Toyota
Technical
Glossary
toyota.com.au
1
This technical glossary has been created by
Toyota for the purpose of providing Toyota
owners with definitions of commonly used and
specialised automotive terms.
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D
E
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Pages 8-11
Pages 11-17
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Pages 32-34
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N
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Y
Z
Pages 43-44
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Pages 56-64
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Pages 76
A
A/C
Air Conditioner
A/T
Automatic Transmission
ABS
Anti-lock Brake System
ACC
Adaptive Cruise Control keeps you at a minimum preset distance from the vehicle in front.
If this distance falls, the system reduces your speed and eventually the brakes will be applied
and brake lights activated. If the distance increases again, it will gradually accelerate until
you return to your chosen cruising speed.
ACCELERATION DRAG (INERTIAL RESISTANCE)
The resistance against acceleration. This type of drag is an important source of feedback to
the driver, informing the guest of acceleration response.
ACCELERATION PERFORMANCE
The time it takes a vehicle to accelerate from a dead stop to a certain speed, or to reach
a certain distance, is called takeoff acceleration.
ACCELERATOR PEDAL
The pedal installed near the driver’s right foot, which allows the driver to control engine
rpm, and thus vehicle speed.
ACIS
Acoustic Control Induction System designed by Toyota uses an air control valve located in
the intake to vary the length of the intake tract in order to optimise power and torque, as
well as provide better fuel efficiency and reduce intake “roar”.
ACKERMAN STEERING
A type of steering that is set so that the turning angle of the inside front wheel is greater
than the angle of the outside front wheel.
ADD
Automatic Disconnecting Differential found on some 4x4 variant vehicles.
ADJUSTABLE SHOULDER BELT ANCHOR
(SEAT BELT HEIGHT ADJUST)
A type of seat belt anchor that makes it possible to adjust the shoulder belt angle of the
three-point seat belt to suit the physique of the wearer.
AERO SLIT BUMPER
A bumper with openings on both sides to allow air to flow in and out.
AERO TOP
A top that is constructed so that the entire section of the roof over the front seats can be
removed, can be referred to as a “Tagga Top”.
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A
AERODYNAMIC COMPONENTS
Components that redirect air flow to improve vehicle aerodynamics by creating a downward
force and increase fuel efficiency at high speeds and reduce wind noise.
AERODYNAMIC DRAG
When a vehicle is in motion, air hits the body, generating a force (aerodynamic drag) which
resists the forward movement of the vehicle.
AERODYNAMIC MIRROR
A door mirror designed to reduce aerodynamic drag.
AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE
Aerodynamic performance includes a vehicle’s reaction to various kinds of wind forces,
such as the aerodynamic “drag” pushing against the vehicle from the front, and the forces
pushing the vehicle upward (the so-called “lift”).
AFTER-BURN (AFTER-FIRE)
An explosive noise in the exhaust system. After-burn occurs when partially unburned
exhaust gas ignites in the exhaust pipe.
AGGREGATE TRAILER MASS (ATM) or
GROSS TRAILER WEIGHT (GTW)
The maximum allowable mass or weight of the trailer specified by the manufacturer. ATM is
the sum of GTM plus the tow ball download as specified by the manufacturer.
AHB
Automatic High Beam is designed to optimise visibility during night driving for all road
users. A camera detects the lights of oncoming vehicles and leading traffic whilst also
monitoring the brightness of streetlights. It switches automatically between high and low
beam for safer night-time driving.
AIRBAG
Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) Air­bag
AIR CLEANER
A device used to remove dirt, sand, and other foreign matter from the air that is sent to
the engine.
AIR CONDITIONER (A/C, “AIR CON”)
A device or system that adjusts the temperature inside the passenger compartment, cooling
and dehumidifying it.
AIR FLOW METER
A device which measures the quantity of air flowing into the engine.
AIR-FUEL RATIO
The proportion with which air and fuel are mixed in the cylinders.
AIR HORN
A horn that is operated by compressed air which activates a vibration plate to produce
the sound.
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A
AIR INTAKE AND EXHAUST SYSTEMS
The components used to supply air to the engine, and channel exhaust gases from the
engine to the outside.
AIR INTAKES
Openings around the vehicle body that permit air to enter to improve cooling, such as for
the engine.
AIR PURIFIER
A device for removing dust, smoke, unpleasant odours, and other impurities from the
interior of a vehicle.
AIR SUSPENSION
Suspension using air instead of metal springs to support the vehicle body.
AIR VALVE
A valve for regulating air intake.
ALIGNMENT
The purpose of a Wheel Alignment adjustment is to reduce tyre wear, and to ensure that
vehicle travel is straight and true line without pulling.
ALIGNMENT CHANGE
A general term for small changes in the installation angles of the suspension and wheels.
ALLOY WHEELS
Disc wheels made of alloys such as aluminium.
ALL-WEATHER TYRE
A radial tyre that can be used in both summer and winter.
ALR
The Automatic Locking Retractor (ALR) makes it possible to secure a child seat without
using a seat belt locking clip.
ALTERNATOR
A device, powered by the engine, which generates electricity. It provides power to the
various electrical components and systems while the engine is running, and also keeps the
battery charged.
ALTERNATOR REGULATOR
Alternator regulators compensate charging output from the alternator to safely charge
your battery.
ALTIMETER
A gauge that shows vehicle altitude; it operates on the principle that air pressure decreases
as altitude increases.
ALUMINIUM WHEELS (“MAG” WHEELS)
Wheels made of aluminium alloy. The advantages of aluminium wheels include reduced
weight and a large number of production designs.
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A
AMPLIFIER (“AMP”)
An electronic device that amplifies electrical signals.
ANALOG METER
A “traditional” round meter with a needle to indicate such data as vehicle speed,
engine rpm, etc.
ANGLE OF APPROACH
Approach angle is the maximum angle of a ramp onto which a vehicle can climb from a
horizontal plane without interference. Approach angle is also referred to as ramp angle.
ANGLE OF DEPARTURE
Departure angle is its counterpart at the rear of the vehicle – the maximum ramp angle
from which the car can descend without damage. Departure angle is also referred to as
ramp angle.
ANTI-DIVE
A suspension design and/or computer controlled function that compensates for the
tendency of the nose of a vehicle to “dive” (drop down momentarily) during braking.
ANTIFREEZE
A liquid chemical added to engine coolant to prevent the coolant from freezing in winter.
ANTI-GLARE MIRROR
A rear-view mirror that protects the driver’s eyes from glare at night because it suppresses
the level of light reflected from the headlamps of following vehicles.
ANTI-LIFT
A suspension design and/or computer controlled function that controls the tendency of the
rear of the vehicle to rise during braking, by offsetting the tendency of the nose to dive.
ANTILOCK BRAKE SYSTEM (ABS)
A computer-controlled braking system that automatically prevents the wheels from locking
up during sudden braking.
ANTI-ROLL
A suspension design and/or computer-controlled function that compensates for the
tendency of the vehicle to lean to the outside of the turn during cornering.
ANTI-SQUAT
A suspension design and/or computer-controlled function that compensates for the
tendency of the rear of a vehicle to squat (drop down momentarily) when starting off or
accelerating.
ANTI-STATIC SEAT
A seat that prevents the occupant from being shocked by static electricity.
APEX
The Apex of the corner is the point during cornering which entering ceases and exit begins.
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ASPECT RATIO
The height of a tyre divided by its width, and multiplied by 100. The smaller the aspect ratio,
the lower and wider the tyre. Standard tyres have aspect ratios of between 70 and 80%,
while low-aspect tyres generally have ratios in the neighbourhood of 65, 60, or even 50%.
ASSEMBLY
A component consisting of two or more components or sub-assemblies.
ATF
Automatic Transmission Fluid
ATKINSON CYCLE
The Atkinson cycle engine is a type of internal combustion engine designed to provide
efficiency at the expense of power density. A modern variation of this approach is used in
some current hybrid electric applications.
AUTOMATIC AIR CONDITIONER
A type of air conditioner that automatically maintains a specified interior temperature,
regardless of changes in the outside temperature.
AUTOMATIC DISCONNECTING DIFFERENTIAL (ADD)
Simply flipping a switch permits the driver of a part-time four-wheel-drive vehicle
to engage or disengage the propeller shaft from the drive shafts, changing between
two-wheel and four-wheel drive.
AUTOMATIC HEADLIGHT SHUT-OFF SYSTEM
A fail-safe device that prevents the headlights from being left on by mistake.
AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION (A/T)
A transmission that automatically shifts gears in response to vehicle speed and acceleration.
AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUID (ATF)
A special type of oil used in an automatic transmission.
AUTOMATIC WIPERS
Wipers with an interval switch that can be set by the driver in response to the amount of
rain that is falling.
AUTO TILTAWAY STEERING WHEEL
A steering wheel that automatically tilts up and out of the way when the ignition key is
removed, making it easier for the driver to get in and out of the car.
AXLE
A shaft connecting the right and left wheels. The axle supports the weight of the vehicle and
transmits power from the engine to the wheels.
AXLE HOUSING
A tube that houses the axle shafts.
AXLE SHAFTS
Shafts that are installed inside the axle housing of a rigid suspension; the axle housing and
the axle shafts together make up the axle.
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B
BA
Brake Assist detects an attempted panic stop, it supports the drivers input by adding
additional pressure to the brake system.
BACKFIRE
An explosive noise created by combustion in the intake manifold.
BACKLASH
The gap between the teeth of gears that mesh with each other.
BACK-UP LIGHTS (REVERSING LAMPS)
Lights that light up when the vehicle backs up, giving a warning to the rear.
BALD SPOT
An area on a tyre where the tread has worn too thin and has reached the limit of its
usefulness so needs to be replaced.
BALL-NUT STEERING
Also known as recirculating ball and nut or worm and sector, is a steering mechanism
commonly found in older vehicles and some off-road vehicles.
BATTERY
A rechargeable electrical storage device used to power the starter, the ignition system,
the lights, and other electrical equipment on a vehicle.
BEAD
The portion of the tyre that contacts the rim of the wheel and keeps the tyre from coming
off the wheel.
BED
The deck at the rear of a commercial vehicle, utility or truck, in which cargo is carried.
BENCH SEAT
A wide seat that can accommodate two or more persons.
BIAS COEFFICIENT
An indicator of the performance of an LSD (limited slip differential) which shows the
proportion of torque that the LSD attempts to send to the opposite wheel when a drive
wheel on one side begins spinning.
BIAS TYRE (BIAS-PLY TYRE)
A tyre whose plies (layers) are built up with their cords running in alternate directions and is
inferior to the radial tyre in both performance and endurance.
BLISTER
A bubble in the paint. Rust can also cause blisters; they are then called corrosion blisters.
BLOW-BY GAS
Unburned fuel mixture and exhaust gas that escape from the combustion chambers into the
crankcase, via the minute clearances between the pistons and the cylinder walls.
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B
BLOWER
A device composed of a motor and a fan, used to circulate air from the air-conditioner and
heater, in order to regulate the temperature of the interior of the passenger compartment.
BLOW-OUT
When a tyre explodes like a balloon.
BODY
The outermost shell of a vehicle, made usually of pressed sheet steel, though some bodies
are made of fibreglass or other materials.
BODY RIGIDITY
The resistance of the body of a vehicle to elastic deformation (bending and twisting).
BOOST PRESSURE
Boost pressure is the difference from the atmospheric pressure, and is generally given in
mmHg, kPa, kgf/cm 2, or psi.
BOOSTER CABLES (JUMPER CABLES)
When a vehicle has a dead battery, booster cables can be used to connect the battery to the
battery of another vehicle to start the engine. This is called jump-starting the vehicle.
BORE
The inside wall of a cylinder block which houses the pistons, sometimes referred to as an
engine cylinder.
BRAKE, BRAKING
Brakes, Engine Braking, Exhaust Brake, Parking Brake
BRAKE BOOSTER
A mechanism which uses the difference in pressure between intake manifold vacuum and
atmospheric pressure to greatly increase braking pressure when the brake pedal is pressed.
BRAKE CALIPER
A component of a disc brake which clamps down on the disc rotor (which rotates with
the wheel).
BRAKE DRUM
A cylindrical component in a drum brake that constantly rotates with the wheel. When
the brake pedal is pressed, hydraulic pressure forces the brake shoes against the inside
of the brake drum, causing the wheel to slow down or stop turning, thereby slowing or
stopping the vehicle.
BRAKE FLUID
A special non-petroleum based fluid used in hydraulic brakes to transmit hydraulic pressure.
BRAKE MASTER CYLINDER
A mechanism which changes the mechanical force of the brake pedal into the hydraulic
force needed to operate the brakes.
BRAKE NOISE
A noise emanating from the brakes when the brake pedal is depressed.
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B
BRAKE PADS
A friction-creating component in a disc brake. Brake pads are installed on the inside
surfaces of each brake caliper.
BRAKE PULL (PULL TO ONE SIDE)
A situation in which the vehicle veers to one side instead of stopping in a straight line when
the brake pedal is depressed.
BRAKES
A mechanism or system that is used to slow or stop a moving vehicle. The two main types of
brakes used are drum brakes and disc brakes. Both use hydraulic pressure and are operated
by a foot pedal.
BRAKE SHOE
A crescent-shaped component which is installed inside a brake drum and which has a
frictional material (called the “brake lining”) applied to its outside surface.
BRAKE VIBRATION
When the brake pedal is pressed lightly at medium to high speeds, a pulsation of the brake
pedal may be felt.
BRAKE WARNING LAMP
A lamp that lights up when the parking brake is set with the ignition switch on.
BRAKING DISTANCE
The distance that a vehicle travels from the time the brake pedal is depressed until the
vehicle stops moving.
BREAKER
A layer of fabric in a tyre between the outer rubber tread and the inner carcass. The breaker
absorbs shock from the road, and prevents damage to the tread from reaching the carcass.
BREAKER POINTS (“POINTS”)
Part of the ignition system found in an engine distributor, generally on older type vehicles.
BREAK-IN PERIOD
In the past, a new car had to be driven carefully for a certain distance to “break in” the
engine, because running the engine at high rpm full load when new could damage it.
BSM
Blind Spot Monitoring uses radars to monitor vehicles that are hidden in the blind
spot zones on your left and right sides via illuminating warning indicators on the
appropriate side mirror.
BUCKET SEAT
A seat for only one person, with deeper cushions and seat back, which seem to wrap around
the body.
BUILT-IN PARKING BRAKE
A parking brake mechanism built into the calipers of the disc brakes.
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B
BUMPER
A thick cushion or bar made of polypropylene or steel located at the front and rear of a
vehicle for absorbing the impact of a collision.
BUMPER GUARD
A plate used on 4WD off-road vehicles to protect the bottom of the front bumper.
C
CAB, CABIN
Passenger Compartment.
CADENCE BRAKING
Or stutter braking is an advanced driving technique that involves pumping the brake pedal
and is used to allow a car to both steer and brake on a slippery surface prior to Antilock
Brake System.
CAMBER
One aspect of wheel alignment; the amount that the tops of the wheels are tilted outward
or inward.
CAMSHAFT
A long shaft on which are mounted ovoid (egg-shaped) cams that change the rotational
movement of the camshaft to a reciprocating (up-and-down) movement, in order to open
and close the engine’s intake and exhaust valves.
CAPACITOR
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical
component used to store electrical energy temporarily in an electric field.
CARBON DIOXIDE (C02 )
A compound of carbon (C) and oxygen (0), formed and released into the atmosphere
whenever fuel is burnt.
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
A poisonous gas, carbon monoxide is a compound of carbon (C) and oxygen (0) and is found
in the exhaust emissions of motor vehicles; its release into the atmosphere is regulated by
law in many countries.
CARBURETOR (CARBURETTOR)
A device that mixes fuel with air to produce the highly combustible air-fuel mixture that is
needed to fuel the engine.
CARBURETOR ICING
When moisture freezes inside or around the carburetor, the engine can run roughly or have
trouble starting.
CARCASS
An important part of the tyre, the carcass is made of strong woven polyester, nylon, or steel.
A tyre with a diagonal weave is called a bias tyre, while one with the weave going across the
tyre is called a radial tyre.
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CARGO SPACE
The space for carrying luggage, cargo, or other miscellaneous items.
CASTER
The forward or backward tilt of the steering axis.
CAUTION PLATE
A plate or label with warnings or directions related to vehicle care.
CC0 (Catalytic Converter for Oxidation)
Catalytic Converter
CATALYTIC CONVERTER
Exhaust gas contains various pollutants such as carbon monoxide (COL hydrocarbons (HC),
and oxides of nitrogen (NOxl)). A catalytic converter, installed in the exhaust pipe in front of
the muffler, uses a catalysing agent to clean such pollutants from the exhaust.
CENTRAL INJECTION (Ci)
An electronically controlled fuel injection system; it injects fuel into the throttle body from
one injector (rather than injecting it into each intake port with several injectors, as with
ordinary EFI).
CENTRE CONSOLE
A rectangular construction located between the driver’s seat and the front passenger seat.
CENTRE DIFFERENTIAL
A differential in a full-time 4WD vehicle that distributes driving power to the front and rear
wheels, and also compensates for the difference between front-and rear­wheel rotational
speed on curves.
CENTRE DIFFERENTIAL LOCK
A mechanism on a full-time 4WD vehicle that temporarily locks the centre differential
(that is, stops this differential from operating, so that it does not absorb the differences in
rotational speed between the front and rear wheels), and forces it to transmit power to the
front and rear wheels.
CENTRE HIGH-MOUNT STOP LIGHT (CHMSL)
High-mount Stop Lamp
CERAMICS
The strength, light weight, and heat resistance of ceramics makes these materials a logical
choice for turbocharger turbine blades and for the combustion chambers of diesel engines.
CERAMIC TURBINE
A turbine (bladed wheel) made of some type of ceramic, and used in a turbo-charger.
CHARCOAL CANISTER
A container filled with activated charcoal to absorb fuel vapours.
CHARGE WARNING LAMP
A lamp on the instrument panel that lights up to warn the driver if problems occur in the
charging system while the engine is running.
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CHASSIS
The chassis (pronounced shassy or chassy) includes the frame, engine, drive train,
suspension, brakes, wheels, and steering system.
CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER
An instrument used to simulate driving conditions in the laboratory.
CHATTER
Clutch Chatter (Judder, Shudder)
CHECK ENGINE WARNING LAMP
A lamp on the instrument panel that lights up to warn the driver of problems when the
engine is running. It is very important to be aware of engine conditions at all times while
the engine is running.
CHILDPROOF LOCK, CHILD PRO­TECTOR
Child Security Lock
CHILD SEAT (INFANT SEAT)
A removable auxiliary seat to hold an infant or small child.
CIRCUIT BREAKER
A device that protects the wiring and electrical equipment in a circuit if excessive current
flows through it, such as when there is a “short” (short circuit).
CHIPPING
Damage to the paint from small items, such as pebbles, which are thrown up from the road
and hit the body of the vehicle.
CHIP-RESISTANT PAINT
Paint that resists chipping caused by objects such as stones thrown up from the road.
CHMSL
Centre High-mount Stop Light
Ci
Central Injection
CLEARANCE DETECTION AND RANGING SYSTEM
An obstacle-detection system equipped with ultrasonic wave sensors installed on the
corner of each bumper.
CLEARANCE LAMPS (SIDE LIGHTS)
Lights at the front and rear of a vehicle, showing the presence and width of the vehicle at
night. The front clearance lamps are white or amber, while the rear ones are red.
CLIMBING RESISTANCE
The force, due to a vehicle’s own weight, that tends to pull the vehicle downhill as it
attempts to climb a grade or hill.
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C
CLIPPING POINT
When a vehicle takes a curve at high speed, as in a car race, the “clipping point” is the
nearest point to the inside of the curve that the driver aims at.
CLOSE-RATIO GEARS
A transmission design in which the gear ratios are set quite close to each other, to help keep
engine rpm high in order to maintain power.
CLUTCH
On a vehicle with a manual transmission, the clutch isolates the engine from the
transmission during starting-stopping, and gear shifting.
CLUTCH CHATTER (JUDDER, SHUDDER)
When the vehicle starts off, the entire body of the vehicle will vibrate if the clutch disc is not
clamped firmly between the flywheel and the pressure plate.
CLUTCH COVER
The clutch cover is installed on the flywheel (at the output end of the crankshaft), with the
clutch disc and pressure plate inserted between them.
CLUTCH DISC
A round, flat plate. The clutch disc is splined to the transmission input shaft and
rotates together with it, with the purpose of transmitting power from the engine to
the transmission.
CLUTCH FLUID
The fluid used in a hydraulic clutch to transmit power (hydraulic pressure).
CLUTCH PEDAL
The pedal used to operate the clutch (in a vehicle with manual transmission).
CLUTCH PRESSURE PLATE
A round, flat metal plate that pushes the clutch disc against the flywheel.
CLUTCH RELEASE BEARING
A device that transmits the movement of the clutch pedal to the clutch. This movement
operates the diaphragm spring, disengaging and engaging the clutch.
CLUTCH SLIPPAGE
Inability of the pressure plate of the clutch to press firmly against the clutch disc.
CO
Carbon Monoxide
C02
Carbon Dioxide
COCKPIT
Passenger Compartment
COEFFICIENT OF DRAG (C0, Cw, Cx)
Drag Coefficient
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C
COEFFICIENT OF LIFT (Cd)
Lift Coefficient
COIL SPRING
A thin flexible rod that has been coiled into a spiral for use in vehicle suspensions.
COLD SPECIFICATIONS (COLD SPECS)
Specifications for vehicles or vehicle equipment that has been especially designed for
use in cold climates.
COLD-START INJECTOR
A device that injects fuel into the intake chamber to improve engine starting during
cold weather.
COLUMN SHIFT
A gearshift lever that is mounted on the steering column, in a similar manner to the turn
signal lever.
COMBINATION METER (INSTRUMENT CLUSTER)
The meters, gauges, and indicator and warning lights that are clustered together on the
instrument panel directly in front of the driver.
COMBUSTION CHAMBER
One of the chambers inside the engine cylinder head where the air-fuel mixture is ignited.
COMPACT TWIN-CAM ENGINE
A conventional (i.e., sporty) twin-cam engine aims for greater power and response at
higher rpm. This type of engine is used on almost all current Toyota passenger vehicles.
COMPRESSION RATIO
The proportion of the total cylinder volume to the volume into which the air-fuel mixture
is compressed.
COMPUTER-CONTROLLED TILT­AND-TELESCOPIC STEERING
(PRESET STEERING)
Data on the steering wheel position (to what extent it is raised or lowered) is stored in
computer memory, which automatically returns the steering wheel to the proper position
when the key is put in the ignition.
CONCEALED WIPERS
Windshield wipers that are hidden between the front windshield and the hood when
not in use.
CONCEPT CAR
A prototype vehicle that is developed from the ground up, and which employs new concepts
throughout the entire vehicle.
CONDENSER
An electrical component for temporarily storing small electrical charges.
CONNECTING ROD
A shaft or rod shaped like beam that transmits piston movement to the crankshaft.
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CONTROL ARM
The control arms help the suspension to withstand driving force, braking force, and
lateral force.
CONVERTIBLE
A sedan or coupe with a folding cloth top or removable metal or plastic top.
COOLANT
Water, mixed with antifreeze and other additives, used to cool the engine.
COOLANT LEVEL WARNING LAMP
A lamp on the instrument panel to warn the driver when engine coolant (in the reservoir)
is low.
COOLING FAN
Fan
COOLING SYSTEM
The great amount of heat generated by an engine must be dissipated to keep the engine
from overheating. The two methods available to do this are air cooling and water cooling.
CORNER SENSOR
A sensor on the corner of a bumper, which can detect obstacles near the vehicle and sound
a buzzer to warn the driver.
CORNERING LAMPS
Lamps whose operation is linked to the turn signal lever, and which shine in the direction
of a turn.
COUNTERSTEER
A driving technique used on curves. When taking a curve, the driver turns the steering
wheel slightly in the direction opposite the turn.
COUPE, COUPÉ
A passenger car, usually for two persons, that is built lower to the ground than a sedan for
a sportier look.
COURTESY LAMP
When the door is opened, the lamp comes on, lighting the foot area to help passengers get
into and out of the car.
COWL PANEL
The narrow grilled panel between the front window and the hood, used to bring air
into the vehicle.
CRADLE
Sub-frame
“CRANK”
To start the engine.
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CRANKSHAFT
The shaft in the engine that changes the reciprocating (up-and-down) motion of the
pistons into rotational motion.
CREEP
The slow, apparently spontaneous, movement of an automatic transmission vehicle
when the engine is running and the shift select lever is set in any forward gear (0, 2, L)
or reverse (R).
CROSS-MEMBER
Long, narrow supports which cross from one side of the body or frame to the other, and
whose purpose is to maintain body strength and rigidity.
CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM (CCS)
A system which automatically regulates vehicle speed, making it possible to drive without
continually holding down the accelerator pedal.
CRUSHABLE BODY
A body in which the trunk and engine compartment are designed to collapse to absorb the
force of a collision, helping to protect the passengers.
CRYSTAL-PEARL MICA PAINT
Pearl-mica paint with an increased amount of titanium; this helps it to attain a beautiful,
pearl-like luster.
CSA
Curtain Side Airbag
Cw, Cx
Aerodynamic Performance
CYLINDER
The bored-out part of the engine block in which the combustion of the air-fuel mixture
occurs, moving the piston up and down. Toyota engines have four, six, or eight cylinders,
while Lexus engines have six or eight cylinders.
CYLINDER BLOCK
The main part of the engine; it is made of cast steel or aluminium alloy, and normally has
four, six, or eight cylinders bored into it to hold the pistons.
CYLINDER HEAD
Mounted above the cylinder block, the cylinder head holds the intake and exhaust valves,
and the combustion chambers in which the air-fuel mixture is exploded.
D
DAB
Driver Airbag
DAMPER
Shock Absorber
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D
DAMPING FORCE
Force acting in the opposite direction to the direction that an object is moving.
DASH, DASH PANEL
Dashboard
DASHBOARD (DASH, DASH PANEL, FASCIA)
The panel, often padded, running across the front of the passenger compartment.
DAYTIME RUNNING LAMP (DRL)
Daytime running lamps (also known as daytime running lights) are an automotive lighting
device on the front of a road going motor vehicle automatically switched on when the
vehicle is moving forward, emitting white, yellow, or amber light to increase the conspicuity
of the vehicle during daylight conditions.
DEAD ANGLE
A blind spot in the driver’s field of vision.
“DEAD” BATTERY
Discharged Battery
D-EFI
Electronic Fuel Injection
DEFOGGER
A device for removing fog (condensed moisture) from the inside of windows.
DEFROSTER
A device for removing condensed moisture from the inside of windows.
DESIGNED PASSENGER CAPACITY
The maximum number of persons that may ride safely in a vehicle.
DETACHABLE SUN ROOF
Targa Top
DIAGNOSTIC FUNCTIONS
Functions for diagnosing various electronic and computer-controlled components
and systems.
DIAPHRAGM SPRING
The diaphragm is the saucer-shaped spring that presses the pressure plate against the
clutch disc to transmit engine power.
DIESEL ENGINE
An engine that runs on diesel fuel where the air is first compressed in the cylinders which
heats the air to a very high temperature and a mist of diesel fuel is then injected into the
cylinders which ignites and a controlled explosion occurs.
DIESEL INJECTION PUMP
A pump which supplies fuel to a diesel engine at the pressure required for fuel injection.
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D
DIFFERENTIAL
A set of gears that reduces the rotational speed of the propeller shaft (in FR vehicles) or
transaxle (in FF vehicles) for use by the drive wheels which distributes power to both wheels
in accordance with road conditions.
DIFFERENTIAL LOCK
A device that can lock the differential to prevent it from providing a difference in wheel
rotation speed.
DIGITAL COMBINATION METER
A meter display panel in which signals from various sensors are converted by a computer
into a digital display, showing vehicle speed (speedometer), engine rpm (tachometer),
amount of fuel remaining in the tank (fuel gauge), coolant temperature (temperature
gauge), etc.
DIGITAL METER
A meter or gauge, such as a speedometer, tachometer, fuel gauge, or water temperature
gauge, which provides a highly visible digital display in the form of numbers or a bar graph.
DIPSTICK
Oil Level Gauge
DIRECTIONAL INDICATORS
Turn Signals
DISC BRAKE
A type of brake having disc-shaped rotors that rotate with each wheel. Each brake disc is
clamped by brake pads (via a caliper), which apply friction to slow or stop the vehicle.
DISC ROTOR
A steel disc in a disc brake that rotates with the wheel.
DISC WHEEL
A wheel with an approximately disc­shaped centre insert welded to an outer rim.
DISCHARGED BATTERY
If the voltage of a battery has dropped so low that it can’t start the engine, the battery is
said to be discharged (or dead or flat).
DISPLACEMENT
Engine displacement is the volume swept by all the pistons inside the cylinders of
a reciprocating engine in a single movement from top dead centre (TDC) to bottom
dead centre (BDC).
DISTRIBUTOR
A device that sends the high-voltage current, generated by the ignition coil, to the spark
plug in each cylinder in the proper order.
DISTRIBUTOR CABLE
High-tension Cord
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D
DIVERSITY ANTENNA
An antenna system that uses two antennas which prevents large objects (buildings, etc.)
from blocking the radio waves received by the antennas, thus maintaining proper reception.
DOHC
Double Overhead Camshaft
DOLBY NOISE REDUCTION (NR)
A noise-reduction system developed by Dolby Laboratories (of the U.K.) to reduce noise on
tape recordings.
DOOR LOCK LIGHT
Lighting around the keyhole of a door to make the hole clearly visible at night.
DOOR MIRROR
One type of outer mirror, mounted on the outside of the front doors.
DOOR TRIM
The inside panel on the door.
DOOR-AJAR WARNING LAMP
A warning lamp on the instrument panel that lights when a door is not closed properly.
In some models, a buzzer also sounds.
DOUBLE-CLUTCHING
Depressing the clutch pedal twice when shifting gears where the clutch pedal is depressed
and held down while the transmission is shifted into neutral, then released and allows the
rotational speed of the driving and driven gears to match, allowing smoother gear shifting.
DOUBLE OVERHEAD CAM­SHAFT (DOHC)
Two camshafts mounted above the engine block to open and close the intake and
exhaust valves.
DOWNHILL ASSIST CONTROL
Downhill Assist Control (DAC) automatically controls the brakes to maintain a constant low
speed when descending slopes, helping reduce wheel lock.
DOWN-SHIFTING
Changing to a lower gear, such as shifting from fourth gear to third gear.
DRAG COEFFICIENT (C0 VALUE, COEFFICIENT OF DRAG)
A numerical value (such as 0.65) representing the magnitude of the aerodynamic drag that
works against the forward movement of the vehicle.
DRIFT
Excessive side-slipping or skidding by the tyres.
DRIVABILITY (DRIVEABILITY)
A driver’s general evaluation of whether the vehicle responds as expected and how
smoothly it runs.
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D
DRIVE LINE
Power Train
DRIVE SHAFT
A shaft that transmits power from the differential to one of the drive wheels.
DRIVE TRAIN
Power Train
DRIVING FORCE
The force that moves the vehicle forward or backward, determined by such factors as engine
torque and gear ratio.
DRIVING POSITION
How the driver sits in the seat so that he is able to most comfortably reach all controls
and pedals, the steering wheel, the gear­shift lever, etc.
DRIVING POSITION MEMORY SYSTEM
The driver can automatically reset the driver’s seat and the mirrors to their original
positions simply by pushing a button.
DRIVING RESISTANCE
The sum of the various resistances to which a moving vehicle is subjected, especially
resistance from the air and the road.
DRUM BRAKE
A brake having a drum that rotates with the wheel.
DRUM-IN-DISC BRAKE
A drum brake that is built into a disc brake and are used in comparatively large
passenger vehicles.
DUAL AIR CONDITIONER
An air conditioning system consisting of two independent air conditioners with separate
controls; one for the front seat and one for the rear.
DUAL CARBURETORS (“DUAL CARBS”)
Two carburetors installed on one engine which achieve higher power and improved
engine response.
DUAL-EXHAUST MANIFOLD
An exhaust manifold with two ports for carrying exhaust gas from each cylinder, as well as
two mufflers and two tail pipes.
DUAL-LENS HEADLAMP
A headlamp with two lenses.
DUAL-MODE FOUR – WHEEL STEERING (DUAL-MODE 4WS)
Four-wheel steering, switchable between 2WS and 4WS to control the rear wheel turning
angle and direction.
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D
DUAL OVERHEAD CAMS
Double Overhead Camshaft
DUAL SLIDING SEAT
A seat that can be adjusted to suit the physique and degree of comfort desired by the driver,
making driving easier and less fatiguing.
DUAL SLIDING SEAT WITH MEMORY
An adjustable seat whose positions (forward and back, raised and lowered, and cushion
length) can be stored in computer memory and retrieved at the touch of a switch.
DUCK TAIL
The rear of a trunk lid that is raised like a duck’s tail and cut off plumb at the end and
generally lowers wind resistance and reduces rear end lift.
E
EARTH
Electrical terminal ground point.
EAST-WEST MOUNTING
Lateral Mounting, generally refers to front wheel drive vehicles.
EASY-ENTRY MECHANISM
A spring-loaded mechanism that slides the front passenger seats as far forward as possible.
ECM
Engine Control Module
ECONOMY (ECON)
A switch which causes the air conditioner to operate more economically by lowering the
utilisation rate of the air conditioner compressor, and thus reducing the load on the engine.
ECSAINE SEAT COVERING
A buckskin-like artificial leather seat covering made by bundling together tufts of extremely
fine polyester fibre.
ECT
Electronically Controlled Transmission
ECU
Electronic Control Unit
EFFECTIVE TURNING RADIUS
The turning radius of the farthest outside point on the vehicle body which effectively limits
the vehicle’s ability to turn close to obstructions such as guard rails and walls.
EFI
Electronic Fuel Injection
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E
EHC
Electronic Height Control
EIGHT-WAY ADJUSTABLE SEAT
A seat with eight adjustment mechanisms, which provide the driver with a more comfortable
ride than a standard seat.
EIGHT – WAY ADJUSTABLE SPORT SEAT
A driver’s seat with eight adjustment functions providing superior holding during cornering.
ELECTRIC HORN
A horn that produces sound when an electromagnet vibrates a metal plate.
ELECTRICALLY RETRACTABLE DOOR MIRROR
A door mirror that can be folded in and out at the touch of a button.
ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC POWER STEERING (EHPS)
A type of power steering that is operated by an electric motor instead of by the engine.
ELECTRONIC AIRBAG SYSTEM
A system that uses a computer-generated signal to inflate an airbag when sensors detect an
impact due to a collision.
ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT (ECU)
ECUs are the brains of the various electronic devices and systems that control the engine,
ABS, ECT, and other systems.
ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION (EFI)
The EFI sensors continuously detect driving conditions and provide the appropriate air-fuel
mixture to the cylinders.
ELECTRONIC HEIGHT CONTROL (EHC)
Detects vehicle nose-diving or rear-end squat caused by the weight of passengers or cargo,
and returns the vehicle to a level posture.
ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED AIR SUSPENSION
A suspension in which metal springs have been replaced with compressed air.
ELECTRONICALLY CONTROL­LED HYDRAULIC-DRIVE
COOLING FAN SYSTEM
A computer-controlled system that operates a cooling fan hydraulically which reduces the
load on the engine, thereby improving fuel economy and reducing engine noise.
ELECTRONICALLY CONTROL­LED SUSPENSION
Toyota Electronically Modulated Suspension (ITEMS)
ELECTRONICALLY CONTROL­LED TRANSMISSION (ECT)
An automatic transmission in which electronic control technologies are utilised to control it.
ELR
Emergency Locking Retractor (ELR) allows the driver seat belt to freely extend and retract
with occupant movement, yet locks the belt during a sudden stop or upon frontal impact.
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E
EMERGENCY FLASHERS
Hazard Warning Lights
EMERGENCY LOCKING RETRACTOR (ELR)
This device, found on three-point seat belts, causes the belts to lock when pulled on sharply.
EMERGENCY SPARE TYRE
A compact spare tyre for temporary use in an emergency.
EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM
The Evaporative Emission Control System is used to prevent fuel vapours from escaping into
the atmosphere from the fuel tank and fuel system.
ENERGY-ABSORBING STEERING COLUMN
A steering wheel and column that are designed to collapse in a collision, thereby reducing
injury to the driver.
ENERGY-ABSORBING URETHANE BUMPER
A shock-absorbent urethane bumper which helps reduce the shock felt by the passengers in
a minor collision.
ENGINE (MOTOR)
An engine or motor is a machine that produces power which is done by exploding an air-fuel
mixture in several sealed cylinders. The force of these explosions is changed to motive
power by pistons and a crankshaft.
ENGINE BLOCK
Cylinder Block
ENGINE BRAKING
Using the engine instead of the brakes to slow the vehicle.
ENGINE ECU (ENGINE CONTROL COMPUTER)
An ECU, or electronic control unit, is a small computer installed in a vehicle.
ENGINE MODEL CODE
An alphanumeric code indicating engine specifications.
ENGINE OIL
Oil that is used to coat the moving parts inside the engine.
ENGINE PERFORMANCE GRAPH
A graph that indicates engine rpm on the horizontal axis, and horsepower and torque on the
vertical axis.
ENGINE SPEED
Revolutions per Minute (RPM)
ENGINE – SPEED – SENSING POWER STEERING
This type of power steering changes the necessary steering effort based on engine rpm.
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E
ENGINE STALL
Inadvertent or unforeseen stopping of the engine while the vehicle is in motion.
ENGINE UNDERGUARD
A synthetic resin plate installed under the engine to prevent stones and other objects from
flying up into the engine compartment.
EPS
Electronic Power Steering provides steering assistance using an electric motor mounted to the
side of the steering rack housing driving a ball-screw mechanism via a toothed rubber belt.
EV
Electric Vehicle
EVAP
The Evaporative Emission Control System is used to prevent fuel vapours from escaping into
the atmosphere from the fuel tank and fuel system.
EXHAUST BRAKE
A type of braking system, found on diesel engines for trucks, which uses exhaust gas to build
up rotational resistance in the engine, thus acting as a kind of brake.
EXHAUST EMISSION REGULATIONS (STANDARDS)
Regulations or standards which set maximum allowable levels for pollutants from
vehicle exhaust.
EXHAUST EMISSION STANDARDS
Exhaust Emission Regulations
EXHAUST EMISSIONS (EXHAUST GASES)
The gases that are discharged from the exhaust pipe.
EXHAUST MANIFOLD
The set of tubes that channel the exhaust gases from each cylinder to the exhaust pipe.
EXHAUST PIPE
The pipe that carries engine exhaust from the exhaust manifold(s) to the muffler.
EXHAUST TEMPERATURE WARNING LAMP
A lamp that comes on if the catalytic converter becomes abnormally hot.
EXHAUST VALVES
Valves that open to discharge exhaust gases from the cylinders after engine combustion.
F
4X4
A common non-Toyota abbreviation for “four-wheel-drive”.
4WD
Toyota’s abbreviation for four-wheel­drive.
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F
FACELIFT
Minor Change to a current model or model line of vehicles.
FADE
Brakes sometimes fade (that is, they lose their effectiveness) after repeated use going
down long, steep hills.
FAIL-SAFE
Fail­safe functions prevent accidents in the event of equipment failure.
FAN (COOLING FAN)
A fan, located either in front of or behind the radiator, which increases the flow of air
through the radiator, keeping the radiator cool even if the vehicle is moving slowly.
FAN BELT
A canvas-covered belt with embedded fabric threads, which transmits the rotation of the
crankshaft to the engine cooling fan. At the same time, it also operates the alternator and
the water pump.
FASCIA
This word is used to mean both dashboard and front mask.
FAST IDLE
A temporary increase in engine rpm immediately after starting, while the engine is still cold.
FENDER (WING, GUARD)
The body panel covering each wheel.
FENDER APRON
Main components of the front body of the vehicle, the fender aprons serve as frames on the
inside of the fenders.
FENDER MIRROR
A mirror mounted on the front of the fender.
FF
Front engine mount, front wheel drive vehicle.
FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTIC (FRP)
A sturdy, lightweight, plastic material that is reinforced with glass fibres.
FINAL GEARS
The last set of reduction gears in the power train that transmits power to the wheels; they
are composed of the drive pinion and the ring gear (annulus gear).
FINAL GEAR RATIO
Reduction Gear Ratio
FL
Fusible Link
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F
FLARE
Smoke Flare
FLAT BATTERY
Discharged Battery
FLAT SPOT
When a vehicle is left standing or parked for a long time, flat spots on the tyres remain when
the vehicle starts moving.
FLD
A Force Limiting Device is used to reducing the forces in the seatbelt system in a frontal impact.
FLOODING THE ENGINE
Giving too much fuel (i.e. depressing the accelerator pedal too long or too often) when trying
to start a balky engine.
FLYWHEEL
A heavy metal disc mounted at the rear end of the crankshaft to help the crankshaft
turn smoothly.
FOG LAMPS
Auxiliary lamps for use when the driver’s field of vision is not clear, such as in fog or rain.
FOLD-DOWN SEAT
A rear seat which folds forward, connecting the passenger compartment with the trunk.
This allows more luggage space, and is especially convenient for carrying bulky or long
objects, such as bicycles, lumber, etc.
FOLDING DOOR MIRROR
A door mirror that can be folded against the door when not in use.
FOOT BRAKES (SERVICE BRAKES)
The brakes that are normally used to slow or stop a vehicle.
FOOT PARK BRAKE
A type of brake controlled by the driver’s foot used to keep the vehicle from rolling when
it is parked.
FOUR-SPEED TRANSMISSION DRIVE
This is a three-speed automatic transmission with an overdrive gear added.
FOUR-STROKE ENGINE
The pistons in a four-stroke engine make two “round trips” (four up-and-down strokes) each
time the engine makes one complete cycle of intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust.
FOUR-VALVE ENGINE
An engine in which each cylinder has four valves: two for the intake of air-fuel mixture and
two for discharging burnt gases.
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F
FOUR-WAY ELECTRIC VERTICAL SEAT ADJUSTER
This type of seat adjuster raises and lowers both the front and rear of the driver’s seat
cushion independently.
FOUR-WHEEL ABS
Anti-lock Brake System
FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE (4WD)
In a 4WD vehicle, power is transmitted to all four wheels.
FOUR-WHEEL STEERING (4WS)
Steering in which both the front and rear wheels turn to change vehicle direction.
FR
Front engine mount, rear wheel drive vehicle.
FRAME
The skeleton of the vehicle, on which the engine transmission, body and suspension are
mounted.
FRAME NUMBER or VIN
A frame number is an identification number used to identify a vehicle which is stamped on
the body or the frame and each vehicle is given a serial number.
FREE-WHEEL HUB
A mechanism that disconnects the no driving wheels from the axle to operate a part-time
4WD vehicle in two-wheel drive.
FRONT CONFIRMATION MIRROR
A mirror that is used to check the area immediately in front of vehicles with a limited field of
forward vision, such as large trucks and buses.
FRONT-ENGINE, FRONT­WHEEL-DRIVE (FF) VEHICLE
A vehicle with its engine located in the front and which drives the front wheels, causing
the vehicle to be pulled forward by the front wheels rather than being pushed by the
rear wheels.
FRONT-ENGINE, REAR-WHEEL­DRIVE (FR) VEHICLE
A vehicle having the engine in the front, and a propeller shaft which transmits power to the
rear axle and rear wheels.
FRONT MASK
The nose of the vehicle around the headlamps and radiator grille.
FRONT SPOILER
A skirt installed under the front bumper which at high speeds reduces lift and improves
straight-line stability.
FRP
Fibre-reinforced Plastic
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F
FUEL ENGINE
In this type of engine, air and fuel are mixed together, then sent to each cylinder, where an
electric spark from a spark plug causes the mixture to ignite and explode. This drives the
piston downward, rotating the crankshaft, which in turn rotates the wheels of the vehicle.
FUEL EVAPORATION SEPARATOR
The fuel evaporation separator prevents the fuel from flowing directly into the charcoal
canister if an vehicle is parked in direct sunlight with a full tank of fuel which could cause the
volume of fuel to expand beyond the tank’s capacity.
FUEL FILTER
A filter which uses a special type of filter paper to remove water and impurities from the fuel
before the fuel reaches the engine.
FUEL LID (FUEL DOOR)
A small hinged door or panel covering the fuel cap.
FUEL PUMP
A pump that pumps fuel from the fuel tank to the engine.
FUEL SEDIMENTER
A device in a diesel vehicle to separate water from the fuel.
FUEL SYSTEM
An important automotive system that feeds fuel to the engine to be burned in the cylinders.
FUEL TANK
A tank for holding fuel.
FULL-AREA WIPING SYSTEM
A windshield wiper system which maintains a uniform wiping angle, regardless of the wiping
speed selected.
FULL-FLOATING AXLE
A type of axle in which the weight of the entire vehicle is supported on the axle housing
(the tube containing the axle shaft).
FULL MODEL CHANGE
Major changes in a pre-existing model’s body, chassis, and/or engine design, accompanied
by marked improvements in function and performance.
FULL-TIME 4WD
A vehicle in which power is always transmitted to all four wheels.
FULLY CONCEALED WIPERS
Wipers in which the wiper arms and blades are stored between the front windshield and the
hood panel and are completely hidden when not in use.
FUSE
A safety device that is installed in an electrical circuit.
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F
G
FUSIBLE LINK (FL)
A high-capacity fuse.
FWD
Front-wheel drive.
GAS
A gaseous substance, such as oxygen, nitrogen, natural gas etc.
GAUGE (METER)
Analog gauges and meters use rotating needles to display the status of various automotive
components and systems; digital gauges and meters use LEDs or LCD displays to show the
same information.
GEAR BOX
Transmission
GEAR JUMP-OUT
When the transmission gears slip into neutral on a manual transmission vehicle.
GEAR RATIO
Engine (crank shaft) rpm divided by transmission rpm.
GEAR SHIFT LEVER
A lever for changing gears. This is called the shift selector lever on an automatic
transmission.
GLOVE BOX (GLOVE COMPARTMENT)
A small storage compartment in the dash in front of the front passenger seat.
GLOW PLUG
A heating plug used to improve the starting of diesel engines which when it is turned on, the
plug warms the air in the combustion chamber, thereby promoting ignition and combustion.
GLOW PLUG RELAY
The electric circuit that supplies current to the diesel engine glow plug. Its purpose is to
protect the starter switch from over currents.
GLOBAL POSITIONING NAVIGATION SYSTEM (GPS)
A system that uses signals from a satellite to pinpoint the position of a vehicle, and displays
the information in detail on a display monitor in the vehicle.
GOVERNOR
A mechanism that governs or controls another mechanism. For example, the governor
of a diesel injection pump, which automatically controls the engine speed and output by
adjusting the fuel injection volume in accordance with the load on the engine and the
throttle opening.
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G
GRADE
A set of fairly minor variations in a vehicle model, usually identified by a two or three letter
code or by a special word. The code or word is often displayed on the body of the vehicle.
GRAPHIC EQUALIZER
An audio device that divides sound into a number of sound ranges, and allows the tone
quality of each range to be separately adjusted.
GRAPHITE PAINT
A special paint which has Mica mixed into a colour base, then graphite pigment, made from
carbon, is mixed in.
GREASE
A semi-viscous petroleum-based substance used to lubricate various parts of
the vehicle.
GRILLE
Radiator Grille
GRIP
The firmness of the contact between the road surface and the tyres.
GROSS COMBINATION MASS or WEIGHT
The maximum allowable mass or weight of a towing vehicle and its trailer as specified
by the manufacturer.
GROSS HORSEPOWER
Engine power measured using the only essential equipment required to run the engine (e.g.
fuel pump, oil pump, and water pump).
GROSS TRAILER MASS (GTM)
Is the mass transmitted to the ground by the tyres of the trailer when coupled to a vehicle
and carrying the maximum load recommended by the manufacturer or importer, with the
weight uniformly distributed over the load bearing areas (Generally 9% – 11% less than
the ATM or GTW) as specified by the manufacturer.
GROSS TRAILER WEIGHT (GTW) or AGGREGATE TRAILER MASS
(ATM)
The maximum allowable mass or weight of the trailer specified by the manufacturer. ATM is
the sum of GTM plus the tow ball download as specified by the manufacturer.
GROSS VEHICLE AXLE MASS or WEIGHT.
The maximum load on either the front or rear axle resulting from the distribution of the GVM
as specified by the manufacturer.
GROSS VEHICLE MASS or WEIGHT (GVM/GVW)
The maximum laden weight of the vehicle; including the kerb weight of the vehicle plus
driver, passengers, luggage, tow bar, bull bar, any other accessories and the tow ball down
load as specified by the manufacturer.
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G
H
GROUND CLEARANCE
The distance from the ground to the lowest part of the vehicle.
GUARD
Fender
HALF-CLUTCH
Depressing the clutch pedal slightly to cause the clutch to partially disengage.
HALOGEN HEADLAMPS
Headlamps using halogen bulbs which have a halogen gas (a gas such as iodine or bromine)
sealed inside the bulb to raise the filament to an extremely high temperature and produce
a bright white light.
HANDS-FREE TELEPHONE
A telephone that can be used without holding the receiver.
HARDTOP
Hardtop simply means a passenger car with no centre pillars (posts in the middle of the
body, between the front and rear doors).
HARSHNESS
Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) problem; resembles the sensation that would be felt
by the driver if one of his tyres were to be hit with a sledgehammer. In general, wider tyres
and higher tyre pressure produce greater harshness.
HATCHBACK (LIFTBACK)
A coupe with a door in the rear that swings upward. Toyota uses the term liftback to refer to
its hatchback vehicles.
HAZARD WARNING LIGHTS
Emergency flashers that are used when the vehicle could be a danger to traffic, such as
during a breakdown on a busy highway.
HEAD
Cylinder Head
HEADLAMPS (HEADLIGHTS)
Lights at the front of a vehicle for illuminating the road when driving at night.
HEADS-UP DISPLAY
HUD
HEAT-CONDUCTIVE GLASS
Heated Glass
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H
HEATED GLASS (HEAT CONDUCTIVE GLASS)
Electric current is passed through the filament thus created to heat the glass and melt snow
or evaporate moisture that is blocking the driver’s view. Heat conductive glass is often used
for the rear window to defog the glass.
HEATED WINDSHIELD
A heating filament is imbedded in the sides and bottom of the front windshield to melt snow
and prevent the wipers from freezing in place.
HEATER
Of the four common types of heaters (hot water, electric, exhaust gas, and combustion),
most passenger vehicles use the hot water.
HEIGHT CONTROL
Electronic Height Control
HIGH-BEAM INDICATOR LAMP
A lamp on the instrument panel that lights to remind the driver that the headlamps are
on high beam.
HIGH-MOUNT BRAKE LIGHT
High-mount Stop Lamp
HIGH-MOUNT STOP LAMP
A single brake light, installed in the middle of the rear end of the vehicle.
HIGH-OCTANE Fuel
High-octane fuel is used in high-performance engines to improve fuel consumption and
thus engine performance. High octane fuel is often called super, premium.
HIGH-STRENGTH SHEET STEEL
Among the different kinds of sheet steel used to construct vehicle bodies, high strength
sheet steel is especially resistant to stretching.
HIGH-TENSION CORDS (RESISTIVE CORDS)
One of several electrical cords used to carry the high voltage generated by the ignition
coil. High-tension cords carry voltage from the ignition coil to the distributor, and from the
distributor to each of the spark plugs.
HILL-CLIMBING PERFORMANCE
An indication of how steep a grade a vehicle can climb which is the height of the hill
divided by the horizontal distance from the top of the hill to the starting point of the
vehicle. The larger this number, the steeper the grade the vehicle can climb.
HILL START ASSIST CONTROL
Hill-start Assist Control (HAC) helps make rollbacks a thing of the past, by automatically
applying the brakes for approximately five seconds when starting off on an incline.
HOLOGRAPHIC HEADS-UP DISPLAY
A system that projects a vehicle speed display onto the windshield in front of the driver.
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H
HORIZONTALLY-OPPOSED ENGINE
An engine designed with the crankshaft in the centre and the cylinders set horizontally,
facing each other.
HORN PAD
The pad in the centre of the steering wheel that contains the horn switch and driver’s airbag.
HORSEPOWER (HP)
A unit of measure for engine output.
HOT-AIR INTAKE SYSTEM
A system that heats the engine intake air when the outside temperature is low.
HUD
Head Up Display, also known as an auto HUD, is a transparent display that presents data in
the vehicle without requiring users to look away from their usual viewpoints.
HYBRID
A Hybrid vehicle allows you to drive on EV power, engine power, or a combination of both. It
uses a highly efficient Atkinson-cycle petrol engine, a high-voltage battery pack, an electric
motor and regenerative braking, all working together.
HYDRAULIC BRAKE BOOSTER
A device which increases the hydraulic pressure to the brakes, thereby increasing braking
effectiveness and reducing the amount of foot pressure required to operate the brake pedal.
HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEM
Any system that controls a component of another system by means of hydraulic
(oil) pressure.
HYDRAULIC MULTI- PLATE CLUTCH TYPE CENTRE
DIFFERENTIAL CONTROL SYSTEM
The system senses vehicle speed, throttle opening, and differences in front and rear tyre
rotational speed, and based on this data, automatically controls the distribution of power
to the front and rear wheels.
HYDRAULIC STRUT MOUNT
The top of the suspension that attaches to the body is provided with a fluid chamber which
helps the suspension to absorb shocks, thereby reducing the vibrations and noise that are
transmitted to the body.
HYDROCARBONS (HC}
Organic compounds formed from carbon (C) and hydrogen (H).
HYDROPLANING
When a vehicle is driven at high speeds on wet roads, the tyres tend to float off the surface
slightly, causing the steering and brakes to lose their effectiveness.
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I
ICING
Carburetor Icing
IDLE-UP MECHANISM
A device that increases engine idling speed in response to increased engine load.
IDLING
Slow engine rotation with the vehicle stopped and the accelerator released.
IDLING VIBRATION
Engine vibration during idling causes an intermittent trembling throughout the vehicle,
such as in the body, steering wheel, and the gearshift lever.
IGNITER (IGNITION MODULE)
An electrical or electronic device that controls the operation of the ignition coil. In Toyota
vehicles, the igniter is a transistorised controller composed of electronic circuits.
IGNITION COIL
An electrical device that generates the high-voltage current needed for engine ignition.
IGNITION KEY CHIMES
If the driver turns the engine off and opens the door with the key still in the ignition,
these chimes will sound a warning to remind the driver to remove the key.
IGNITION MODULE
Igniter cylinders, causing combustion of the compressed air-fuel mixture to occur.
IGNITION KEY LIGHTING
Lighting around the ignition key switch.
IGNITION SWITCH
The switch that is used to start and shut off the engine.
IGNITION SYSTEM
The system on fuel engines that causes a spark to ignite the air-fuel mixture in each cylinder
for engine combustion.
ILLUMINATED ENTRY SYSTEM
A lighting system that lights up the ignition switch and foot space for easy vehicle
entry and exit.
INDEPENDENT DOUBLE­WISHBONE SUSPENSION
A type of suspension using both upper and lower control arms to support the wheels.
INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION
Suspension in which each wheel is supported by a separate arm, with the arms being
indirectly connected to the body via the springs.
INDICATOR LAMPS
Lamps that inform the driver of vehicle conditions, such as whether the headlamps are on
high beam, whether the turn signals are operating, etc.
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INERTIAL RESISTANCE
Acceleration Drag
INFANT SEAT
Child Seat
INJECTION NOZZLES
In fuel engines with electronic fuel injection (EFI), these are nozzles that inject fuel near the
intake ports of the combustion chambers. In diesel engines, an injection pump first sends
the fuel under high pressure to the nozzles, which turn the fuel into a spray and inject it into
the combustion chambers.
INJECTION PUMP
The pump controls the injection quantity in response to engine rpm and the throttle
opening, sending fuel under high pressure to the injection nozzle of each cylinder.
IN-LINE ENGINE
An engine whose cylinders are arranged in a straight line.
INNER LINER
The layer of rubber on the inside of a tubeless tyre.
INSTRUMENT CLUSTER
The area on the instrument panel in which most meters and gauges are located.
INSTRUMENT PANEL
The portion of the dashboard in front of the driver’s seat which houses the various meters,
warning lamps, radio, stereo, air conditioner blower outlets, and other features. Sometimes
loosely used to mean the entire dashboard.
INSULATORS
Insulators prevent heat, sound, and vibration from being transmitted to the interior
of the vehicle.
INTAKE MANIFOLD
A system of pipes that directs air (or air­fuel mixture in a fuel engine) to each cylinder.
INTAKE PORT
Part of the cylinder head; the intake ports directs the air-fuel mixture from the intake
manifold into the cylinders. The design of the intake manifold and intake ports greatly
influences both intake efficiency and combustion efficiency.
INTAKE VALVES
The intake valves allow the air-fuel mixture to be drawn into the cylinder.
INTER-COOLER
A device that cools the air that is sent from the turbocharger or supercharger to the engine.
INTERIOR TRIM
A general name for ornamental and/or functional fixtures that are found inside the vehicle,
such as door panels, seat cover fabric, instrument panel covering, protective strips on
quarter pillars, knobs, etc.
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I
INTERIOR VOLUME
A vehicle classification method classify vehicles based on purpose of usage, interior volume,
and other factors.
INTERMITTENT WIPERS
Intermittent indicates that the wipers stop for a uniform interval of time after each pass
across the window.
J
JUDDER
Clutch Chatter
JUMPER CABLES
Booster Cables
JUMP-OUT
Gear Jump-out
JUMP START
A jump start, also called a boost, is a method of starting a vehicle with a discharged starting
battery. A temporary connection is made to the battery of another vehicle, or to some other
external power source.
K
KAB
Knee Airbag
KEY-CONFINE PREVENTION FUNCTION
This prevents the ignition key from being locked in the car, by keeping the doors from locking
if the driver should inadvertently try to lock the doors with the key still in the ignition.
KEYLESS ENTRY
Keyless entry makes it possible to open the doors and trunk without using a key.
KEY-LINKED POWER DOOR LOCK
A power door lock system that locks or unlocks all doors when the driver’s door is locked
or unlocked.
KICKBACK
When a front tyre hits a rough spot in the road, the shock will be transmitted to the steering
wheel, causing it to jerk.
KICK-DOWN
A driving technique used with an automatic transmission to increase speed quickly, such
as when passing.
KINGPIN ANGLE
Steering Axis Inclination
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K
KNOCK CONTROL SYSTEM
A computer-controlled system that suppresses the knocking that is produced by the engine.
KNOCKING (PINGING)
A sharp metallic clicking from the engine, caused by sudden acceleration in a gear that
is too high.
KNUCKLE ARM
A joint on the steering linkage that connects a tie rod with a front wheel (one tie rod
for each wheel).
L
LAMINATED GLASS
Window glass that is made by pressing together two sheets of glass with a strong
transparent film between them.
LAP BELT
Two-point Seatbelt
LATERAL ACCELERATION FORCE (LATERAL G’S)
When a vehicle makes a turn, the lateral acceleration is the centrifugal force which causes
the vehicle to tend to continue moving in a straight line: these lateral G’s at­tempt to pull the
vehicle’s occupants to the side as the vehicle turns.
LATERAL CONTROL ARM
Lateral Rod
LATERAL MOUNTING (EAST­WEST MOUNTING)
Side-to-side mounting of a component, especially an engine. Engines on FF (front­engine,
front-wheel-drive) vehicles are usually laterally mounted.
LATERAL ROD (LATERAL CONTROL ARM)
One kind of control arm used in link suspensions.
LCD
Liquid Crystal Display
LDA
The Lane Departure Alert users a camera to detect the lane markings in the road ahead, and
will alert the driver with audible and visual warnings if the vehicle starts to deviate from its
lane without the turn indicator being applied – the driver can then take corrective action.
LDH
A Load Distribution Hitch should only be used on highway style roads as a dynamic
supplementary support to a correctly loaded vehicle / trailer combination.
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L
LEADING-ARM SUSPENSION
A type of front suspension in which the arms linking the body and front suspension are
connected behind the wheels.
LEADING-TRAILING BRAKES
One type of drum brake where the leading-trailing brake combines a leading shoe and a trailing
shoe to obtain the same braking efficiency whether the vehicle is moving forward or in reverse.
LEAF-SPRING SUSPENSION
A type of rigid-axle suspension using leaf springs.
LED
Light-emitting Diode
LED HIGH-MOUNT STOP LAMP
A brake lamp that is mounted high at the centre rear of the vehicle to supplement the
normal right and left brake lamps.
L-EFI
Electronic Fuel Injection
LIFT COEFFICIENT (Cd)
A measurement of one kind of wind resistance that is generated by the movement of the
vehicle.
LIFTBACK (HATCHBACK)
A passenger car where the rear door lifts open for easy loading and unloading of luggage.
LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM
A computer-controlled system that senses the ambient level of light and automatically
turns the headlights and tail-lights on and off in accordance with it.
LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED)
A semi-conductive material that emits light when stimulated.
LIGHTS-ON WARNING BUZZER
A buzzer that sounds when the driver opens the door without turning off the lights.
LIMITED-SLIP DIFFERENTIAL (LSD)
A type of differential that directs the driving force to the other (non-spinning) wheel if
either of the drive wheels starts to spin.
LIMOUSINE (LIMO)
A luxury passenger car with a glass partition separating the front and rear seats.
LINK SUSPENSION
One type of rigid-axle suspension in which the axle is connected to the body by several
arms or linkages.
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
A display system using liquid crystals to create a thin, light image on a screen.
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L
LIQUID CRYSTAL GLARE PROOF MIRROR
A rear-view mirror that can suppress glare from the headlights of following vehicles
at the flip of a switch.
LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) ENGINE
An LPG engine provides less power than a fuel engine but gives better fuel economy.
LKA
Lane Keeping Assist technology is designed to alert the driver when the system detects that
the vehicle is about to deviate from a traffic lane.
LLC
Long Life Coolant
LOAD DISTRIBUTION HITCH
LDH
LOAD-SENSING PROPORTIONING VALVE (LSPV)
The LSPV mechanism adjusts the braking effectiveness between the front and rear
wheels in response to the load on the rear wheels, preventing the rear wheels from
locking and skidding.
LOCK-TO-LOCK
The full rotational range of the steering wheel.
LOCK-UP CLUTCH
A mechanism which causes the torque converter to transmit power directly from the engine
to the automatic transmission, effectively bypassing the torque converter.
LONGITUDINAL MOUNTING
Forward-rear mounting of a component, especially an engine.
LONG LIFE COOLANT (LLC)
Coolant that can be used all year round.
LONG-STROKE ENGINE
An engine in which the stroke (distance the piston travels up and down in the cylinder,
sometimes called a stroker) is greater than the cylinder bore (inner diameter). Long-stroke
engines produce more torque at low speeds.
LOW-ASPECT TYRE (WIDE TYRE)
Low -aspect tyres have a low sidewall height relative to the tread width.
LOW-FUEL WARNING LAMP
The low-fuel warning lamp lights up to warn the driver when the fuel level is low.
LPG ENGINE
Liquid Petroleum Gas Engine
LSD
Limited Slip Differential
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L
LSPV
Load-sensing Proportioning Valve
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
To prevent engine seizure, reduce heat and wear, and keep the engine running more
smoothly, the lubrication system puts a film of oil on all moving parts and surfaces that
make contact with metal.
LUGGING THE ENGINE
When a vehicle is being driven up a hill in a gear that is too high can cause a loss of power.
LUMBAR SUPPORT
An adjustable lower back support in the seat back.
M
MACPHERSON STRUT SUSPENSION
Strut-type coil-spring suspension
MAG WHEEL
Disc wheel
MAINTENANCE-FREE BATTERY
A battery that doesn’t need to be refilled with water periodically, and whose natural
discharge (the leakage of electricity from a battery over time) has also been reduced.
MAKE
The brand of a vehicle; for example, Toyota or Lexus.
MANUAL TRANSMISSION (M/T)
A transmission in which the driver shifts the transmission gears manually.
MASTER CYLINDER
Brake Master Cylinder
MAXIMUM PAYLOAD
The maximum weight of cargo that can be carried by trucks and commercial vehicles.
MAXIMUM POWER
The greatest amount of power that an engine can produce indicated in kilowatts (kW).
MAXIMUM SPEED
The highest speed a vehicle can attain, measured in km/h (kilometres per hour).
MAXIMUM TORQUE
The greatest amount of torque that can be produced by an engine where torque is one
important indicator of engine performance, measured in kilogram-meters (kgf /m).
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M
METALLIC PAINT
Paint that has aluminium powder mixed in with it, giving it a metallic sparkle. A clear finish
gives this type of paint a high luster.
METER LIGHTING CONTROL (RHEOSTAT)
A control that is used to adjust the lighting on the instrument panel.
METER
Gauge
METRIC HORSEPOWER (PS)
Horsepower
MFI
Multipart Fuel Injection
MICACEOUS IRON OXIDE (MIO) PAINT
A type of paint with hexagonal crystalline flakes where appearance of the paint changes, in
response to the changes in the amount of light: it will appear to sparkle brightly in the sun,
while giving a softer sparkle in the shade.
MINIMUM TURNING RADIUS
The radius of a circle made by the outer front wheel when the vehicle turns with the steering
wheel turned all the way to the left or right.
MINOR CHANGE
Minor changes are a relatively small change to the model and commonly include such
modifications as partial changes in the engine, chassis, transmission, or overall vehicle
design, but may occasionally include a new engine or body style as well.
MIO PAINT
Micaceous Iron Oxide Paint
MIST WIPER
A wiper function in which the wipers operate once when the wiper lever is pulled forward,
and stop when the lever is released.
MODEL CHANGE
Generally used to mean full model change and involves major improvements in function and
performance as well as major changes in styling, to vehicles already on the market.
MODEL CODE
Vehicle Model Code
MOLDED DOOR TRIM
A seamless panel that is used to line the inside of the door.
MOLDING (MOULDING)
Strips of materials such as plastic, aluminium, or stainless steel, which are used both inside
and outside a vehicle to emphasise the vehicle’s appearance and protect the body.
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M
MONOCOOUE BODY
A frame and body combined, into a single unit.
MOON ROOF
A sun roof that is covered with a glass panel.
MUFFLER (SILENCER)
A device that reduces exhaust noise.
MULTI-ADJUSTABLE POWER SEAT
A seat in which all positions can be electrically adjusted at the touch of a single switch for
greater driving comfort.
MULTI-PLATE LSD
If the wheel on one side loses traction and spins, the multi-plate LSD (Limited Slip
Differential) uses the frictional force created by the plates to transmit power to the wheel
that is not receiving it (i.e. the wheel that is spinning).
N
NAMEPLATE
A label or plate mounted inside the engine compartment which shows the vehicle’s make
(manufacturer), model code, VIN (Vehicle Identification Number), and other important
information.
NET HORSEPOWER
One measurement of engine horsepower.
NEUTRAL
In neutral, power is not transmitted to the wheels.
NEUTRAL START SWITCH
A switch in an automatic transmission vehicle that does not allow the engine to start unless
the shift lever is in N or P.
NEUTRAL STEER
A steering characteristic in which a uniform turning radius is maintained even when the
vehicle accelerates.
NOISE, VIBRATION, AND HARSHNESS (NVH)
Toyota uses this as a general term to refer to such problems as vehicle noise and vibration
and harshness
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N
NON-RETRACTING (NR) SEAT BELT
A two-point seat belt which buckles across the lap only, and is commonly used in the
centre rear seat.
NOSE DIVE
When the brakes are applied, the nose (front end) of the car sinks downward.
NOx
Oxides of Nitrogen
NR
Dolby Noise Reduction
NR
Non-retracting Seat Belt
NVH
Noise, Vibration, and Harshness
O
02 SENSOR
A sensor that measures the concentration of 02 (oxygen) in the exhaust emissions.
OCTANE RATING
The octane number, or rating, shows how much octane there is in a particular fuel in
comparison to other types of hydrocarbon.
0D
Overdrive
ODOMETER
The odometer is built into the speedometer dial and shows the total distance travelled by
the vehicle since its date of manufacture.
OFF-ROAD
Driving on an unpaved road or on rough, unsealed terrain.
OH
Overhaul
OHC
Overhead Camshaft
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O
OHV
Overhead Valve
OIL CONSUMPTION RATE
This refers to the amount of oil that enters the combustion chamber and is burnt up.
OIL COOLER
An oil cooler is used on some vehicles to prevent the oil from overheating, which can occur
when driving at high speeds over long distances.
OIL FILTER
When engine oil is used for a long time, carbon, metal shavings, and other matter get mixed
in with the oil and can damage the pistons, cylinders and other moving parts, causing
engine seizure.
OIL GALLERIES
The passages that bring engine oil to the various parts of the engine.
OIL LEVEL GAUGE (DIPSTICK)
A metal strip with hash-marks (graduations) on the end, and which is used to check the
amount of engine oil in the oil pan.
OIL LEVEL WARNING LAMP
A lamp on the instrument panel which lights to warn the driver if the engine oil level has
dropped too low or if there is a problem in the lubrication system; it operates only while the
engine is running.
OIL PAN
A receptacle for holding engine oil, located below the engine used to control sloshing of the
oil, one section of the oil pan is made deeper and provided with baffles.
OIL PRESSURE REGULATOR
To prevent excessive oil pressure at high engine rpm, this regulator adjusts the amount of oil
supplied to the engine.
OIL PRESSURE WARNING LAMP
If there is a drop in oil pressure while the engine is running, a lamp on the instrument panel
lights to warn the driver.
OIL PUMP
The oil pump circulates oil inside the engine where it pumps up oil from the oil pan and
sends the oil under pressure to the moving parts of the engine, such as bearings, pistons,
camshafts, and valves.
ONE-BOX CAR
A type of vehicle in which the engine compartment, passenger compartment, and luggage
compartment are all combined; that is, the body can be conceptualised as a single large box.
ONE-TOUCH 2-4 SELECTOR
A mechanism that can switch between 2WD (two-wheel drive) and 4WD (four­wheel drive)
at the touch of a button, even while the vehicle is in motion.
45
O
ONE-TOUCH POWER WINDOW
A power window that automatically opens or closes all the way at the touch of a switch.
OPTION
Non-standard equipment that is available, usually at extra cost, at the guests request when
ordering a vehicle.
OUTPUT
How much power an engine produces.
OVER-SQUARE ENGINE
The inner diameter (bore) of the cylinders in this kind of engine is greater than the
distance that the piston moves up and down inside the cylinders (stroke), so it is also
called a “short-stroke engine”.
OVERCHARGING
A malfunction of the charging system in which the battery is charged beyond its capacity;
excessive overcharging can damage the battery.
OVERDRIVE (OD)
In an automatic transmission, overdrive refers to a high-speed gear that has a gear ratio of
less than 1:1.
OVERHANG
The front overhang is the distance from the centre of the front axle to the front end of the
vehicle, and the rear overhang is the distance from the centre of the rear axle to the rear end
of the vehicle.
OVERHAUL (OH)
To carefully disassemble, inspect and test, adjust or repair, and reassemble, a component
or assembly.
OVERHEAD CAMSHAFT (OHC) ENGINE
An engine in which the camshaft is mounted above the cylinder head, rather than below it.
OVERHEAD VALVE (OHV) ENGINE
In overhead valve engines the valves were operated by camshafts which were located below
the cylinders, via long push rods.
OVERHEATING
An abnormally high engine temperature, as indicated when the needle of the water
temperature gauge moves into the red zone. Continued overheating can cause the coolant
to boil and result in engine seizure.
OVERREVVING
Raising engine rpm too high either with the accelerator or by downshifting too far.
OVERRUN
Exceeding the engine’s maximum recommended output.
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O
OVERSTEER
Steering that causes the vehicle to veer to the inside of the turn when speeding up
on a curve.
OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NOx)
The term oxides of nitrogen more commonly abbreviated as NOx, refers generally to NO
(nitrogen monoxide) and N02 (nitrogen dioxide), which are chemical compounds of nitrogen
and oxygen that are formed when fuel is burned.
OXYGEN SENSOR
The oxygen (O2), sensor is mounted either in the exhaust system or in the exhaust manifold
to monitor how much unburned oxygen is in the exhaust as the exhaust exits the engine.
Monitoring oxygen levels in the exhaust is a way of gauging the fuel mixture. It tells the
engine computer if the fuel mixture is burning rich (less oxygen) or lean (more oxygen).
P
P & B VALVE
Proportioning & Bypass Valve
PAB
Passenger Airbag
PAD WEAR INDICATOR
A piece of metal which generates a high­pitched screeching noise to alert the driver that the
brake pads of a disc brake have worn down to their limit.
PAINT
The vehicle body is covered with several layers of paint to protect and beautify it.
PANORAMIC DIGITAL METER
A large, panoramic display of meters and gauges, in which these are displayed in four colours
(red, yellow, orange, and blue or green) for better visibility.
PARKING BRAKE
A type of brake used to keep the vehicle from rolling when it is parked.
PARKING LIGHTS (LAMPS)
Lights at the front and rear that indicate the presence of a stopped vehicle.
PART NUMBER
A number used to precisely identify a part or sub-assembly.
PART-TIME 4WD
A four-wheel drive system which allows the driver to manually change between two­wheel
and four-wheel drive in accordance with road conditions.
PASSENGER COMPARTMENT (CAB, COCKPIT)
The enclosed part of a vehicle in which the driver and passengers ride; generally called the
cab on a truck and the cockpit in a race car.
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P
PATTERN NOISE
Noise generated by grooves cut into the tread of the tyres.
PCS
Pre-Collision System with Pedestrian Detection uses a camera and a radar to detect
possible collisions with pedestrians. When the possibility of a collision with a pedestrian
is detected the driver is alerted with audio and visual warnings and brake assistance is
activated. If the driver fails to brake in time the brakes automatically engage to prevent
or mitigate a collision.
PCV
Positive Crankcase Ventilation
PEARL-MICA PAINT
A paint containing mica chips and having a pearl-like luster.
PEDAL TRAVEL
The distance that a pedal (such as the accelerator pedal) moves in relation to the floor or
some other reference point.
PERCOLATION
Boiling of the fuel inside the carburetor which occurs when the temperature rises too high
in the engine compartment.
PERFORMANCE ROD
A reinforcement rod for protecting the vehicle body from distortion caused by bending
and twisting forces.
PERIMETER FRAME
A type of frame in which the side members of the frame run around the edge of the
passenger compartment floor, and a cross­member crosses in the middle.
PERSONAL LAMP
The dome light illuminates the entire passenger compartment, but a personal lamp
illuminates only a limited area for such lighting needs as map reading.
PETROL
Petrol is a mixture of hydrocarbons such as hexane, heptane, and octane, with other fuels
and additives often being added.
PILLAR
The posts holding up the roof.
PINHOLES
Small holes in the paint that look as if they were made with a pin.
PISTON
A smooth cylindrical-shaped piece of metal that fits into an engine cylinder and
reciprocates (goes up and down) inside it which compresses the air-fuel mixture as it moves
up, then moves down due to combustion, transmitting the force of the combustion through
the connecting rod to the crankshaft.
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P
PISTON DISPLACEMENT
The volume displaced by a piston in a cylinder (as in a pump or an engine) in a single stroke,
the product of piston travel and cross-sectional area of the containing cylinder.
PISTON RING
The piston rings seal the gap between the piston and the cylinder wall, preventing the
air-fuel mixture from leaking through.
PISTON STROKE
The distance that a piston moves vertically inside the cylinder.
PITCH
A condition in which the front and rear of the vehicle oscillate up and down like a seesaw.
PLANETARY GEAR UNIT
The mechanism that carries out the actual shifting of gears in an automatic transmission.
PLATINUM-TIPPED SPARK PLUG
The spark plug with platinum-covered electrodes and must be replaced every 100,000 km
(60,000 miles) but require no inspection or adjustment in between.
PLUG
Spark Plug
PLY
Below the tread of a tyre is the carcass cord, made of cloth.
POINTS
The breaker points in the distributor.
POLYPROPYLENE (PP) BUMPER
Polypropylene is a strongly shock absorbent polymer (synthetic resin) used in
resin bumpers.
POSITIVE CRANKCASE VENTILATION (PCV)
The PCV system returns this gas to the cylinders to be re-burned, thus reducing the amount
of pollutants that are released into the atmosphere.
POWER ADJUSTABLE SHOULDER BELT ANCHOR
A seat belt anchor which can be raised or lowered with an electric motor to adjust the
shoulder belt to the wearer’s size.
POWER ANTENNA
An antenna that can be raised and lowered by means of a switch inside the car.
POWER DOOR LOCK
A lock which uses electric motors or solenoids to lock and unlock all doors with a control
switch located by the driver’s seat.
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P
POWER EASY-ACCESS SYSTEM
When the key is removed from the ignition, the driver’s seat and the steering wheel
automatically move to permit easier exit from and entry into the car.
POWER LOCKING HUB
A free-wheel hub that can be locked and unlocked by means of a switch inside the vehicle.
POWER OVERSTEER
Power oversteer occurs if the accelerator is depressed too suddenly while the vehicle is
going around a curve on a slippery road, the drive wheels will receive too much torque,
causing the vehicle to start slipping sideways.
POWER REMOTE-CONTROL DOOR MIRROR
A door mirror that can be adjusted by remote control from the driver’s seat for
greatest visibility.
POWER SEAT
A seat provided with electric motors for adjusting the seat angle and position.
POWER SLIDING DOOR
A sliding door on a van that is opened and closed by an electric motor.
POWER STEERING
A steering system that has a built-in hydraulic mechanism that provides steering assist;
that is, it helps the driver turn the steering wheel more easily.
POWER TAKE-OFF (PTO)
A mechanism that is used to operate such equipment as pumps and winches on a crane,
dump truck, fire truck, and other vehicles.
POWER TILT-AND-SLIDE SUN ROOF
A slide mechanism that opens and closes the roof panel, and a tilt mechanism that raises
and lowers the rear edge of the roof panel; each is operated by an electric motor.
POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATIO
Vehicle weight divided by maximum power output that shows how much weight the vehicle
has per unit of output (kg/PS).
POWER TRAIN (DRIVE TRAIN)
All of the components that create power or transmit it to wheels and includes: the engine,
the clutch or torque converter, the transmission or trans-axle, the propeller shaft or drive
shafts, the differential, and the axle shaft.
POWER WINDOW
A window that can be opened and closed by means of a switch.
POWER WINDOW LOCK
The front and rear passenger windows can be opened or closed and locked in position by
a switch from the driver’s seat.
PP
Polypropylene Bumper
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P
PPS
Progressive Power Steering
PRE-HEATER
A device that heats the air in the combustion chamber of a diesel engine to improve startability.
PREMIUM FUEL
High-octane Fuel
PRESSURE PLATE
Clutch Pressure Plate
PRESSURE REGULATOR
A common type of valve used to adjust pressure.
PRETENSIONER MECHANISM
A mechanism that instantaneously winds up the slack (looseness) in a seat belt in the event
of collision.
PRINTED ANTENNA
An antenna wire printed on a window, usually the rear window.
PROGRESSIVE POWER STEERING (PPS)
A power steering system in which a computer changes the steering responsiveness in
accordance with vehicle speed.
PROJECTOR HEADLAMPS
In this type of headlamp, the light source is focused on a smaller area, while still providing
good lighting.
PROPELLER SHAFT
On an FR vehicle, the propeller shaft transmits power from the transmission to the
differential, which in turn transmits power to the rear wheels.
PROPORTIONING & BYPASS VALVE
A valve that controls brake pressure which causes brake fluid to bypass the P valve in the
event that the front brakes fail.
PROPORTIONING VALVE (P VALVE)
The P valve adjusts the hydraulic pressure that is sent to the rear wheels when the brakes
are applied, giving the vehicle greater stability during braking.
PROTECTION MOULDING
Synthetic rubber or plastic moulding installed on the side of the car where the body panels
bulges outward.
PROTOTYPE
A vehicle made for test production before actual production and sales of the new
model begin.
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P
PS
The abbreviation for the German Pferdestärke, or metric horsepower.
(1 PS = 0.7355 kW = 0.986 hp.)
PTO
Power Take-off
PULL TO ONE SIDE
Brake Pull or wheel alignment or flat tyre.
PULSATION DAMPER
A device used to absorb minute surges in the fuel pressure in an EFI engine.
PULSATION EFFECT
Every time an intake valve opens or closes, the air pressure in the intake manifold fluctuates
which creates a pulsation in the air flow in the intake manifold.
PUSH ROD
Push rods operate the valves in an OHV engine.
P VALVE
Proportioning Valve
Q
R
QUARTER PANEL
A section of body panel, above the front and rear tyres.
QUARTER PILLAR
Pillar
RACK-AND PINION STEERING
A pinion gear at the end of the steering shaft transmits steering wheel rotation to a serrated
bar called the steering rack, which crosses the steering shaft and goes to the front wheels.
RADAR CRUISE CONTROL
This system maintains a preset following distance between you and the car in front. Using
a range of built in sensors the system continually monitors the speed of the car ahead and
automatically adjusts the vehicle speed accordingly. When there is no car in front, dynamic
radar acts like normal cruise control, keeping you at a regular preset speed.
RADIAL TYRE
The carcass of a tyre is made of woven layers of material, called cords that help the tyre to
hold the pressurised air inside.
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R
RADIATOR
A device that cools the engine coolant and is generally installed behind the front grille to
provide optimal contact with outside air.
RADIATOR GRILLE
The grille permits air to flow into the engine compartment.
RADIUS ROD
Strut Bar
RAG TOP
A convertible with a cloth top.
RCTA
Rear Cross Traffic Alert detects approaching vehicles when you’re reversing out of a parking
space and is especially useful in busy car parks.
REAR COMBINATION LAMP
The tail lamp, brake lamp, turn signal lamp, back-up lamp, and parking lamp, all combined
into one unit (one for each side).
REAR DETECTION AND RANGING SYSTEM
A system that uses ultrasonic sensors mounted on the rear bumper to warn the driver of
obstacles behind the vehicle and to indicate their distance.
REAR-END SQUAT
The rear end of the vehicle sinks towards the road surface during take-off or acceleration.
REAR-ENGINE, REAR-WHEEL­DRIVE VEHICLE (RR VEHICLE)
A vehicle in which the engine is located in the rear and drives the rear wheels.
REAR LIGHT FAILURE WARNING LAMP
A warning lamp on the instrument panel which lights up if a tail lamp or brake light bulb is
burnt out.
REAR MONITOR
A monitor system that uses a camera mounted in the rear spoiler to display a portion of the
area behind the vehicle on a screen.
REAR SPOILER
A type of wing mounted at the rear of the vehicle which changes the direction of the air
flowing from the roof, reducing both the wind resistance and the lift force that are applied to
the rear of the car.
REAR WINDOW DEFOGGER
A heating filament bonded to the inside of the rear window glass to remove fog.
REBUILT PARTS
Used parts that are repaired to like-new condition and resold.
53
R
RECIPROCATING ENGINE (PISTON ENGINE)
An engine in which the pistons move up and down (reciprocate) inside cylinders, turning
the crankshaft.
RECIRCULATING-BALL STEERING
A steering system that uses a number of small steel balls installed in the steering gear which
transmits steering wheel rotation to the wheels.
RECLINING SEAT
A seat with a back that can be tilted backward and forward.
RECREATIONAL VEHICLE (RV)
A type of vehicle primarily suited to outdoor leisure activities.
RED ZONE
The area on the tachometer, coloured red, which shows that the engine rpm has risen
too high.
REDUCTION GEAR RATIO (FINAL GEAR RATIO)
The gear ratio of the two gears that transmit power from the transmission to the axles.
REGULAR FUEL
Fuel used in ordinary automotive engines and it has a lower octane rating than high-octane
(super) fuel.
REGULATOR (VOLTAGE REGULATOR)
An electrical device that controls alternator output to maintain a constant voltage level,
adjusted to suit the amount of electricity being used.
RELAY
An electrically or electronically operated switch.
RELEASE BEARING
Clutch Release Bearing
REMOTE – CONTROL DOOR LOCK
A system used to lock and unlock the car doors by remote control.
REMOTE-CONTROL DOOR MIRROR
A door mirror which can be operated from the driver’s seat by a switch.
RESERVOIR
Reservoirs store fluid that overflows due to an increase in volume when the fluid is heated.
RESISTIVE CORD
Spark Plug Cable or high tension lead.
RESPONSE
Response has two meanings: 1) acceleration response, or how quickly the engine speed
rises when the accelerator pedal is pressed; and 2) steering response, or how quickly the
vehicle changes direction when the steering wheel is turned.
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RETRACTABLE DOOR MIRROR
Electrically Retractable Door Mirror, Folding Door Mirror
RETRACTABLE HEADLIGHTS
Retractable headlights move up for use and down for storage when not in use.
REV LIMIT
The limit of permissible engine rpm. In an EFI engine, exceeding the rev limit causes the fuel
supply to be cut off to protect the engine.
REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE (RPM)
The unit of measurement used to indicate the number of rotations an engine (i.e., the
crankshaft) makes in one minute.
RHEOSTAT
A variable resistor.
RIDING COMFORT
Riding comfort is used in two senses: 1) in the broad sense of general passenger comfort
inside the vehicle; and 2) in the narrow sense of the ability of the vehicle to absorb vibration,
thus providing a better ride.
RIGID-AXLE SUSPENSION
A type of suspension that joins the body to the axles.
RIGIDITY
When weight or force is applied to any object constructed of different parts, the object may
distort (bend and twist). Rigidity is the degree of resistance to this distortion.
RIM
The outside circumference of a disc wheel, having a roughly U-shaped cross section.
The tyre is attached to the rim.
ROAD CLEARANCE
Ground Clearance
ROAD HOLDING
The ability of a vehicle to stay on the road. Road holding ability depends on many factors;
the tyres; the design of the suspension; the quality of the shock absorbers; the vehicle tread
(the distance between the left and right tyre); etc.
ROAD NOISE
Noise transmitted from the road to the vehicle. Road noise is caused by tyre contact with
the ground.
ROCKER ARM
In an overhead valve (OHV) engine, one of the levers which transmit the movement of the
cams to the valves.
ROLL
Lateral (side-to-side) oscillation of the vehicle body.
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ROLL BAR
A bar rising from the floor on each side of the front seats and running across the ceiling to
reinforce the roof and prevent it from being crushed if the vehicle rolls over.
ROLLING RESISTANCE
Resistance to forward movement created by the tyres as they roll down the road.
ROOF DRIP
A gutter running around the edges of the roof to prevent water from dripping into the car.
ROOF HEADLINING
The lining of the interior ceiling.
ROTARY ENGINE (WANKEL ENGINE)
In a rotary engine, a triangular rotor is rotated to directly produce power (rather than
converting the up-and-down motion of pistons into power, as in a reciprocating engine).
RPM
Revolutions per Minute
RR
Rear-engine, Rear-wheel-drive Vehicle
RSA
Road Sign Assist monitors the road signs ahead, displaying useful information such as the
current speed limit or overtaking restrictions in clear view on the new colour TFT cockpit
display. The system also provides a visual and acoustic warning if you are not following the
road sign indication.
RSW
Rain Sensing Wipers start automatically when rain starts to fall enough to affect your vision.
RUN-ON (DIESELING)
An undesirable situation in which the engine continues to run after the ignition switch has
been turned off.
RUN-OUT
Any kind of deformity of a round object (a wheel, a tyre, a brake disc, etc.).
RV
Recreational Vehicle
S
SAB
Side Airbag
SAFETY PAD
Impact-absorbent padding installed on the instrument panel and in the centre of the
steering wheel.
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SANDWICHED VIBRATION­CONTROL PANEL
A panel with a sheet of vibration-damping material, such as asphalt, sandwiched between
two steel plates.
SAT NAV
An automotive Satellite Navigation System is used to find direction in a vehicle. It gathers
data from satellites which is then correlated to a position on a road and displayed in detail
on a display monitor in the vehicle.
SATELLITE SWITCHES
Switches for equipment such as audio and air conditioning, positioned within easy reach of
the drive.
SCISSORS GEAR
A set of camshaft gears designed to prevent gear noise due to the backlash that occurs with
conventional gears.
SCRUB RADIUS (SCRUB)
Steering Offset
SEALED BEAM HEADLAMPS
A headlight in which the lens, reflector plate, and filament are built into a single, sealed unit
filled with an inert gas.
SEAT BELT
Seat belts keep passengers from being thrown out of their seats and becoming injured in
the event of sudden braking or a collision.
SEAT BELT PRETENSIONER
Pretensioner Mechanism
SEAT BELT TONGUE PLATE
The metal part on the end of the seat belt where you insert the tongue plate into the buckle
on the other strap of the seat belt locks the belt.
SEAT BELT WARNING LAMP
A lamp that lights up if the driver’s seat belt is not buckled.
SEAT BELT WITH MECHANICAL TENSION-REDUCING ADJUSTER
A mechanical system that reduces the force of the seat belt pulling against the wearer.
SEAT BELT WITH POWER TENSION-REDUCING ADJUSTER
A type of seat belt in which belt tension can be adjusted by the wearer by means of a switch
in the buckle.
SEAT SLIDE ADJUSTER
A seat adjuster that allows the passenger to adjust the seat position by operating the seat
slide lever. The lever is located at the bottom of the seat and can be used to slide the seat
forward and back, and to lock it in place.
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SEDAN
Where the luggage compartment (boot) is separated from the passenger compartment.
A sedan also has two rows of seats, one in front and one in the rear and can seat from four
to six passengers.
SELF-IGNITION
Ignition of the air-fuel mixture that is due to any cause other than a spark (for example,
ignition due to carbon deposits in the cylinder).
SEMI-CONCEALED WIPERS
Concealed windshield wipers in which only the wiper arms are hidden between the hood
and the windshield when not in use.
SEMI-FLOATING REAR AXLE
One method of supporting vehicle weight on the rear axle. The wheel is mounted
directly on the rear axle and weight is distributed equally between the rear axle shafts
and the axle housing.
SEMI-TRAILING-ARM SUSPENSION
The lower arms, which support the rear suspension, are located in front of the wheels,
and the axes along which the arms move are positioned at an angle, relative to the
body centreline.
SERVICE BRAKES
Foot Brakes
SFI
Sequential Multiport Fuel Injection
SHAKE
Vibration of the body, seats, and steering wheel when the vehicle is operating at high
speeds.
SHIFT LOCK SYSTEM WITH KEY INTERLOCK
This prevents sudden vehicle take-off due to improper operation of the shift lever on an
automatic transmission vehicle.
SHIFT POINT
The points (in time) at which an automatic transmission automatically shifts gears are called
shift points.
SHIFT POSITION DISPLAY
Shift Position Indicator Lamp
SHIFT POSITION INDICATOR LAMP
A lamp on the instrument panel which shows the range (shift lever position) into which the
driver has shifted the transmission (automatic transmission models only).
SHIFTING SHOCK
A small jolt that may be sensed when an automatic transmission shifts gears.
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SHIMMY
Steering wheel vibration caused by lateral shaking of the front wheels.
SHOCK ABSORBER (DAMPER)
The shock absorbers, which are generally filled with a special fluid, help to damp (restrain)
the bouncing of the springs, thereby providing a smoother ride.
SHOULDER BELT GUIDE
The guide can be used to adjust the angle at which the belt crosses the shoulder, making it
easier for people of smaller stature to wear the belt even with the seat moved forward.
SHUDDER
Clutch Chatter
SIDE AIRBAGS
Airbags that protect the passenger’s upper body in the event of a side collision.
SIDE DOOR BEAM
A strong metal bar built into the door to provide protection in event of a collision from
the side.
SIDE LIGHTS
Clearance Lamps
SIDE MEMBER
The parts of the frame that run from the front to the rear of the vehicle on each side and are
made from square pipe and keep the frame from twisting or bending.
SIDE SUPPORT
Supports that are located on the left and right edges of the seat cushion and seat back
to support the upper body of the passenger, especially when the vehicle corners or makes
tight turns.
SIDE VISORS
These provide additional shade on sunny days and allow the windows to be opened slightly
for ventilation on rainy days without fear of letting rain enter the vehicle.
SIDEWALL
The side of the tyre. Information, such as tyre size and manufacturer, are printed on
the sidewall.
SILENCER
Muffler
SINGLE OVERHEAD CAMSHAFT (SOHC) ENGINE
An engine with a single camshaft mounted over the cylinder head for opening and closing
both the intake and exhaust valves.
SIXTY/FORTY (60/40) SEAT
A rear seat whose back is separated into two sections, each of which can be folded
down independently.
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SLIDING SUN ROOF
A sun roof with one panel that slides back for storage or removal.
SLIT-BEAM STOP LAMP
A stop lamp (brake light) that is long and very narrow, such as the stop lamp on a
rear spoiler.
SMOKE FLARE
An emergency signaling device that produces smoke and sparks.
SNOW CHAINS
Tyre Chains
SNOW TYRE
A tyre with features such as a larger surface area and a special tread pattern, all of which
have been designed to reduce skidding on snow-covered roads.
SOHC
Single Overhead Camshaft Engine
SOLAR-ENERGY ABSORBING GLASS
Glass impregnated with small amounts of metal such as iron, nickel, or cobalt.
SOLID PAINT
A type of paint containing a pigment without aluminium flakes.
SPACE SAVER WHEEL
Emergency Spare Wheel.
SPARK PLUG
A device that creates sparks which ignite the compressed air-fuel mixture in the cylinders.
SPARK PLUG CABLES
The high-tension cords that carry high­voltage current from the distributor to the
spark plug.
SPEAKER
A device that converts electrical signals to sound.
SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION
A measure of the fuel economy that can be attained by a vehicle; usually, it is simply called
fuel consumption.
SPECIFICATIONS (SPECS)
Specifications include such items as vehicle model code, vehicle dimensions, designed
passenger capacity, performance, etc. Specifications are vital to ensure that the desired
vehicles are built correctly, and they are needed to order vehicles accurately.
SPEED-SENSITIVE INTERMITTENT WIPERS
Wipers that automatically adjust the wiping interval to the vehicle speed. (The faster the
vehicle moves, the faster the wipers move.)
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SPIKED TYRE
A tyre having spikes or studs in the tread to reduce skidding on icy or snow-covered roads.
SPOILER
Wing-shaped components mounted on the body of a vehicle to increase stability by
redirecting the air flow generated by the forward motion of the vehicle.
SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION
Combustion (of the air-fuel mixture in the cylinders of a diesel engine) due to the heat
created by the compressed air in the cylinders.
SPORTS CAR
A high-performance car with greater power, better handling, better acceleration, and a
higher top speed than an ordinary passenger car.
SPORTS SEAT
A seat with cushions for the hips, sides, and back, that can be adjusted to suit driver
physique and desired comfort.
SPRING
A component of the suspension system. Springs absorb vibrations and shocks from the road
and prevent most of them from reaching the body.
SPRUNG MASS
The mass of the body and other components supported by the suspension is the sprung mass.
SQUARE ENGINE
An engine whose stroke (distance the piston moves up and down in the cylinder) and bore
(inner diameter) are equal.
SRS (SRS AIRBAG)
Supplemental Restraint System Airbag
STABILITY
How well a vehicle performs the basic movements required of it without deviating from the
course set by the driver: driving in a straight line, cornering, etc.
STABILIZERS
Steel rods attached to the suspension to counter body roll.
STALL
Engine Stall
STAND-BY 4WD
A 4WD vehicle with viscous coupling, and which runs in 2WD under normal conditions, but
automatically changes over to 4WD on slippery surfaces.
STANDING WAVE
A wave that travels around the circumference of a tyre when the vehicle is traveling at
high speeds.
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STARTER
A mechanism that starts the engine. Turning on the ignition switch activates the electric
motor in the starter, which turns over or cranks the engine which causes the engine to
begin operating.
STATIC ELECTRICITY
A small electrical shock that may be felt when an electrical conductor such as metal is
touched.
STATIC STEERING
Turning the steering wheel with the vehicle in a stationary position without the engine
running and no power assist.
STATION WAGON (EST ATE CAR)
A two-box car, in which the rear seats are not separated from the cargo space. These seats
can fold down to form a continuation of the deck of the cargo space.
STATIONARY STEERING (STATIC STEERING)
Turning the steering wheel with the vehicle stopped.
STEEL WHEELS
Disc wheels made of pressed plate steel.
STEEL-BELTED RADIAL TYRE
A tyre with rows of fine steel wires built into the tread.
STEERING AXIS INCLINATION (KING PIN ANGLE)
The axis around which the wheel rotates as it turns to the left or right is called the
steering axis.
STEERING COLUMN
A shaft that transmits steering wheel rotation to the steering gears.
STEERING GEARS
Gears that change steering wheel rotation to straight-line, lateral movements, and then
transmit those movements to the wheels, thereby changing the direction in which the
wheels point.
STEERING LINKAGE
The components that transmit the movement of the steering wheel from the steering gears
to the tyres.
STEERING MAIN SHAFT
A shaft that transmits steering wheel rotation to the steering gears.
STEERING SYSTEM
A system, consisting of a steering wheel, steering column, steering gears, steering linkage,
etc., used to change vehicle direction.
STEERING WHEEL LOCK
A device used to prevent vehicle theft by locking the steering wheel shaft when the vehicle
is parked.
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STEERING WHEEL PAD
The centre of the steering wheel, which is generally where the horn button is situated.
STICK SHIFT
Manual Transmission
STROKE
The distance that one component moves linearly in relation to another component.
STRUT BAR
A bar supporting the axle on a strut suspension. Strut bars bear the longitudinal forces that
act on the suspension.
STRUT-TYPE COIL-SPRING SUSPENSION
This widely used type of suspension consists of coil springs mounted on the shock
absorbers.
STUDLESS TYRE
Tyres with a unique tread pattern made of a rubber that does not harden at low
temperatures and help to prevent the vehicle from skidding and sliding on frozen surfaces
even without the use of spikes.
SUB-ASSEMBLY
A component made by joining two or more smaller parts by welding, bolts, crimping, etc.
SUB-FRAME (STUB FRAME)
The sub-frame is attached to the body with rubber mounts, insulating the body from
vibrations coming from the road surface. The sub-frame also improves vehicle stability
and control.
SUN ROOF
A panel in the middle of the roof that can be opened and closed for ventilation, and to let
sunlight in.
SUN ROOF MONITORING SYSTEM
A system that causes a buzzer to sound if the engine is turned off with the sun roof left open.
SUN ROOF VISOR
A wind deflector panel installed at the front of the sun roof opening.
SUPER OLEFIN BUMPER
Toyota super olefin polymer (TSOP) is a material developed by Toyota, and is used in
bumpers to give them a mirror smooth finish.
SUPER-STRUT SUSPENSION
A suspension that uses two lower arms rather than one which improves cornering stability
and provides sportier handling.
SUPERCHARGER
A mechanism that uses the engine to force large amounts of air into the cylinders in order
to increase power.
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SUPPLEMENTAL RESTRAINT SYSTEM (SRS) AIRBAG
In the event of a collision the supplemental restraint system causes an airbag to inflate
instantaneously to supplement the seat belt in reducing driver impact against the
steering wheel.
SUSPENSION
A system of bars, struts, springs etc., which supports the body and connects it with the
wheels. It also improves riding comfort by absorbing road shock.
SUSPENSION BALL JOINT
Ball joints connect the wheel to the car’s suspension system.
SYNCHROMESH MECHANISM
A mechanism in a manual transmission that fits between a forward gear and its clutch hub
and synchronises their rotational speeds to ensure smoother shifting.
SYNTHETIC OIL
Synthetic oil is a lubricant consisting of chemical compounds that are artificially made
(synthesised). Synthetic lubricants can be manufactured using chemically modified
petroleum components rather than whole crude oil, but can also be synthesised from
other raw materials.
T
2X4
A common non-Toyota abbreviation for two-wheel-drive.
2WD
Toyota’s abbreviation for two-wheel­-drive.
TACHOMETER
A gauge showing engine speed (that is, the engine rpm, or number of revolutions made by
the engine crankshaft each minute).
TAIL LAMPS
Rear Combination Lamp
TAPPET
Valve Lifter
TARE MASS or WEIGHT
The same as Kerb Weight but with only 10 litres of fuel in the fuel tank instead of a full tank
as specified by the manufacturer.
TARGA TOP (DETACHABLE SUN ROOF)
A removable roof section located over the front seats.
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T-BAR ROOF
A roof whose left and right panels can be removed, leaving only the centre section running
from front to rear.
TCCS
Toyota Computer-Controlled System
TELESCOPIC STEERING WHEEL
An adjustable steering wheel that can be moved closer to or farther from the driver.
The steering column can be telescoped in or out.
TEMPERED GLASS
Tempered glass is about four times stronger than normal glass and crumbles, rather than
shattering, when broken.
TEMPORARY-USE TYRE
One type of emergency tyre that can be used to replace a flat tyre.
TEMS
Toyota Electronically Modulated Suspension
TEN-MODE DRIVING PATTERN
This is a method or schedule for driving a vehicle to measure its fuel consumption under
certain fixed conditions.
TEN-MODE FUEL ECONOMY RATING
This is a method used to rate the fuel economy (fuel consumption) of vehicles in some
countries.
THERMOSTAT
A device that senses and automatically adjusts the temperature of the engine coolant
(in vehicles with water-cooled engines).
THREE-BOX CAR
A vehicle that can be conceptually divided into three boxes: The engine compartment,
the passenger compartment, and the luggage compartment. A standard sedan is a
three-box car.
THREE-POINT SEAT BELT
A seat belt that is composed of a lap belt combined with a shoulder belt, and is fastened at
three points. This is the standard seat belt found in the front seats of all Toyota vehicles.
THROTTLE BODY
The throttle body is connected to the accelerator pedal and controls the volume of air taken
into the engine.
THROTTLE POSITION SENSOR
A sensor in an EFI engine that detects the opening of the throttle valve which controls the
amount of fuel injected into the intake ports and also the ignition timing.
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THROTTLE VALVE
A butterfly valve that adjusts the volume of air taken into the engine, opening and closing in
response to accelerator pedal pressure.
TIGHT-CORNER BRAKING EFFECT (PHENOMENON)
When a part-time 4WD vehicle operating in four-wheel drive turns a sharp corner on a dry,
paved road, it reacts as if it had been braked.
TIGHT-CORNER BRAKING PHENOMENON
When the propeller shaft between the front and rear axles is connected directly, the
differences between the rotations of the front and rear axles cannot be absorbed.
This causes undue force to be brought to bear on the drive train.
TILT CAB
A truck cab that tilts forward to expose the engine for inspection and repair.
TILT METER
A meter indicating the degree of vehicle tilt to front and rear and left and right, as
determined by the movement of a weight inside the meter.
TILT STEERING WHEEL
A steering wheel whose angle can be adjusted to suit the driver’s physique and preferred
driving position.
TIME LAG
A slight delay that occurs before something takes effect or produces results.
TIME-ADJUSTABLE INTERMITTENT WIPERS
Intermittent wipers for which the time between each pass across the windshield is infinitely
variable.
TIMING BELT
A toothed belt that meshes with the teeth on a timing pulley and transmits the crankshaft
rotation to the camshaft timing pulley.
TIMING GEAR (TIMING PULLEY)
The timing gear synchronises the camshaft rotation with the piston movement to open and
close the engine valves at the proper time.
TINTED WINDSHIELD
A windshield with a tinted band at the top. Tinting helps protect passengers from the glare
of the sun.
TYRE
The tyres not only support vehicle weight, but also transmit power and braking force to the
road surface, and allow the vehicle to change direction.
TYRE CHAINS (SNOW CHAINS)
Chains that can be wrapped around the tyres to allow a vehicle to be driven on ice and snow
without slipping.
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TYRE PRESSURE
The air pressure inside a tyre.
TYRE ROTATION
To extend their life, tyres must be “rotated” (i.e., their relative positions on the vehicle must
be changed) periodically.
TYRE SIZE
Tyres come in various sizes, and provide various levels of performance.
TOE-IN
One element of wheel alignment. If the front wheels could be seen from directly overhead,
they would be seen to point slightly inward in front.
TOE-OUT
The opposite of toe-in.
TORQUE
Torque in the automotive world refers to the rotational force generated by the engine.
Greater torque gives a vehicle greater power to move forward.
TORQUE CONVERTER
A device used in conjunction with an automatic transmission, which both transmits torque
and multiplies it, via transmission fluid.
TORQUE GRAPH
The torque developed by an engine changes depending on the engine rpm; a torque graph
indicates this change.
TORQUE-SENSING LSD
A torque-sensing LSD is able to transmit greater torque than a conventional LSD and gives
greater control on curves.
TORQUE-WEIGHT RATIO
The weight of a vehicle divided by the maximum possible torque developed by its engine.
TORSION BAR SPRING
A torsion bar spring is part of the suspension. It is a spring-steel rod that uses its torsional
elasticity to return to its original state once it has been twisted.
TORSION BEAM SUSPENSION
One type of rigid-axle suspension. Torsion beam suspension uses a trailing arm connected
to a crossbeam which prevents the front-end squat that occurs during sudden braking.
TOTAL DISPLACEMENT
The displacement of one cylinder multiplied by the total number of cylinders in the engine
expressed in cubic centimetres (cc), litres, or cubic inches (cu. in.) and has a major influence
on horsepower.
TOWING HOOKS
Hooks used to attach towing cables to a vehicle.
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TOYOTA COMPUTER­CONTROLLED SYSTEM (TCCS)
A system which uses a microcomputer for general control of the engine, chassis, brakes,
and other vehicle functions.
TOYOTA ELECTRONICALLY MODULATED SUSPENSION (TEMS)
A computer-controlled system which automatically changes shock absorber firmness
and vehicle height.
TOYOTA SAFETY SENSE
A Toyota developed set of five active technologies; Pre-Collision System or Pre-Collision
System with Pedestrian Detection, Lane Departure Alert, Automatic High Beam, Road Sign
Assist, Adaptive Cruise Control. These are aimed ultimately to reduce traffic accidents as
much as possible, and helping to create a safer driving environment.
TRAC
Traction Control
TRACTION
The adhesive friction of the rotating tyres on the surface of the road.
TRACTION CONTROL SYSTEM (TRC, TRAC)
The traction control system reduces wheel spinning caused by over-revving of the engine
on icy or snowy roads, thereby enabling smoother take-offs.
TRACTIVE POWER
A measure of the weight that can be pulled with a device such as a winch.
TRAILER SWAY CONTROL (TSC)
Helps the driver to control trailer sway by selectively applying brake pressure for individual
wheels and reducing engine torque when trailer sway is detected.
TRAILING-ARM SUSPENSION
A type of independent suspension. The arm that supports each rear wheel is attached at a
support point in front of the wheel.
TRAILING TWIST-BEAM SUSPENSION
A type of rigid-axle suspension. The right and left trailing arms are connected to a twist
beam inside the axle beam.
TRANSAXLE
A transmission and differential combined into one unit; used with FF vehicles.
TRANSFER
The mechanism on 4WD vehicles that transmits power from the transmission to both the
front and rear wheels.
TRANSFER GEAR RATIO
On a 4WD vehicle, the transfer distributes power from the transmission to the front and
rear wheels.
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TRANSMISSION
A component of the drive train that receives power (in the form of rotation) from the engine
and transmits it to the drive wheels.
TRC
Traction Control helps prevent wheel slippage when the vehicle is starting or accelerating
on wet or slippery roads.
TREAD
Tread has two meanings in automotive use: 1) The distance between the centres of the left
and right tyres. 2) The layer of rubber on the surface of a tyre.
TREAD PATTERN
The pattern of grooves cut into the tyre tread.
TREAD WEAR INDICATOR
Bald Spot
TRIM
Interior Trim
TRIP METER
An odometer that can be used to record the total distance driven, or the distance between
one landmark and the next.
TRUNK LID OPENER
A switch or latch handle near the driver’s seat used to open the trunk (boot) lid from inside the car.
TSOP
Super Olefin Bumper
TUBELESS TYRE
A tyre that does not use an inner tube.
TUCK-IN
A factor in cornering performance, that causes the car to steer more sharply to the inside
of the curve than the driver would expect.
TUNE-UP
An engine must periodically be tuned up to adjust and maintain its performance.
TUNER
Equipment that receives signals (radio waves) that are broadcast by radio and
television stations.
TUNGSTEN LAMP
The type of bulb used in ordinary headlights.
TURBOCHARGER
A turbocharger is basically an air pump that is designed to utilise some of the fuel’s energy
that would otherwise be wasted in the form of exhaust gases.
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TURBO LAG
The lapse between the time the accelerator pedal is depressed and the time the
turbocharger effect is felt.
TURN SIGNAL INDICATORS
A pair of lamps on the instrument panel that flash to let the driver know that the turn
signals or hazard lamps are operating.
TURN SIGNALS (TURN SIGNAL LAMPS)
Lights at each end of the vehicle that flash to show that the driver intends to turn or change lanes.
TURNING RADIUS
The distance (r) from the centre of a turn.
TWIN-CAM ENGINE
Double Overhead Camshaft
TWIN-ENTRY TURBO
Twin-entry turbo has two passages which channels exhaust gas to the turbine wheel and
causes it to rotate.
TWIN TURBOS
Two turbochargers installed on one engine.
TWO-BARREL CARBURETOR
A carburetor with two air passages, called barrels. The two-barrel design improves fuel
economy under normal driving conditions and increases engine power at high speeds.
TWO-BOX CAR
A vehicle that can be conceptually divided into two boxes: 1) the engine compartment; and
2) the passenger compartment and cargo space. A station wagon is a good example of a
two-box car.
TWO-CYCLE ENGINE
A two-cycle engine completes one full sequence of intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust
as the piston goes up and down once (one up-stroke plus one down-stroke equals two cycles.
TWO-POINT SEATBELT (LAP BELT)
This type of seat belt is used in the rear seats of passenger cars, and in passenger vehicles
such as buses.
TWO-WAY AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION
An automatic transmission with a lock-up clutch in the torque converter. Two-way means
that engine power can be transmitted directly in this way, as well as through the torque
converter in the normal way.
TWO-WHEEL DRIVE (2WD, 2 X 4)
The most common drive configuration: two wheels (either the front or the rear wheels)
are used to move the vehicle.
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U-BOLT
A U-shaped bolt used to attach leaf springs to the axle; mainly used on trucks to join the
chassis frame to the main sills.
UNDERSTEER
Steering that tends to cause the vehicle to go wide when speeding up in a turn.
UNIBODY CONSTRUCTION (UNITISED BODY)
Monocoque is a French term for single shell which is a structural approach whereby loads
are supported through an object’s external skin, similar to an egg shell. The technique may
also be called structural skin.
UNIVERSAL JOINT
One of the joints on the propeller shaft; its purpose is to absorb changes in the angle of the
propeller shaft vis-a-vis the transmission and differential so that it can transmit power smoothly.
UNSPRUNG WEIGHT
The tyres, wheels, axles, and other weight located (functionally speaking) below the
suspension.
URETHANE BUMPER
A bumper containing urethane, a highly shock-absorbent polyurethane.
V
V6 ENGINE
V-Engine
V8 ENGINE
V-Engine
V-BELT
A belt with a V-shaped cross section. This design provides greater contact between belt and
pulley, and transmits power more reliably.
VACUUM SENSOR
A sensor that is used mainly in engines equipped with D-type EFI to detect the intake
manifold pressure (actually a vacuum).
VALVE
A device that opens and closes to control the flow of gases or liquids.
VALVE LIFTER (TAPPET)
A tubular component of the intake and exhaust valves.
VALVE SPRING
The valve springs push against the intake and exhaust valves, closing the valves. Each valve
opens and closes in response to cam movement. As the cam releases the spring, the spring
forces the valve closed.
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VAN
A vehicle in which the passenger compartment and luggage compartment are combined.
VAPOUR LOCK
A situation in which a fluid begins to boil or otherwise evaporate inside its hydraulic tubing.
VARIABLE INDUCTION SYSTEMS
Toyota presently uses two types of variable air induction systems:
1. Toyota Variable Induction System (TVIS). Passages in the intake manifold are opened or
closed by a computer in response to engine rpm, thus ensuring an efficient intake of air into
the cylinders – one which more closely matches engine condition.
2. Acoustic Control Induction System (ACIS). The effective length of the intake manifold is
increased or decreased by the opening and closing of air control valve(s) in accordance with
engine conditions.
VARIABLE VALVE TIMING (VVT)
In internal combustion engines, variable valve timing (VVT) is the process of altering the timing
of a valve lift event, and is often used to improve performance, fuel economy or emissions.
VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (VIN)
A number used to identify a vehicle in some countries. Each VIN number, given by Toyota,
consists of letters, numbers and symbols. Each VIN consists of a WMI (World Manufacturer
Identifier), VDS (Vehicle Description Section) and VIS (Vehicle Indicator Section).
VEHICLE MODEL CODE
A code used to ensure that the specifications of a vehicle match those that were requested.
VEHICLE-SPEED-RESPONSIVE AUTOMATIC DOOR LOCK
A system which ensures the automatic locking of all doors when the vehicle speed exceeds
a certain speed (e.g., 20 km/h).
VEHICLE-SPEED-SENSING POWER STEERING
A type of power steering which changes the amount of steering assist in response to
vehicle speed.
V-ENGINE
An engine whose cylinder block is arranged in two banks, forming a V shape.
VENTILATED DISC BRAKES
Disc brakes that have a greater ability to dissipate heat than ordinary solid disc brakes.
VENTILATOR
A device that brings fresh air into the vehicle and expels stale air.
VENTURI
Narrow air passages in the carburetor. The strong suction generated by the venturi causes
fuel to be drawn down into the barrel of the carburetor, where it mixes with the air.
VERTICAL SEAT ADJUSTER
A seat adjuster that is used to adjust the driver’s seat to a comfortable height for driving.
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VIBRATION-DAMPING SHEET STEEL
Sheet steel that is used in the vehicle body to damp (reduce) vibration.
VIN
Vehicle Identification Number
VISCOUS COUPLING
A device that couples two components together via oil rather than mechanically.
VISCOUS LSD
When a wheel on one side of a vehicle starts spinning, the viscous LSD (Limited­Slip
Differential) uses a viscous coupling to send power to the wheel on the opposite side.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
Regulator
VSC
Vehicle Stability Control is a system that helps prevent side skids and helps stabilise the
vehicle while turning on a curve.
VVT
Variable Valve Timing
W
WAGON
Station Wagon
WALK-THROUGH VAN
A van with a high ceiling so the driver can walk from the driver’s seat to the rear area. This
means that the driver does not need to get out of the vehicle to go to the rear of the vehicle.
WANKEL ENGINE
Rotary Engine
WARM-UP
Running a cold engine at idle speed until it is warm enough to run normally.
WARNING LAMPS
Lamps, such as the low-fuel warning lamp, that are located on the instrument panel, and provide
the driver with information necessary for driving, or problems with the engine, brakes, oil, etc.
WASHER FLUID
Liquid used by the window washer to clean the windshield.
WASHER MOTOR
A small motor that pumps washer fluid to the washer nozzle. The washer motor is installed
at the bottom of the washer fluid tank.
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WASHER NOZZLE
A nozzle from which washer fluid is sprayed.
WASTE GATE VALVE
To prevent engine breakdown due to excessive boost pressure generated by the
turbocharger, this regulator valve prevents the pressure from rising above a specific setting.
WATER JACKET
The water jacket runs inside the cylinder block and cylinder head. The water pump sends
coolant from the radiator to the water jacket to cool the engine, after which the coolant
flows back to the radiator.
WATER PUMP
A pump that circulates engine coolant. The water pump is installed at the front of the engine
block and is operated by the engine.
WATER TEMPERATURE GAUGE
A gauge showing the engine coolant temperature when the ignition switch is on.
WAX
Applying wax to the vehicle body protects the body, increases the luster of the paint, and
prevents dirt from sticking to the body.
WEAR INDICATOR
Bald Spot
WEATHER STRIPPING
Rubber strips installed around the doors, trunk, and windows, to keep out dust, water, and
noise.
WEDGE SHAPE
A vehicle design with a low nose and a raised rear.
WET MULTIPLE-DISC CLUTCH
A clutch that is used in place of a centre differential in some 4WD vehicles; also, a type of
clutch used in automatic transmissions.
WHEEL
Disc Wheel
WHEEL ALIGNMENT
The angle of installation of the wheels relative to the ground and the suspension. Wheel
alignment affects stability and controllability, and also affects tyre wear. The various
alignment angles are called camber, caster, toe-in, and toe-out.
WHEEL BALANCE
There are two types of wheel balance commonly used: static and dynamic.
WHEEL BALANCING
The process of wheel balancing includes lead weights being attached at various places on
the wheel rim to achieve the proper wheel balance.
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WHEEL BASE
The distance between the front and rear axles.
WHEEL CYLINDER
One of the parts of a drum brake. Depressing the brake pedal causes hydraulic pressure to
act on the wheel cylinder of each wheel. The wheel cylinder then forces the brake shoes
against the brake drum.
WHEEL HOUSING
A cavity inside the body that houses a wheel. The front wheel housing must be large enough
to provide room for the wheels to turn to the right and left.
WHEEL OFFSET
Wheel offset is the distance from the installation surface of the wheel to an imaginary line
that runs down the centre of the wheel rim.
WHITE SMOKE
White smoke comes out of the tailpipe of every kind of vehicle on occasion, but it is
especially seen in vehicles with diesel engines. This smoke indicates poor combustion and
that unburned fuel remains in the exhaust.
WIDE TYRE
Extra width of tyre.
WINCH
A device that moves or pulls objects by winding up a cable.
WIND DEFLECTORS
Wind deflectors change the direction of wind flow around the vehicle.
WIND NOISE
An unpleasant noise that is created when travelling at high speeds by components such as
door mirrors that protrude from the body of the vehicle and disturb the flow of air around
the body.
WINDOW REGULATOR
A mechanism used for opening and closing a car window. It is often hand-cranked, but is
also available with an electric motor.
WINDSCREEN
Windshield
WINDSHIELD
The front window of a vehicle. Windshield Glass.
WINDSHIELD GLASS
The types of safety glass used for vehicles include laminated glass, tempered glass, and
zone-tempered glass.
WINDSHIELD WIPERS
Rubber blades that clear rainwater and dirt from the windshield to maintain the driver’s
field of vision.
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WINDSHIELD WIPERS WITH WASHER
Pressing the washer on switch will activate the washer motor. This causes the wipers to
spray washer fluid onto the windshield, then make two or three passes to clean it.
WING
Fender
WIPER ARM
The rod that connects the wiper blade to the wiper motor via a linkage.
WIPER BLADE
A rubber blade which wipes the windshield. It fits into a metal holder on the windshield
wiper, and is curved to follow the curvature of the windshield.
WIPER DE-ICER
A heated wire imbedded in the bottom of the windshield. This wire heats the windshield to
prevent the wiper blades from freezing to the windshield.
WIPER LINK
A linkage which converts the rotation of the wiper motor to the back-and-forth movement
of the wiper blades.
Y
Y-FRAME
The ends of this type of frame are shaped like the letter Y. In a collision, the Y shapes absorb
shock, to reduce the impact applied to passengers.
YAW
Oscillation of the vehicle body to the left or right, especially while turning.
Z
ZERO-TO-FOUR ACCELERATION
Zero-to-four means acceleration from a standing stop (zero) to 400 metres (four), with the
resulting time being given in seconds.
ZONE-TEMPERED GLASS
Tempering strengthens glass by preventing cracks from spreading and thus maintaining the
driver’s field of vision.
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