4/3/2014
POP QUIZ
Which of the following is the CORRECT name for this animal in the pictures?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Mountain Lion
Puma
Cougar
Panther
How Do We NAME Organisms?
Mountain Lion
Cougar
Puma
Panther
There are millions of different species on Earth. To study this great diversity, biologists give each organism a name. Biologists must attempt to organize living things into groups that have biological hi
i
h h
bi l i l
meaning. To avoid the confusion caused by regional names, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner.
“Puma concolor
“Puma concolor””
What is “Taxonomy
What is “
Taxonomy”?
”?
The cougar was originally thought to belong in Felis (Felis concolor), the genus which includes the domestic cat. As of 1993, it is now placed in Puma along with the
ith th jaguarundi, a cat just a little j
di
t j t littl
more than a tenth its weight.
Definition: the discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted scientific name.
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What is “Taxon/
What is “
Taxon/Taxa
Taxa”?
”?
What is “Classification
What is “
Classification”?
”?
Definition: a group or level of organization into which organisms are classified.
Definition: method to group and categorize organisms based on similarities into taxa.
V: Classification Rap
What is “Binomial Nomenclature”?
Definition: a formal naming system of living things in which each species is assigned a two‐part scientific name: Genus species. Puma concolor
(Genus)
“Scientific Name
Scientific Name””
Scientific Name has two parts: Genus species. The scientific name is always written in italics. The first word is capitalized and the second word is l
lowercased.
d
(species)
“Carolus Linnaeus
Carolus Linnaeus””
Carolus Linnaeus developed binomial nomenclature in the 18th century and is known as the father of modern taxonomy.
Puma concolor
(Genus)
(species)
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“Domain
Domain””
Domain is the highest, or largest, taxonomic rank of organisms; it is higher than a kingdom.
“Kingdom
Kingdom””
Kingdom smaller than a domain but larger than a phylum.
“3 Domains in the Tree of Life
Domains in the Tree of Life””
Domain Archaea
Domain Bacteria
Domain Eukarya
“ 6
“ 6 Kingdoms
Kingdoms””
Kingdom Eubacteria
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Ki d
Kingdom Plantae
Pl t
Kingdom Animalia
“Phylum
Phylum””
Phylum is smaller than a kingdom but larger than a class.
V: Six Kingdoms of Classification
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“Class
Class””
“Order
Order””
Class is smaller than a phylum but larger than an order.
Order is smaller than a class but larger than a family.
“Family
Family””
“Genus
Genus””
Family is smaller than an order but larger than a genus.
Genus is smaller than a family but larger than a species.
“Species
Species””
Species is the lowest, or smallest, taxonomic rank of organisms.
POP QUIZ
Which of the following is the LEAST closely related organism?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Organism A
Organism B
Organism C Organism D
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“Cladogram
Cladogram””
Definition: a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship among a group of organisms. V: Classification Song
“Derived Characteristics
Derived Characteristics””
Definition: traits that appear in recent parts of lineage, but not in older members, or ancestors.
“Dichotomous Key
Dichotomous Key””
Definition: a tool that is used to identify unfamiliar organisms. Dichotomous Key is a series of paired statements that describe physical characteristics of different organisms. V: Dichotomous Key
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“Autotroph
Autotroph””
(Producer)
Definition: an organism that can make its own food; also known as a producer. (For example: plant)
“Heterotroph
Heterotroph””
“Unicellular
Unicellular””
(Consumer)
Definition: organism is only made up of one cell. (For example: bacteria)
Definition: an organism that cannot make its own food; also known as a consumer. (For example: fungus, animal)
“Multicellular
Multicellular””
“Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction””
Definition: organism is only made up of more than one cell. (For example: a plant or animal)
Definition: the process by which a single parent reproduces by itself.
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“Sexual Reproduction
exual Reproduction””
Definition: the process by which two cells from different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism.
“Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic”
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic”
Prokaryotic: organisms that do NOT
have a nucleus or membrane‐bound organelles in their cells.
Eukaryotic: organisms that do have a k
h d h
nucleus or membrane‐bound organelles in their cells.
“Kingdom Archaea
Kingdom Archaea””
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
“Kingdom Eubacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria””
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Autotroph or Heterotroph
Cell walls with peptidoglycan
Mobile
bl
Asexual reproduction
Live in normal environments
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Autotroph or Heterotroph
Cell walls without peptidoglycan
Mobile
bl
Asexual reproduction
Ancient (very old)
Live in extreme environments
Methanogens, halophiles
“Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Protista””
• Eukaryote
• Mostly unicellular; some multicellular • Some Plant‐like:
• Cell Wall
• Autotrophs
• Most non‐mobile
• Asexual and sexual reproduction
• Eugelena
• Some Animal‐like:
• No cell wall
• Heterotrophs
• Mobile
• Asexual and sexual reproduction
• Paramecium, Ameoba
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“Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Fungi””
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Eukaryote
Multicellular except yeast
Heterotroph (NOT like plants!)
Cell walls made of chitin
Non‐mobile (like plants!)
b l (l k l
!)
Asexual and sexual reproduction
Mushrooms, yeasts
“Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Plantae””
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Eukaryote
Multicellular Autotroph
Cell walls made of cellulose
Non‐mobile (sessile)
bl (
l )
Asexual and sexual reproduction
Mosses, ferns, flowering plants
“Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Animalia””
Eukaryote
Multicellular Heterotroph
No cell walls (Only kingdom without cell walls!)
ll ll !)
• Mobile
• Sexual reproduction; few asexual (ex: sponges)
• Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals
•
•
•
•
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