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LED Lighting and Retrofit Design
Marcus Gioe
Senior Project Manager
Lighting Division
an Energy Efficiency Provider
Lighting | Solar | Thermal Systems | Capital
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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Roadmap
• Lighting Retrofit Process: Audit, Design, & Installation
• LED Development Timeline
• Current LED Technology
• Capabilities
• Limitations
• Impact of LEDs on Lighting Retrofit
• Advantages over existing technologies
• Disadvantages and challenges
• Summary
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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Lighting Retrofit Process: Audit
• Determine function of existing lighting
General Illumination
Emergency Lighting
Task Lighting
& More
-Track Lighting
-Spot Lights
-Recessed Cans
-Exterior Floods
-Pole Lights
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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Lighting Retrofit Process: Audit
• Identify lamp specifications
Color Temperature
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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Lighting Retrofit Process: Audit
• Record all lamp data- lumen output, wattage, beam
angle, expected life, etc.
• Identify operating pattern- burn hours, cycles per day
• Obtain accurate count of lamps, fixtures, and locations
• Establish primary and secondary purposes of retrofit
• Reduce energy usage / operating expenses
• Improve light quality
• Improve fixture appearance
• Standardize lights and fixtures
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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Lighting Retrofit: Design
• Meet required illumination levels
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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Lighting Retrofit: Design
• Provide good quality of light
Color Rendering Index
• Incandescent lamps have CRIs of 100 (perfect). Most
other lamps will have CRIs at 90 or less
• Related to, but not the same as, color temperature
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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Lighting Retrofit: Design
• Provide return on investment: Efficacy (lumens/watt)
$
𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 =
× ∆𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 × ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑘𝑊𝐻
𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 − 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑅𝑂𝐼 =
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
• Other factors include utility rebates, maintenance, &
upkeep costs
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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Lighting Retrofit: Design
• Consider design aesthetics
Energy and cost savings can be achieved while also
improving the way the lighting actually looks.
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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Lighting Retrofit: Audit, Design & Installation Summary
• Lighting Retrofit is comprehensive process
• Not as simple as just replacing light bulbs
• Light output, color temperature, CRI, and efficacy are all
important parts of the retrofit process
• High efficacy (lumens/watt) drives potential cost
savings
Today’s LEDs have the best efficacy of any available
lighting option, so LED retrofits can maximize cost savings.
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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LED Development Timeline
• LEDs commercially developed in the 1960s
• First generation of LEDs limited to reds, oranges, and
yellows
• High cost, low lumen output, and limited color
minimized potential commercial uses
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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LED Development Timeline
• By the late 1970s, light output was improved to the
point where LEDs could be used in fiber optics
• In 1994, the invention of high power blue LEDs opened
up the possibility of using LEDs for lighting
applications
• Inventors of blue LED
received the 2014 Nobel
Prize in Physics for their
breakthrough
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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LED Development Timeline
• In 2007, the Department of Energy
offered a $20 million “L Prize” to
anyone who could create an
efficient high-quality replacement
for the 60W incandescent light bulb
• Philips claimed the L Prize in
2011 with this LED A-lamp
• Competition created by L Prize
led to commercially viable LED
options
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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Recent LED Developments
• LED efficacy now exceeds other light sources
• LED technology reaching maturation quickly.
Maximum efficacy for white light is ~300 lumens/watt
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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Current LED Technology: Capabilities
• Wide range of color temperatures
• <2700k (warm, like an incandescent light bulb)
• >5000k (cool, like “daylight”)
• Improved CRI
• Incandescent lamps have CRI of 100 (perfect)
• Newer LEDs have CRI between 85 & 95
• Wide selection of retrofit lamps and fixtures available
• Lamps with any base, plug, or prong
• Retrofit kits for existing fixtures
• Replacement fixtures with integrated LEDs
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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Current LED Technology: Advantages
Highest efficacy (lumens per watt) option
No mercury like CFLs and fluorescents
Longer expected burn life than CFLs or incandescent
Instant on/off
• CFLs can take time to reach full brightness
• Less impacted by rapid cycling and cold temperatures
• Lower heat output – lower HVAC costs
• Cost competitive over entire lifecycle
•
•
•
•
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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Current LED Technology: Limitations
• Issues with dimming systems
• More complicated electronics make even
some dimming LEDs incompatible with
many older dimmers
• LEDs will flicker, turn off at low dimming
levels, or not turn on following dimming
• Larger dimming circuits (like ballrooms and
conference rooms) on professional dimming
equipment more likely to be impacted
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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Current LED Technology: Limitations
• Heat generation can be an issue
• Large heat sinks needed
• Not all bulbs can be used in enclosed fixtures
• Many LEDs not rated for outdoor use
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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Current LED Technology: Limitations
• LED light not as “diffuse” as traditional lighting sources
• Result can be a noticeable demarcation between
illuminated and dark areas
• Exterior lighting, in particular, can look different
from traditional light sources
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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Current LED Technology: Limitations
• LED bulbs can have different dimensions from
traditional counterparts
• Need for heatsinks and incorporated electronics can
result in shading and other issues
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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Current LED Technology: Limitations
• LEDs are point-source light emitters
• Appearance of LED-versions of non point-source lights
(like tubes) can be impacted
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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Current LED Technology: Disadvantages
• Higher up-front cost
• Large variance in terms of quality of manufacture
• Many companies trying to enter LED market
• Quality varies even within same company
• Technology not mature
• Current state-of-the-art will be obsolete soon
• Product turnover, even with mature companies, is
significant
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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LEDs and Lighting Retrofit
• Large number of LED lamps available allow almost any
existing lamp to be retrofitted to LED
• Retrofit kits and LED fixtures can replace most fixtures
where a lamp-for-lamp replacement is not possible or
not desired
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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LEDs and Lighting Retrofit
• Lower heat generation reduces HVAC costs
• Longer expected lifecycle reduces maintenance costs
• LEDs work extremely well for exit signs and pole lights
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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LED-Specific Challenges for Lighting Retrofit
• Higher up-front cost means larger initial investment
• Longer run-hours required to justify retrofit
• “Trouble fixtures” have a higher cost to maintain
• Unexpected lamp failures due to poor wiring, power
surges, or “gremlins” will still occur
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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LED-Specific Challenges for Lighting Retrofit
• Long-term upkeep of kits and fixtures can be an issue
• Obtaining replacements for integrated fixtures or kits
not as simple as getting lamp replacements
• Specialty fixtures with secondary power supplies or
emergency ballasts can be costly and/or challenging to
retrofit
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
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LED Retrofit Summary
• Retrofit process is more than just changing light bulbs
• LED technology is mature enough to provide
alternatives for most any fixture or lamp
• LEDs do still have limitations
• LED manufacturing quality can be an issue
• LEDs are a large and growing part of lighting retrofit,
but are not the only solution
© 2013 Energy Industries Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.