development of size charts, enabling a pragmatic approach to the offer of mass
customisation and also facilitating virtual model fit trials that enhance online clothing shopping
experiences. Consumers have become savvier than ever and as the demand for well-fitted garments is
increasing, 3D body scanning technology is being viewed as a significant bridge between
craftsmanship and computer-aided design technologies. Currently being explored by academic
research and not as yet widely implemented across retail sectors, it is expected to facilitate consumer
satisfaction and reduce commercial waste due to ‘ill-fit’ returns. There is therefore a vital need to
authenticate procedures and establish systems for practice. This paper seeks to assess the application
of one such technology to human measurement for clothing provision and tests procedures for its
implementation. The methodology presents a case study approach involving the use of one such stateof-the-art technology in the acquisition of measurement data at a metropolitan university in the UK,
and advises on the application of the 3D body scanner in research and sampling activities.
Keywords: 3D body scanning technology, Clothing, Computer-aided design (CAD)
1. Introduction
The search for perfect clothing fit has a long history relating to various efforts to determine body
anthropometry for the development of patterns and garments in the clothing industry (Apeagyei, et al.,
2007; Otieno et al., 2005; Fan & Hunter, 2004). The shapes of human figure types continue to change
mainly due to sedentary lifestyles, dietary habits, migration patterns and the impact of rising trends that
affect body shape ideals. (Apeagyei, 2008; Workman & Lentz, 2000; Tamburrino, 1992a; 1992b and
1992c). Generally, the most notable differences in body size and shape relate to ethnic diversity, age
and gender. In principle, females are smaller than their male counterparts except in hip dimensions.
With age increase, many adults become shorter and many also heavier (Kroemer & Grandjean, 1997).
This necessitates regular monitoring of human measurement especially for the achievement and
provision of adequate clothing. Anthropometric research nonetheless can be time consuming and
costly. As well as being considered proprietary, precise, detailed information on applications,
techniques and resulting data is not easily accessible in the public domain.
2. National sizing survey and body shape issues
Prior to UK’s national sizing survey in 2001-2002 in which 3D body scanners were employed,
body measurement data dating as far back as 1950 were being used in pattern development and sizing
for clothing. Results of this survey (Shape Analysis, 2009) showed that there has been a significant
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change in human body size overall, with both genders. With women for example (Table 1), the
average person has increased in key dimensions, as much as an overwhelming 16cm on the waist.
Table 1. UK national sizing surveys – key dimensions of average female
FEMALE
1951 statistics
2002 statistics
(difference)
Bust
94
98
(+4)
Waist
Hips
70
86
(+16)
99
103
(+4)
Height
159
163
(+4)
Weight
62
65
(+3)
The objective of garment sizing is to divide standardized dimensions for the body and garments into
categories, with the aim to fit the maximum number of people with the minimum number of sizes;
however size charts vary. Body measurement charts indicate sample coverage of body measurements
for the designated population, using standard deviation values. Recent studies involving the
application 3D body scanning technology have confirmed the existence of various female body shapes
(Apeagyei, 2008; Faust et al., 2006, Simmons et al., 2004), even within specific size categories.
Therefore, establishing a relationship between body size and shape in the provision of adequate
clothing is vital. Due to complexities in methodology and financial implications involving the
collection of body size data, retailers and manufacturers tend to treat body measurements and sizing
data they have often accumulated over years of practice and through trial and error as proprietary. This
presents variation of sized clothing and sizing communication across markets, especially on the high
street and confuses consumers.
Size UK was sponsored by seventeen leading high street retailers who were keen to identify up-todate body size and shape differences among various demographics, in order to provide better fitted
clothing for consumers. 11,000 men and women from various parts of Britain were measured (Size
UK, 2009). Shape GB sizing survey for children in Britain had similar intentions and likewise utilised
the 3D body scanner. Sponsored by a consortium of high street retailers, it sought to generate up-todate information on the changing shape and size of children between ages four to seventeen (Shape GB,
2009). Since the first application of a 3D body scanner for a national survey (Size UK), body scanners
have been used for several national size surveys for example in USA, China, Spain, Mexico, Thailand,
France, Korea and Taiwan.
It is anticipated that results from national surveys would provide significant benefits such as new
knowledge in human growth and measurements; up-to-date body size & shape data for manufacturers
and retailers; statistical analysis on anthropometric demographics; establishment of new size charts and
improved clothing size standards.
3. D body scanning technology
Pantano & Naccarato (2010) analysed the importance of advanced technologies and outlined their
influences on consumers’ experience and satisfaction in the retail environment. Interaction,
personalisation and visualisation were all deemed as vital to the successful implementation of such
technologies to meet needs. The development of 3D body scanning technology allows for the quick
and consistent extraction of body measurements and can generate customised fit for any number of
people. As well as linear measurements, scanning can easily extract a vast number of data types and
measurements relating to shapes, angles, and relational data points (Simmons & Istook, 2001). For the
clothing industry, scanners capture an accurate 3D representation of a garment’s relationship to the
body while minimising visual distraction (Ashdown et al., 2004). The extracted measurements and the
virtual picture are the foundation for individual pattern construction and digital data management. The
3D image allows instant evaluation regarding validity of the scan; and the dimensions and shape data
could be used repeatedly for various garments without the need for repeated measurement. The
measurements obtained using this technology is more precise and reproducible than those obtained
through the traditional, physical measurement process. Measurement data can be renewed or revised at
any time. The 3D scanning technologies used for body measurement extraction on today’s market are
based on various systems. Although there are variability and incomparability of measurements
between them (Simmons & Istook, 2003), their common aim is to scientifically extract anthropometric
data in a valid and reliable manner. They are mainly based on:
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Phoebe R. Apeagyei
Laser scanning: these scanners work on the basis of a light-plane and triangulation method. A laser
is used as a light source and a technology called CCD (couple charged device) scans the field of view.
The CCD detects the displacement of the light on a body. Body scanners based on laser technology are
able to scan about 60,000 points per second.
Structured or White Light scanning: body scanners with structured light technology work with
projectors. They project a series of white-light stripes on to the subject and are captured via cameras.
The 3D shape of the body is described through the curve of the stripes over the subject. Studies have
shown that during the scanning sequence light projection systems are faster than laser based systems.
But for measurement extraction, these types of scanners sustain a bit more time (Istook and Hwang,
2001).
Human Solutions (formally TechMath): Human Solutions’s 3D body scanner (eg. Vitus Smart
XXL) is based on laser technology. Using 8 sensor heads and an optical triangulation process, it
acquires approximately 140 body dimensions in a 3D image of the body, in 12 seconds. Data can be
exported in ASCII, OBJ, STL and DXF formats (Human Solutions, 2009).
Cyberware (Digisize): these whole body 3D scanners (eg. Model WBX) extract over 100
measurements of the body in 17 seconds. 4 scan heads collect 3D measurements every 2 mm from head
to toe to create an accurate 3D data set. The scanning process captures an array of digitized points
represented by x, y, and z coordinates for shape. 3D rendering tools allow the operator to view the 3D
scan data immediately on completion of the scan (Cyberware, 2009).
Wicks and Wilson (TriForm/TriBody): these body scanners use white light to capture the 3D scan
data in approximately 12 seconds via 8 camera views. Stripes of safe white light are used to capture
the 3D shape of a person. The harmless light contains no invisible rays, lasers or other radiation.
Resulting images are analysed automatically by the TriBody software and processed to produce a 3D
point cloud model containing approximately 1.5 million 3D co-ordinates (x,y,z). Resulting 3D scans
can be saved in different output formats (Wilks and Wilson, 2009).
Telmat (SYMCAD): Telmat’s turbo flash/3D System for Measuring and Creating Anthropometric
Database (SYMCAD) utilises structured light. A set of white light stripes is projected onto the subject
for data capture. Its new ‘ST’ (Special Tracking) version applies 3D digitising to its data capture for
accuracy due to errors with natural body sway movements and underwear reflectance (Telmat Industrie,
2009).
[TC]² Body Measurement System: [TC]²’s Nx16 body scanner system is a 3D measuring system
that utilises optical lenses that produce a digital copy of surface geometry of the body. Based on ‘white
light’ technology and Phase Mapping Profilometry (PMP), it scans the whole body in approximately 8
seconds ([TC]², 2009). Similar to Telmat’s SYMCAD, it uses light sources to project structured lines /
patterns and cameras to capture the image. It also produces approximately 140 body measurements
with a 3D body model via point cloud data form.
4. Methodology
Objectives of this work included infrastructural development for utilisation of the body scanner and
procedural setup to facilitate research and training. The [TC]² model NX16 body scanner was selected
based on an initial benchmarking of procedures and suitability for purpose; technical parameters and
responses from potential subjects regarding choice of technology (safe white light, not skin-deep
intrusive, non-contact) in a pre-pilot study. Ethical issues relating to the involvement of human
participants this area of study were addressed in line with the Economic and Social Research Council’s
proposed framework. This particularly concerned conflict of interest, quality and integrity of such a
study (Apeagyei et al., 2007). Subsequently, subjects were invited to participate, made aware of all the
procedures and provided with guidelines regarding measurement and other ethical aspects including
right of veto.
This study involved the development of an infrastructure for measurement and an anthropometric
pilot study where men and women were measured using a 3D body scanner. It focused on collating
raw body measurement data for the revision of size charts and testing of clothing fit. Although
statistical analysis of the study is presented in a subsequent paper, aspects of the procedures and
outcomes are presented in this paper. Through the scanner’s option for processing measurement of
population samples in batches, the measurement data of 191 female subjects (aged 19-44) was exported
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into Excel and SPSS and statistically analysed for the development of a revised size chart. This was
based on the MMU model (Otieno, 2008; Beazley, 1999; 1998; 1997) to produce verifiable size charts
for pedagogical activities.
5. Discussion of findings
The pilot study enabled the evaluation of digital procedures, efficacy of data and establishment of
practical procedures before, during and after scanning. Istook and Hwang (2001) validate that to obtain
accurate physical measurements, a basic knowledge and specific know-how skills are required. For
operational parameters, the scanner has auto-registration features and uses safe white light, 32 tiny
inbuilt cameras and 16 independent sensors (at 4 angles and 4 heights) with automatic extraction and
data capture density of 600,000-1million points in 8-10 seconds. The point accuracy is 1mm, data
point grid is 2x2mm, the circumferential accuracy is 3mm with a scan volume of 2.1 (height) x 1.2
(width) x 0.6m (depth). It produces comprehensive sets of measurement and further permits
measurement extraction profiles (MEP)s to be customised. These relate to: list of measurements,
measurement points, body segments (torso), extra measurements offset from standard landmarks,
volume, joints and landmark splicing. It integrates with other existing CAD applications such as
Gerber and Lectra and also saves data in various file formats (rbd, bin, ord).
5. 1. Measuring the human body
Although the actual scanning took 8 seconds, the process time took approximately 2 minutes per
person in the private scanning booth. During scanning, structured light patterns projected onto subjects
and a series of images were captured and then converted to thousands of data points which then
corresponded to the shape of the scanned subject. These initially yielded a raw image (3D point cloud)
and subsequently a more refined body model from which accurate measurements could be extracted,
generating a silhouette of the shape and an extensive list of actual body measurements (eg. Figure 1).
Figure 1. Scanner output of 3D model with measurement lines and list of measurements extracted
Because the measurement list could be customised, it allowed specific profiles for selected garment
types and standardised size tables to be automatically generated. The scanning system however
required the subjects to adopt a prescribed static posture. Subjects were scanned individually in
undergarments similar to their skin complexion or in pastel colours and in non-shinny fabrics. The
study found that body hair, skin tone and underwear affected the quality of individual scans. For
instance during the procedure, it became apparent that certain types of underwear (eg. thongs) visually
split the buttocks and caused inadequacies as the system to considered them as extended legs,
consequently presenting shorter torso proportions and generating errors with hip positions (as shown in
Figure 2).
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Phoebe R. Apeagyei
Figure 2. Scanning process illustrating projected structured light on subject to capture shape and size;
and the effect of unsuitable underwear (thongs)
Various ethical issues had to be considered: subject veto, state of being measured, security of data,
space needs such as changing rooms and data integrity. One issue that appears common to both
traditional and scanning approaches to body measurement is a key ethical aspect of dealing with the
moderately clothed state of a person being measured. Concerns regarding the partially clothed state of
the body, physical contact during measurement and personal space issues were all considered by the
fact that apart from height and weight, measurement was non-contact and in a private cubicle.
5. 2. Managing and analysing scanned data
The scanner is attached to a computer with software that allows visualisation and manipulation of
3D images and the measurement data it extracts. Over 140 measurements can be extracted within 8-10
seconds for each individual full scan by default or alternatively, as defined by user. It further captures
body dimensions in a reproducible way, allowing visualisation and manipulation of the 3D body model
images and extracted measurement data. In the development of size charts and fit testing, key
dimensions (often the bust, waist and hip measurements) are significant as these are good garment fit
indicators. User-specified measurement extraction profiles could be created from the system and these
were developed for the study. Together with other measurements, they allowed key dimensions to be
clearly identified visually and analysed as an optional selection from the scans. Since the system
allowed rotation of scanned images, various angles of the scanned data could be further examined.
Scans from the study were saved on a secure server anonymously, to be accessed by anthropometric
data analysts.
It was possible to present body measurements for individuals, small batches and large samples as
well as produce data on body shape and volume for these. True-to-scale 3D body models with defined
measurements were generated and could be printed out. The scanner recorded data in ‘rdb’, ‘bin’ and
‘ord’ files and is compatible with others such as VMRL, ASCII, Excel and IGES. It is also able to
automatically load, save data files and export measurement to CAD systems; therefore exporting 3D
data for pattern making, garment draping simulation and 3D body tracking were possible.
3D body scanning systems have integrated and proprietary software. The variety of scanning
technology has enabled many possibilities and application in the clothing industry. While scanners
allow degrees of automatic measurement extraction of the 3D data using triangulation, only some
enable size identification. Simmons & Istook (2001) suggest that although scanning avails vast
amounts of 3D data with endless possibilities, the data most likely to be used immediately by the
industry are linear measurements. Based on the need to classify the body into categories, Simmons et
al. (2004) developed software that would use 3D scans to define body shape automatically.
5. 3. Sizing
Results from this study found significant differences in general between the current size chart in use
(developed in 1999) and the newly developed one by this study. In the main, sizes 6-8 (UK) showed a
slight decrease in size possibly explained by the size zero phenomenon (Apeagyei, 2008). However,
from (the average) size 12 onwards, it showed an increase in body size, indicating that females who
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generally fall within this size category have become bigger. These results are consistent with findings
of the Size UK national survey which reported that the population has increased in size (Table 2). The
bust, waist and hips are usually considered as key dimensions and it is imperative that these
measurements are adequate for the body sizes they represent otherwise clothes will simply not fit.
Table 2. Comparison of UK sample statistics to study sample (key dimensions)
(UK)
Female
1951 statistics
2002 statistics
(differences)
Bust
Waist
Hips
70
86
(+16)
99
103
(+4)
94
98
(+4)
(Study sample)
Female
1999 statistics
2009 statistics
(differences)
Bust
88
93
(+5)
Waist
Hips
70
79
(+9)
96
100
(+4)
This study realised that it was not easy to recruit volunteers for body scanning especially within
tight time constraints. Both Size UK and Shape GB national surveys offered incentives to encourage
participation. This indicates that it is crucial to develop and apply a feasible recruitment strategy for
sizing surveys. The essence of providing adequate fit is in the utilisation of current and efficient
anthropometric data from surveys. The procedure confirmed that scanning technology has many
advantages over traditional manual body measurement procedures: it is quick, efficient, non-contact
(using white light technology) and generates efficient data for size charts, pattern generation and fit
testing for clothing.
5. 4. Benefits of scanned data
Body scanners have significant advantages in measuring the human body compared to traditional
tape measurement methods. Some present possibilities of measuring a human body without physical
contact and eliminate the likelihood of invalid, unreliable and subjective measurement procedures; and
vague judgements of posture. The extensive measurements and body models provide a foundation for
specified batch and individual pattern construction based on accurate body measurements, thereby
eliminating observer error inherent in traditional methods (Simmons & Istook, 2003).
In general, the uses of body models generated by 3D body scanning seem unlimited. These
include: 3D shape data for avatar creation for online shopping, virtual fit trials (Figure 3), 3D product
development, body dimension analysis for target markets, animation and graphics, health and fitness
management. For mass customisation, the measurement procedure could be carried out only once but
allow future re-use of stored data for new garment orders for instance. At present, it is not possible to
exchange the scanned data of one body scanner with other systems, so in retail business terms
consumer loyalty to the shop where the scan was undertaken increases.
Figure 3. Scanned data morphed into avatar for fit trials
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Application of 3D body scanning technology to human measurement for clothing Fit
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5. 5. Challenges in application
Determining total and accurate and anthropometry for clothing provision is not simple. With
traditional, manual methods precise location of body landmarks and how these are handled can be
subjective, due to the awkward positioning of certain measurement areas (for example, crotch for
inside leg measurement), and there are also issues regarding ethical considerations. 3D body scanning
is similarly not without challenges related to landmarking (Simmons & Istook, 2003). Furthermore,
some scanners such as used in this study require subjects to wear undergarments for scanning.
Currently, capturing a ‘good’ scan in a posture that allows extracting specific measurement varies
among systems. There are image-based problems; where the body sways and is never really still and
also the impact of breathing. The study confirms challenges with applications determining subtle
landmarks such as the 7th cervical which is usually found by feel at the back of the neck base, which
could be obscured by subjects’ hair. Shadows cast on areas of the subject’s body also tended not
record precise data due to light control. The armpit and crotch areas also continue to remain
indisputably problematic areas to locate and scan when the prescribed (slightly lifted) position of the
arms were not applied. Mismatched undergarment colour/s of the scan subjects can cause the 3D
systems to record missing data or present shading in these areas as the study tested; however, this
aspect may be limited to white light systems.
5. 6. Integration with computer-aided design systems
There are many advantages in using electronic-image data such as scanned data, as the body shape
is described in precisely defined co-ordinates (x,y,z). Reproducible scanning allows data to be created
in digital formats and features such as maximal and minimal measurements easy to numerically locate.
Using computer-aided design (CAD) systems, it is now possible to manipulate body sizes and shapes
of scanned data for 3D visualisation (eg. Gerber Technology, 2009). This procedure of creating avatars
is critical to the provision of assessing adequate fit on screen (Figure 4). Exporting 3D data for
garment pattern modification and draping simulation is also possible.
Figure 4. Fit testing on Avatars
Integrated software is crucial to the process of linking the scan data to CAD patterns. Therefore,
compatibility between systems needs to be ensured for the process of automatic generation and
manipulation of garment patterns. Systems are usually web enabled and allow direct data transfer from
the scanner over local networks or over the web into the existing CAD applications. Most body
scanning systems now claim to be able to integrate scan data into current, available apparel CAD
systems. Many capture and produce an open format for x, y, z coordinates data and store that as ASCII
file, while others have a proprietary file format complemented by an open exchange format. This
process allows 2D pattern alteration and subsequently 3D garment generation.
5. 7. Mass customisation
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Clothing companies continue to go through tremendous changes to create environments where
customer requirements are not only met but exceeded; and where efficiency, productivity, quality,
customer satisfaction and competitiveness are critically considered as success factors (Edosomwan,
1996). The increasing turbulence of the global market has altered the nature of the clothing industry.
Conventional competitive advantages are no longer sustainable and the emerged business paradigm of
mass customisation is being hailed as the solution to problems of fit in the clothing industry.
The emergence of 3D body scanning technologies and their integration with CAD systems have
presented made-to-measure as a viable marketing tool (Devarajan & Istook, 2004). It has been
predicted (Toffler, 1970) that the dominant era of standardisation would come to an end and that mass
customisation would overtake standardisation (Davis, 1987), as consumers’ demand for choice, variety
and unique products increase. With passing time, consumers would determine what, when, where and
how they want their products (Pine, 1993). Today, consumers’ demand for more options in shopping
of ‘personalised’ products is on the rise. Body scanning is helping to shift the focus of apparel
production from mass production to mass customisation with individualised sizing and design features
and made-to-measure facility with competitive prices and faster turnaround times.
5. 8. Virtual fit for online shopping
Shim & Drake (1990) and Pisut (1998) envisaged the changing pattern of consumers’ inclination
towards purchasing garments online. Anderson-Connell et al. (2002) alerted that 21st century
consumers were more inclined to look beyond traditional retail venues for shopping alternatives and
customised products. It stands to reason that the integration of the consumer at the beginning of the
value chain aims at satisfying their demand for choice and individuality whilst providing sustainable
competitive advantage for retailers. Subsequently online garment sales now not only provide a high
level of interactivity but also assure a ‘hassle-free’, time-saving pre-purchase visual assessment of
garments.
Virtual garment try-on technology aims to provide optimal fit and revolutionize the online shopping
experience. The main feature of this technology is the capability of virtually testing fit on individuals
or retail-specified size models, either through manual input measurements or data acquired from 3D
body scanners. In garment sampling and pattern environments, it cuts down on the amount of fit trial
sessions undertaken by live models. These lead to reduced costs towards fit trials, increased accuracy
of targeted fit and results in reduced sample making (Figures 4 and 5).
Figure 4: Virtual fit testing on a pattern development system - Browzwear
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Application of 3D body scanning technology to human measurement for clothing Fit
Phoebe R. Apeagyei
Figure 5. Virtual fit testing on a pattern development system - Optitex
With virtual dressing rooms, consumers are also able to virtually try-on selected garments and
preview fit and appearance. This is enabled by personalised, animated avatars and enhances the
shopping experience by offering fit assessment of garments without the task of travelling for tedious
fitting sessions. Further provision of size recommendation functions would help consumers to identify
the right size for clothing, with the aim of improving satisfaction and reducing returns due to poor fit.
6. Conclusions
Exploring new technologies for managing and improving consumers’ experiences and satisfaction
is important in today’s competitive retail environment. Concurring with Pantano & Naccarato (2010),
this study underscores the significance of acquisition, organisation and digital management of data
(body measurement in this case) by the efficient use of advanced technology in the core production of
adequate clothing that ‘fits’. A basis for wider implementation of the 3D body scanner to be used for
anthropometric procedures and ensuring clothing fit has been implied. In this initial study, an
infrastructural (digital and practical) strategy for further research was developed in order to enhance
integrity of both data processes involving the determination of measurement and related procedures;
integrity of data and their management. Body measurement and the relationship between them change
with changing lifestyles, leisure patterns, dietary habits and also growing population diversity.
Consequently, the association between garment sizes and body measurements also changes all the time.
As a result, regular sizing surveys and measurement series have to be performed to provide a scientific
foundation to these and to further provide information on the necessary size segments and their
geographical market shares.
Generating body measurement data through body scanning for sizing and clothing fit assessment
requires ethical deliberation and application; and the need to be scanned when minimally clothed
sometimes implies apparent intrusiveness. Guidelines should be given regarding the nature if these
including fact that underwear should be everyday underwear without any restriction or distortion of the
body.
Body scanning technology continues to contribute to theory and better understanding of factors
regarding human body measurement, size, shape and body categorisation. For example, identification
and development of classification of different body shapes (Simmons et al, 2004); testing of garments
on body shapes for target market; validation and revision of a sizing system; virtual expert analysis for
sample making or made-to-measure. With production, critical elements of ease, line, balance, set and
grain (Ashdown et al., 2004) can further be evaluated. It is anticipated that advancing technology
would address errors arising from body movement and shadows, accuracy and also provide consistent
shape information. Although scanning captures the size and shape of the body, in a sense this image is
unique and historical. Usually a prescribed posture is taken and the subject advised to avoid movement.
The posture for the scan is not natural in such circumstances. Manufacturers of body scanning systems
recommend varying posture for each particular scanner. An optimal position is the adapted
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anthropometrics position with feet about 30cm apart and arms abducted from body. This presents a
need for scanned data to lend itself to utilisation for functional garments where movement and posture
become essentially core to measurement.
The need for current anthropometric data that generate efficient sizing is vital in garment
production since validity and reliability of sizing systems are dependent on this. Because of varying
body shapes and size, such data are usually pertinent to associated samples and related market profiles.
The creation of niches and the need to target consumers has become a driving force for retailers and
manufacturers. Determining garment sizing is important for standardisation, labelling and stock
management; as size charts are a useful marketing tool and asset for clothing retailers.
As a valuable tool to capture and analyse body size and shape, 3D body scanning serves to shift the
focus of clothing provision from mass production to mass customisation. This is due to its critical role
in enabling retailers to rapidly collect 3D data on consumers to provide individualised and specified
sizing. In conjunction with advanced design, production processes and with the integration of related
software, body scanners will therefore allow consumers to benefit from a modern form of custom
tailoring.
Mass-produced clothing will also be improved as a result of applying body scanning technology.
Industry and academic researchers are beginning to use large amounts of anthropometric data captured
by body scanners to adjust the sizing systems of ready-to-wear clothing in order to attain better fit.
Beyond measurement, analysis of data is determined by the objectives of the measurement. It is
evident that data from body scanning could be used for diverse needs in the clothing industry including
made-to-measure, customisation, fit trials, developing standardised size for specific targets, creating
niches, efficient communication during manufacturing processes, efficient and rapid prototyping and
online shopping. Currently, 3D body scanning technology is viewed as the frontier for clothing
provision for manufacturers, retailers and consumers. Although its potential seems tremendous, the
cost and real benefits will become more apparent with time.
7. References
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Summer 2004.
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