ONLINE APPENDIX
The Roma/non-Roma Test Score Gap in Hungary
By Gábor Kertesi and Gábor Kézdi
Table 1A. Detalis of the sample selection. Numbers of observations and statistics on test scores and the
mothers’ level of education.
Mean standardized test
Fraction with mother's
Number of
scorea
education
observations
reading mathematics
8 grades or less
college
Data from the Hungarian National Assessment of Basic Competences, grade 8
All registered students
Students with test scores in reading
Students with test scores in
mathematics
Students with test scores both
in reading and mathematics
Students with test scores and family
background data
Students who agreed to participate in
the Hungarian Life Course Survey
113,092
109,906
n.a.
-0.08
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
104,566
n.a.
-0.06
n.a.
n.a.
104,533
-0.03
-0.06
n.a.
n.a.
88,175
-0.01
-0.04
0.18
0.21
37,027
-0.14
-0.09
0.24
0.19
Data from the Hungarian Life Course Survey
Sample in wave 1 b
10,022
-0.11
-0.05
0.21
0.20
b
Sample in wave 2
9,300
-0.10
-0.04
0.21
0.20
b
Estimation sample
9,056
-0.09
-0.03
0.20
0.20
Notes.
a
Test scores are standardized by official figures on national means and standard deviations. Not all students’
scores are included in the national statistics, therefore the nonzero means in the total population.
b
All statistics (mean test scores and fractions) are weighted by sampling weights.
1
Table 2A. Summary statistics
Variable
Low birth weight
Body height (standardized)
Subjective health fair or poor
Frequent bedtime stories (parent’s answer)
Rare theater with parents (parent’s answer)
Rare hiking with parents (parent’s answer)
Bedtime stories never (child’s answer)
Bedtime stories every day (child’s answer)
Cognitive HOME index
Emotional HOME index
Lives with biological mother
Lives with stepmother
Lives with biological father
Lives with stepfather
Mother’s education 0-8th grade
Mother’s education vocational
Mother’s education secondary
Mother’s education college
Father’s education 0-8th grade
Father’s education vocational
Father’s education secondary
Father’s education college
Books: less than 50
Books: 50
Books: 50-150
Books: 150-300
Books: 300-600
Books: 600-1000
Books: more
Internet at home
Mother employed
Father employed
Fraction of years mother was employed
Fraction of years father was employed
ln Household income
ln Household size
Non-employed adults in household
Square meter per capita
Rooms per capita
Bathroom
Poverty indicator (no money for food)
Poverty indicator (no money for heating)
Poverty indicator (child welfare allowance)
Poverty indicator (free lunch)
Poverty indicator (free schoolbooks)
mean
0.17
-0.33
0.17
0.35
0.83
0.76
0.18
0.21
-1.03
-0.17
0.96
0.03
0.78
0.06
0.79
0.15
0.04
reference
0.54
0.27
0.03
reference
0.64
0.16
0.11
0.04
0.02
0.01
reference
0.07
0.24
0.35
0.30
0.52
11.68
1.58
1.39
17.55
0.55
0.75
0.23
0.35
0.67
0.17
0.87
Roma
sd
0.38
0.92
0.37
0.48
0.38
0.43
0.38
0.41
0.98
0.98
0.20
0.17
0.41
0.24
0.41
0.36
0.20
n
848
848
848
848
848
848
848
848
848
848
848
848
848
848
848
848
848
mean
0.07
0.03
0.09
0.65
0.57
0.44
0.03
0.48
0.09
0.02
0.97
0.01
0.72
0.09
0.15
0.25
0.36
Non-Roma
sd
0.25
0.99
0.28
0.48
0.50
0.50
0.16
0.50
0.94
0.98
0.18
0.11
0.45
0.28
0.36
0.43
0.48
0.50
0.44
0.18
848
848
848
0.08
0.37
0.21
0.27
0.48
0.41
0.48
0.37
0.31
0.20
0.15
0.09
848
848
848
848
848
848
0.09
0.11
0.23
0.20
0.17
0.09
0.28
0.32
0.42
0.40
0.37
0.28
0.25
0.43
0.48
0.35
0.45
0.46
0.35
0.99
9.62
0.25
0.43
0.42
0.48
0.47
0.38
0.33
848
848
848
848
848
848
848
848
848
848
848
848
848
848
848
848
0.51
0.70
0.66
0.64
0.73
12.03
1.39
0.67
23.57
0.79
0.97
0.05
0.12
0.22
0.08
0.56
0.50
0.46
0.47
0.32
0.43
0.46
0.29
0.81
10.16
0.29
0.17
0.21
0.32
0.42
0.27
0.50
n
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
8208
2
Table 3A. Detailed results of the regressions on standardized test scores in reading
Roma
Low birth weight
Body height (standardized)
Subjective health fair or poor
Frequent bedtime stories (parent’s answer)
Rare theater with parents (parent’s answer)
Rare hiking with parents (parent’s answer)
Bedtime stories never (child’s answer)
Bedtime stories every day (child’s answer)
Cognitive HOME index
Emotional HOME index
Lives with biological mother
Lives with stepmother
Lives with biological father
Lives with stepfather
Mother’s education 0-8th grade
Mother’s education vocational
Mother’s education secondary
Father’s education 0-8th grade
Father’s education vocational
Father’s education secondary
Books: 0-50
Books: 50
Books: 50-150
Books: 150-300
Books: 300-600
Books: 600-1000
Internet at home
(1)
-0.97
[0.05]**
(2)
-0.87
[0.05]**
-0.27
[0.04]**
0.11
[0.01]**
-0.33
[0.04]**
(3)
-0.38
[0.05]**
-0.18
[0.04]**
0.06
[0.01]**
-0.18
[0.04]**
0.12
[0.03]**
-0.13
[0.03]**
-0.06
[0.03]*
-0.16
[0.06]**
0.16
[0.02]**
0.34
[0.01]**
-0.05
[0.01]**
(4)
-0.25
[0.06]**
-0.11
[0.05]*
0.05
[0.01]**
-0.15
[0.04]**
0.10
[0.03]**
-0.04
[0.03]
-0.04
[0.03]
-0.06
[0.06]
0.12
[0.03]**
0.28
[0.02]**
-0.05
[0.02]**
(5)
-0.16
[0.07]*
-0.09
[0.05]
0.04
[0.02]*
-0.13
[0.05]**
0.11
[0.04]**
-0.04
[0.04]
0.00
[0.04]
-0.07
[0.07]
0.10
[0.03]**
0.24
[0.02]**
-0.03
[0.02]
(6)
-0.11
[0.05]*
-0.13
[0.04]**
0.03
[0.01]**
-0.13
[0.04]**
0.07
[0.02]**
-0.05
[0.03]
0.01
[0.03]
-0.14
[0.06]*
0.09
[0.02]**
0.17
[0.02]**
-0.04
[0.01]**
0.03
[0.27]
-0.09
[0.28]
-0.07
[0.45]
-0.07
[0.45]
-0.26
[0.05]**
-0.29
[0.04]**
-0.13
[0.03]**
-0.37
[0.05]**
-0.28
[0.04]**
-0.19
[0.04]**
-0.53
[0.05]**
-0.33
[0.05]**
-0.29
[0.04]**
-0.19
[0.04]**
-0.13
[0.04]**
-0.08
[0.04]
0.18
[0.03]**
(7)
-0.05
[0.07]
-0.08
[0.05]
0.03
[0.01]
-0.12
[0.05]*
0.09
[0.04]*
-0.01
[0.04]
0.03
[0.04]
-0.06
[0.07]
0.06
[0.03]
0.16
[0.02]**
-0.03
[0.02]
-0.28
[0.34]
-0.33
[0.34]
0.10
[0.49]
0.16
[0.49]
-0.11
[0.07]
-0.17
[0.06]**
-0.06
[0.05]
-0.22
[0.08]**
-0.16
[0.06]**
-0.09
[0.06]
-0.42
[0.08]**
-0.28
[0.07]**
-0.24
[0.06]**
-0.11
[0.06]
-0.10
[0.06]
-0.13
[0.07]
0.15
[0.04]**
3
Mother employed
Father employed
Fraction of years mother was employed
Fraction of years father was employed
ln Household income
ln Household size
Non-employed adults in household
Apartment size, square meters per capita
Rooms per capita
Bathroom
Poverty indicator (no money for food)
Poverty indicator (no money for heating)
Poverty indicator (child welfare allowance)
Poverty indicator (free lunch)
Poverty indicator (free schoolbooks)
Missing birth weight
Missing height
Missing subjective health
Missing bedtime stories
Missing cognitive HOME index
Missing emotional HOME index
Missing number of books
Missing Internet
Missing education of mother
Missing education of father
Missing household income
Missing apartment size, square meters
Missing number of rooms
Missing bathroom
Missing poverty indices
-0.58
[0.15]**
-0.15
[0.08]
-0.29
[0.10]**
-0.34
[0.13]*
-0.11
[0.08]
-0.18
[0.09]*
0.11
[0.06]*
-0.13
[0.09]
0.06
[0.07]
-0.40
[0.15]**
-0.16
[0.09]
-0.14
[0.12]
0.07
[0.07]
-0.08
[0.11]
0.09
[0.09]
-0.37
[0.21]
-0.16
[0.11]
0.03
[0.14]
0.06
[0.08]
-0.06
[0.14]
0.15
[0.11]
-0.05
[0.03]
0.01
[0.04]
-0.02
[0.04]
0.11
[0.05]*
-0.03
[0.03]
-0.11
[0.05]*
-0.05
[0.02]**
0.00
[0.00]
0.07
[0.05]
-0.01
[0.06]
-0.15
[0.05]**
-0.03
[0.03]
0.10
[0.03]**
-0.11
[0.04]**
-0.10
[0.03]**
-0.20
[0.14]
-0.10
[0.07]
-0.20
[0.08]*
0.06
[0.06]
-0.05
[0.09]
0.05
[0.07]
-0.20
[0.13]
-0.10
[0.19]
-0.31
[0.26]
-0.21
[0.45]
-0.04
[0.03]
-0.04
[0.09]
0.04
[0.16]
-0.07
[0.18]
0.12
[0.11]
0.00
[0.05]
0.02
[0.05]
-0.11
[0.06]
0.10
[0.07]
-0.03
[0.04]
-0.10
[0.08]
-0.03
[0.03]
0.00
[0.00]
-0.11
[0.08]
-0.05
[0.08]
-0.03
[0.06]
0.00
[0.05]
0.07
[0.04]
-0.11
[0.06]
-0.06
[0.04]
-0.33
[0.21]
-0.13
[0.11]
0.04
[0.13]
0.03
[0.08]
-0.02
[0.15]
0.12
[0.12]
-0.19
[0.18]
-0.13
[0.21]
-0.46
[0.33]
0.05
[0.50]
-0.05
[0.05]
-0.06
[0.13]
0.16
[0.19]
-0.22
[0.27]
-0.11
[0.16]
4
Constant
School FE
School × Class FE
Observations
R-squared
-0.01
[0.02]
0.04
[0.02]*
-0.07
[0.03]*
-0.12
[0.03]**
YES
9056
0.06
9056
0.09
9056
0.25
9056
0.53
-0.15
[0.04]**
YES
YES
9056
0.66
1.06
[0.57]
9056
0.33
0.95
[0.81]
YES
YES
9056
0.68
5
Table 4A. Detailed results of the regressions on standardized test scores in mathematics
Roma
Low birth weight
Body height (standardized)
Subjective health fair or poor
Frequent bedtime stories (parent’s answer)
Rare theater with parents (parent’s answer)
Rare hiking with parents (parent’s answer)
Bedtime stories never (child’s answer)
Bedtime stories every day (child’s answer)
Cognitive HOME index
Emotional HOME index
Lives with biological mother
Lives with stepmother
Lives with biological father
Lives with stepfather
Mother’s education 0-8th grade
Mother’s education vocational
Mother’s education secondary
Father’s education 0-8th grade
Father’s education vocational
Father’s education secondary
Books: 0-50
Books: 50
Books: 50-150
Books: 150-300
Books: 300-600
Books: 600-1000
Internet at home
(1)
-1.05
[0.05]**
(2)
-0.94
[0.05]**
-0.38
[0.04]**
0.11
[0.01]**
-0.35
[0.04]**
(3)
-0.51
[0.05]**
-0.29
[0.04]**
0.06
[0.01]**
-0.23
[0.04]**
0.12
[0.03]**
-0.12
[0.03]**
-0.11
[0.03]**
-0.06
[0.06]
0.14
[0.03]**
0.31
[0.01]**
-0.06
[0.01]**
(4)
-0.33
[0.05]**
-0.19
[0.05]**
0.06
[0.01]**
-0.17
[0.05]**
0.08
[0.03]**
-0.03
[0.03]
-0.09
[0.03]**
-0.06
[0.06]
0.09
[0.03]**
0.24
[0.02]**
-0.05
[0.02]**
(5)
-0.28
[0.07]**
-0.17
[0.05]**
0.04
[0.02]*
-0.19
[0.06]**
0.07
[0.04]
-0.03
[0.04]
-0.06
[0.04]
-0.06
[0.07]
0.08
[0.04]*
0.20
[0.02]**
-0.04
[0.02]
(7)
-0.22
[0.05]**
-0.23
[0.04]**
0.03
[0.01]**
-0.16
[0.04]**
0.06
[0.03]*
-0.02
[0.03]
-0.03
[0.03]
-0.04
[0.06]
0.07
[0.03]**
0.12
[0.02]**
-0.06
[0.01]**
-0.15
[0.30]
-0.23
[0.31]
-0.12
[0.26]
-0.17
[0.26]
-0.32
[0.05]**
-0.29
[0.04]**
-0.11
[0.04]**
-0.50
[0.06]**
-0.41
[0.05]**
-0.21
[0.05]**
-0.39
[0.06]**
-0.28
[0.06]**
-0.25
[0.05]**
-0.15
[0.05]**
-0.12
[0.05]*
-0.10
[0.05]
0.22
[0.03]**
(6)
-0.15
[0.07]*
-0.16
[0.05]**
0.03
[0.02]
-0.17
[0.06]**
0.04
[0.04]
-0.01
[0.04]
-0.02
[0.04]
-0.04
[0.07]
0.05
[0.04]
0.10
[0.02]**
-0.04
[0.02]*
-0.02
[0.32]
0.01
[0.33]
-0.59
[0.56]
-0.61
[0.56]
-0.21
[0.07]**
-0.22
[0.06]**
-0.09
[0.06]
-0.27
[0.09]**
-0.21
[0.07]**
-0.09
[0.07]
-0.26
[0.09]**
-0.21
[0.08]*
-0.14
[0.07]
-0.01
[0.07]
-0.05
[0.07]
-0.09
[0.08]
0.22
[0.04]**
6
Mother employed
Father employed
Fraction of years mother was employed
Fraction of years father was employed
ln Household income
ln Household size
Non-employed adults in household
Apartment size, square meters per capita
Rooms per capita
Bathroom
Poverty indicator (no money for food)
Poverty indicator (no money for heating)
Poverty indicator (child welfare allowance)
Poverty indicator (free lunch)
Poverty indicator (free schoolbooks)
Missing birth weight
Missing height
Missing subjective health
Missing bedtime stories
Missing cognitive HOME index
Missing emotional HOME index
Missing number of books
Missing Internet
Missing education of mother
Missing education of father
Missing household income
Missing apartment size, square meters
Missing number of rooms
Missing bathroom
Missing poverty indices
-0.37
[0.16]*
-0.04
[0.09]
-0.33
[0.10]**
-0.16
[0.13]
-0.02
[0.08]
-0.25
[0.10]**
0.13
[0.06]*
-0.21
[0.10]*
-0.02
[0.08]
-0.27
[0.17]
-0.10
[0.10]
-0.16
[0.11]
0.09
[0.07]
-0.20
[0.11]
0.01
[0.08]
-0.22
[0.19]
-0.13
[0.13]
-0.04
[0.15]
0.04
[0.09]
-0.23
[0.13]
0.03
[0.10]
-0.03
[0.04]
-0.02
[0.04]
-0.01
[0.05]
0.07
[0.06]
0.01
[0.03]
-0.08
[0.06]
-0.04
[0.02]*
0.00
[0.00]
0.09
[0.06]
0.03
[0.06]
-0.12
[0.05]*
-0.02
[0.04]
0.05
[0.03]
-0.06
[0.05]
-0.03
[0.03]
-0.04
[0.12]
-0.02
[0.08]
-0.28
[0.09]**
0.08
[0.06]
-0.14
[0.09]
-0.04
[0.07]
-0.14
[0.15]
-0.09
[0.28]
-0.49
[0.29]
-0.46
[0.26]
-0.05
[0.03]
-0.08
[0.09]
0.31
[0.22]
0.22
[0.19]
0.13
[0.12]
0.03
[0.05]
-0.05
[0.06]
-0.08
[0.06]
0.16
[0.07]*
0.01
[0.04]
-0.11
[0.08]
-0.03
[0.03]
0.00
[0.00]
-0.07
[0.09]
-0.03
[0.07]
-0.04
[0.06]
0.02
[0.05]
0.04
[0.05]
-0.13
[0.06]*
0.03
[0.04]
-0.18
[0.18]
-0.11
[0.13]
0.00
[0.15]
0.03
[0.09]
-0.18
[0.13]
-0.01
[0.10]
-0.11
[0.25]
-0.25
[0.21]
-0.36
[0.31]
-0.72
[0.57]
-0.08
[0.06]
-0.08
[0.12]
0.50
[0.22]*
0.22
[0.23]
0.03
[0.19]
7
Constant
School FE
School × Class FE
Observations
R-squared
0.04
[0.02]*
0.10
[0.02]**
0.01
[0.03]
-0.02
[0.03]
YES
8335
0.07
8335
0.10
8335
0.23
8335
0.54
-0.02
[0.04]
YES
YES
8335
0.67
0.79
[0.39]*
8335
0.32
0.92
[0.85]
YES
YES
8335
0.69
8
Table 5A. Results excluding students with special education needs.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Panel A. Reading
-0.95 -0.86 -0.4 -0.26
Gap
[0.06]** [0.06]** [0.06]** [0.07]**
[S.E.]
8201 8201 8201 8201
Observations
2
0.06
0.08
0.24
0.51
R
(5)
-0.19
(6)
(7)
-0.14 -0.07
[0.08]* [0.06]* [0.08]
8201
0.65
8201 8201
0.31 0.66
Panel B. Mathematics
-1.05 -0.94 -0.51 -0.33 -0.28 -0.23 -0.14
Gap
[0.05]** [0.05]** [0.05]** [0.05]** [0.07]** [0.05]**[0.07]*
[S.E.]
8193 8193 8193 8193 8193 8193 8193
Observations
2
0.07
0.10
0.23
0.54
0.67 0.32 0.69
R
Control variables
Health
Home environment
School FE
School × Class FE
Family background
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Standard errors in brackets are clustered at the school level. *Significant at the 5 percent level. **Significant at the 1 percent level.
9
Table 6A. Roma/non-Roma test score gap estimates by propensity score matching for specifications (2), (3) and
(6).
Nearest neighbor matching
(2)
(3)
(6)
Panel A. Reading
Gap
[S.E.]
Stratified matching
(2)
(3)
(6)
-0.82
[0.04]**
-0.40
[0.05]**
-0.09
[0.06]
-0.83
[0.03]**
-0.39
[0.03]**
-0.10
[0.04]*
# treated observations
# control observations
837
3306
837
694
837
522
837
7988
837
7715
837
7757
Panel B. Mathematics
Gap
[S.E.]
# treated observations
# control observations
-0.89
[0.04]**
837
3096
-0.59
[0.05]**
837
597
-0.13
[0.06]*
837
425
-0.89
[0.03]**
7988
425
-0.51
[0.03]**
837
7715
-0.17
[0.03]*
837
7757
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Variables in the propensity score equation
Health
Yes
Home environment
Family background
Standard errors in brackets are clustered at the school level. *Significant at the 5 percent level. **Significant at the 1 percent level.
10
Table 7A. Ethnic gap in health and parenting. Detailed estimates of the regressions on the Roma dummy and
family background variables. OLS results.
0.04
[0.02]*
-0.05
[0.08]
-0.06
[0.08]
-0.01
[0.11]
0.00
[0.11]
0.04
[0.01]**
0.01
[0.01]
0.00
[0.01]
0.03
[0.02]
0.01
[0.01]
0.00
[0.01]
-0.02
[0.01]
-0.01
[0.01]
0.02
[0.01]
-0.07
[0.05]
-0.37
[0.31]
-0.47
[0.32]
0.62
[0.39]
0.56
[0.39]
-0.25
[0.05]**
-0.18
[0.04]**
-0.07
[0.04]
-0.05
[0.06]
-0.03
[0.05]
-0.02
[0.05]
0.02
[0.04]
0.01
[0.04]
0.02
[0.05]
0.01
[0.02]
-0.14
[0.11]
-0.14
[0.11]
0.19
[0.18]
0.18
[0.18]
0.05
[0.02]**
0.02
[0.01]
0.01
[0.01]
0.06
[0.02]**
0.03
[0.01]**
0.01
[0.01]
-0.02
[0.01]
-0.02
[0.01]
-0.01
[0.02]
-0.05
[0.03]*
0.19
[0.15]
0.07
[0.15]
0.23
[0.22]
0.22
[0.22]
-0.25
[0.02]**
-0.17
[0.02]**
-0.07
[0.02]**
-0.13
[0.03]**
-0.08
[0.02]**
-0.04
[0.02]
-0.02
[0.02]
-0.01
[0.02]
0.03
[0.02]
-0.03
[0.02]
-0.07
[0.14]
0.04
[0.15]
0.15
[0.13]
0.16
[0.13]
0.28
[0.02]**
0.22
[0.02]**
0.11
[0.02]**
0.14
[0.03]**
0.14
[0.02]**
0.07
[0.02]**
-0.02
[0.02]
-0.01
[0.02]
-0.01
[0.02]
-0.01
[0.02]
0.23
[0.14]
0.23
[0.14]
-0.01
[0.18]
-0.02
[0.18]
0.30
[0.02]**
0.19
[0.02]**
0.08
[0.02]**
0.17
[0.03]**
0.10
[0.02]**
0.05
[0.02]*
-0.02
[0.02]
-0.01
[0.02]
-0.02
[0.02]
0.06
[0.02]**
0.00
[0.07]
0.02
[0.07]
-0.10
[0.06]
-0.11
[0.06]
0.05
[0.01]**
0.00
[0.01]
0.00
[0.01]
0.02
[0.01]
0.00
[0.01]
0.00
[0.01]
0.00
[0.01]
0.01
[0.01]
0.00
[0.01]
Bedtime
stories
every
day
-0.03
[0.02]
0.04
[0.15]
0.00
[0.15]
0.22
[0.18]
0.24
[0.18]
-0.30
[0.03]**
-0.22
[0.02]**
-0.13
[0.02]**
-0.14
[0.03]**
-0.08
[0.02]**
-0.05
[0.02]*
-0.01
[0.02]
-0.03
[0.02]
-0.02
[0.02]
-0.01
[0.02]
0.07
[0.06]
0.04
[0.02]*
0.06
[0.03]*
-0.03
[0.03]
-0.03
[0.03]
-0.03
[0.01]*
0.07
[0.03]**
0.21
[0.05]**
0.20
[0.06]**
-0.01
[0.01]
0.00
[0.02]
0.00
[0.01]
0.03
[0.03]
-0.08
[0.06]
0.00
[0.02]
0.00
[0.01]
-0.02
[0.02]
0.00
[0.01]
0.01
[0.01]
-0.11
[0.03]**
0.00
[0.01]
-0.04
[0.01]**
0.05
[0.03]
0.00
[0.01]
-0.05
[0.01]**
0.02
[0.03]
0.01
[0.01]
-0.01
[0.01]
0.02
[0.01]
0.00
[0.00]
0.00
[0.02]
-0.07
[0.03]*
0.01
[0.01]
0.04
[0.03]
0.04
[0.05]
0.04
[0.02]*
-0.09
[0.03]**
0.12
[0.06]*
-0.03
[0.02]
0.00
[0.00]
-0.04
[0.02]*
-0.01
[0.02]
0.01
[0.02]
0.00
[0.00]
0.10
[0.06]
0.20
[0.06]**
-0.05
[0.05]
0.00
[0.00]
0.01
[0.02]
-0.01
[0.02]
0.03
[0.02]
0.00
[0.00]
0.07
[0.03]*
0.02
[0.03]
-0.04
[0.03]
0.00
[0.00]*
-0.13
[0.03]**
-0.11
[0.02]**
0.03
[0.02]
0.00
[0.00]**
-0.15
[0.03]**
-0.08
[0.03]**
0.04
[0.02]
0.00
[0.00]
-0.01
[0.01]
-0.09
[0.02]**
0.04
[0.02]**
0.00
[0.00]
0.08
[0.03]*
0.02
[0.03]
-0.01
[0.02]
0.00
[0.00]
0.36
[0.05]**
0.52
[0.06]**
-0.17
[0.05]**
0.00
[0.00]
0.02
[0.06]
0.13
[0.06]*
-0.15
[0.06]**
0.00
[0.01]
0.02
[0.04]
0.01
[0.01]
-0.04
[0.02]*
-0.01
[0.02]
0.00
[0.02]
0.01
[0.01]
-0.03
[0.02]
-0.16
[0.03]**
-0.06
[0.04]
-0.01
[0.01]
-0.03
[0.03]
-0.01
[0.01]
-0.03
[0.02]*
0.06
[0.02]**
0.06
[0.02]**
0.00
[0.01]
-0.06
[0.02]**
-0.15
[0.03]**
-0.06
[0.04]
0.02
[0.02]
0.01
-0.07
[0.05]
-0.01
0.01
[0.02]
0.03
-0.02
[0.02]
0.04
0.05
[0.02]*
0.01
0.04
[0.02]*
-0.01
-0.01
[0.01]
0.00
0.00
[0.02]
0.00
-0.10
[0.04]**
0.01
-0.10
[0.04]*
-0.10
Low
birth
weight
Roma
Lives with
bio. Mother
Lives with
stepmother
Lives with
bio. Father
Lives with
stepfather
Mother’s edu.
0-8th grade
Mother’s edu.
Vocational
Mother’s edu.
Secondary
Father’s edu.
0-8th grade
Father’s edu.
Vocational
Father’s edu.
Secondary
Mother
employed
Father
employed
Fraction of
years mother
was employed
Fraction of
years father
was employed
ln Household
income
ln Household
size
Non-empl
adults in
household
Apt sq. meters
per capita
Rooms per
capita
Bathroom
Poverty (no
money for
food)
Poverty (no
money for
heating)
Poverty (child
welfare
allowance)
Poverty (free
lunch)
Poverty (free
Standardized
height
Fair or
poor
health
Frequent
bedtime
stories
Rare
theater
Rare
hiking
Bedtime
stories
never
HOME
cognitive
HOME
emotional
-0.09
[0.05]*
-0.24
[0.29]
-0.50
[0.30]
0.11
[0.39]
0.00
[0.39]
-0.92
[0.04]**
-0.62
[0.03]**
-0.34
[0.03]**
-0.53
[0.05]**
-0.30
[0.03]**
-0.15
[0.03]**
0.08
[0.03]**
0.05
[0.04]
0.03
[0.04]
0.09
[0.05]
-0.21
[0.33]
-0.29
[0.34]
0.36
[0.43]
0.39
[0.43]
-0.17
[0.05]**
-0.08
[0.04]
-0.01
[0.04]
-0.12
[0.06]
-0.06
[0.05]
-0.06
[0.05]
-0.01
[0.04]
-0.08
[0.05]
0.08
[0.05]
11
schoolbooks)
Missing edu.
of mother
Missing edu.
of father
Missing
income
Missing apt
size
Missing
n.rooms
Missing
bathroom
Missing
poverty
Constant
Observations
R-squared
[0.01]
-0.04
[0.08]
0.01
[0.11]
0.01
[0.01]
0.08
[0.05]
-0.03
[0.04]
-0.09
[0.02]**
-0.03
[0.03]
0.28
[0.12]*
9056
0.03
[0.03]
-0.62
[0.30]*
0.66
[0.39]
0.04
[0.04]
-0.08
[0.10]
0.54
[0.21]*
0.09
[0.32]
-0.30
[0.13]*
-0.58
[0.47]
9056
0.04
[0.01]**
-0.11
[0.10]
0.24
[0.18]
0.01
[0.01]
0.02
[0.04]
0.00
[0.05]
0.07
[0.11]
0.03
[0.05]
0.07
[0.16]
9056
0.03
[0.01]**
-0.13
[0.14]
0.15
[0.22]
0.04
[0.02]*
-0.12
[0.05]*
0.13
[0.08]
-0.15
[0.11]
-0.10
[0.07]
0.36
[0.23]
9056
0.11
[0.01]
0.17
[0.14]
0.20
[0.13]
-0.07
[0.02]**
0.04
[0.05]
-0.13
[0.09]
-0.11
[0.10]
-0.10
[0.07]
0.92
[0.23]**
9056
0.16
[0.01]
0.34
[0.13]**
0.03
[0.18]
-0.07
[0.02]**
0.00
[0.05]
-0.08
[0.08]
0.00
[0.09]
-0.06
[0.06]
0.81
[0.25]**
9056
0.16
[0.01]
0.03
[0.06]
-0.11
[0.06]
-0.01
[0.01]
0.13
[0.05]**
-0.12
[0.03]**
0.06
[0.07]
-0.03
[0.02]
0.32
[0.09]**
9056
0.09
[0.01]
-0.27
[0.14]
0.19
[0.18]
0.00
[0.02]
-0.12
[0.04]**
-0.05
[0.10]
-0.07
[0.10]
-0.04
[0.07]
0.40
[0.25]
9056
0.11
[0.02]
-1.05
[0.28]**
-0.12
[0.39]
0.04
[0.03]
-0.07
[0.09]
0.04
[0.14]
-0.11
[0.21]
0.00
[0.10]
-0.73
[0.49]
9056
0.42
[0.03]**
-0.04
[0.32]
-0.22
[0.43]
0.04
[0.04]
-0.47
[0.10]**
0.65
[0.17]**
0.35
[0.19]
0.14
[0.14]
0.87
[0.51]
9056
0.11
12