Class:
(
Name:
13
)
Date:
Reproduction in humans
13.1 Human reproductive systems
(Book 2, p. 13-3)
Humans produce offspring by (1) _______________ (sexual / asexual) reproduction.
A
The male reproductive system
(Book 2, p. 13-3)
Match the structures in the front view and side view of the male reproductive system:
V
VI
I
VII
B
G
H
C
II
VIII
III
IX
D
IV
X
E
▲ Front view
F
A
I
J
▲ Side view
I: (2) ________
II: (3) ________
III: (4) ________
VI: (7) ________
VII: (8) ________ VIII: (9) ________ IX: (10) ________
Structure
Number in front
view diagram
(12) _______________
III
(睾丸)
(15) _______________
IV: (5) ________
V: (6) ________
X: (11) ________
Function
Produces (13) _______________ (精子) and
(14) _______________ sex hormones
(16) _________
(陰囊)
Holds the testes outside the abdominal cavity
Allows the testes to be at a (17) __________
(18) _______________ development
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cont.
(higher / lower) temperature optimal for
(19) _______________
(20) _________
For (21) _______________ (交配)
(陰莖)
Contains (22) ______________ _____________
(勃起組織) and
many blood vessels
Transfers semen (精液) into the female’s vagina by
(23) _____________ (射精)
(24) _______________
(27) _________
Connect the testes to the penis
(附睾),
Epididymis stores (30) _______________
(25) _______________
(28) _________
temporarily
_______________
Vas deferens (sperm duct) transports sperms from
(29) _________
(輸精管) and
the epididymis to the urethra
(26) _______________
Urethra discharges (31) _______________ and
(尿道)
urine out of the body at different times
(32) _______________
(35) _________
Secrete (38) _______________ fluid (精液) that:
(精囊),
(33) _______________
(36) _________
-
activates and nourishes sperms
-
provides a medium for sperms to
gland (前列腺) and
(39) _______________ in
(34) _______________
(37) _________
-
gland (高柏氏腺)
B
neutralizes the (40) _______________ of the
female’s vagina
The female reproductive system
(Book 2, p. 13-4)
Match the structures in the front view and side view of the female reproductive system:
A
IV
I
B
II
C
D
V
III
E
▲ Front view
I: (41) ________
▲ Side view
II: (42) ________ III: (43) ________ IV: (44) ________ V: (45) ________
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Number in front
view diagram
Structure
(46) _______________
(47) _________
(卵巢)
Function
Produces (48) _______________ (卵) and
(49) ______________ sex hormones
(50) _______________
(51) _________
(子宮頸)
(52) _______________ to allow the foetus (胎兒)
to pass through during childbirth
(53) _______________
(54) _________
(陰道)
Holds the (55) _______________ in copulation
The environment is acidic to reduce
(56) _______________ growth
Acts as the birth canal for the foetus
(57) _______________
(58) _________
(輸卵管)
Transports the ovum or the embryo (胚胎) to the
uterus by the beating action of its
(59) _______________ and the peristaltic
contraction of its muscle wall
The site of fertilization
(60) _______________
(61) _________
(子宮)
Allows (62) _______________ (植入) of an
embryo
Provides (63) _______________ and a stable
environment for the development of the embryo
The muscular wall (64) _______________ to
push out the foetus during childbirth
Go to
Practical 13.1
Examination of mammalian reproductive systems
(Book 2, p. 13-6; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 13-1)
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13.2 Human gametes
A
1
Sperms
(Book 2, p. 13-8)
(Book 2, p. 13-8)
Production of sperms in the testes
Sperm production takes place in (1) _______________ _______________ (精小管) in the testes,
starting from (2) _______________ (青春期).
At puberty, cells between the seminiferous tubules begin to produce more (3) ______________
sex hormones. The increased levels of the hormones stimulate the cells at the walls to start
producing sperms. The sperms are then transported to the (4) _______________.
2
Structure of a sperm
A sperm consists of a head, a midpiece and a tail.
(5) _______________ (頂體):
-
contains
head
(6) _______________ for
penetration into the ovum during fertilization
midpiece
(7) _______________:
-
contains a (8) _______________ number
of chromosomes
(9) _______________:
-
tail
supply energy for swimming
the tail allows the sperm to swim
▲ Structure of a human sperm
B
1
Ova
(Book 2, p. 13-9)
Development of ova in the ovaries
A female is born with about two million (10) _______________ (卵泡) in her ovaries. At
puberty, the ovaries begin to produce more (11) _______________ sex hormones. The
increased levels of the hormones stimulate the follicles to develop.
Usually only (12) _______________ follicle becomes fully mature and releases an ovum about
every 28 days.
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2
Structure of an ovum
An ovum cannot move by itself. It consists of a nucleus, a cytoplasm and a cell membrane.
nucleus:
-
contains a (13) _______________ number
of chromosomes
cytoplasm:
-
contains
(14) _______________ reserves
for the early development of the embryo
jelly coat
cell membrane:
-
surrounded by a jelly coat
▲ Structure of a human ovum
C
Secondary sexual characteristics
(Book 2, p. 13-10)
Secondary sexual characteristics (第二性徵) of boys and girls:
Boys
Girls
(15) _______________ grows on the face.
(18) _______________ grows in the
Hair grows in armpits and around genital
armpits and around the genital area.
area.
More (19) _______________ is deposited
The larynx enlarges and the voice
under the skin.
(16) _______________.
The (20) _______________ broaden.
The (17) _______________ broaden. The
The (21) _______________ develop.
body becomes more muscular.
13.3 Ovulation and menstrual cycle
A
What is ovulation?
(Book 2, p. 13-12)
(Book 2, p. 13-12)
(1) _______________ (排卵) is the release an ovum from the ovary into the oviduct.
Under the action of (2) _______________ _______________, ovulation occurs approximately
every 28 days. The ovum released is then transported along the oviduct. The remaining
follicle cells inside the ovary become the (3) _______________ _______________ (黃體).
It degenerates if fertilization does not occur.
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V
IV
VI
I
II
III
▲ Development of a follicle in the ovary and ovulation
Event taking place
Step
I
a
The remaining follicle cells become the yellow body.
II
b
Ovulation occurs.
III
c
The follicle grows in size and moves towards the surface of the ovary.
IV
d
The yellow body degenerates if fertilization does not occur.
V
e
The follicle starts to develop.
VI
f
The ovum is transported along the oviduct by the beating action of the
cilia on its inner wall and the peristaltic contraction of its muscular wall.
I: (4) _______________
II: (5) _______________
III: (6) _______________
IV: (7) _______________
V: (8) _______________
VI: (9) _______________
B
What is the menstrual cycle?
(Book 2, p. 13-13)
The (10) _______________ _______________ (子宮內膜) of a female is richly supplied with
glands, blood vessels and soft tissues.
Under the action of sex hormones, the uterine lining builds up and breaks down periodically to
prepare for receiving an (11) _______________. This cyclic change of the uterine lining is
called the (12) _______________ _______________ (月經週期). It lasts about 28 days.
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Day
1 to 5
Events occurring in the menstrual cycle
If fertilization does not occur, the yellow body
degenerates about 14 days after ovulation. The
thickened uterine lining breaks down. The uterine
lining (including some blood) and the unfertilized
ovum then discharge through the vagina. This process
is called (13) _______________ (月經).
5 to 14
After menstruation, some (14) _______________
in the ovary start to develop. The
(15) _______________ of the uterine lining and the
blood supply increase again to prepare for receiving
an embryo.
14
(16) _______________ occurs.
14 to 28
The (17) _______________ _______________
continues to thicken and becomes very thick. It is
ready to receive an embryo.
If fertilization occurs and the female becomes pregnant, the (18) _______________ of the
yellow body is delayed. The (19) _______________ _______________ does not break down
and its thickness increases further. (20) _______________ does not occur until after the baby
is born.
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Changes in the thickness of the uterine lining in relation to the cyclic events occurring in the
ovary:
The menstrual cycle repeats until about the age of 50 when a female reaches
(21) _______________ (絕經). Then the female can no longer become pregnant.
13.4 Fertilization
A
(Book 2, p. 13-16)
How are sperms transferred into the female body?
(Book 2, p. 13-16)
(1) _______________ _______________ is known as copulation or mating biologically.
When a male is sexually excited during copulation:
-
The erectile tissues of the penis are filled rapidly
vas deferens
male
testis
with more (2) _______________. The penis
becomes hard and (3) _______________ (勃起).
-
The penis is inserted into the (4) _____________
female
of the female.
-
The muscles of the epididymis and the vas
penis
deferens (5) _______________ to eject semen
vagina
into the vagina. The ejection of semen through
the penis is called (6) _______________.
oviduct ovary uterus
cervix
▲ The process of copulation
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B
How does fertilization occur?
(Book 2, p. 13-17)
After semen is ejaculated into the vagina, the sperms swim through the cervix, up the uterus
and towards the upper parts of the (7) _______________ (sites of fertilization).
The movement of the sperms is also helped by the (8) _______________ contraction of the
muscular walls of the (9) _______________ and (10) _______________.
Most of the sperms die on the way due to different reasons:
-
Some sperms are trapped by the (11) _______________ or killed by the
(12) _______________ of the vagina.
-
The body temperature of the female is too (13) _______________ for the sperms.
-
Some sperms are (14) _______________ or immotile.
The process of fertilization:
-
If the sperms meet an ovum in the oviduct, they
release (15) _______________ from their
cell membrane
jelly coat
nucleus of
the ovum
acrosomes to digest the (16) _______________
sperm
_______________ of the ovum.
-
The head of one of the sperms enters
the cytoplasm of the ovum. The
(17) _______________ _______________ of
the ovum changes to prevent the entry of other
sperms.
-
The nucleus of the sperm then fuses with the
jelly coat is
digested
jelly coat becomes impenetrable
to other sperms
nucleus of the ovum. This process is called
fertilization and the fertilized ovum is called a
(18) _______________.
nuclei of the sperm and the ovum
will fuse together
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13.5 Development of the embryo and foetus
A
Implantation
(Book 2, p. 13-19)
(Book 2, p. 13-19)
Events leading to implantation:
2 Fertilization gives rise to a
3 While the zygote is being
transported towards the uterus
by the beating action of the cilia
and the peristaltic contraction of
the muscular wall of the oviduct,
the zygote divides repeatedly by
(1) _______________.
(2) _______________ cell
oviduct
division to form an
(3) _______________.
4 The embryo
1 Ovulation occurs.
(4) _______________
ovary
into the uterine lining.
uterine lining
B
Formation of the amnion
(Book 2, p. 13-20)
After implantation, the embryo continues to
develop and some of its cells form a membrane
called the (5) _______________ (羊膜). The
amnion
amnion encloses the embryo and secretes
amniotic
fluid
(6) _______________ ______________ (羊水)
embryo
which fills the cavity between the amnion and
uterus
the embryo.
vagina
The amniotic fluid has the following functions:
-
It serves as a (7) _______________ to protect the embryo from mechanical injury.
-
It provides a (8) _______________ environment, e.g. a constant temperature, for the
development of the embryo.
-
It prevents the embryo from (9) _______________.
-
It allows the embryo to move around easily.
-
It (10) _______________ the vagina during childbirth.
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C
Formation of the placenta
(Book 2, p. 13-20)
The (11) _______________ (胎盤) is a disc-shaped organ made up of embryonic villi and
maternal uterine tissue. It develops around the third week after fertilization.
The placenta is connected to the abdomen of the embryo by the (12) _______________
_______________ (臍帶), which contains:
-
two umbilical arteries which carry (13) _______________ (oxygenated / deoxygenated)
blood from the embryo to the placenta
-
an umbilical vein which carries (14) _______________ (oxygenated / deoxygenated)
blood from the placenta to the embryo.
The embryo’s blood and the maternal blood are close to each other but do not mix. They are
separated to:
-
prevent the higher blood pressure of the mother from (15) _______________ the blood
vessels of the embryo
-
avoid problems brought by any blood group incompatibility (血型不合) between the
embryo and the mother.
The placenta allows the (16) _______________ of materials between the embryo and the
mother. Nutrients, (17) _______________ and antibodies (抗體) diffuse into the embryo’s
blood from the maternal blood. (18) _______________ _______________ and other
metabolic waste diffuse in the opposite direction.
placenta
placenta
umbilical
(19) _______________
urterine
lining
maternal
arteriole
maternal
venule
umbilical cord
umbilical
(20) _______________
maternal
blood space
Key:
direction of blood flow
diffusion of nutrients, oxygen
and antibodies
diffusion of CO2 and other
metabolic waste
embryonic
villus
embryo’s capillaries
▲ Exchange of materials at the placenta
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Structural adaptations of the placenta for the exchange of materials:
Structure
Adaptation
Greatly increase the (21) _______________ ______________
Embryonic villi
for the exchange of materials
Thin walls of the embryo’s
Provide a short distance for the (22) _______________ of
capillaries and embryonic villi
materials
Maintain a steep (23) _______________ _______________ of
A lot of blood vessels
materials between the embryo’s blood and the maternal blood
The placenta also acts as a (24) _______________ to harmful substances. It also secretes
(25) _______________ to maintain the thickness of the uterine lining.
D
From embryo to foetus
(Book 2, p. 13-23)
By the end of the eighth week, major organs of the embryos are formed. The embryo is called
a (26) _______________.
In humans, it normally takes 39 weeks from fertilization to birth. This is called the
(27) _______________ _______________ (妊娠期).
E
How are twins formed?
(Book 2, p. 13-25)
Differences between identical twins (單卵雙生) and fraternal twins (二卵雙生):
Identical twins
How they are
formed
Fraternal twins
Formed when an early embryo
Formed when two ova are ovulated at the
separates into two embryos by
same time and are (29) ______________
(28) _______________ cell division by different sperms
Genetic
make-up of the
individuals
(30) ________________________
(31) ________________________
(The same / Different)
(The same / Different)
Sex of the
individuals
(32) ________________________
(33) ________________________
(The same / May not be the same)
(The same / May not be the same)
Appearance of
the individuals
(34) ________________________
(35) ________________________
(Look alike / May not look alike)
(Look alike / May not look alike)
Go to
Practical 13.2
Examination of different stages of foetal development
(Book 2, p. 13-24; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 13-7)
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13.6 The birth process
(Book 2, p. 13-28)
(1) _______________ (分娩) begins when the muscles of the (2) _______________
_______________ start to contract rhythmically.
Labour can be divided into three stages.
1
Dilation
The (3) _______________ dilates to allow
the head of the foetus to pass through.
The (4) _______________ breaks, and
amniotic fluid flows out of the vagina.
This fluid acts as a (5) _______________
for the passage of the foetus.
2
Expulsion of the foetus
The powerful contractions of the uterine
muscles and abdominal muscles push the
foetus out of the uterus and through the
vagina.
Once the baby is born, the
(6) _____________ _____________ is tied
and cut.
3
Expulsion of the placenta
The (7) _______________ detaches from
the uterine wall and is pushed out of the
body by further muscular contractions.
In a few days, the remains of the umbilical cord on the baby’s abdomen will dry up and fall off.
This leaves a scar called the (8) _______________ (臍).
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13.7 Parental care
(Book 2, p. 13-30)
Parental care (親代撫育) occurs over a long period of time in humans. It ensures better
development and therefore increases the chance of (1) _______________ of babies.
Parental care begins with breast-feeding (母乳餵哺). After birth, (2) _______________
_______________ (乳腺) in the breasts of the mother start to produce milk. Breast-feeding has
several advantages:
-
Breast milk provides essential (3) _______________ for the growth and development of
the baby. It also contains (4) _______________ which protect the baby against disease in
the early months.
-
The close contact between the mother and the baby during breast-feeding helps establish a
bond between them.
-
Breast-feeding helps the recovery of the mother’s (5) _______________ after birth. It
also reduces the risk of breast and (6) _______________ cancer in the mother.
13.8 Birth control
A
(Book 2, p. 13-31)
Why is birth control necessary?
(Book 2, p. 13-31)
With medical advances and improved nutrition, the human population has been increasing
rapidly since the last century. As population continues to increase, problems like pollution and
the shortage of resources arise.
(1) _______________ _______________ (控制生育) is necessary to reduce population growth.
It also allows better (2) _______________ _______________ (家庭計劃) to provide the best
living conditions and opportunities for each family member.
B
How can we prevent pregnancy?
(Book 2, p. 13-31)
Birth control can be achieved by (3) _______________ (避孕).
Contraceptive methods work by:
-
Preventing the formation of mature ova and ovulation
-
Preventing sperms from meeting the ovum
-
Preventing implantation of embryos
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Preventing the
formation of mature
ova and ovulation
Contraceptive method
Description
Reliability
Hormonal methods:
Very
(4) _______________
Contains synthetic sex hormones which
_______________ (避孕丸),
prevent the formation of mature ova
patches and injections
and ovulation
(5) _______________
Avoid sexual intercourse during the
method
(6) ______________ ______________
(安全期避孕法)
(受孕期)
reliable
Unreliable
so that sperms and the ovum
cannot meet
Barrier methods:
Preventing sperms from meeting the ovum
a
Reliable
(7) _______________
Covers the (8) _______________ to
(子宮帽)
prevent sperms from entering the
uterus
Often used with (9) _______________
(殺精劑) which
b
(10) _______________
(安全套) and
female
condom
kills sperms
Trap ejaculated semen to prevent
sperms from entering the uterus
Often used with (11) _______________
which kills sperms
Surgical methods:
a
Very
(12) _______________
Tie and cut the (13) _______________
(輸精管切除術)
_______________ so that sperms
reliable
cannot be transferred into the female
body
Preventing
implantation of
embryos
b
Tubal ligation
Tie and cut the (14) _______________
(輸卵管結紮)
so that the ovum cannot meet sperms
(15) _______________
Prevents implantation of the embryo
Very
_______________
into the uterine lining
reliable
(IUD 子宮環)
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Answers
Ch 13 Reproduction in humans
13.1
1
sexual
2
G
3
I
4
J
5
H
6
F
7
A
8
B
9
C
10
D
11
E
12
Testis
13
sperms
14
male
15
Scrotum
16
X
17
lower
18
sperm
19
Penis
20
IV
21
copulation
22
erectile tissue
23
ejaculation
24
Epididymis
25
vas deferens
26
urethra
27
IX
28
V
29
II
30
sperms
31
semen
32
Seminal vesicles
33
prostate
34
Cowper’s
35
VI
36
VII
37
VIII
38
seminal
39
swim
40
acidity
41
B
42
D
43
E
44
A
45
C
46
Ovary
47
I
48
ova
49
female
50
Cervix
51
II
52
Dilates
53
Vagina
54
III
55
penis
56
bacterial
57
Oviduct
58
IV
59
cilia
60
Uterus
61
V
62
implantation
63
protection
64
contracts
2
puberty
3
male
4
epididymis
13.2
1
seminiferous tubules
5
acrosome
6
enzymes
7
nucleus
8
haploid
9
mitochondria
10
follicles
11
female
12
one
13
haploid
14
food
15
Beard
16
deepens
17
shoulders
18
Hair
19
fat
20
hips
21
breasts
13.3
1
Ovulation
2
sex hormones
3
yellow body
4
e
5
c
6
b
7
f
8
a
9
d
10
uterine lining
11
embryo
12
menstrual cycle
13
menstruation
14
follicles
15
thickness
16
Ovulation
17
uterine lining
18
degeneration
19
uterine lining
20
Menstruation
21
menopause
blood
3
erect
4
vagina
5
contract
13.4
1
Sexual intercourse 2
6
ejaculation
7
oviducts
8
peristaltic
9
uterus / oviducts
10
oviducts / uterus
11
mucus
12
acidity
13
high
14
defective
15
enzymes
16
jelly coat
17
jelly coat
18
zygote
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13.5
1
zygote
2
mitotic
3
embryo
4
implants
5
amnion
6
amniotic fluid
7
cushion
8
stable
9
desiccation
10
lubricates
11
placenta
12
umbilical cord
13
deoxygenated
14
oxygenated
15
damaging
16
exchange
17
oxygen
18
Carbon dioxide
19
vein
20
arteries
21
surface area
22
diffusion
23
concentration gradient
24
barrier
25
hormones
26
foetus
27
gestation period
28
mitotic
29
fertilized
30
The same
31
Different
32
The same
33
May not be the same
34
Look alike
35
May not look alike
4
amnion
5
lubricant
5
uterus
13.6
1
Labour
2
uterine wall
3
cervix
6
umbilical cord
7
placenta
8
navel
2
mammary glands
3
nutrients
4
antibodies
13.7
1
survival
6
ovarian
13.8
1
Birth control
2
family planning
3
contraception
4
Contraceptive pills 5
6
fertile period
7
Diaphragm
8
cervix
9
spermicide
10
Condom
11
spermicide
12
Vasectomy
13
vas deferens
14
oviducts
15
Intrauterine device
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(Second Edition)
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Rhythm
 Oxford University Press 2015