People’s Revolutions 5
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Industrialization (S II)
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Industrialization – die Industrielle Revolution komparativ als epochalen
Einschnitt in die Menschheitsgeschichte verstehen (S II)
picture-alliance / Mary Evans Picture Library
Katrin Kremer, Hückeswagen
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The Peterloo Massacre – a defining moment of its age, making government crack down on
reform
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Die Industrielle Revolution wurde von einem
einzigartigen rapiden und sozial spannungsreichen Übergang von der Agrar- zur Industriegesellschaft gekennzeichnet. Doch welche
Auswirkungen hatten diese Entwicklungen auf
die Lebenswelt der Menschen? Welche Veränderungen schlugen sich auf ihre Arbeitsbedingungen nieder und sind vielleicht auch heute
noch spürbar?
Klassenstufe: S II (Q1 / 12)
Dauer: 7 Unterrichtstunden + Klausur
Bereich: Neuzeit, Industrialisierung
Diese Reihe führt den Schülern die historischen Bedingungen der modernen Gesellschaft und damit der eigenen Lebenswelten
aus sozial-, wirtschafts- und umweltgeschichtlicher Perspektive vor Augen. Die Lernenden
erfahren, dass Weiterentwicklungen nicht immer positive Effekte mit sich bringen, wodurch
das zeitgenössische Modernitäts- und Fortschrittsverständnis infrage gestellt wird.
Partnerarbeit und ein Museumsgang sorgen
für Abwechslung und bieten Gelegenheit zur
Kommunikation.
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Materialübersicht
1. Stunde:
Great Britain – pioneer of the Industrial Revolution
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(Fo/Bi)
Manchester (circa 1850)
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(Tx/Ab)
Great Britain – cradle of industrialization (1760–1850)
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(Tx/Ha)
The first effects of industrialization
2. Stunde:
Adam Smith – “father of modern economics”
M4
Adam Smith: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
(Tx)
3. Stunde:
Industrialization in Germany – starting late, then flying high
M5
(Bi/Fo)
A satire: Clearing the forest
M6
(Tx)
Overpopulation and the inability to provide for basic needs
M7
(Tx)
German phases of industrialization
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4. Stunde:
Trade rivalry: Great Britain and Germany
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(Fo/Tb)
Industrialization in Great Britain and the German States – a comparison
based on figures
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(Tx)
Forgery and fraud: Trade between Germany and Great Britain
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(Tx)
The Merchandise Marks Act – consequences of fraud
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(Tx)
German trade and the Merchandise Marks Act
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V
5./6. Stunde:
The social question – issues and ways of solving them
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(Bi/Fo)
A satire: Capital and Labour
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(Tx)
Robert Owen – Observations on the Effect of the Manufacturing System
(1815)
M 14
(Tx)
Life of industrial workers in 19th century England – evidence given before
the Sadler Committee
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(Tx)
Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population
M 16
(Ab)
The social question
7. Stunde:
Political ways out: Labour movement and trade unions
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(Bi/Fo)
The Peterloo Massacre
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(Tx)
The Great London Dock Strike of 1889
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(Tx)
People’s Charter (May, 1838)
Ab: Arbeitsblatt – Bi: Bild – Fo: Folie/Folienvorlage – Ha: Hausaufgabe – Tb: Tabelle – Tx: Text
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Manchester (circa 1850)
© picture alliance / akg-images
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Manchester, 1850
Task: Describe the picture and speculate on the historical context.
A satire: Capital and Labour
© picture alliance / akg-images
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Famous satire by James Doyle, published in Punch in 1843
Task: Describe the cartoon and comment on the issue portrayed by the cartoonist.
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A satire: Clearing the forest
© „Das Lichten eines Hochwaldes“, Illustration aus „Fliegende
Blätter“ (satirische Zeitschrift), Bd. 6, Nr. 140, München, 1848, S.
157
Look at the cartoon and find out which historical context the title aims at.
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Caricature published in 1934
Task: Describe the cartoon and comment on the issue portrayed by the cartoonist.
Industrialization in Great Britain and the German States –
a comparison based on figures
UK
1820-4
1840-4
1860-4
1880-4
1900-4
17.7
34.2
86.3
158.9
230.4
Germany
1.2
4.4
20.8
65.7
157.3
Table 1: Output of Coal and Lignite – Annual
Averages (in million tons)
1870
1930
U.K.
31.8
14.0
Germany
13.2
15.7
Table 3: Percentage Distribution of the World‘s
Manufacturing Production (% of world
total)
Tasks
1. Describe the statistics and give
reasons for the development.
2. Speculate on the possible effects
on German-British trade relations.
1781-90
1825-29
1855-59
1875-79
1900-14
UK
69
669
3,583
6,484
8,778
Germany
–
90
422
1,770
7,925
Table 2: Output of Pig Iron – Annual
Averages (in thousand tons)
1781-90
1801-14
1825-34
1845-54
1865-74
1885-94
1905-13
UK
3.8
7.1
18.8
27.5
49.2
70.5
100.0
Germany
–
–
–
11.7
24.2
45.3
100.0
Source: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/indrevtabs1.asp
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Table 4: Rate of Industrial Growth –
Indices of Industrial Production
(Base Figure – 1913 = 100)
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Overpopulation and the inability to provide for basic needs
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In our time, a sudden anxiety has spread among the rich, and they
would like to safeguard themselves at any price against the danger
they fear from the growing misery of the poor. If they were to take the
most natural measures and make it easier for the poor to lift themselves up through their own efforts1 to a higher level of physical and
spiritual welfare2, this would help both them and the whole [of society].
[…] The proposals for laws to prevent marriage among so-called persons without means [sogenannter nahrungsloser] have emanated3 from
this spirit. Those regarded as without means [nahrungslos] are not, say,
those who have no income and are simultaneously incapable of working, e.g. distinguished spendthrifts4 who have learned nothing; instead,
that person is counted as without means who possesses valuable capital in his natural powers – and the interest on this capital could feed
him – and who also has the will to exert5 these powers in support of Friedrich Bülau
himself and his family and for the benefit of the commonweal6, but
whom civic institutions themselves, the laws of the rich, the guild articles, the privileges of the cities, and
the tariff laws of the state have deprived of the opportunity to earn his bread in an honest manner. […]
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“But with all this you do not explain this misery and poverty, which you are in no position to deny!” But
that is not what I want [to explain] thereby, rather I [want to] prove that the surplus of population cannot
be the root of the evil. […] In order to remedy an evil, one needs at the very outset to become acquainted
with its cause. In order to counteract this inability to provide for basic needs [Nahrungslosigkeit], one
has to have found its sources. And, truly, in our highly cultivated states, one need not search far to identify active causes that bring about the impoverishment7 of numerous classes of the people with far greater certainty than an increase in the popular multitude. What’s astonishing is not that poverty exists, but
that it is not greater. […]
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The shackled8 state of agriculture has pushed a major portion of the population into the trades; [a portion of the population that] would have found a secure lifelong occupation9 in agriculture if this were
free of burdens and restrictions. It is not in the agricultural villages, but in the factory sites, cities, and
their environs that the tragic symptoms of an inability to meet basic needs [Nahrungslosigkeit] have
emerged most visibly. […]
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Illustrirte Zeitung, Bd. 01, S. 102. 1843
(unknown grafic artist)
The Industrial Revolution began about a century later in Germany than it had in England. In his
1834 analysis of Germany’s economic problems, Leipzig economist Friedrich Bülau (1805–1859)
gives reasons for this delay.
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Agriculture and industry are therefore still far from “achieving the most good for most people.” But as
for trade? Is there any need for proof that both domestic trade and world trade are inhibited by a thousand artificial impediments10 and restrictions, which only its constant struggle for freedom and its characteristic, wonderful pliability11 have been able to neutralize to some extent? The prohibitive system is the
foundation for many states’ trade policy, so why the surprise about stagnation and impoverishment? But
there is a supply of a hundred works on this subject, and the best commentaries are supplied by experience.
© Friedrich Bülau: Der Staat und die Industrie (Overpoulation and the inability to provide for basic needs.) Leipzig
1834,translated by Jeremiah Riemer found in: http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=467
Annotations
1 effort: Bemühungen – 2 welfare: Wohlergehen – 3 to emanate: von etw. ausgehen – 4 spendthrift: Verschwender – 5 to exert: ausüben – 6 commonweal: Allgemeinwohl – 7 impoverishment: Verarmung – 8 shackle: einschränken – 9 occupation: Beschäftigung – 10 impediment: Hindernis – 11 pliability: Biegsamkeit, Fügsamkeit,
Überangepasstheit
Task
1. Summarize the reasons Bülau gives for Germany’s economic problems. Work
together with a partner.
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Task
Read the text and, with a partner, complete the worksheet below.
The Industrial Revolution in Germany
Obstacles
Overcome by
•
•
L
ZOL
ANE
U
DO
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Industrial
Revolution
in
Germany
Characteristic
1. Phase (1770s–1830s)
Early industrialization
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2. Phase (1830s–1870s)
Railway mania
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3. Phase (1870s–1914)
German take-off
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Second industrial revolution (1880s onwards)
led by Germany
(main sectors:
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and
)
The social question
Now it is your turn to summarize the issues arising from the changes industrialization brought about and the ways of solving them. You may also
add your own ideas.
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Issues and ways of solving them
housing conditions
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diseases & health care
family structure
An attic in London
V
social ideas
1877, contemporary
workers
government
Church
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employers
Industrialization (S II)
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working conditions
Source picture below: https://www.in-die-zukunft-gedacht.de/icoaster/files/
agitator_akg_2_g50_a6_1877_1.jpg
child labour
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Industrialization (S II)
The Peterloo Massacre
Describe the picture and speculate on the historical context.
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picture-alliance / Mary Evans Picture Library
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A print depicting the Peterloo Massacre of 16 August 1819, at Manchester, England
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The Peterloo Massacre
Describe the picture and speculate on the historical context.
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Additional information
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At the beginning of the 19th century the people of England, just like most Europeans, were inflicted with periods of famine and chronic unemployment. By the beginning of 1819, the pressure generated by poor economic conditions, coupled with the relative lack of suffrage in
Northern England, enhanced the appeal of political radicalism. In response, the Manchester
Patriotic Union, a group agitating for parliamentary reform, organised a demonstration to be
addressed by the well-known radical orator Henry Hunt.
Shortly after the meeting began local magistrates called on the military authorities to arrest
Hunt and several others and to disperse the crowd. Cavalry charged into the crowd with sabres drawn, killing 15 people and injuring about 400–700. The massacre was given the name
Peterloo in an ironic comparison to the Battle of Waterloo, which had taken place four years
earlier.
Historians have called the Peterloo Massacre one of the defining moments of its age. In its
own time, the London and national papers shared the horror felt in the Manchester region,
but Peterloo’s immediate effect was to cause the government to crack down on reform.
Text: Katrin Kremer
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Exam: Industrial Revolution
Name:
Course:
Exam No.
Date:
Tasks
1. Analyse the source. (26 points)
2. Outline and compare the developments during the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
and in Germany. (30 points)
3. Discuss whether the author’s assessment of the situation is justified. (24 points)
Ernest E. Williams (1896): Made in Germany
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Up to a couple of decades ago, Germany was an agricultural State. Her manufactures were few and unimportant; her industrial capital was small; her export trade was too insignificant to merit the attention
of the official statistician; she imported largely for her own consumption. Now she has changed all that.
Her youth has crowded into English houses, has wormed its way into English manufacturing secrets, and
has enriched her establishments with the knowledge thus purloined. She has educated her people in a
fashion which has made it in some branches of industry the superior, and in most the equal of the English. [...]
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The population of her cities has been increasing in a manner not unworthy of England in the Thirties and
Forties. Like England, too, she is draining her rural districts for the massing of her children in huge factory towns. Her yards (as well as those of England) too, are ringing with the sound of hammers upon
ships being builded for the transport of German merchandise. Her agents and travellers swarm through
Russia, and wherever else there is a chance of trade on any terms – are even supplying the foreigner with
German goods at a loss, that they may achieve their purpose in the end. In a word, an industrial development, unparalleled, save in England a century ago, is now her portion. A gigantic commercial State is
arising to menace our prosperity, and contend with us for the trade of the world. [...]
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Made in Germany. The phrase is fluent in the mouth: how universally appropriate it is, probably no one
who has not made a special study of the matter is aware. Take observations, Gentle Reader, in your own
surroundings: [...] You will find that the material of some of your own clothes was probably woven in
Germany. Still more probable is it that some of your wife’s garments are German importations [...]
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The toys, and the dolls, and the fairy books which your children maltreat in the nursery are made in Germany: nay, the material of your favourite (patriotic) newspaper had the same birthplace as like as not.
Roam the house over, and the fateful mark will greet you at every turn, from the piano in your drawingroom to the mug on your kitchen dresser, blazoned though it be with the legend, A Present from Margate. Descend to your domestic depths, and you shall find your very drain-pipes German made. You pick
out of the grate the paper wrappings from a book consignment, and they also are “Made in Germany.”
You stuff them into the fire, and reflect that the poker in your hand was forged in Germany.
[...] And you jot your dismal reflections down with a pencil that was made in Germany. At midnight your
wife comes home from an opera which was made in Germany, has been here enacted by singers and conductor and players made in Germany, with the aid of instruments and sheets of music made in Germany.
You go to-bed, and glare wrathfully at a text on the wall; it is illuminated with an English village church,
and it was “Printed in Germany.” If you are imaginative and dyspeptic, you drop off to sleep only to
dream that St. Peter (with a duly stamped halo round his head and a bunch of keys from the Rhineland)
has refused you admission into Paradise, because you bear not the Mark of the Beast upon your forehead, and are not of German make. But you console yourself with the thought that it was only a Bierhaus
Paradise any way; and you are awakened in the morning by the sonorous brass of a German band.
Source: Ernest E. Williams (1896), Made in Germany. London: W. Heinemann. pp. 9–11; found at http://archive.org/stream/
cu31924031247830/cu31924031247830_djvu.txt
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