SBE:46:3
UNIT-I
BASIC COMMUNICATION
Communication-Meaning and Definition - Medium of communication- Barriers to
communication.
UNIT-II
LISTENING
Needs and advantages of listening – Active – Elements of active listening with
reading –Coherence of listening with reading & speaking.
UNIT-III
SPEAKING
Features of effective speech – Role Play –Conversation building –Topic
presentation – Group discussion.
UNIT-IV
READING
Comprehensive of Technical & non- Technical material – Skimming Scanning Inferring guessing.
UNIT-V
WRITING
Writing effective sentences –cohesive writing-clarity & conciseness in writing –
Resumes & job applications.
SECTION-A
1. Define the term communication.
G.C BROWN:
Communication is the transfer of Information from one person to another
whether or not it elicits confidence but the information transferred must be
understandable to the receiver.
ALLEN:
Communication is the sum of all the things one person does when he wants
to create understanding in the minds of others.
2. What do you mean by communication?
The word „communication‟ has been derived from the Latin word
„Communize„which means common. Communication thus is the process of sharing
facts ideas and opinions in common. Communication is said to take place when an
individual conveys some information to another.
3. What do you mean by Barriers to communication?
Miscommunication can originate at three levels at the level of the transmitter
of the medium or of the receiver. In technical parlance anything that obstructs free
flow of communication is called noise or we many refer to it simply as a „barrier‟
to communication. In the present chapter we shall try to understand some of the
major barriers and ways to overcome them.
4. What do you mean by medium of communication?
Whatever we want to communicate something we have variety of media to
choose from oral, written, visual, audio-visual computer based etc.. All these
media have their relative merits and demerits.
5. What is External communication?
External communication includes communication with government agencies
and departments on the one hand and distributors, retailers, individual customer
and general public on the other.
6. Write any two merits oral communication?
* Oral message do not have any legal validity unless they are taped and
made a part of permanent record.
* In oral messages, responsibilities for mistakes if any cannot be specifically
assigned.
7. What do you mean by upward communication?
The communication channel which pushes the flow of information upwards
is known as the upward channel of communication. It is only recently that
managers have come to recognize the important of upward communication.
8. What do you mean by Order?
Order is an authoritative communication. It is a directive to somebody,
always a subordinate to do something to modify or alter the course of something he
is already doing or not to organization, orders are absolutely necessary for it. The
downward flow of information is dominated by orders.
9. What is Information?
One of the most important objectives of communication is passing or
receiving information about a particular fact or circumstance. It can be done either
through spoken or written language or by using any other system of signs or
signals.
10. Write any two Important of Horizontal Communication?
*Job co ordination
*Decision making
11. Write the communication skills?
*Written
*Oral
*Computer based
*Audio and Visual communication
SECTION-B
1. Write short note on:
a) Internal communication.
b) External communication.
a) Internal communication:
Effective Internal communication is considered important for the
follows.
*Batter co ordination:
All the organizational activities are geared towards greater
productivity, leading to increased profitability and hence greater
prosperity for one and all. This call for a concerted and co ordinate
effort by all the departments. Greater harmony in team , work, quicker
decision-making, quicker problem solving and quicker conflict
resolution.
*Conducive work atmosphere:
If
there
existseffective
communication
between
the
management and the employees, it helps to bring about an atmosphere
of mutual trust and confidence. This mutual understanding is
extremely beneficial to both the parties. The management gets better
returns the employees getjob satisfaction. They also develop a sense
of belonging and loyalty to the organization.
b) External Communication:
External
communication
includes
communication
with
government agencies and departments on the one head and
distributors, retailers, individual customers and general public on the
others.
*Government agencies and departments:
Business organizations are required to deal with licensing
authorities, foreign trade offices, customs authorities, banks and other
financial institutions, income-tax and sales-tax offices, post offices,
transporters, etc. Quite frequently they find themselves in formidable
and tricky situations that can be handled only through tactful
negotiation and is nothing but communication.
*Ad agencies distributors, retailers, individual customers, etc.
Modern business is a highly competitive phenomenon. Each
product of common consumption is available in myriads of brands,
not all of which sell equally well.
Marketing research has revealed that the organizations that can
communicate better also sell better. Sales are promoted through
persuasion is another aspect of communication
2. What is Information Planning?
Managers whose primary job is planning need detailed information of
various kinds.
*Environmental Information:
Information
about
the
political,
social
&
economical condition; information about the cultural milieu; geographic and
climate information.
*Internal Information:
Information about the production & sales capacity of the organization;
detailed information about the members of the staff. Their academic &
professional
qualifications
their
efficiency
&
reliability
their
limitations.etc….
*Competition Information:
Information about the rival companies and their products, their
past & present performance.
3. Explain the characteristics of an effective order.
*It must be clear and complete so that the person who receives the order
knows exactly what to do how to do and when to do it.
*Its execution should be possible that is the person who has to execute it
has the material, tools, equipment , time and ability to execute it . If any
hurdles are likely to be experienced the order should specify how they are to
be overcome.
*It should be given in a friendly way so that it is not resented and is not
carried out reluctantly.
4. Explain the factors conducive to the creation of a high morale.
*Every worker gets work suited to his physical and intellectual caliber.
*He feels his work is important and his appreciated by the authorities.
*He is free to do his work as he likes.
*He is encouraged to give suggestions.
*The atmosphere in the premises is congenial.
*Promotional avenues are available to the workers.
*Genuine grievances of the workers are promply removed.
5. What are the limitations face- to- face communication?
*Difficult to practice in large size organization:
Face-to-face communication is extremely difficult to practice in
modern large size organizations particularly if their various units or
departments are situated at different place.
*Not effective in large gatherings:
It is very difficult to get a message across to large gatherings. Even
though the speaker is addressing them face to face the vital personal touch is
missing. In the absence of a satisfactory feedback his speech lapses into a
monologue
*In effective if the listener is not attentive:
A limitation which the face-to-face communication shares with oral
communication is that its effectiveness is closely linked with the listener
attentiveness. Since human beings can listen to and grasp message faster
than the speed at which they are delivered they will easily get diverted
thus making communication in effective.
6. Explain the importance of Horizontal communication.
Horizontal communication is extremely important for promoting
understanding and co ordination among various department. Absence of
horizontal communication might lead to un necessary embarrassment.
The stores may report shortage of material when production is in full
gear. Free flow of horizontal communication among various departments
can easily avert the incidence of such situations.
We many say that horizontal communication important for:
*Job coordination.
* Decision making.
*Problem solving.
*Resolving conflicts.
*Sharing of ideas and information.
SECTION-C
1. Explain the sources of information.
*Old files:
A great deal of internal information is readily available in the old files of
the organisation. Past performance of the organisations as well as its employees
can be easily known from the old files.
*Observation:
Valuable information about the efficiency and reliability of the
employees can be gained personal observation.
*Mass media communication:
Mass media communication like the radio, television, cinema,
newspapers, and journals are all time throwing information. It is very important to
expose ourselves to these media and glean relevant information. A part of
magazines meant for general reading there are journal exclusively devoted to
specialized fields.
*Library research:
A good library is a store house of information. It is only in a library that
we can gain access to reference books, research publications files of old journal,
pamphlets, government publications various kinds. Statistical reports etc... now
there are libraries of taps, records and films also.
*Chambers of commerce:
The membership of such chambers is supposed to be very useful these
days. They keep their members abreast of all developments that have any bearing
on their activities.
*Meetings seminars and conferences:
Large business house often sponsor national and international seminars
and conferences. They invite experts in various fields and offer them an
opportunity to share their knowledge and experience with others participation in
such seminars and conference proves to be a very educative experience.
*Personal Interview:
Information can also be gathered through personal interviews with
prominet people in the political field experts in professional fields and the
members of general public.
*Questionnaires:
Information about the popularity of company's products and their
salebility is often collected by circulating carefully prepared questionnaires among
the consumers and the retailers.
*Trade fairs and exhibitions:
Big fairs and exhibitions have become a regular feature of modern life.
All pavilions relate to one central theme. They may highlight agricultural
development book production, electronic industry, or any other such theme. All
information related to that theme is collected at one place. In this way they become
an important source of information.
*Current electronic communication media in particular internet computers
network:
It now offers access to latest information on all subjects under the sum
almost at the flick of your finger. The world of communication is virtually being
revolutionised by the latest electronic media.
2. Explain the order steps in the order-giving operation.
Giving orders consists in the following seven steps:
*Planning:
Planning is essential to make the order clear and complete. Before an
order is given, the order-giver should be sure about the following points.
*Exactly what action is required?
*Is is feasible?
*Who is to perform it?
*In how much time is it to be performed?
*Are any problems likely to crop up?
*Is these any provision to solve those problems?
What kind of order is to be given (written, oral, general, specific etc...)
*Preparing the order-receiver:
This should in fact be considered a part of planning. Preparing the orderreceiver is necessary for the satisfactory compliance of any specific order. But it
also requires continuous education of the receiver so that he receive the order in
the right spirit and correctly interprets the intention and motives behind issuing it.
*Presenting the order:
This is the stage at which the order is to be written (if it is a written order)
and issued. At this stage it is ensured that the order is clear and complete and is
issued in a firm but courteoustone.
*Verification of reception:
After the order has been issued, the order-giving should watch out for
the reaction of the receiver, whether the order has been properly understood and
the receiver is going in the right direction.
*Action:
If planning and presentation of the order have been done correctly the
order-receiver is likely to execute it in the correct spirit.
*Follow-up:
But the order-giving should not remain content with the information that
the order is being executed. He should confirm whether it is being execute
correctly. Some times during the process of execution the person entrusted with it
may run into some unforessen difficulties. It proper follow-up is being conducted
the order-giver will take steps to remove those difficulties or issue fresh orders on
adopting a different course of action.
*Appraisal:
When the order has been executed and the work is over it is time to
appraise or assess it to see whether it has been carried out satisfactorily or it has
run into a road block and just been step over.
3.Explain the merits and demerits of oral communication.
a) Merits.
b) Demerits.
Merits:
*Oral communication saves time:
In number of case where action is required to be taken immediately it
is best to transmit a message orally. When the work load builds up harassed
executives stop writing they reach for the telephone or call a snap conference or
just walk down the corridor and give oral instructions to somebody. It helps them
to expedite work.
In most of the case (eg.,when it is wit in the organization) ,oral
communication saves money also.
*Speech is a more powerful means of Persuasion and control:
*Therefore executives often prefer to transmit message orally.
*With the help of variations in the tone, pitch and loudness of voice,
the speaker can convey shades of meaning, which he would not be able to do
through written communication.
*The speaker canget immediate feedback on whether he is creating a
favorable impression on the receiver or antagonizing him whether the receiver has
clearly understood his message accordingly.
*The informal plane on which oral communication is mostly carried
out helpers to promote friendly relation between the parties communicating with
each other. so it is conducive to the development of interpersonal relationship.
*Oral communication is extremely useful while communicating with
groups at assemblies meetings etc...
Demerits:
*Oral communication is not possible if the communication and the
receiver are far removed from each other and no mechanical devices are available
to connect them.
*Lengthy message are not suitable for transmission for there is every
likelihood of something of vital importance being missed.
*Oral messages do not have legal validity unless they taped and mode
a part of permanent record.
*Oral message cannot be retained for long time. In about a month's
time not morethan twenty percent of the original message may been retained. Since
these message are now where to be found in the record books we cannot refer back
to them in future.
*Although oral message offer a greater opportunity for clarification
there are also inherent in them greater chances of misunderstanding. The speaker
often gives the message without having properly organized it earlier so it is quite
possible that he may not be able to make himself quite clear or the receiver may
miss the message on account of his in attentiveness.
*In oral messages responsibilities for mistakes, if any cannot be
specifically assigned.
4. Briefly explain the types of communication.
Based on Relationship:
*Formal
*Informal
Based on its flow of Direction:
*Up ward
*Down ward
*Side ward
Based on the method used:
*Oral
*Written
*Gestural
*Formal communication:
It is the outcome of formal organizations. It follows the hierarchy
policy manuals, orders circulars, notices etc..are some of the examples of formal
communication certain circulars may be sent to the heads of department alone
while others may be sent to all the employees of the concern. Certain notices may
be displayed in the official notice board
Features of Formal communication:
*It follows the hierarchy (the scalar chain)
*The information is always authentic
*It is always in written form
*Proof of receiving the information is obtained
*Informal communication:
Informal communication is the result of casual or personal contact
between the individuals in an organization. The information reaches different
individuals in the organization in that time. The newspapers like fire informal
communication is also known as "GRAPEVINE" as it spreads in the manner the
grape plant does.
*Up ward communication:
It takes place when a subordinate conveys some information to his
superior. This happens when a subordinate wants to account for his performance or
has a request or complaint to make.
Diagram:
*General manager
↑
*Production manager
↑
*Foreman
↑
*Worker
*Down ward communication:
It takes place when a superior conveys certain information to his
subordinate. The need for such communication aries when a superior wants to give
certain orders and instruction to his subordinate.
Diagram:
*General manager
↓
*Production manager
↓
*Foreman
↓
*Worker
*Side ward communication:
It takes place when the executives or subordinates operating at the
same level exchange information. Such communication may be necessary to secure
better co-ordination between the individuals and the departments.
Diagram:
Production manager → Marketing manager →Personnel manager
→Financemanager
*Oral Communication:
Verbal transmission of information is what is called oral
communication. It usually takes place in any of the following ways.
*Face-face communication.
*Meeting.
*Conversation through telephone or mobile phone.
*Intercom.
*Internet chart.
*Written communication:
It is a method of communication by which by the communicator
establishes a direct contact with the communicate through written documents. It is
a formal method of communication.
*Gestural communication:
Gestural are nothing but actions as nodding of heads rolling of eyes,
movement of lips etc..to convey some idea. Handshake is the most popular and
accepted gestural to indicate good will and faith
5. Essentials of Effective oral communication:
*Brevity:
People take pleasure in talking so oral communication tends to suffer from
over communication. But if a speaker keeps on talking for long, his message will
get lost in a sea of verbosity and distraction.
*Precision:
Precision can make oral communication very effective. Instead of saying
total these invoices as early as possible it is preferable to specify time and say
could you kindly total these invoices and bring them back to me in half an hour's
time.
*Conviction:
A person communicating orally must have conviction in what he says.
Lack of conviction cause of lack of confidence, because of which he is not able to
impress the receiver with the message.
*Logical sequence:
If the speaker has given a proper through to his message he will be able
to arrange the various ideas contained in their logical sequence.
*Appropriate word choice:
Words have different meanings for different peopleso it important to be
careful in the choice of words. The speaker while speaking something knows what
he means so he presumes that his listener also does so which may be a wrong
presumption.
*Attentive listening:
Since communication is two-way process attentive listening is as vital to
effective oral communication as clear and precise speaking proper exchange of
communication is possible only if both the parties are adept speakers attentive
listeners.
*Avoiding hackneyed phrases and cliché‟s:
Speakers, often when they are groping for words, make use of hackneyed
phrases like what I mean you know isn‟t it etc... Such phrases interrupt the flow of
their speech and imped quick grasp of meaning.
*Right use of paralinguistic elements:
Pronunciation,tone pitch, place, stress, pauses are paralinguistic elements,
for they are related to language though they do not fall in the realm of language.
These elements play an important role in making oral communication effective.
*Congruity between verbal and non-verbal media:
While speaking to others, we unconsciously use facial expression,
gestures, body, movements. These elements also convey a meaning, perhaps a
more reliable one, so if we want our meaning.
*Natural voice:
Some speakers deliberately cultivate an affected style under the
impression that it would make them look more sophisticated. Nothing is farther
from truth, and nothing impresses so much as the natural way of speech.
6. Explain types of Barriers:
Physical barriers:
*Noise:
Noise in a factory, external disturbance in telecom facilities poor
writing, bad photo-copies, etc....
*Time and distance:
If telecom and network facilities are not available, people working in
different shifts, faulty seating arrangement in the hall etc...
Poor timing,particularly if it is close to a deadline.
Semantic barriers may occur if:
*The transmitter and receiver assign different meanings to the same
word or use different words for the same meaning, or.
*Words carry different nuances, shades or flavors to the transmitter
and the receiver.
To minimize semantic barriers, we should:
*Use familiar words,
*Clarify the shades or nuances, and
*As far as possible, use words with positive connotations.
Barriers caused by different comprehensions of reality are:
Abstracting, this means picking a few details and leaving out others:
*Remember that others can pick different details. Try to be
accommodating.
Standing, this means giving a particular bias or slant to the reality:
*Be objective in your observations and assessments.
Inferring, this means drawing inferences from observation:
*Base your inferences on verifiable facts.
Socio-psychological barriers:
*Attitudes and opinions:
We react favorably or are hostile according as the information
is to our personal advantages or not.
*Emotion:
We can neither transmit nor receive anything correctly if our
mind is agitated.
*Cultural diversity:
Words and gestures may be interpreted differently in different
cultures.
*Closed mind:
We hold our opinion so rigidly that we just refuse to listen.
*Frame of mind:
Our birth and upbringing, education, experience, etc.. . that
constitute our frame of mind shape our responses.
*Status-consciousness:
We are over-conscious of our lower or higher rank and do not
express ourselves candidly.
*Faulty transmission:
Part of the message is lost in transmission.
*Poor retention:
Oral messages in particular are lost because of poor human
retention.
*Unsolicited communication:
We are unresponsive if the communication is unsolicited.
*The source of communication:
We react according to the trust we response in the source from
which the communication originates.
Overcoming barriers general guidelines:
*Choose the right medium; sent the message at an appropriate
time.
*Use words that generate positivity.
*Adapt your message to the receiver's frame of reference.
*See how you would respond if you were to receive te message
you are going to send. Reframe it if you feel it might offend.
*Convey your message in a positive and courteous tone.
*seek feedback and offer clarification if needed.
SECTION -A
1. What do you mean by Listening?
Listening is a vital Component of the entire process of communication. The
effectiveness of communication is determined by the extent to which listening and
comprehension take place in the course of an interaction.
2. What is Listening process?
There are three phases with in the Listening process.
1.Levelling
2.Sharpening
3.Assimilation
Successful progression and completion of these stages determine the
accuracy of the listening process.
3. Write any two type of Listening?
The basic cause for this is the fact that there are different types of listening
Passive Listening
Marginal Listening
4. What are two types of good listening?
The art of good listening, if acquired, can have positive connotations.
Wider perspective
Increased sense of competence
Increased sense of mastery
5.Write about the meaning of six great helpers?
To enhance ones presentation skills it is absolutely imperative to secure the
help at the six great helpers. The five W‟S and the one H
a) Why
b) Who
c) Where
d) When
e) What
f) How
The concept of incorporating the above as extremely useful tools in the art of
writing fiction was first propagated by Rudyard kipling.
6. What do you mean by active listening?
This is the most important type of listening. The receiver absorbs all that is
being said and also makes an attempt to verify all that he has been listening to
when combined with sensitive Listening it can result in the best kind of listening
with the receiver moving in accordance with the intent of the speakes.
7. What do you mean by passive listening ?
The physical presence but mental absence of the Listenes can be defined as
passive listening as leasing all that is being said is being Heard but not really
absorbed .
In passive listening there is no invasion on the thought process or an
onsdaught of ideas which could probably change the trend of thinking or
strengthen the pre-conceived ideas of the receiver.
SECTION B
1. Write Short Note one
a) Projective Listening
b) Passive Listening
Projective listening :- In Projective listening the response of the receiver are in a
state of “ restful alertness” Each individual has within him a frame of reference in
which he tries to adopt the perspective of the co-interactant while lisening the
receiver tries to view and absorb the contents of the presentation within his own
frame of Reference.
The image of a camera can be used to understand the concept. The receiver
frame of reference is like the pin hole in the camera through which he views the
outside world
/ perspective of the speaker and tries to being about an
amalgamation of the two.
Projective listening is an attempt by the receiver at viewing the world or the
view point of the interactant from limited personal perspective.
The receiver in this case tries to bring about a union between the experience
of the sender and his own in such a manner as if it were just a combination of the
micro and the macro. Micro. in this case would be the narrow perspective of the
receiver while the macro is the broader perspective presented by the sender.
Passive Listening:-
The physical presence but mental absence of the listener canbe defined as
passive listening or hearing. All that is being said is being heard but not really
absorbed . Absorption of the spoken words comes only when there is “ sharpening”
and “assimilation” . In the absence of these two processes real (or) meaningful
listening cannot take place.
Utterances sink in the mind of the individual in the form of a heap of “
verbal garbage” without any actual processing being alone to it.
In passive Listening there is no invasion on the thought process or an ons
laught of ideas which could probably change the trend of thinking or strengthen the
pre-conceived ideas of the receiver.
2. What is the Listening process?
There are three phases with the Listening process
1) Levelling
2) Sharpening
3) Assimihation
Successful progression and completion of these three stages determine the
accuracy of the listening process To elaborate let us take the example of a
gardencer the process then could well, be simplified and understood.
The first stage in gardening is that of leveling the ground and shifting the soil.
This is followed by marketing of the spots where the saplings are to be planted.
The final stage is the planting of the saplings, watering them and then waiting for
them to catch root.
This process is some what similar to the one observed in listening. At the
time of Listening the mind is left open for any inflow of information. The brain
then automatically sifts and separates the “Sensical” from the “non sencial “
according to its priorities.
As a result, the desired material is retained while the rest is dumped to be
discarded at a later stage. This involuntary strategy is dependent on the mental
filter of the individual and the element of physical and psychological noise which
is present.
Only those spoken words which are considered important by the listener are
absorbed or assimilated. In other words, sharpening of verbal inputs by the mental
filter comprises the second phase of the listening process. However, in the minds
of the sender and the receiver there could be a discrepancy in the degree of
importance assigned to various issues or topics which might give rise to errors in
listening.
3. Determine the function of six helpers?
To enhance one‟s presentation skills it is absolutely imperative to secure the
help of the six great helpers, the five Ws and one H.
Why, Who, Where, when, What, How.
The concept of incorporating the above as extremely useful tools in the art of
writing fiction was first propagated by by Rudyard kipling. Subsequent to this,
exports in various disciplines realized the need of these helpers in their specific
areas.
Communications too, incorporated them as props to explain the
concepts of presentation and interaction.
basic
WHY. The purpose of presentation must be clear to the speaker. It is necessary to
be aware of the real reason for making a presentation. If it is furthering and
cementing of social relationships, problems do not arise.
Having answered this Query your purposive message is formulated. The
purpose could be manifold.
To inform: provision of information could be in the form of details, facts and
figures.
To persuade: Adoption of face- saving devices or politeness tactics such as
“please”
“thank you” etc., will prove to be quite effective.
To influence: Usage of talk – tactics such as name dropping or use of power or
position to force the co-interactant into accepting your point of view often in
exercising your influence over the audience.
To educate: provision of all facts to the issue should be discussed so that there us
greater comprehension on the part of the receiver.
To empathise: This means observance of an empathetic attitude empathise with the
interactions; feel or at least indicate that similar feelings are being shared.
To entertain: Usage of strategies,such as humour, narration of anecdotes,short
quizzes or even music will certainly elevate to the mood and break the
presentation.
Who? Who is my listeners?
Knowledge about the co-participant goes a long way in meeting
communication demands. This is somewhat similar to an interviewee getting
familiar with the organisation to effectively answer the probable questions relating
to the organization.
Where and When: These imply the place and the context. After your message is
formulated try and visualize the position of your co-interactant. Where would he
be when be receives your message? The format and tone of your message should
change in accordance with the place where it is going to be delivered.
Let us take an example of talking to the boss.
(a) At the work place: It is always transaction – oriented (ie) geared towards
the accomplishment of a particular task.
(b) At home; It is a combination of transaction it is extremely formal and
precise, in the other, it is casual and can range from formal to informal
depending on the relationship you share with the co-communicator.
What: The obviously fouses
round the subject matter of the message. What
exactly do you wish to communicate and what is the need to do so? The answer to
these queries can be determined by studying the profile of the audience.
How? How do we achieve the right effect? To what purpose can we use the five
Ws so as to secure the undivided attention of the tone and the delivery which we
adopt to deliver the message.
What are the disadvantages of listening?
Being pre occupied and not listening.
Being so interested in what you have to say that you listen mainly to find an
opening to get the floor.
Formulating and listening to your rebuttal to what the speaker is speaker is
saying.
Listening to your own personal beliefs about what is being said.
Evaluating and making judgment about the speaker or the message.
Not asking for classification when you know that you do not understand
effective in helping the person see the flows in his/her position.
If we listen so we can accurately understand the others riew we can also be
more effective in discovering the flows in our own position.
SECTION C
1. Differences between listening and hearing.
Listening is much more than trying to hear and decipher the phonetic
sounds being produced by the sender.
It is a matching of the mental
faculties of the sender and the receiver. Moving on the presumption that
words (or) sounds can convey meanings is like treading on thin ice. words
in themselves are not sufficient to connote meanings or super impose
intentions on ideas.
The total meaning of the message sent and received is a cumulative
whole of the words in particular contexts. The vital ingredient of good
communication.
(i.e) Listening seems to have become a paste of the process of
learning. We are often confronted during the transmission of any message
with queries of the following nature.
The response to this is the time there is no Endeavour on the past of
the receiver to catch the unspoken beneath the spoken word can we conclude
that listening and comprehension have really taken place.
Hearing is perception of all that is being standed in accordance with
one‟s own frame of reference. The interactant in this case, though physically
present on the scence is merely responding to the spoken words without
really absorbing the contents of the message.
Listening, on the other hand, is an accurate perception of all that is
being stated.
The difference between listening and hearning is one of the main
reasons why we often fail to listen and then effectively communicate.
While an are sage speaking rate is 100 to 200 words per minute. An average
listenners ability to process message is approximately 400 words per minute.
The substantial divergence between the spoken and the assimilated
words often leads to distraction with the mind swinging between listening
and assimilating while also wandering towards distracting elements.
There might be instances when the mind get distracted and then finds
it difficult to get back to the position from where is left off. Instead of
getting back to the original locate in the middle of the semi-circle, it might
just say further down the arch. In such instances, we have what is known as
a :Listening error” in which for some time the listener is oblivious of what is
being said or spoken as he is lost in his own reverie.
For successful communication it is imperative to exercise or utilize
our listening capabilities.
Advantages of listening:
Usually it is important to paraphrase and use your own words in verbalizing
your understanding to the message. Parroting bark the words verbatim is annoying
and does not ensure accurate understanding of the message.
1. Account of the facts
2. Thoughts and beliefs
3. Fallings and emotions
4. Wants, needs or motivation
5. Hopes and expectations
 Don‟t respond to just the meaning of the words, look for the feelings or
intent beyond the words.
 Inhibit your impulse to immediately answer questions, the code may be in
the form of a question.
 Know when to quit using active listening. Once you accurately understand
the sender‟s message, it may appropriate to respond with your own position.
 Active listening is a very effective first response when the other person is
angry. If we don‟t address the appropriate elements we will not be very
effective, and can actually make the situation worse.
 Sometimes a person just needs to be heard and acknowledged before the
person is willing to consider an alternative or soften his position.
 If we accurately understand the other person‟s view, we can be more.
Disadvantage of Listener:
 Being preoccupied and not listening
 Being 80 interested inwhat you have to say thay you listen mainly to find an
opening to get the floor.
 Formulating and listening to your own rebuttal to what the speaker is saying
 Listening to your own personal beliefs about the speaker or the message.
 Evaluating and making judgments about what is being said.
 Not asking for clarification when you know that you do not understand.
Effective in helping the person see the flows in her position.
 If we listen so we can accurately understand the other‟s views. We can also
be more effective in discovering the flaws in our own position.
SECTION - A
1. What do you mean by effective speech?
Effective speaking has nothing to do with the outdated concept of „elocution‟ where
everyone was encouraged to speak in the same „correct‟ manner. Rather, effective speaking
concerns being able to speak in a public context with confidence and clarity, whilst at the same
time reflecting one‟s personality.
Effective speaking include:
Accents
Finding your voice.
The effect of breath on voice and speech
Vocal production
2. What do you mean by presentation?
Presentation skills basically refer to the ability to communicate in an effective way whether
in small or large groups. The process involves explaining and showing the content of either a
topic to an audience. To be an effective communicator, one has to keep on practicing so as to
become efficient and effective.
3. What in the time limit in a presentation?
A time has been set for your presentation, then it‟s your responsibility to finish it within that
time. Consider it as part of the contract between you and your audience.
You can‟t keep to time unless you know beforehand how long you should be talking. Your
“talking time” is different than the total time you‟ve been given for your presentation for two
reasons:
You need to allow time for questions. This may be decided by the meeting organizer.
If not, as a rule of thumb I would allow 20-25% of your presentation time for
questions.
Generally, live presentations take longer than the rehearsal. This is because of a
combination of factors. You might start a couple of minutes late, you might take
longer to make a point, and there may be other interruptions that delay you.
So if your presentation time is one hour, your talking time will be 40 minutes (15 minutes
for questions and 5 minutes for interruptions and delays).
4. What do you mean by group discussion?
Group discussion is the free exchange of ideas on a topic. The group may have a leader and
recorder however all opinions are welcome whether a conclusion is determined or not.
5. Define the term group discussion.
Meaning and voluntary gathering of individuals (in person, through a conference call, or
website to exchange ideas, information, and suggestions on needs, problems, subjects, problems,
subjects, etc., of mutual interest. Discussion groups are on of the mainstays of the popularity of
internet.
6. What are the kinds of effective speech?
Speaking confidently
Informal conversation
Interviews
In the work place
Beauty pageants
General speaking skills
Pantomime script
Teachers
Extemporaneous speaking
7. What is Role play?
One common misunderstanding the players have about role – players is that required of you
to learn to medieval speech in order to role – play. Using thee and thou and all sorts of special
speech in order to fit in.
I‟m here to tell you that character does not have to talk like this to role – play. You most
certainly can speak this way if you wish to, but most role- players will accept normal speech for
role – play.
SECTION - B
1. How will you make successful presentation?
When called upon to make a speech, consider the following suggestions to help make
your speech more interesting, worth- while and fun for both your audience.
Prepare
Find out about your target audience. Consider their interests, their ages, their needs and
anything else about them that will help you connect with them.
Write down the purpose of the speech (or review the learning objectives), and decide on
the ideas that should be covered.
Research the subject, taking brief notes.
Talk with others who know the subject, and make notes of their ideas.
Outline your speech, including only the most important points. Put them into a logical
sequence.
Practice
Rehearse your speech until you have it well in mind. Some presenters like to use a tape
recorder so that they can hear themselves.
Write in your notes the time allotted to major points. This will help you stay within the
time limits.
Try to be ready for extem –poraneous speaking, with an occasional look at your outline.
Do not memorize or read it word for word.
When you are well pre – pared, you will feel at ease during the speech. Also, it helps to
take a fee deep breaths before you begin.
Personalize
Make each person feel that you are talking to him or her. Look at the audience as
individuals, not as a group. If you are nervous, find a friendly face in the audience, and direct
your remarks to that person for the first few minutes.
Watch the group‟s reaction as you go. Stay close to their interests.
Use thought – provoking questions. This will help stimulate everyone‟s thinking. It also
will help you get feedback from participants, which will tell you whether they under – stand
what you are saying.
Illustrate
Use a chalkboard or flip chart to list your main points, or draw diagrams or sketches
while you talk. Training aids help make your speech more interesting and reinforce the learning
process .
Balance what you say with what you show. Don‟t let visual aid be so elabo- rate that is
distracting.
Show that equipment and materials needed to do what you are talking about.
Show literature resources on the subjects.
Illustrate your important points with human – interest stories, preferably something that
actually happened. True stories, not necessarily funny, are excellent. When interest is waning, an
amusing story usually help.
Pace yourself
Stay within the time limit.
Stay on the subject, don‟t get sidetracked
Summaraise
Restate the main idea or problem, its importance, and the major points you have made.
Give your listeners a chance to ask questions either during or after the speech.
SECTION - C
1. State the guidelines for effective public speaking.
The following public speaking rules were developed after attending the FBI‟s Employee
assistance program in April 2000. Updated in May 2012, these guidelines are not intended to
guarantee absolute success in all aspects of public speaking. They are, however, calculated
insights based on lesions learned.
1. When giving a presentation, speakers should not display mobile phones, pagers, or other
electronic devices. These objects signal to the audience that the attention is not entirely
devoted to them.
2. Presenters need to remove lanyards, and large jewelry. These are very distracting.
3. Lecturers can enhance their appearance by wearing small pins on their lapels. This gives
the impression that they are larger than just a single individual they are part of an
organization or group with a bigger cause.
4. When speaking, orators should avoid using phrases like “As Mr.X (the previous speaker)
just said…” the audience may wonder why the presenter is speaking when Mr. X already
said it all.
5. If an individual is not the primary speaker and a colleague is making a presentation, it is
important to avoid jumping in and adding commentary. Input should only be given if
asked for or if the presenter is saying something blatantly false or misleading.
Interruptions undermine credibility.
6. Presenters should repeat questions before answering, especially if the room is large. This
allows time to think about the response. It also helps frame the question, displays
listening skills, and ensures that the audience hears the question.
7. It is essential to avoid saying “good question” or “excellent question” it can appear
insincere. If it is not said after every query, the person will not focus on the answer but
will wonder whether the question was not good.
8. When asking questions, audience members should raise their hands, speak loudly and
clearly, and present their query in less than 15 seconds. Ensure that questions are not
rambling monologues. Speakers who are audience members should follow these rules and
ask their listeners to do the same.
9. No matter how good speakers are think they are they must never go over the allotted
time, including the question and answer period. This is especially critical if speaking
right before lunch.
10. After the presentation, it is important to ask if there are any questions, stop talking, and
remain silent for about five seconds. During this time, the speaker can scan the audience
and ensure no hands are raised. Presenters must avoid asking for questions, then
continuing to speak.
11. It is imperative to engage the audience with genuine and direct, but non – aggressive, eye
contact for two to four seconds. Orators should not glance from one side of the room to
the other or look at people‟s foreheads or chins.
12. Presenters must avoid speaking in continuing, run –on sentences. They should not give a
20-minuts speech in one sentence. It is important to break word flow into distinct,
separate segments and is acceptable to pause for a few seconds.
13. When presenting, individuals should vary their pace of delivery, pitch, volume, and tone.
They have the stage and should not worry that someone is going to interrupt.
14. It is imperative for speakers to avoid any unconscious, nervous behavior such and
clicking a pen, jiggling coins, or playing with keys that would make noise or distract the
audience.
SECTION–A
1.What do you mean by Reading ?
Reading means for the key components of reading skills are reading speed,
comprehension, efficiency and retention. Each ofthese components needs to be
understood and mastered to enhance the reading skills.
2.What do you mean by skimming and scanning ?
Skimming :
In this kind of reading,the eyes of the reader go through all the material but
usually by skipping the details.
Scanning :
It is the fastest kind of reading where the reading speed may reach up to 3000
words per minute. Scanning the material is being done for a finite and highly
specific purpose.
3.Define : The term “Reading”.
G.K Chesterton
Also speaks about the importance of reading and living in the literary horizons of
great intellectual luminaires. One must read constantly and regularly to equip one‟s
mind with the latest information in his own subjects like engineering medical,
science or Art or Technical subject.
4.Whatdo you mean by Passive Reading ?
Passive Reading means by his own calibre to read, whether he is passive
reader. The habit of pondering over a textbook or a reference books.
5.What do you mean by Active Reading ?
Reading should be done as an active process by involving the mind along with the
body. If a person reads passively, his comprehension will be the
lowest.
6.What do you mean by comprehension communication ?
If the reading speed is slower, comprehension rate will be higher.
A reader may improve his reading speed. without compromising his ability to
understand and comprehend communication.
7.What do you mean by Technical communication ?
Technical communication for memory is the store house of experiences and
learning. It is true that all the learning the cannot be stored forever, though same
experience and teachings remain forever in our memory.
8.What do you mean by Interesting Guessing ?
Interesting Guessing means to be if the reader finds reading
material interesting, he will if definitely read it faster understand it and retain it for
a longer time on the other hand, if the reading material is boring or not of interest
to the reader. his efficiency will be hindered accordingly.
SECTION –B
1.Explain the needs of Reading .
There are various factors which affect reading speed and comprehension ability
and over all reading efficiency of a person vary from person to person.
Educational back Ground :
A well educated person may have a higher reading efficiency
then one who is a literate.
Physical capability :
Sometimes, some physical defect in some persons may
Hinder their efficiency to read and comprehend.
Mental capability :
People
have
different
mental
capabilities,
while
some
are
born intellectuals,others acquire intelligence through their efforts. A higher
mental capability will definitely lead to a better reading efficiency and
retention.
Interest :
If the reader finds reading material interesting he will definitely read it faster,
understand it and retain it for a longer time. On the other hand, if the reading,
material is boring or not of interest to the reader, his efficiency will be hindered
accordingly.
Practice :
Reading speed is a bye product of practice and time spent on reading. Avoid
readers enhance their reading skills by stepping up their reading. It is rightly
said, “practice makes a man perfect”.
2.Explain about skimming scanning .
Skimming :
In this kind of reading, the eyes of the reader go through all the material but
usually by skipping the details. When this kind of reading is practiced by a
reader, he can read the material at rates as high as 1500 words per minute. It is
done to grasp main ideas and to review previously read material. Usually
,executives skim newspaper journals and magazines due to busy schedules and
shortage of time.
Scanning :
It is the fastest kind of reading where the reading speed may reach up to 3000
words per minute. Scanning the material is being done for a finite and highly
specific purpose .In this , the purpose of reading is basically to search for a
particular information .A person proficient in scanning will see little or nothing
other than the information, which he is seeking.
3. write short notes on:
(a)Scanning
(b)Guessing
a) Scanning:
It is the fastest kind of reading where the reading speed may reach up to 3000
words per minute, scanning the material is being done for a finite and highly
specific purpose. In this, the purpose of reading is basically to search for a
particular information. a person proficient in scanning will see little or nothing
other than the information, which he is seeking.
b) Guessing:
Guessing fires one‟s imagination, kindles one‟s thirst for knowledge and broadens
one‟s mental horizons. The mind like a large room with man
windows. Guessing is one of the main windows of our mind.
4. Explain comprehensive communication.
It is the understanding of the read material. There is more or less an inverse
relationship between reading speed and understanding of material. if the reading
speed is slower, comprehension rate will be higher. However, this may not be true
always .a reader may improve his reading speed, without compromising his ability
to understand and comprehend.it is also often observed that good and speedy
readers have good comprehension ability and poor readers have poor
comprehension ability. Comprehension of a person can be tested in two ways.
5.Explain in detail about .
(a)Passive Reading
(b)Active Reading
(a) Passive Reading :
Passive reading means by his own calibre to read, whether he is passive reader, the
habit of pondering over a text book or a reference books .to make this task easier
one should jot down what all that are essential, memorable and quotable from the
text book.
(b) Active Reading :
Reading should be done as an active process. By involving the mind along with
the body. If a person reads passively his comprehension will be the lowest. This
passive effort to read the material will waste the time and energy ofthe reader, who
has to read for a longer time to comprehend the material.
SECTION-C
1.Explain the Golden Rules of Reading .
Reading meaning:
Reading fires one‟s imagination. Kindles one‟s thirst for knowledge. The mind is
like a large room with many windows . Reading is one of the main windows of our
mind.
(a) Read selectively :
Before you start reading ask the question whether it is going to give you
useful and relevant information to your subject .select books for reading
accordingly.
(b) Read with a critical mind and evaluate :
For some books are to be tasted, others to be Swallowed and some few
to be chewed and digested “. Bacon so read critically.
(c) Read a book seriously and reflect on the ideas expressed there for :
“A good book is the precious life –blood of a master spirit embalmed and
treasured up on purpose to a life beyond life”. Areopagitica - Milton. So be aware
of the values of books.
(d)Read with a thirst for knowledge :
For the author of the books spends months and years in reading before writing a
book. “The greatest part of a writer‟s time is spent in reading, in order to write
.aman will turn over of a library to make one book”.Boswell‟s Life of Johnson.
Only thirst for knowledge will lead one to the foundation of wisdom.
(e)Read not a book before reviewing:
For one should not read a book without knowing its worth,whether it is written by
experts or a genius or an expert on the field of study. In reading books one, “finds
tongues in trees ,books in the running brooks, sermons in stones and good in
everything” Shakespeare , As you Like it.
(f)Read the books of wisdom :
For they are true Universities of these days.The impact of books on the mind is
like, “ Little drops of water, little grains of sand make the mighty ocean and the
pleasant land . these books make the mighty ages of eternity”
(g)Read books to extract important details :
The main ideas and the important details go hand in hand. Verbal signposts (i.e)
word printed in Italics or bold face type or verbal signposts like words and phrases,
should help you pick out the key ideas and significant details. it will suffice from
the examination point of view, to remember the main ideas.
2.How to reading skills for Skimming and Scanning .
(a) Careful Reading :
It is the slowest kind of reading. In the kind of reading, the speed varies between
50 to 350 words per minute. This reading is popularly used for analysis. Problem
solving, proof-reading and accuracy checking. The material read is retained In the
memory for a longer period.
(b)Rapid Reading :
It is the simple kind of reading where the speed will range from 300 to 600 words
per minute. When the Conceptual burden of the material read on the is light or
when the retention of material for a longer period is not required. Rapid reading
process is followed.
(c)Skimming
In this kind of reading, the eyes of the reader go through all the material but
usually by skipping the details. when this kind of reading is practiced by a reader,
he can read thematerial at rates as high as 1500 words per minute.it is done to
grasp main ideas and to review previously read material . usually, executives skim
newspaper, journals and magazines due to busy schedules and shortage of time.
(d)Scanning:
It is the fastest kind of reading where the reading speed may reach up to 3000
words per minute, scanning the material is being done for a finite and highly
specific purpose. In this, the purpose of reading is basically to search for a
particular information. A Person-proficient in scanning will see little or nothing
other than the information, which he is seeking.
3.write the short notes on Reading Learning Cycle .
(i) A good reader has a wider recognition span and reads very fast.
(ii) The recognition of a good reader is to develop a keep “phrase sense” or
meaningful reading phrases.
(iii)A good reader groups meaningfully phrases ,and words. When you watch a
T.V programme, you see the whole picture and get a broad outline of what you are
learning.
(iv) A poor reading is unable to group together the ideas expressed in a book.
(v)A good reader reads by “thought units” and finds facts and
details.
(vi) A good reader reads between the lines and becomes alert to new terms and
concepts.
(vii) A good readers to find out the main point and sub-points.
(viii) A reader is a great thinker and looks for specific facts.
(ix) A student must focus on his field of interest.
(x) The more you read, the wider will be your knowledge and
Interests.
(xi) This called the reading learning cycle.
(xii) Enjoy your reading, for reading gives mental pleasure.
(xiii)Read selectively and put a question to yourself before you short
reading.
(xiv) Read critically and evaluate the reading material.
(xv) Watch out for hidden explosives.
(xvi) Spend time on serious. Articles and critical reviews.
(xvii) Your reading should be objective, even when the nature of the subject is a
controversy, a narrative or a theory.
(xviii) You should check the validity of statements by comparing with the books of
authors.
(xix) Reading with understanding helps one to acquire knowledge‟.
(xx) Reading and thinking helps one to acquire wisdom.
SECTION - A
8. What do you mean by resumes?
A resume is simply a list of your work and education background. A resume is
a document that you will give to a potential employer so they can determine if you
are a fit for the job.
9. Definition of job application?
Form or paper which indicates interest in a particular palce of employment
or position within a company. Typically requests personal identification
information, such as name, address and phone number as well as a history of
job experience.
10. Write short notes on different types of resumes?
Chronological
Functional
Combination / hybrid
Schnabel
Electronic resume/ email/ web resume.
11. What is report writing?
One of the most challenging communication is to write reports. Virtually every
aspect of a managers job in voles report writing, from meetings with clients/
customers, employee grievances, monthly production reports and project reports,
to extensive analysis of facts and figures that run into pages. Reports are a fact of
life in today‟s business environment.
12. What do you mean by cohesive writing?
Cohesive writing I writing which holds together well. It is easy to follow
because it uses language effectively to guide the reader.
13. What do you mean by clarity and conciseness writing?
Clarity and conciseness often go hand in hand: writing that focuses directly on a
point and maximizes meaning with minimum wordiness tends to be both clear and
concise. Revising for clarity of meaning often makes prose more concise and vice
versa. This handout offers tips for keeping academic writing clear and concise.
14. Short notes on how to improve your written skill.
You have the drive, you have the passion, and you‟re more than willing to put
in the time it takes to finish a manuscript. But you also want to make sure your
work is clean, compelling, and perfectly structured.
SECTION – B
1. Discuss about cohesive writing?
Cohesive writing is writing which holds together well. It is easy to follow
because it uses language effectively to guide the reader.
In English cohesion is achieved in a number of ways:
Firstly, the logical relationships between ideas are stated so that the reader can
easily understand the relationship between the parts of a text. The logical
relationships between clauses, between sentences, and between paragraphs can
be expressed by conjunctions (and, or, because, so etc.), or they can be
expressed by prepositional phrases (after that, in contrast etc.) or adverbs (thus,
alternatively etc.)
Secondly, reference is used to introduce the nouns in a text and to keep track of
them. For example, instead of repeating the word nouns in our last sentence, we
used the pronoun them to refer to nouns. This means you as the reader had to
work out what them referred to. This process of „tracking‟ items contributes to
the overall cohesion of a text.
Thirdly, words are selected that go together and relate to each other in some
way. For example, a nursing text about the health of an expectant mother is
likely to include words such as rest, nutrition, and blood pressure. In a
management text we might expect terms such as teams, cooperation, outcomes
etc. these expectancy relations, words which go together, create lexical
cohesion (lexis – words).
Finally, in a well written text there is logical progression to the development of
the text. New information is presented in a way which does not disrupt the flow of
the text and its meaning. One way to achieve this is to write well structured
paragraphs.
Each of these aspects will be explored in this cohesive writing module.
2. Discuss about clarity and conciseness writing.
Clarity and conciseness often go hand in hand: writing that focuses directly on a
point and maximizes meaning with minimum wordiness tends to be both clear and
concise. Revising for clarity of meaning often marks prose more concise and vice
versa. This handout offers tips for keeping academic writing clear and concise.
Express actions in verbs (avoid nominalization)
Consider this sentence:
Original : the cause of our schools‟ failure at teaching basic skills is not
understanding the influence of cultural background on learning.
The central verb in the sentence is a verb that doesn‟t pack much punch. The
sentence abounds with actions much more interesting than being, but they‟re
not expressed as verbs: the nouns cause, filure, influence, and learning imply
the berbs to cause, to fail, to influence, and to learn.
Actions expressed in nouns rather than verbs are called nominalizations. (for
example, the word nominalization is the noun form of the verb to nominalize).
We can‟t eliminate nominalizations altogether, nor would we want to. However,
letting verbs express actions usually makes sentences more dynamic, direct,
clear, and concise:
Avoid strings of prepositional phrases
Notice that the above revision eliminates clunky strings of prepositional
phrases (of the failure, of our schools, of cultural b ackground, on learning).
Consider another example.
Original : a revision of the program will result in increases in our efficiency in the
servicing of our customers.
Compare the subjects in the first two examples above:
The cause of our school‟s failure at teaching basic skills,
Versus our schools… educators …. Cultural backgrounds
Writers sometimes feel the urge to add emphasis to their prose by using extra
words or phrases that don‟t contribute much to the meaning (and indeed,
sometimes obscure it). Consider the following:
 It is absolutely vital that… (what does vital mean? Can something be only
sort of vital?)
 Their strategy is quite unique. (what does unique mean? Are there degrees of
uniqueness?)
The rules of thumb discussed above are useful not only when you draft an essay,
but also when you revise. Try the following on your own writing, especially in
passages you find inelegant or unnecessarily wordy:
1. Underline the actions (including nominalizations – implied actions in non –
verb forms);
2. Put boxes around the verbs;
3. Circle the prepositions.
 Now check: do the prepositions point to unnecessary nominalizations? Can
you replace forms of “to be” with action verbs?
 If a sentence still sounds wordy after revision, check the distance between
the subject and the verb. Do you have clear subjects followed directly by
verbs?
3. How will you prepare the resume?
Your resume is our first introduction to you, so be sure to prepare a resume that
helps you stand out. The best resumes are concise, focused, error – free and simple
to read.
General tips:
Use the job description to determine skills that are required for the
position.
Make a list of the skills that you possess that match the skills in the
description.
Choose to either use or not use periods at the end of bulleted points be
consistent.
Resume should present your qualifications, transferrable skills, job
stability, and position history; focus on the skills that will be important to
the hiring manager.
Do not include be one page two if you have substantial related work
experience.
If you have an online presence that you would like the hiring manager to
see, include the web address.
Another option is to include a QR code
If using a QR code, also include the web address and make sure it stays
updated
Proofread your resume, have a friend proofread it, and read it backwards
to catch mistakes.
4. How will you prepare the job application?
One of the most important parts of any job interview is the application. Filling
out the job application may be part of what gets you hired, or not. Even if you
provide a resume, the potential employer may still need questions answered on
a job application. Two main items must be considered when filling out the job
application.
Information Requirements
Reference information
Information Requirements
Every job application will require a minimum amount of information. When
filling
out the job application, especially when also providing a resume, the
information must be correct and complete. Four basic items you will be asked
about include.
Education – places, length of study, GPA and if you graduated
Job history – names, places, dates, supervisors names, contact information
and why you left
Military service – dates served, date and type of discharge
Social security card – this provides legal identification for proof of
citizenship
Reference information
When filling out the reference portion of the job application, be sure that
your references are aware they will be supplying this service for you. Answering
questions about a job application without prior notice can surprise references
causing problems. Here are three are three pieces of information you will want
when filling out the resume section for job applications.
Permission – always ask potential references for permission to use their
name,; if the person can‟t provide a good reference, they can decline and
save you embarrassment.
Name have the proper use and spelling of their name; use the proper title
with their name
Contact information be sure to have the correct address and phone number
for your references; if the employer can‟t reach the reference, it will appear
as an attempt to mislead or pad the information.
Providing references who will be able and willing to give positive accounts of
your skills and personality helps employers answer questions about the job
applications.
SECTION - C
2. Explain the different types of resume.
1. Chronological resume:
A chronological resume is a resume which lists down all the jobs
professional has held in a definite timeframe. A chronological is best for people
who have progressed in their professional life through working in different
companies. A chronological resume can vasically be considered as a time line
of person‟s from one job position to its higher. The chronological resume is best
used to show the progress that a person has done either in a short span of time
or in a few or several companies.
2. Functional resume :
A functional resume is basically used by a person who has too much of
experience of too little or a singular responsibility. A functional resume is
basically used by a person who has held a number of job – positions in a single
or very few companies. A functional resume also helps you highlight your
achievements in a better understood manner if you have worked in several
companies in the same position.
3. Combination resumes (also called hybrid resume):
A combination resume is actually a good combination of the chronological.
Resume and the functional resume.
The combination resume basically takes the best parts of the chronological
as well as the functional resume. The combination resume makes a note of your
work history, as giving special attention to your qualities and qualifications on a
professional level.