Cost of Doing] Business in Bahrain Manufacturing November 2015 Contents 1 Executive Summary 1 2 Company Formation 3 3 Land Rental and Construction 4 4 Utilities 6 5 Manpower 8 6 Visa and Labor 9 7 Ports and Customs 10 8 Appendix 12 Executive Summary 1 This report looks at the typical costs associated with setting up and operating a manufacturing business in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. The report compares a wide range of costs involved in setting up and operating a manufacturing business across specific jurisdictions within each of the GCC countries. Some of these are one-time costs related to setting up of the business and its supporting infrastructure, while others are annually recurring costs pertaining to operations and regulatory requirements. The key costs compared in this report pertain to: Company Formation Land Rental and Construction Utilities Manpower Visa and Labor Ports and Customs The costs have been compared across specific Free Trade Zones (FTZs) and Investment Parks / Cities within each GCC country and have been benchmarked for the purpose of this report. These include: Investment Parks / Cities such as: – Bahrain International Investment Park, Hidd, Bahrain (BIIP) – King Abdullah Economic City, Jeddah, KSA (KAEC) – Small and Medium Scale Industrial Area, Doha, Qatar (SMSIA) Free Trade Zones such as: – Jebel Ali Free Zone, Dubai, UAE (JAFZA) – Sharjah Airport International Free Zone, Sharjah, UAE (SAIF) – Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE (RAKFTZ) – Sohar Port and Free Zone, Sohar, Oman (SoharFTZ) – Kuwait Free Trade Zone, Kuwait City, Kuwait (KWTFTZ) All the above FTZs and Investment Parks / Cities allow for 100% foreign ownership, with the exception of SMSIA in Qatar which requires an approval from the Ministry of Energy and Industry to setup a 100% foreign-owned industrial company. Bahrain exhibits the lowest values for a majority of the cost components, thereby presenting an optimal case for establishing a manufacturing business. At an overall level, the cost for operating a manufacturing business in the GCC is lowest in Bahrain (BIIP), being 21% lower than the most expensive location, JAFZA in UAE. 1 The following table outlines the overall cost of operating a manufacturing business across the GCC: Figure 1: Comparison of Operating Cost1 Average Annual Operating Costs (USD) Cost Head BIIP JAFZA SAIF Annual License Renewal Fees2 130 1,490 2,030 1,670 13,300 56,200 33,750 33,750 Land Rental3 Manpower & Visa Cost4 Utility Cost5 Total Cost RAKFTZ SoharFTZ KAEC SMSIA KWTFTZ 1,000 1,350 1,620 1,700 35,000 21,950 10,150 7,650 1,485,790 1,672,570 1,672,570 1,672,570 1,507,490 1,908,920 1,820,540 1,711,790 154,820 370,420 370,420 370,420 124,430 63,210 62,390 124,290 1,654,040 2,100,670 2,078,760 2,078,400 1,667,910 1,995,420 1,891,300 1,845,430 Source: KPMG Research & Analysis 1 All figures have been rounded off to the nearest 10 2 Reflects the annual cost associated with renewing a license for industrial activity 3 Reflects the average annual cost of renting a 5000sqm plot of industrial land within each FTZ and Investment Park/City 4 Reflects the annual average manpower and visa costs for 65 employees consisting of: 15 unskilled workers, 15 semi-skilled workers, 10 skilled workers, 7 administrative staff, 7 associates, 5 deputy managers, 4 managers and 2 senior management members 5 Reflects the annual utilities cost based on a 3,000 sqm built-up area consuming 255,810 kWh of electricity per month and 70m3 of water per month 2 Company Formation 2 Businesses involved in manufacturing activities in Free Trade Zones (UAE, Oman and Kuwait) are regulated by the respective FTZ Authorities, while businesses not operating within FTZs (Bahrain, Qatar and Saudi Arabia) are regulated by the country specific Industry and Commerce Ministries. Company formation costs typically comprise of three key components: One-time application / registration fees to form a limited liability company, usually nonrefundable Annual license renewal fees, depending on the type of license held Minimum capital requirement represents the mandated paid up capital for starting the business; however, this is not required by some FTZs and Investment Parks / Cities. Moreover, there is usually no restriction on the usage of the capital once the company has been legally established. BIIP has significantly lower Application Fees and Annual License Renewal Fees as compared to the rest of the FTZs and Investment Parks / Cities. The figures below include costs for registering a limited liability company with multiple corporate shareholders, and the corresponding annual license renewal fees. Figure 2: Licensing and Registration Fees 6 Annual Fees & Application Fees (USD) Cost Head7 BIIP JAFZA8 SAIF RAKFTZ SoharFTZ KAEC SMSIA9 KWTFTZ10 Application Fees 240 4,050 2,700 1,890 2,730 6,750 3,780 6,780 None None 40,840 27,230 51,950 None 54,950 211,880 130 1,490 2,030 1,670 1,000 1,350 1,620 1,700 Minimum Capital11 Annual License Renewal Fees Source: FTZ Authorities, Investment Park/City Authorities, Bahrain Investor Center, World Bank Doing Business Report 2014, Qatar Ministry of Energy and Industry 6 All figures have been rounded off to the nearest 10 7 Reported figures for application and annual license renewal fees may vary based on specific activity, number of products produced and other relevant government bodies’ approval fees for example Ministry of Health Permits and Environmental impact assessments 8 JAFZA has no requirement for minimum capital - However, if a certificate of incorporation is required, USD 27,225 must be available in the official bank account Application fees in Qatar range from USD 3,100 to USD 4,460 – average value has been considered 9 Minimum capital requirement in Kuwait range from USD 169,500 to USD 254,250 – average value has been considered 10 11 Minimum Capital requirements may also vary based on the activities of the company 3 3 Land Rental and Construction All the FTZs and Investment Parks / Cities considered in this report provide land plots on long to midterm lease, for constructing a manufacturing unit. Land plots of 5,000 sqm area across the different FTZs and Investment Parks / Cities command rentals in a wide range, with average rates starting from USD 1.53 up to USD 11.02 per sqm per year. The significant variation can be attributed to supply and demand characteristics in each country, maturity level of the individual FTZs and Investment Parks / Cities, as well as location of the particular land plot. In terms of land rental rates, Bahrain, Qatar and Kuwait lie at the lower end of the spectrum while Oman and UAE lie at the higher end, with JAFZA in UAE commanding the highest rates. Figure 3: Industrial Land Rental Rates Average Land Rental Rates (USD per sqm per year) Cost Head BIIP JAFZA12 SAIF RAKFTZ SoharFTZ13 KAEC SMSIA14 KWTFTZ15 Land Rental 2.66 11.02 6.75 6.75 7.00 3.78 2.03 1.53 Source: FTZ Authorities and Investment Park/City Authorities Construction costs vary significantly between the GCC countries, and the same trend reflects for these costs within the respective FTZs and Investment Parks / Cities. Bahrain offers the lowest construction costs for light and heavy duty factories, with Qatar being the most expensive. Heavy duty factories can be categorized as those utilizing large and heavy equipment and facilities and complex processes, such as the automotive and machinery manufacturing industries. Conversely, light duty factories produce light weight products such as furniture, apparel and home appliances industries. Heavy and light duty factories vary in construction costs as structures are required to meet different specifications such as resistance to chemicals, suppression of shock transfer and heavy load bearing. Figure 4: Construction cost for Heavy and Light Duty Factories16 Average Construction Costs (USD per sqm) Factory Type BIIP JAFZA SAIF17 RAKFTZ18 SoharFTZ Light Duty Factory 620 630 630 630 Heavy Duty Factory 700 930 930 930 KAEC SMSIA KWTFTZ19 780 740 990 690 990 950 1,150 870 Source: FTZ Authorities, Investment Park/City Authorities, AECOM Middle East Handbook 2014 12 The typical rental rate of USD 11.02 has been reported. However, rental rates may range from USD 6.89 to USD 22.03 13 SoharFTZ is subject to a variable annual rental increase not exceeding more than 2% per annum 14 An average value has been calculated for land rental at SMSIA as rates range from USD 1.35 to USD 2.70 15 An average value has been calculated for land rental at KWTFTZ as rates range from USD 1.02 to USD 2.03 16 All figures have been rounded off to the nearest 10 17 JAFZA construction costs have been assumed for SAIF 18 JAFZA construction costs have been assumed for RAKFTZ 19 Kuwait construction costs have been calculated based on typical construction costs for commercial space 4 Warehouse units are available for rental through private developers or directly from FTZs and Investment Parks / Cities. Warehouse rental rates typically vary based on location and facilities provided (such as maintenance services, warehouse management services). A comparison of the average rental rates for warehouses located within or nearby the benchmarked FTZs and Investment Parks / Cities indicates that RAKFTZ, BIIP and KAEC are amongst the lowest while SMSIA in Qatar is the highest. Figure 5: Warehouse Unit Rental Rates20 Average Warehouse Rental Rates (USD per sqm per year) Cost Head Warehouse Rental BIIP JAFZA SAIF RAKFTZ SoharFTZ KAEC SMSIA KWTFTZ 80 130 100 70 110 80 150 140 Source: FTZ Authorities, Investment Park/City Authorities, KPMG Research & Analysis 20 All figures have been rounded off to the nearest 10 and do not include any additional facilities / services 5 4 Utilities Electricity and Water are the utilities that are most commonly used in manufacturing. Fuels such as Gas, Petrol and Diesel have different usages based on the type of product(s) being manufactured. Electricity and water tariffs for industrial consumption can vary based on multiple factors including total number of units utilized, as well as peak, off-peak and seasonal rates. Bahrain commands the lowest rate for water, while Saudi Arabia and Qatar offer the lowest rates for electricity. In contrast, the UAE charges the highest industrial tariffs for the utilization of both electricity and water. At an overall level, utility charges in Bahrain are less than half of those in the UAE. Gas prices in the GCC countries ranges between USD 0.75 and 4 per MMBTU with gas prices in UAE being significantly higher than other GCC countries. In terms of petrol and diesel prices, Saudi Arabia offers the lowest rate, while UAE has the highest rate. Bahrain offers the second lowest diesel price and third lowest petrol price amongst the GCC nations. Figure 6: Average Cost of Utilities Average Cost of Utilities (USD) Utility BIIP JAFZA21 SAIF RAKFTZ SoharFTZ22 KAEC23 Electricity (per kWh) SMSIA KWTFTZ 0.05 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.04 Water (per m3) 0.80 2.44 2.44 2.44 1.95 2.16 1.19 1.79 Gas (per MMBTU) 24 2.50 4 4 4 1.20 0.75 1 0.80 Petrol (per liter) 0.26 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.31 0.16 0.26 0.23 Diesel (per liter) 0.16 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.36 0.07 0.26 0.35 Source: FTZ Authorities, Investment Park/City Authorities, GCC Electricity and Water Authorities and Global Petrol Prices 21 Electricity Tariffs in UAE include a surcharge of 0.02 USD as per FEWA/DEWA tariff structures. Applies to JAFZA, SAIF and RAKFTZ 22 Sohar electricity tariff is calculated as a weighted average of seasonal tariffs 23 KAEC electricity tariff is calculated as an average of reserved capacity and variable consumption rates 24 MMBTU denotes Million Metric British Thermal Units 6 The figures quoted above are estimated based on average consumption rates of light manufacturing operations and compare the per unit industrial tariffs for utilizing 255,810 kilowatt-hour (kWh) units of power and 70 cubic meters (m3) of water, per month. Consumption may vary depending on activity. Figure 7: Utility Cost per Unit (USD) 7 5 Manpower For comparison of manpower cost, employees across different categories have been considered, ranging from Unskilled Workers up to Senior Management. When comparing the average salary earned by employees working in the GCC manufacturing sector, Bahrain exhibits the lowest manpower cost for junior positions. Salary cost for the more senior positions is typically lowest in Oman, with Bahrain being a close second. Saudi Arabia exhibits the highest manpower cost. Figure 8: Manpower Costs25 Manpower Costs (USD per month) Employee Category Bahrain KSA Qatar Kuwait UAE Oman Unskilled Worker26 390 480 450 440 420 410 Semi-Skilled Worker27 470 570 540 520 500 490 Skilled Worker 1,320 1,630 1,600 1,550 1,390 1,420 Administration Staff 1,180 1,580 1,510 1,460 1,390 1,270 Executive / Associate 2,720 3,380 3,340 3,010 3,120 2,650 Assistant Manager 28 3,340 4,150 4,100 3,690 3,820 3,250 Manager 5,540 7,570 7,160 6,260 6,480 5,760 Senior Manager and above 15,060 18,810 18,000 17,040 16,730 14,890 Source: Salary Explorer Survey, Gulf Business Salary Survey, KPMG Research & Analysis Salaries quoted above indicate gross monthly salary which includes housing allowance, transport allowance and medical insurance. These allowances have been calculated as 25% to 50% of the basic salary, varying across levels. Figure 9: Annual Manpower Cost29 for a Manufacturing Company (USD ‘000) 25 All figures have been rounded off to the nearest 10 26 Unskilled Worker costs for the GCC have been estimated using Semi-Skill Worker cost differential between Bahrain and the rest of the GCC countries 27 Semi-skilled worker costs for Kuwait have been estimated using Administration Staff cost differential as compared to Qatar 28 Assistant Manager cost for rest of GCC have been estimated based on the cost in Bahrain, and using a differential as compared to Manager position 29 Reflects the average annual manpower costs for 65 employees consisting of: 15 unskilled workers, 15 semi-skilled workers, 10 skilled workers, 7 administrative staff, 7 associates, 5 deputy managers, 4 managers and 2 senior management members 8 Visa and Labor 6 Visa and Labor charges represent the cost associated with employing foreign workers, and typically include the following key components: One-time entry visa Work / Residency permit Medical test ID card creation While all the four components mentioned above are required for employing a foreign worker in the GCC, in Bahrain, a separate one-time entry visa and medical test are not required as the work permit includes these components. The annual residency permit renewal forms the larger portion of visa and labor related costs, and varies significantly across the GCC, with Kuwait being the most expensive. In UAE, the renewal process also requires the medical test and ID card issuance to be repeated, thereby increasing the overall work permit renewal cost substantially. Hence, Oman and Bahrain are observed to offer amongst the lowest cost for work permit renewal. Figure 10: Visa and Labor Costs Visa and Labor Costs (USD per employee) Cost Head Bahrain UAE Oman KSA Qatar Kuwait Entry Visa30 133 31 68 112 32 540 54 34 Work Permit (Residency) / annum 33 265 186 34 261 675 35 327 718 36 Medical test Nil 243 37 52 41 41 136 ID Card Nil 100 38 26 230 39 Nil 7 Source: Relevant Foreign Affairs and Manpower Ministries in the GCC and KPMG Research & Analysis 30 Entry Visa is a one off payment and is typically required for temporary entry before applying for a work permit (residency) in most GCC countries 31 The entry visa fee is only applicable if the employee enters the country prior to an application for a work permit. If a work permit is applied for prior to the employee entering the country then the single entry visa fee is not applicable 32 Includes an application fee of USD 47 33 All reported work permit figures are annual and are calculated by dividing the renewal fees by the duration of visa in years and include stamping fees for passports 34 The reported figure is the calculated annual cost for a 3 year visa available at FTZs 35 A work permit in Saudi Arabia is called a labour card and does not imply residency status which is only applicable after being issued an ID card (Iqama). The reported figure can be lower if localization targets are met however, this is typically not the case in Saudi Arabia for manufacturing operations 36 The reported figure is half if localization targets are met however, this is typically not the case in Kuwait for manufacturing 37 Medical tests are required for work permit renewals in UAE which can range from USD 162 to USD 243 with the latter typically applicable in Dubai 38 Renewal of ID cards are required for work permit renewals in UAE The ID card in Saudi Arabia signifies residency status and must also be stamped in employees’ passports. The figure reported is for a single entry whereas multiple entry would cost USD 311 39 9 7 Ports and Customs When importing from outside of the GCC jurisdiction, all countries levy a customs duty of 5% for general items. Import duties are not imposed on companies operating in a FTZ or on trade between GCC jurisdictions under the Greater Arab Free Trade Agreement. However, mainland companies (not located in FTZs) in the industrial and manufacturing sector can be exempt from paying import duties for raw materials and equipment subject to approval from relevant regulatory authorities. This is the case for companies operating in BIIP, KAEC and to a limited extent in SMSIA 40. Customs duty applies on products that are manufactured within FTZs but sold in the mainland - For example, goods manufactured by a company within JAFZA will attract an import duty if they are sold within UAE. Conversely, this becomes a key advantage for manufacturers located outside FTZs (like BIIP, KAEC and SMSIA), as they can get an exemption (subject to relevant authority approval) from import duty on raw materials and specific equipment, as well as on finished products sold within the mainland. Illustrated below are the import duties that would apply to products manufactured within FTZs and Investment Parks / Cities and sold within the mainland. Figure 11: Custom Duties Custom Duties (USD) Custom Duties Customs Duty when importing from FTZs and Investment Parks / Cities (general items) BIIP JAFZA SAIF RAKFTZ SoharFTZ KAEC SMSIA KWTFTZ 0% 5% 5% 5% 5% 0% 0% 5% Source: KPMG Research & Analysis Sea Port charges are indicative costs of handling, clearing, documentation and last mile transportation charges for standard items. The table below represents the sea port charges applicable in GCC countries, indicating that Bahrain offers the best rates. Figure 12: Sea Port Costs41 Sea Port Charges (USD) Charge Type Terminal Handling Charges42 Clearing, Documentation & Transportation Charges43 Ras Al Abu Jeddah Dammam Kuwait Oman Khaimah Dhabi Bahrain Qatar Dubai Sharjah Units 90 160 200 180 200 200 240 270 90 100 per 20’ container 290 390 310 310 350 310 330 400 420 320 per 20’ container Source: Port Authorities, Freight forwarders, Shipping lines and KPMG Research & Analysis 40 Exemption on import duties do not apply in Qatar; however transit importation is permissible whereby imported material/equipment is exempt from import duties if they are deposited in a free trade zone or exported within six months 41 All figures have been rounded off to the nearest 10 42 All reported figures factor in multiple ports across each country 43 Transportation charges are calculated between the port and city limits. Clearing and documentation requirements vary at different ports 10 Port Storage Charges are the costs associated with storing containers at cargo terminals. The typical pricing structure for storage at ports include a limited period of ‘free time’ during which no charges are levied. After the free time allowance, a daily rate for storage is levied, which increases based on the number of days that containers remain at the terminal. Typically, importers and exporters limit storage at ports to the free time period to keep their logistics costs low. Illustrated below are the storage charges applicable to relevant sea ports for each of the benchmarked FTZs and Investment Parks / Cities: Figure 13: Port Storage Costs Port Storage Charges (USD) Port Free Time Allowance BIIP JAFZA SAIF RAKFTZ Abu Dhabi Dammam SMSIA KWTFTZ Khalifa Bin Salman Port Jebel Ali Port Port Khalid Saqr Port King Khalifa Dammam Sohar Port Abdullah Port Port Port Port of Doha Shuwaikh Port 11 days 10 days 10 days 15 days 14 days 10 days 3 days 4 (Day 12 to 21) 21.8 (Day 20.4 (Day 11 to 15) 11 to 15) 19.4 (Day 15 to 20) 5.3 (Day Port Storage 22 to 31) 4.1 (Day Costs (per 16 day per 20’ 8 (Day 32 onwards) container) to 41) 40.8 (Day 38.1 (Day 36.45 16 16 (Day 21 13.3 (Day onwards) onwards) onwards) 42 onwards) SoharFTZ 10 days KAEC 7 days 3.3 (Day 11 to 20) 4.6 (Day 4.0 (Day 8 21 to 30) onwards) 6.5 (Day 31 onwards) 20 days 10 (Day 11 to 20) 16.5 (Day 4 to 6) 21.6 (Day 16.6 (Day 8 21 to 30) onwards) 33 (Day 7 23.2 (Day onwards) 31 onwards) Source: Port Authorities, KPMG Research and Analysis 11 8 Appendix The following table provides an overview of the different incentives offered by the benchmarked FTZs and Investment Parks / Cities. Figure 14: Incentives Offered by FTZs and Investment Parks / Cities Incentives Incentive Type BIIP JAFZA SAIF RAKFTZ SoharFTZ KAEC SMSIA KWTFTZ Exemption from tax44 100% foreign ownership Subject to approval 100% repatriation of capital/profits Duty Free Imports of raw materials and equipment45 Subject to approval Duty Free access to GCC markets Source: FTZ Authorities, Investment Park/City Authorities and KPMG Research & Analysis 44 Tax exemptions are only guaranteed at BIIP and SoharFTZ for a period of 10 years and 25 years respectively 45 Exemption on import duties do not apply in Qatar; however, transit importation is permissible whereby imported material/equipment is exempt from import duties if they are deposited in a free trade zone or exported within six months 12 Renting Commercial Office Space Bahrain Rental rates for commercial office space have fallen by an estimated 7% between 2013 and 2014. This is due to the current competitive market whereby supply of prime office space exceeds demand. At these rates, Bahrain is the most competitive commercial office space market when compared with Dubai and Qatar. The table below reflects the rentals for the Net Internal Area (NIA) 46. Typically, an additional 15% of the rent would be charged as maintenance charges for the common areas which include staircases and lobbies. Figure 16: Prime commercial asking rental rates in Bahrain Asking rental rates in Bahrain by office locations (USD per sqm per month)47 Location 2012 2013 2014 Bahrain World Trade Center 24 24 21 Bahrain Financial Harbor 24 24 24 Seef Area 22 21 19 Diplomatic Area / Manama 24 22 19 Source: Primary Research, KPMG analysis Both Bahrain World Trade Center and Bahrain Financial Harbor offer furnished and non-furnished office space options. Figure 17: Typical prime commercial asking rents Bahrain asking rents in 2014 (USD per month) Location 50 sqm 100 sqm 200 sqm 300 sqm Bahrain World Trade Center 1,060 2,120 4,240 6,370 Bahrain Financial Harbor 1,200 2,400 4,800 7,200 960 1,910 3,820 5,730 1,000 2,000 4,000 6,010 Seef Area Diplomatic/Manama Source: Primary Research, KPMG analysis 46 Net Internal Area refers to the total floor area excluding area taken up by lobbies, stairs and escalators, lifts and other maintenance areas. 47 All figures have been rounded to the nearest integer 13 Dubai Rental rates for commercial properties in Dubai remain high when compared to Bahrain. On average, prime office space rental rates in Dubai are 193% higher than Bahrain. Figure 18: Prime commercial asking rental rates in Dubai Asking rental rates in Dubai by major office locations (USD per sqm per month) Location 48 2012 2013 2014 DIFC – Gate Village 56 56 56 DIFC – Gate Precinct 62 62 62 DIFC – Gate Building 67 67 67 Source: Primary Research, KPMG analysis DIFC further charges USD 14.7 per square meter per month as service and utility charges. Typical rents for occupying at the DIFC are as below: Figure 19: Typical prime commercial asking rents Dubai asking rents in 2014 (USD per month) Location 50 sqm 100 sqm 200 sqm 300 sqm DIFC – Gate Village 2,810 5,620 11,230 16,850 DIFC – Gate Precinct 3,090 6,180 12,360 18,540 DIFC – Gate Building 3,360 6,720 13,430 20,150 Source: 48 Primary Research, KPMG analysis All figures have been rounded to the nearest integer 14 Qatar Rental rates in the Diplomatic District / West Bay have increased due to the development of the area as having the greatest amount of A-Grade office space in Qatar. Rental rates at QFC reduced as more prime office supply became available in Qatar. On average, prime office space rental rates in Qatar are 192% higher than Bahrain. Figure 20: Prime commercial asking rental rates in Qatar Asking rental rates in Qatar by major office locations (USD per sqm per month) 49 Location 2012 2013 2014 Qatar Financial Center (QFC) 69 69 66 Diplomatic District / West Bay (average) 54 55 57 Source: Primary Research, Asteco Qatar Report Q1 2014, KPMG analysis In addition to the base rent in Diplomatic District/West Bay, 15% of the monthly rate is charged as service charge. QFC charges 10% of the asking rental rate as service charge. Figure 21: Typical prime commercial asking rents Qatar asking rents in 2014 (USD per month) Location 50 sqm 100 sqm 200 sqm 300 sqm Qatar Financial Center 3,300 6,610 13,220 19,830 Diplomatic District / West Bay (average) 2,840 5,690 11,370 17,060 Source: 49 Primary Research, Asteco Qatar Report Q1 2014, KPMG analysis All figures have been rounded to the nearest integer 15 2015 KPMG Fakhro, a Bahrain partnership registered with Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MOIC), Kingdom of Bahrain and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. The information contained herein is of a general nature and is not intended to address the circumstances of any particular individual or entity. 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