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Unit 7: 1900-1920
Standard 5
2
USHC- 5.1
Analyze the development of American expansionism, including the change from
isolationism to intervention and the rationales for imperialism based on Social
Darwinism, expanding capitalism, and domestic tensions.
3
IMPERIALISM
1867-1914
4
“ISOLATIONISM”
5
Washington’s Farewell Address
―It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign
world…‖
6
Jefferson’s Inaugural Address
―Peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none…‖
7
Growth of Imperialism
 Under imperialism, stronger nations attempted to create empires by dominating weaker
nations.
 The late 1800s marked the peak of European imperialism, with much of Africa and Asia
under foreign domination.
8
American expansionism
 American expansionism changed in the late 19th century.
 The expansionism of the late 19th century was designed to secure markets and reach
beyond contiguous territory.
 Seward’s Folly
• The purchase of Alaska in the 1867
• It will not become a state until the 1950’s
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Alaska
Purchase
10
Seward’s Folly
Public
Opinion:
WHY???
11
Growth of Imperialism
1. Economic factors: The growth of industry increased the need for natural resources.
2. Nationalistic factors: Competition among European nations for larger empires was the
result of a rise in nationalism.
3. Military factors: Europe had better armies than Africa and Asia, and it needed bases
around the world to refuel and supply navy ships.
4. Humanitarian factors: Europeans believed that they had a duty to spread the blessings
of western civilizations to other countries.
12
Shift from isolationism to intervention
 The United States moved from isolationism to intervention because of a need for:
• raw materials
• new markets for products
• expanding capitalism
 With the close of the United States frontier in 1890, there was a strong need both
economically and emotionally to find new areas to meet the need for expansion.
 Depression, strikes and farmer unrest demonstrated some of the domestic tensions that
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4. Humanitarian factors: Europeans believed that they had a duty to spread the blessings
of western civilizations to other countries.
12
Shift from isolationism to intervention
 The United States moved from isolationism to intervention because of a need for:
• raw materials
• new markets for products
• expanding capitalism
 With the close of the United States frontier in 1890, there was a strong need both
economically and emotionally to find new areas to meet the need for expansion.
 Depression, strikes and farmer unrest demonstrated some of the domestic tensions that
were prevalent in the 1890’s.
13
Shift from isolationism to intervention
 Social Darwinism also influenced American expansionism in the late 19th century by
fostering the idea that Americans were superior to other cultures.
 This new expansionism led the US to spread American ideas, religious beliefs and
capitalism to other nations but also initiated foreign resentment of American interference.
14
ISOLATIONISM vs. INTERVENTIONISM
15
US emergence as a World Power
 The United States initiated their status as a world power with their involvement in the
Spanish-American War.
16
USHC- 5.2
Explain the influence of the Spanish-American War on the emergence of the
United States as a world power, including the role of yellow journalism in the
American declaration of war against Spain, United States interests and expansion
in the South Pacific, and the debate between pro- and anti-imperialists over
annexation of the Philippines.
17
Spanish American War
18
Reasons for the US to declare war on Spain.
1.Pressures from domestic tensions at home and expanding capitalism pushed Americans to
find new markets.
2.The humanitarian desire to support the rights of Cubans against an oppressive Spanish
regime
3.The push for increased naval power
4.Yellow journalism
5.the explosion of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana’s Harbor
6.the publication of the DeLome letter
 President McKinley asked Congress for a declaration of war in response to all of these
pressures.
19
Yellow Journalism
20
Teller Amendment
 In April 1898 Senator Henry M. Teller (Colorado) proposed an amendment to the U.S.
declaration of war against Spain.
• The United States would not establish permanent control over Cuba but leave in the
hands of the people.
• It stated that the US "hereby disclaims any disposition of intention to exercise
sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said island except for pacification thereof,
and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government
and control of the island to its people."
21
“A Splendid Little War”
 May 1, 1898: The United States launched a surprise attack on Manila Bay and destroyed
Spain’s entire Pacific fleet in seven hours.
• Attack led by Admiral George Dewey
 July 1, 1898: Roosevelt led the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill.
 July 3, 1898: The United States Navy sank the remaining Spanish ships.
22
The Treaty of Paris 1898
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sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said island except for pacification thereof,
and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government
and control of the island to its people."
21
“A Splendid Little War”
 May 1, 1898: The United States launched a surprise attack on Manila Bay and destroyed
Spain’s entire Pacific fleet in seven hours.
• Attack led by Admiral George Dewey
 July 1, 1898: Roosevelt led the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill.
 July 3, 1898: The United States Navy sank the remaining Spanish ships.
22
The Treaty of Paris 1898
 The Spanish government recognized Cuba’s independence.
 Spain gave up the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico in return for $20 million.
 The island nations became unincorporated territories of the US.
23
Platt Amendment
 Introduced by Senator Orville Platt (R-Connecticut) in February 1901.
• It allowed the United States "the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban
independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life,
property, and individual liberty...―
• The Platt Amendment was finally abrogated on May 29, 1934.
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Imperialism in China
25
“Open Door” Policy 1899
26
Boxer Rebellion
 Boxer Rebellion, officially supported peasant uprising of 1900 that attempted to drive all
foreigners from China.
 ―Boxers‖ was a name that foreigners gave to a Chinese secret society known as the
Yihequan (―Righteous and Harmonious Fists‖).
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The Philippines
 President McKinley’s arguments for annexation:
• Filipinos were unfit for self-government
• Independence would bring anarchy
• European powers would try to seize the islands
 The Filipinos fought a three-year war for independence.
 The Philippines did not gain complete independence until 1946.
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USHC- 5.3
Summarize United States foreign policies in different regions of the world during
the early twentieth century, including the purposes and effects of the Open Door
Policy with China, the United States role in the Panama Revolution, Theodore
Roosevelt’s “Big Stick diplomacy,” William Taft’s “dollar diplomacy,” and
Woodrow Wilson’s “moral diplomacy” and changing worldwide perceptions of the
United States.
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Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson’s Foreign Policy
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Election 1904
 Candidates
• Theodore Roosevelt (I)
Republican
336 7,623,486
• Alton B. Parker
Democratic
140 5,077,911
 Issues of the election
• Progressivism
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Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy
 ―Speak softly and carry a big stick and you will go far.‖
• Roosevelt used this old African proverb to guide his foreign policy.
• The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
• The United States will act as ―an international police power‖ in the Western
Hemisphere and intervene to prevent intervention by other powers.
• Roosevelt in Latin America — Under Roosevelt, the United States often intervened in
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• Alton B. Parker
 Issues of the election
• Progressivism
Democratic
140 5,077,911
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Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy
 ―Speak softly and carry a big stick and you will go far.‖
• Roosevelt used this old African proverb to guide his foreign policy.
• The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
• The United States will act as ―an international police power‖ in the Western
Hemisphere and intervene to prevent intervention by other powers.
• Roosevelt in Latin America — Under Roosevelt, the United States often intervened in
Latin America.
• Roosevelt in Asia — Roosevelt wanted to preserve an open door policy with China.
• He won a Nobel peace prize for negotiating a peace settlement between Russia and
Japan.
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Panama Canal
 Americans needed a shorter route between the Atlantic and Pacific ocean’s.
• A French company had bought a 25-year concession from Colombia to build a canal
across Panama.
• Defeated by yellow fever and mismanagement, the company abandoned the project and
offered its remaining rights to the US for $100 million.
• 1903 Panama declared independence from Colombia and with the support the US due to
the Panama Canal Panama will gain independence and the US the rights to build the
Panama Canal.
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Panama Canal
34
Election 1908
 Candidates
• William H. Taft
• William J. Bryan
 Issues of the election
• Bank Panic of 1907
Republican
Democratic
321 7,678,908
162 6,409,104
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William Taft’s Foreign Policy
William Howard Taft
 Elected President in 1908
 Taft believed in maintaining influence through American investments, not military might.
 This policy was called dollar diplomacy.
 The United States reached new heights of international power under Roosevelt and Taft.
 However, the policies of both Presidents also created enemies in Latin America and a
growing international resentment of U.S. intervention.
36
Election 1912
 Candidates
• Woodrow Wilson
Democratic
435 6,293,454
• Theodore Roosevelt Progressive
88 4,119,207
• William H. Taft (I)
Republican
8
3,483,922
• Eugene V. Debs
Socialist Party 0
900,000
 Issues of the election
• Trusts (Monopolies): The Standard Oil case of 1911; 16th Amendment (Federal Income
Tax, ratified in 1913)
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Election 1916
 Candidates
• Woodrow Wilson(I)
Democratic
277 9,129,606
• Charles Hughes
Republican
254 8,538,221
 Issues of the election
• World War I (U.S. Neutrality)
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Woodrow Wilson’s Foreign Policy
Woodrow Wilson
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• Trusts (Monopolies): The Standard Oil case of 1911; 16th Amendment (Federal Income
Tax, ratified in 1913)
37
Election 1916
 Candidates
• Woodrow Wilson(I)
Democratic
277 9,129,606
• Charles Hughes
Republican
254 8,538,221
 Issues of the election
• World War I (U.S. Neutrality)
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Woodrow Wilson’s Foreign Policy
Woodrow Wilson
 Under Wilson, the United States applied more moral and legalistic standards to foreign
policy decisions.
 Wilson’s policy drew the United States into the complex and bloody Mexican Revolution.
 Wilson’s ―moral diplomacy‖ did not work well in Mexico.
• Many lives were lost, and U.S. financial interests lost ground.
 U.S. and Mexico relations were strained for many years.
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USHC- 5.4
Analyze the causes and consequences of United States involvement in World War
I, including the failure of neutrality the reasons for the declaration of war, the
role of propaganda in creating a unified war effort, the limitation of individual
liberties, and Woodrow Wilson’s leadership in the Treaty of Versailles and the
creation of the League of Nations.
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The Great War
Chapter 30
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The Stage is Set for War
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Uneasy Peace Grips Europe
 By 1900 hundreds of peace organizations had been formed and were active.
 Europe had experienced 30 years of peace between wars.
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Underlying Causes of WWI
1. Militarism (Glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war)
• With nationalism in place the European countries believed that to be truly great you
must have a strong army.
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Underlying Causes of WWI
2. Alliances
• To guard against the threat of war from France the Dual Alliance was formed:
Germany and Austria
• Triple Alliance was formed with the addition of Italy
• Russia will join
– Russia and Austria were bitter enemies
–With Kaiser Wilhelm II in control of Germany, policy changed
–Wilhelm felt like Germany was the most powerful country and did not mind saying
it
–Wilhelm II let his treaty with Russia expire in 1890.
• Triple Entente will be formed between:
• Did not have to fight with them but they would not fight against them
–Great Britain
–France
–Russia (After Germany does not renew treaty)
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Underlying Causes of WWI
3. Imperialism (Governing of overseas colonies)
• France and Germany had almost gone to war twice over the control of Morocco.
• Germany backed down both times
46
Underlying Causes of WWI
4. Nationalism (Deep devotion to one’s country)
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–Great Britain
–France
–Russia (After Germany does not renew treaty)
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Underlying Causes of WWI
3. Imperialism (Governing of overseas colonies)
• France and Germany had almost gone to war twice over the control of Morocco.
• Germany backed down both times
46
Underlying Causes of WWI
4. Nationalism (Deep devotion to one’s country)
• Causes competition between nations
• Strong nations at this time
• Germany
• Austria Hungary
• Great Britain
• Russia
• Italy
• France
• With the industrial revolution countries were competing for materials.
• Great Britain had started the industrial revolution but Germany had grown rapidly and
was competing for dominance
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Powder Keg
 Russia and Serbia (Slavic countries) were having conflict with Austria over the Balkans
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The Shot
 June 28, 1914
 Archduke Ferdinand and his wife of Austria-Hungary were shot at point blank range in
Sarajevo.
• He was shot by Gavrilo Princip, a 19-year-old Bosnian nationalist who believed that
Austria-Hungary had no right to rule Bosnia.
• Austria decided to use the murders as a reason to punish the Serbians
• Germany pledges allegiance to Austria right away giving Austria the opportunity to do
what ever they wanted.
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Ultimatum
 Ultimatum
• This ultimatum was harsh
• Serbia agreed to most but wanted to negotiate a few terms.
• Austria said no and declared war
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War Consumes Europe and the World
51
Chain Reaction
 Austria declares war on Serbia
 Russia advances towards Austria
• This is the beginning of the Great War
 Austria declares war on Russia
 Russia moves troops towards Germany
 Germany declares war on Russia
 2 days later Germany declares war on France
 Germany attacks France and threatens coastline bringing England into the conflict.
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1
2
European Nations Take Sides
 Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria Hungary
• Bulgaria
• Ottoman
 Allied Powers
• Great Britain
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 Germany attacks France and threatens coastline bringing England into the conflict.
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1
2
European Nations Take Sides
 Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria Hungary
• Bulgaria
• Ottoman
 Allied Powers
• Great Britain
• France
• Russia
• Italy
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Schlieffen Plan
 Fearing a two front war Germany wanted to sweep through Belgium and enter France,
ultimately encircling Paris. The goal was to knock France out of the war before Russia
could mobilize its troops fully.
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Modern Warfare
 Neither soldiers nor officers were prepared for the new, highly efficient killing machines
used in World War I.
 Machine guns, hand grenades, artillery shells, and poison gas killed thousands of soldiers
who left their trenches to attack the enemy.
 As morale fell, the lines between soldiers and civilians began to blur. The armies began to
burn fields, kill livestock, and poison wells.
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Large Guns (Howitzer)
56
Flamethrowers
57
Vickers Machine Gun
58
Zeppelin
59
Tanks
60
Bloody Stalemate
 Western Front (Deadly region along northern France)
• The fighting here was a stalemate for years.
61
War in the Trenches
 Trench Warfare
• Holes in which soldiers fought from
• Traded huge losses for small land gains
• Was pure misery
• The soldiers
• slept in mud
• washed in mud
• ate mud
• 1/3 of all deaths occurred in the trenches
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Trench Warfare
63
Results
64
Russia’s Effort weakens
 Russia had not fully industrialized therefore they were short on food, weapons, and clothes
65
United States Enters the War
 British blockades of shipping lanes had left Germany short on food.
 For this reason they started unrestricted submarine warfare.
• Sinking of ships with no warning.
• Unterseeboot or U-boat
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The Lusitania
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Russia’s Effort weakens
 Russia had not fully industrialized therefore they were short on food, weapons, and clothes
65
United States Enters the War
 British blockades of shipping lanes had left Germany short on food.
 For this reason they started unrestricted submarine warfare.
• Sinking of ships with no warning.
• Unterseeboot or U-boat
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The Lusitania
 May 7, 1915 a German Sub sunk a British passenger ship, The Lusitania, killing 1198, 128
US citizens
 The Lusitania was carrying forty-two hundred cases of small-arms ammunition
• A fact the Germans used to justify the sinking
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Sussex Pledge
 More Americans were killed when Germany sank the Sussex, a French passenger
steamship, on March 24,1916.
 In what came to be known as the Sussex pledge, the German government promised that
U-boats would warn ships before attacking, a promise it had made and broken before.
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The Zimmermann Note
• President asked Congress for authority to arm American merchant ships
• Zimmermann note:
• Intercepted and published on March 1, 1917
• Secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance by German foreign secretary Arthur
Zimmerman
• Tempting anti-Yankee Mexico with promises of recovering Texas, New Mexico,
Arizona
• The long-dreaded ―overt‖ act in the Atlantic:
• German U-boats sank four unarmed American merchant vessels first two weeks of
March, 1917.
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Russia Withdraws from War
 Civil Unrest (March 1917)
• People are unhappy with government
• Shortage of food and fuel
• Soldiers refused to fight in war
 Revolution (Nov 1917)
• Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks, seizes power and brings communism to Russia
• Lenin withdrawals Russia from the war in1918
 America could now fight for democracy on the Allies' side, without Russian despotism in
the Allied fold
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United States Enters the War
 German U-boats sank four unarmed American merchant vessels first two weeks of March,
1917.
 Wilson, before a joint session of Congress on April 2, 1917, asked for a declaration of war
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Building an Army
 Despite the preparedness movement (organized by Theodore Roosevelt), the United States
lacked a large and available military force.
 Congress therefore passed a Selective Service Act in May 1917, drafting many young men
into the military.
 Draftees, volunteers, and National Guardsmen made up what was called the American
Expeditionary Force (AEF), led by General John J. Pershing.
• Pershing was well known for his refusal to allow U.S. troops to be integrated [mixed
into] into British and French forces.
• He believed U.S. forces should be lead by U.S. commanders. Wilson supported his
decision.
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Government Involvement
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 Congress therefore passed a Selective Service Act in May 1917, drafting many young men
into the military.
 Draftees, volunteers, and National Guardsmen made up what was called the American
Expeditionary Force (AEF), led by General John J. Pershing.
• Pershing was well known for his refusal to allow U.S. troops to be integrated [mixed
into] into British and French forces.
• He believed U.S. forces should be lead by U.S. commanders. Wilson supported his
decision.
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Government Involvement
 The war becomes a total war
• all resources and efforts are focused on the war.
 Nation turned to rationing because resources were running low.
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
 Signed March 3, 1918
 Ended the war between Russia and Germany
 Russia lost Riga, Lithuania, Livonia, and Estonia.
 These areas had great economic importance as they were some of the most fertile farming
areas in Western Russia. Germany was allowed by the terms of the treaty to exploit these
lands to support her military effort in the west.
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The Convoy System
 To transport troops across the Atlantic, the United States employed convoys, or groups of
unarmed ships surrounded by armed naval vessels equipped to track and destroy
submarines.
75
Convoy System
76
Photo: Depth Charges
 Due to the convoy system, German submarines did not sink a single ship carrying
American troops.
77
American Soldiers in Europe
 By 1918, European nations had begun to run out of men to recruit. Energetic American
soldiers, nicknamed doughboys, helped replace the tired fighters of Europe.
78
Final Push
 With Russia out Germany sent all its troops to France. They were within 30 mile of Paris
and Victory.
 Germany troops were tired and short on supplies
 Allies countered with 140,000 fresh US troops and defeated Germany
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Ending the War
 In the face of Allied attacks and domestic revolutions, the Central Powers collapsed one by
one.
 Austria-Hungary splintered into smaller nations of ethnic groups
 German soldiers mutinied, feeling that defeat was inevitable.
 Kaiser of Germany fled to Holland
 A civilian representative of the new German republic signed an armistice, or cease-fire, in a
French railroad car at 5am on November 11, 1918.
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Ending the War
 Although guns fell silent six hours later, many more deaths were to follow.
• The influenza epidemic of 1918 killed more people, both in the United States and
Europe, than all of the wartime battles.
81
Events signal end of War
 US sent 2 million more troops and they advance in Germany and End the war.
 Surrender of Bulgaria and Ottomans
 Revolt in Austria
 Ends in 1919
82
President Wilson’s Proposals
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 Although guns fell silent six hours later, many more deaths were to follow.
• The influenza epidemic of 1918 killed more people, both in the United States and
Europe, than all of the wartime battles.
81
Events signal end of War
 US sent 2 million more troops and they advance in Germany and End the war.
 Surrender of Bulgaria and Ottomans
 Revolt in Austria
 Ends in 1919
82
President Wilson’s Proposals
 As the war neared an end, President Wilson developed a program for peace around the
world known as the Fourteen Points, named for the number of provisions it contained.
83
President Wilson’s Proposals (Fourteen Points)
 Wilson laid out 14 main points but perhaps the most important were points 1-5 and 14.
[1] There should be an end to all secret diplomacy amongst countries.
[2] Freedom of the seas in peace and war
[3] The reduction of trade barriers among nations
[4] The general reduction of armaments
[5] The adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of the inhabitants as well as of the
colonial powers
[14] A league of nations to protect "mutual guarantees of political independence and
territorial integrity to great and small nations alike.―
84
The League of Nations
 The League of Nations was intended to act as a world wide alliance to prevent future wars.
 However, members of the U.S. Senate who were known as Reservationists because they
had reservations [doubts] about the League refused to allow the treaty to be ratified.
 According to the Senator Henry Cabot Lodge [leader of the reservationists] only Congress
had the power to declare war and this treaty would give foreign nations power to bring the
U.S. into future wars. (Article 10 )
85
President Wilson’s Proposals
 Wilson and the German government assumed that the Fourteen Points would form the
basis of peace negotiations, the Allies disagreed.
• During peace negotiations, Wilson’s Fourteen Points were discarded one by one.
86
The Big Four
 Prime Minister David Lloyd George of the UK,
 Vittorio Orlando of Italy
 Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau of France
 President Woodrow Wilson of the US
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1
2
88
1
2
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Treaty of Versailles (Signed June 28, 1919)
 League of Nations
• International peace group
• Germany and Russia excluded
 Territorial Loss
• Germany returns land to France
• Germany surrenders all of it overseas colonies
Treaty of Versailles
 Military Restrictions
• Limited the size of the military
• Prohibited the import or manufacturing of weapons
• Prohibited building or buying subs or having an air force
 War Guilt
• Sole responsibility for the war
• Germany forced to pay 33 billion to allies over 30 years.
Flawed peace
 Americans wanted to stay out of Europeans business which the League of Nations did not
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1
2
 Military Restrictions
• Limited the size of the military
• Prohibited the import or manufacturing of weapons
• Prohibited building or buying subs or having an air force
 War Guilt
• Sole responsibility for the war
• Germany forced to pay 33 billion to allies over 30 years.
89
Flawed peace
 Americans wanted to stay out of Europeans business which the League of Nations did not
do
 The war-guilt clause caused a lot of bitterness towards the rest of the world
90
Why were there over 37 million casualties?
1. New weapons
2. Trench warfare
3. Enemies
4. Terrain/Climate
91
Photo: WWI Memorial DC
92
On the Home Front
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Financing the War
 Modern warfare required huge amounts of money and personnel.
 The government raised money for the war in part by selling Liberty Bonds.
• The Treasury Department:
• Sponsored huge parades, slogans ―Halt the Hun‖ to promote four great Liberty Loan
drives,
• Followed by a Victory Loan campaign in 1919
• $21 billion was raised with the remaining coming from taxes—obligatory.
• The ultimate bill for the war was $112 billion.
94
Managing the Economy
 United States entry into the war caused many industries to switch from commercial to
military production.
 A newly created War Industries Board oversaw this production.
95
Managing the Economy
 ―Labor Will Win the War:‖
• American workers sweated their way to victory:
• Driven by the War Department’s ―work or fight‖ rule:
–Threatening any unemployed male with immediate draft; powerful discouragement
to go on strike
–Government tried to treat labor fairly.
• The National War Labor Board:
• Headed by former president Taft
• Exerted itself to head off labor disputes that might hinder the war effort
• Pressed employers to grant concessions to labor: high wages, eight-hour day
96
Managing the Economy
 Using the slogan, ―Food will win the war,‖ Herbert Hoover, head of the Food
Administration, began to manage how much food people bought.
• Although he had the power to impose price controls and rationing Hoover preferred to
rely on voluntary restraint and increased efficiency.
 Daylight savings time was created to save on fuel used and increase the number of
daylight hours available for work.
 Hoover’s methods were widely imitated in other war agencies:
• The Fuel Administration:
• ―heatless Monday,‖ ―lightless nights,‖ ―gasless Sundays.‖
97
African Americans and Other Minorities
• With much of the work force in the military, factory owners and managers who had
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Administration, began to manage how much food people bought.
• Although he had the power to impose price controls and rationing Hoover preferred to
rely on voluntary restraint and increased efficiency.
 Daylight savings time was created to save on fuel used and increase the number of
daylight hours available for work.
 Hoover’s methods were widely imitated in other war agencies:
• The Fuel Administration:
• ―heatless Monday,‖ ―lightless nights,‖ ―gasless Sundays.‖
97
African Americans and Other Minorities
• With much of the work force in the military, factory owners and managers who had
once discriminated against minorities began actively recruiting them.
• The Great Migration (a flood of African Americans leaving the South to work in northern
factories)
98
New Roles for Women
 The diminished male work force also created new opportunities for women.
 Many women joined the work force for the first time during the war. Some found work on
farms with the Woman’s Land Army; others took jobs traditionally reserved for men.
99
Espionage Act of 1917
 Espionage Act of 1917 (made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to
interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to
promote the success of its enemies.)
• It was punishable by a maximum $USD 10,000 fine (almost $170,000 in today's dollars)
and 20 years in prison.
100
Sedition Act of 1918
 Sedition Act of 1918
• forbade Americans to use "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the
United States government, flag, or armed forces during war
• allowed the Postmaster General to deny mail delivery to dissenters of government policy
during wartime
• Result
• 19,000 prosecutions of antiwar Socialists and members of the radical Industrial
Workers of the World (IWW):
–Kingpin Socialist Eugene V. Debs was convicted and sentenced to ten years in a
federal penitentiary
101
Schenk v. United States (1919)
•3/7/2016
 The Supreme Court affirmed their legality
• Arguing that freedom of speech could be revoked
• When such speech posed a ―clear and present danger‖ to the nation.
 These prosecutions form an ugly chapter in the history of American civil liberty:
• The dawn of peace—presidential pardons were granted, including President Harding’s to
Debs in 1921.
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