1. A _________ links groups of organisms by
showing how evolutionary lines , or lineages,
branched off from common ancestors.
cladogram
1. A natural phenomenon that maintains
Earth's temperature range is ______
_______.
greenhouse effect
1. Any heritable characteristic that increases an
organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its
environment is called an ____________.
adaptation
1. A scientist discovered that in all humans there are
equal percentages of A and T as well as G and C in
the molecule of DNA. This is referred to a
_______________ rule.
Chargaff's rules
1. Cases where one allele is not completely
dominant over another but there is blending
is called __________ ____________.
incomplete dominance
1. Compare and contrast food chains
and food webs.
FOOD CHAINS FOLLOW A SINGLE PATH AS ANIMALS EAT
EACH OTHER
FOOD WEBS SHOW HOW PLANTS & ANIMALS ARE
INTERCONNECTED BY DIFFERENT PATHS
1. Define differentiation.
The process by which cells or parts of an
organism change during development to
serve a specific function.
1. Describe a disorder caused by an
individual gene.
(sickle cell, cystic fibrosis, etc)
1. Draw and label the chloroplast
organelle.
1. Draw a polar water molecule and
show the charges.
...
1. During synapsis, when duplicated, homologous
chromosomes (4 chromatids) are attached and
exchange alleles, what is happening? _________
__________
1. Earth's 2nd atmosphere was primarily
composed of what 3 gases?
1. Explain how the mountain ranges and
ocean currents have an effect on
regional climates.
1. GM crops produce _______ food per plant than
unmodified crops in the ________ amount of
acreage.(less/more, different/same)
Crossing over
Water vapor, carbon dioxide and
nitrogen
M ountains:
As moist
ocean air rises ov er the upwind
side of coastal mountains, it
condenses, cools, and drops
precipitation. As the air sinks
on the downwind side of the
mountain, it expands, warms,
and absorbs moisture.
Ocean Currents:
Cold ocean currents that flow from north to south hav e the effect of
making summers in the region cool relativ e to other places at the same
latitude
more, same
1. Hox genes determine an animals _____
____.
body plan
1. If the ground beneath the ocean
water is being discussed, the word
________ describes it best.
benthos
1. If there is a "natural library" of genetic biodiversity,
and humans use libraries to research things, what
can humans do with genetic information about
species?
contributions to medicine, agriculture,
goods and services
1. List characteristics of living things.
1. made of cells
2. use energy
3. grow and develop
4. reproduce
5. respond to environment
1. List the 3 aspects of the cell theory.
1. all living things are made of cells
2. cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all
living things
3. new cells are produced from existing cells
1. Many organic (come from living
things) molecules that are extremely
large are called ______________
macromolecules
1. Most fossils are found in what type of
rock?
1.One goal of scientists is to assign every
organism a universally accepted name
according to the system known as ____ ____
Sedimentary rocks (small particles of
sand, silt, and clay)
binomial nomenclature
1. Osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated
diffusion are all passive transport. Why
are they passive transport?
do not require ATP
1. Population numbers and how they are
arranged (randomly, uniformly, clumped) are
referred to as population density and _______
distribution
1. Relatively constant internal physical and chemical
conditions maintained as organisms grow, respond to
the environment, transform energy, and reproduce is
referred to as_____?
homeostasis
1. The biological influences on an
organism are called______________
biotic factors
1. The branch of biology that deals with
interactions among organisms and their
environment is_______________.
ecology
1. The central dogma of biology:
_________to________to_______
DNA to RNA to proteins
1. The frequency for phenotypes for a
typical polygenic trait is most often
illustrated as a ______ ________ curve.
bell-shaped
1. The Galapagos Finch species are an
excellent example of speciation or
stabilizing selection. (choose one)
speciation
1. The practice of clearing large areas of land
to plant a single highly productive crop year
after year is called_____________.
Monoculture
1. The process of change over time is
termed ________________.
evolution
1. The scientific study of human
populations is called ___________.
demography
1. The situation in which allele
frequencies in the gene pool of a
population remain constant is called?
Genetic equilibrium
1. The term used to describe when the harmless
form of bacteria has be changed into another
disease-causing form is___________?
transformation
1. The variable of an experiment that is deliberately
changed is called the Independent (manipulated)
variable. What is the name of the variable that responds
to the independent variable? __________________
dependent variable
1. Was the knowledge about the
structure of DNA a factor in Darwin's
Theory of Evolution?
no
1. What are heritable changes in genetic
information called?
mutations
1. What are the main 3 atomic particles?
protons, neutrons, electrons
1. What are the primary producers on
land and water?
plants and algae
1. What are the problems a cell faces as
it grows larger?
More demands on DNA, obtaining food,
expelling wastes.
1. What are the two main types of
fermentation?
Alcoholic and lactic acid
1. What can be used to cut DNA so that
it can be studied?​2. How does gel
electrophoresis work?
Restriction enzymes
1. What does heterozygous mean?
The genetics term heterozygous refers to a
pair of genes where one is dominant and one
is recessive — they're different
1. What is a good argument against GM
crops?
Patents held by big companies could
increase prices
1. What is found both in RNA and DNA?
Phosphate group, guanine and cytosine
1. What is in the air that combines with
water to form acid rain?
__________&___________
nitrogen and sulfur
1. What is one of the most important
compounds that cells use to store and
release energy?
atp
1. What is the electron donator in the
light reaction?
water
1. What is the organelle that releases the
energy in organic molecules to molecules with
a convenient energy(ATP) for cells to use?
mitochondria
1. What is the process or the series of more-or-less
predictable changes that occur in a community over
time, that occurs in an ecosystem after a
disturbance?
ecological succession
1. What is the scientific study of heredity
called?
genetics
1. What is the term of the part of a chemical
reaction that lowers the activation energy of a
chemical reaction?_____________
catalysist
1. What is the total area of functioning land and water
ecosystems needed both to provide the resources an
individual or population uses and to absorb and make
harmless the wastes produced?
1. What is the unit of measures that takes in to
consideration the energy needed to raise the
temperature of one gram of water one degree
Celsius?
ecological footprint
calorie
1. When dealing with ecological
populations, a limiting factors controls
population _________
growth
1. When during the cell cycle are
chromosomes visible?
Only during cell division
1. Where are regulatory proteins
located?
Both inside and outside of cell
1. Where does the Krebs cycle (citric
acid cycle) take place?
mitochondria
1. Which of the following include the
other 3? Hybridization, inbreeding,
selective breeding, induced mutations
mutations selective breeding
1. Who is James Hutton and how did he
influence Darwin?
Charles Lyell was one of the most influential Geologists in history. His
theory of Uniformitarianism was a great influence on Charles Darwin. Lyell
theorized that geologic processes that were around at the beginning of
time were the same ones that were happening in the current time as well
and they worked the same way.
1. Why is inserting plasmids into yeast
more complex than inserting it into
bacteria?
Yeasts are eukaryotes
1. Write the general equation for
photosynthesis and cell respiration.
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 +
6O2
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
2. Aboard the Beagle in 1831, Charles Darwin made
many observations and noticed 3 distinctive
patterns of biological diversity. What were they?
Darwin noticed that different, yet ecologically similar, animal species inhabited separated, but
ecologically similar, habitats around the globe.
Darwin noticed that different, yet related, animal species often occupied different habitats
within a local area.
Darwin noticed that some fossils of extinct animals were similar to living species.
2. After Precambrian Time, the basic
divisions of the geologic time scale, from
largest to smallest, are:
2. After the Bubonic plague the human population
increased slightly and then leveled off. Human
populations experienced exponential growth just after
the ______ _____
eons, eras, periods, epoch
Industrial Revolution
2. A multicellular organism's cells have many differences
in cell shape, size and components. This is
specialization. This allows cells to ___________ different
functions.
perform
2. An algal bloom, or a dramatic increase in
algae and other primary producers is caused
by a sudden increase in a _________nutrient.
limiting
2. A particular preference or point of
view that is personal, rather than
scientific is a _______
bias, opinion
2. Birth and immigration cause
population growth. Death and _________
cause population decreases.
emigration
2. Draw the compound (answer to #1).
2. Draw the phases of the cell cycle. (not
mitosis only but the entire cell cycle)
2. Explain a specific type of soil erosion.
2. Explain reproductive isolation.
desertification: loss of topsoil (dust bowl)
the conditions, as physiological or behavioral
differences or geographical barriers, that prevent
potentially interbreeding populations from crossfertilization.
2. Explain what a renewable resource is
and give an example.
A renewable resource can be produced or replaced by
a healthy ecosystem. A single southern white pine is an
example of a renewable resource because a new tree
can grow in place of an old tree that dies or is cut down.
2. Fitness is how well an organism can
survive and ________ in its environment.
reproduce
2. Five conditions required to maintain
genetic equilibrium are.....
no immigration or emigration
2. How do they obtain energy to make
food?
photosynthesis
2. If chicken DNA has cytosine at 21.5%
the guanine should be_____%.
21.5
2. List and give an example of the
principles of ecological problem solving.
recognize a problem
research the cause
change behavior
2. List the 8 stages of meiosis in order.
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I
Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase
II, (PMAT x 2)
2. Name the very important pioneer
species.
lichen
2. Octopi live in the ocean. Is a drought
or is competition for food more likely to
be a limiting factor.
competition for food
2. Physical components of an ecosystem
are called__________________
abiotic factors
2. Put the following in order from on
land to the middle of the ocean. coastal
ocean, intertidal zone, open ocean
intertidal zone, coastal ocean, open
ocean
2. Put the symbols in the correct order. +
, products, reactants,
reactants + reactants = products
2. The ______ _______ consists of all the genes,
including all the different alleles for each gene
present in a population.
gene pool
2. The endosymbiotic theory was proposed
because mitochondria, chloroplasts, and freeliving prokaryotes have ________ cell membranes.
their own
2. The tendency for warm air to rise and
cool air to sink results in _______ _________.
global wind patterns
2. Two or more elements joined together
in definite amounts is a _________
compound
2. What are stem cells?
an undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism that
is capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the
same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell
arise by differentiation.
2. What are the four main types of
organic molecules?
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic
acids
2. What are two ways in which cells are
specialized?
some are specialized for movement,
others react to environment
2. What did Griffith and Avery's
experiments with transformation show?
1928, British scientist, tried to figure out how bacteria made people sick. Wanted to
learn how certain types of bacteria produce serious lung disease known as
pneumonia. He isolated two slightly different strains, or types, of pneumonia bacteria
from mice. Only one caused pneumonia. The disease causing strain grew into
smooth colonies on culture plates where the harmless strain produced colonies with
rough edges. The differences in appearance made the two strains easy to distinguish.
2. What does mRNA do?, tRNA do?, rRNA
do?
mRNA: takes the genetic code from the
nucleus to other parts of the cell
2. What is an advantage of using
transgenic bacteria to produce human
proteins?
To produce human proteins in large
amounts
2. What is an ecological hotspot?
significant number of species in danger
of extinction
2. What is a tropical rain forest?
Near equator, at least 2 meters rain per
year
2. What is Biogeography?
the branch of biology that deals with the
geographical distribution of plants and
animals.
2. What is the name of the molecule that is
responsible for joining individual nucleotides
to produce new strands of DNA? ___________
DNA polymerase
2. What is the name of the regulatory
protein that stimulates the growth and
division of cells?
Growth factors
2. What is the process that releases
energy from food in the presence of
oxygen?
cellular respiration
2. What is the production of genetically
identical offspring from a single parent
type of reproduction called?
Asexual reproduction
2. What is the situation where
phenotypes produced by both alleles for
a gene are expressed?
codominance
2. What makes diffusion, osmosis, and
facilitated diffusion different from one
another?
Diffusion is high to low concentration, osmosis is
diffusion with water, facilitated diffusion happen
with larger molecules pass through protein channels
2. What molecule rotates as hydrogen moves along
its concentration gradient outward into the stroma
and the energy produced is used to phosphorylate
ADP to ATP?
ATP synthase
2. What organelle makes proteins? What
organelle then modifies, sorts, and
packages them?
ribosomes, Golgi apparatus
2. What type of cell lacks a membrane bound
nucleus, doesn't have organelles(except
ribosomes), and are very small.
prokaryotes (bacteria)
2. When a mixture of two or more substances
are together in a liquid and evenly spread out
and mixed, the liquid is said to be a_________
solution
2. Where does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm
2 Where does photosynthesis take
place?
chloroplasts
2. Where does replication and
transcription take place?
In the nucleus
2. Where does the light reaction take
place?
Thylakoid
2. Who is Charles Lyell and how did he
influence Darwin?
James Hutton was another very famous Geologist that influenced Charles Darwin. In
fact, many of Charles Lyell's ideas were actually first put forth by James Hutton.
Hutton was the first to publish the idea that the same processes that formed the Earth
at the very beginning were the same that were happening in the present day. These
"ancient" processes changed the Earth, but the mechanism never changed.
2. Why are decomposers and
detritivores so important in food webs?
They recycle organic material
2. Why might scientist place a genetically
engineered virus, for normal human hemoglobin
production, into a human's bone marrow?
To treat a genetic disease
3. According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, individuals
who survive are the ones best adapted for their environment.
Their survival is due to the possession of inherited adaptations
that maximize __________.
fitness
3. A group of genes that are regulated
together is called an ________.
operon
3. An area where fresh water river
meets the ocean water is called an
________
estuary
3. A specific characteristic such as seed
color is called a__________?
phenotype
3. A tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant
(tt). If the tall F1 pea plants are allowed to selfpollinate, what will the F2 generation look like?
3. Attraction between molecules of the
same substance is __________
3. A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range
of observations and hypotheses and that enables
scientists to make accurate predictions is known as a
_________________
3. Compare and contrast the terms;
homologous structure, analogous
structure
The offspring will be tall or short
cohesion
scientific theory
Homologous structures are those which may have same or
different functions, but have same origin(evolutionary origin, i.e.
shared ancestry) and structure. In contrast analogous structures
are structures having different origin and structure but usually
have same functions.
3.Describe the components of the water
cycle or nutrient cycles.
3. Explain a nonrenewable resource and
give an example.
3. Explain the difference between
density-dependent and densityindependent limiting factors.
Natural processes cannot replenish them within a reasonable amount of
time. Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are nonrenewable resources
formed from buried organic materials over millions of years. When existing
deposits are depleted, they are
essentially gone forever.
Density-dependent limiting factors operate strongly only when
population density—the number of organisms per unit area—
reaches a certain level
Density-independent limiting factors affect all populations in
similar ways, regardless of population size and density.
3. Explain what the words autotroph and
heterotroph mean.
autotroph: make their own food
heterotroph: obtain food from other
organisms
3. Give the three examples given in the
text of reproductive isolation.
Geographic isolation
Behavioral isolation
Temporal isolation
3. How many gametes are produced in
meiosis?
4
3. If a pollutant is taken into an organism, not
broken down, eaten by the next trophic level,
and this cycle is repeated, what has occurred?
biological magnification
3. In what order did the discoveries occur? :
Franklin's X-rays, Watson & Cricks double helix,
Chargaff's ratio of nucleotide %
(1)Chargaff's ratio of nucleotide %,
(2)Franklin's X-rays, (3)Watson & Cricks
double helix
3. Ionic bonds occur when 1 or more electrons are
transferred from one atom to another, what is the
bond called when electon(s) are shared? ___________
covalent
3. List the levels of organization within
multicellular living things.
Cell, tissue, organ, organ system
3. List the organization of ecology from
smallest to largest.
organism, population, community,
ecosystem, biosphere
3. The A,B,O blood type in humans, where there
are 3 possibilities for the available 2 alleles of a
gene, is what type of inheritance pattern?
multiple alleles
3. The process in which segments of
DNA are used to produce mRNA is
called___________?
transcription
3. The reactants combined with the
enzymes are called _____________
enzyme substrate complex
3. The way in which organisms keep
everything inside their bodies constant and
within certain limits is called______________
3. Tonicity refers to the strength of the solute in a
solution compared with the strength of solute in
solution on the other side of a membrane. What would a
hypotonic solution be?
homeostasis
Lower solute concentration from the cell
3. What 3 things of a population will
help predict the rate of growth within a
country?
Birthrates, death rates, and
the age structure
3.What are 3 threats to biodiversity?
altered habitats, hunting, introduced
species, pollution
3. What are organisms that obtain food
by consuming other organisms?
heterotrophs
3. What are pathways of respiration that
require and does not require oxygen,
respectively?
cellular respiration, fermentation
3. What are the electron carriers of cell
respiration?
NAD+
3. What are the main steps of the
polymerase chain reaction?
3. What cells are larger cells, have membrane bound
nuclei, have organelles, and are usually either highly
specialized, single-celled organisms or are part of a
multicellular organism?
Denature DNA. The DNA is heated to 95° C. ...
Primer Annealing. The mixture is cooled to anywhere from 45-72° C. ...
Extension. The reaction is then heated to 72° C, the optimal temperature
for DNA polymerase to act. ...
Go to Step 1.
euakryotes
3. What is an allele frequency?
the number of times an allele occurs in a gene
pool, compared to the total number of alleles
in that pool for the same gene
3. What is a nondisjunction?
the failure of one or more pairs of
homologous chromosomes or sister
chromatids to separate
3. What is a tundra?
The tundra is characterized by permafrost, a
layer
of permanently frozen subsoil, long cold winters
3. What is DNA fingerprinting?
DNA fingerprinting is a test to identify and
evaluate the genetic information-called DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid)-in a person's cells.
3. What is genetic drift?
random change in allele frequencies
that occurs in small populations
3. What is the percent of energy
available within one trophic level when
transferred to the next?
Only 10% is transferred to the next
tropic level
3. What is the process of programmed
cell death called?
apoptosis
3. What is the term for a virus that
infects bacteria____________?
bacteriophage
3. What kind of clade is most likely to
survive a series of catastrophic events
over time?
A clade with many distinctly related and
diverse species
3. What kind of growth shows up as an
s-shaped curve on a graph?
logistic growth
3. What percent of human sperm cells
carry an X chromosome?
50%
3. What type of reproduction involves
the fusion of two separate parent cells?
Sexual reproduction
3. When a community has returned to "normal"
and there is once again diversity the community
is said to be a ______ community.
climax
3. When DNA is replicated, each new
strand is composed of one ______ and
one ______ strand.
new, old
3. Where are the organelles from #2
made?
...
3. Where does cellular respiration take
place?
mitochodrion
3. Where does the light-independent
reaction take place?
Stroma
3. Where does translation take place?
In the cytoplasm
3. Which piece of DNA would move
fastest in gel electrophoresis, a piece
that is 100 or 5000 base pairs long?
100 pairs long
3. Who is Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and
how did he influence Darwin?
Who is James Hutton and how did he
influence Darwin?
3. Why are the Galapagos Islands
important in the study of evolution?
These islands are close to one another,
yet they have different ecological
conditions.
3. Why does even a well-conditioned
athlete have to pace themselves for
athletic events that last several hours?
Cellular respiration releases energy
more slowly than fermentation
3. Why is an organisms niche like a
person's occupation?
an organism can "make a living" and
survive in its niche
4. Are mutations good or bad?
4. Compare and contrast decomposers
and detritivores.
both
1."Decomposer" is a general term while detritiv ores are one of the classifications of decomposers.
2.Decomposers break down the dead organisms through decomposition while the detritiv ores consume the decay ing
organisms.
3.M ost decomposers are in the forms of bacteria or fungus whereas the detritiv ores come in different forms, namely ;
worms, millipedes, woodlice, dung flies, and slugs in the terrestrial aspect.
4. Define the word niche.
The ecological niche describes how an
organism or population responds to the
distribution of resources and competitors
4. Describe one type of bulk transfer
across a cell membrane.
Endocytosis: (engulfed by cell)
4. Draw a bell-shaped curve. Now draw in the
stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection
curves using a different color for each (name and
line).
4. Draw and label the DNA molecule.
4. Draw and label the mitochondrion
4. Draw a nitrogen atom. Show charges and
label locations. The atomic # for nitrogen is 7
and the mass number is 14.
4. Draw the pH scale.
4. Explain DNA's role in the cell.
carry genetic material
4. Explain the principle of common
descent.
4. Explain the Principle of Independent
Assortment.
In evolutionary biology, a group of
organisms share common descent if
they have a common ancestor.
The Principle of Independent Assortment describes
how different genes independently separate from
one another when reproductive cells develop.
4. Give an example of coevolution.
Evolution of flowers along with their
pollinating insects
4. How do scientists study ecology?
by looking at the biotic and abiotic fators
in an ecosytem
4. How might cells communicate with
one another?
Cellular chemical signals and receptors
4. Is polyploidy good in plant? Animals?
Give examples of both.
yes, bananas, triploid trout
4. List the steps of Galapagos Finches
speciation.
1. Either by means of a storm blowing them off course or a confusion in direction, species M arriv ed on one of the
Galapagos Islands, where they surv iv ed and reproduced. Allele frequencies could'v e differed from the frequencies in the
original South American population.
2. A combination of the founder effect, geographic isolation, and natural species enabled the island population to ev olv e
into a new species -- species A. A few of these birds crossed ov er to another island.
3. Populations acculturated to the local env ironments of their respected islands.
4. The birds began to dev elop different tongues, causing them to choose mates carefully .
4. List the types of microscopes mentioned in
this section and describe one of them. Are the
colorful images of ESM true to life?
4. List why are wetlands are important.
4. Long chains of ______ ______ make up
protein molecules.
5. As these two new species liv e together on the first island, they compete for seeds; during dry season, birds that are
most different from each other hav e the highest fitness.
light microscope, transmission and
scanning electron microscopes
no, false color is added by a computer
Estuaries serve as spawning and nursery
grounds for many ecologically and commercially
important fish and shellfish
species
amino acids
4. Traits that are controlled by 2 or more
genes exhibit what kind of inheritance
pattern?
multiple genes
4. What abiotic factors are discussed in
this chapter?
soil, water, air
4. What are organisms that obtain food
by making their own?
autotrophs
4. What are some ways to preserve
biodiversity?
protect species, habitats and ecosystems
4. What are structures that are inherited from
ancestors but have lost much or all of their original
function due to different selection pressures acting
on the descendant?
vestigial organs
4. What are the 4 phases of mitosis in
the order in which they occur?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase
(PMAT)
4. What are the light absorbing molecules that
plant have in chloroplasts that are involved in
photosynthesis?
chlorophyll
4. What are the two components of the
cytoskeleton and what is their function?
micro-filaments: movement
micro-tubules: shape and cell division
4. What are transcription factors?
a transcription factor (sometimes called a
sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a
protein that binds to specific DNA sequences
4. What do age structure diagrams help
us to see?
age-structure diagrams allow scientists to determine
if the number of individuals likely to have children
will increase or decrease in the future
4. What do ecological pyramids show?
An ecological pyramid (also trophic pyramid, eltonian pyramid,
energy pyramid, or sometimes food pyramid) is a graphical
representation designed to show the biomass or bio productivity
at each trophic level in an ecosystem
4. What does exponential growth look
like on a graph?
J shaped graph
4. What does the formation of a Barr
body inactivate?
One whole X in a female cell
4. What does the ratio of surface area to
volume have to do with cell growth and
division?
cell need a large surface area to volume
ratio (it is good to be small)
4. What is temperate woodland?
Temperate forests are mostly made up of deciduous and
evergreen coniferous (koh nif ur us) trees. Cold to
moderate winters; warm summers; year round
precipitation; fertile soils
4. What is the cause of cancer?
Uncontrolled cell division
4. What is the joining of 2 or more
sources of DNA into new DNA called?
Recombinant DNA
4. What organisms do photosynthesis?
Cell respiration?
plants, animals
4. What provides for human needs while
preserving the ecosystems that produce
natural resources?
sustainable development
4. What was the Human Genome
Project?
The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international scientific
research project with the goal of determining the sequence of
chemical base pairs which make up human DNA, and of
identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome
4. When a farmer breeds only the best
plant or animal on the farm, this is the
process of _________ __________.
artificial selection.
4. Which reaction takes in NADPH2 , ATP,
CO2, and gives off sugars?
Calvin cycle
Phylogenetic systematics-
Grouping organisms to show similarities
and differences.
Taxonomic systematics-
grouping organisms to reflect
evolutionary descent.