Chapter 18: The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity
Name ________________________ Period _________
Chapter 18: The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity
Guided Reading Activities
Big idea: Animal evolution and diversity
Answer the following questions as you read modules 18.1–18.4:
1. The eating of food by animals is known as ____________.
2. Briefly contrast how fungi get their nutrients with how a human does.
3. You discover a new organism at a research station outside Acadia National Park. You observe
that the organism produces haploid gametes by way of mitosis. Is this new organism an animal? Briefly explain your answer either way.
4. What is meant when scientists refer to the Cambrian explosion?
5. True or false: Vertebrates largely outnumber invertebrates. If false, make it a correct statement.
6. In Greek, protos means “first,” deuteron means “second,” and stoma means “mouth.” Use this
information to explain why the terms protostome and deuterostome are accurate descriptors.
7. Complete the following table, which compares radial symmetry to bilateral symmetry.
Bilateral symmetry
Radial symmetry
Description
Example of an organism that
displays this type of symmetry
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Chapter 18: The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity
8. Assume that you are studying a group of organisms with true tissues. Which of the types of
organisms in Figure 18.4 on page 369 of your textbook would be considered the outgroup?
9. At which branch point did humans (chordates) diverge from cnidarians? (Hint: Identify the
derived character.)
10. Which of the following types of animals does not have radial symmetry?
a.Molluscs
b.Arthropods
c.Nematodes
d. All of the above have radial symmetry.
Big idea: Invertebrate diversity
Answer the following questions as you read modules 18.5–18.16:
1. True or false: The cells of sponges are only loosely associated with each other, which is why
they are not considered true tissues. If false, make it a correct statement.
2. The ____________ are the cells of sponges that closely resemble the choanoflagellates.
3. Your bath sponge contains what protein secreted by amoebocytes?
4. Cnidarians are characterized by ____________ and ____________.
5. Compare the two body forms associated with the radial cnidarians.
6. List two similarities that flatworms have with us when comparing body plans. List a difference.
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Chapter 18: The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity
7. Complete the following table, which compares the different types of flatworms.
Free-living flatworms
Flukes
Tapeworms
Description
8. Explain the advantages of having a complete digestive tract.
9. Nematodes and humans both have ____________ symmetry.
10. Which of the following is involved in a snail moving through your garden?
a.Mantle
b.Foot
c. Visceral mass
d.Radula
11. Complete the following table, which compares the three major groups of molluscs.
Gastropods
Bivalves
Cephalopods
Description
Example
12. True or false: Annelids are lophotrochozoans that display body segmentation. If false, make it
a correct statement.
13. Briefly compare open circulatory systems with closed circulatory systems.
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Chapter 18: The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity
14. Complete the following table, which describes the three major groups of annelids.
Earthworms
Polychaetes
Leeches
Description
Example
15. Arthropods are an extremely successful group of animals in terms of population, diversity,
and distribution. In general, what three features are attributed to that success?
16. Complete the following table, which compares three of the four major groups of arthropods.
Chelicerates
Millipedes and centipedes Crustaceans
Description
Example
17. What features about the reproduction of many insects allow them to adapt to their environment quickly?
18. An insect has a mutation occur in a homeotic gene in the abdomen segment. Briefly explain
why this is not necessarily bad for the other segments.
19. Insects are the only invertebrates that can fly. However, their wings do not develop from any of
the legs; rather they develop from the ____________.
20. What experimental evidence led scientists to believe what accounts for the great diversity
­associated with arthropods?
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21. True or false: Echinoderms display radial symmetry as an adult, but they display bilateral
symmetry in their larval stage. If false, make it a correct statement.
22. What is the function of the water vascular system that is unique to echinoderms?
23. The four distinguishing features of the phylum Chordata include:
24. True or false: According to molecular evidence, lancelets are the closest nonvertebrate relative
of vertebrates. If false, make it a correct statement.
25. List three services provided for us by invertebrates and the way in which each one is threatened
by human activities.
Connecting the Big Ideas
Use your knowledge of the information contained within this chapter’s “Big Ideas” to answer this
question.
How do the skeletons of chordates compare to echinoderms?
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