A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF IMPERATIVE
SENTENCES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND JAVANESE
LANGUAGE
A GRADUATING PAPER
Submitted to the Board of Examiners as a Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for Degree of Sarjana Pendididkan Islam (S.Pd.I)
in English Department of Educational Faculty
State Institute for Islamic Studies (STAIN) SALATIGA
Written by:
DIANA WAHYU KURNIAWATI
NIM. 113 09 090
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL FACULTY
STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (STAIN)
SALATIGA
2013
MOTTO
 Education is not to prepare life but it is the real life (John Dewey)
 Education is learning from what we don‟t know that we don‟t know
(Daniel J. Boorstin)
 Never say, “It‟s late” to be the best!
 Another name of success is effort
DEDICATION
This graduating paper is especially dedicated to:

My beloved parents, Mun’im and Sri Wahyuni, my dearest grandmother,
Suminah, my brother Dian Wahyu Kurniawan, my cousins, Anwar Arifin
and Ahmad Fauzan, my aunts, Haryati, my uncle, Slamet, and all of my
family for their support, advice, patience and spirit.

My lecturers at English Department of STAIN Salatiga.

My friends in TBI-D and all of my friends who help and support for
completing this paper.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahhirobbil’alamin,
For the first, I as the writer would like to thank and praise to Allah, the
Most Merciful,the most Beneficent, the Lord of universe, finnaly I could finish
this graduating paper as partial fulfillment of the requirement for Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan Islam, also Shalawat and Salam, praise to Rosulullah SAW,
the Messenger for human life. Without praying, support, and help from my
family, lecturers, and my friends, I could not accomplish this paper only by
myself. By this opportunity, I would like to say my best gratitude and appreciation
to:
1. Dr. Imam Sutomo, M. Ag as the Chairman of STAIN Salatiga.
2. Mashlihatul Umami, S. Pd.I, M.A. as the Head of English Department of
STAIN Salatiga, thanks for approving my graduating paper.
3. Rifqi Aulia Erlangga, M. Hum as my advisor, who is very familiar and
kind in teaching with many supports, advices and guidance to accomplish
this graduating paper.
4. Setia Rini, M.Pd as my academic advisor who always gives me support
and advice to be better student from the first semester to the last semester.
5. All the lectures of English Department of STAIN Salatiga who have
taught me and my friends for four years.
About all thank, I would like to dedicate my gratidute to my family,
especially to my beloved grandmother, Suminah, who always takes care of me
with patience and love, my wisest father, Mun‟im who is always wise in
supporting my family, my prettiest mother who always loves her children. I
contribute this graduating paper to make you happy and proud of me. Special
thanks to my brother, Dian Wahyu Kurniawan, my aunt Haryati, my uncle Slamet,
and my cousins, Anwar Arifin and Ahmad Fauzan, who always support in my life.
I also want to say thanks to all my friends in STAIN Salatiga and senior high
school who have taught me many experiences.
Finally, I know that this graduating paper is still not perfect, but I hope it
will give advantages for peolpe who interest in English.
Salatiga, 31st July 2013
The writer,
Diana Wahyu Kurniawati
ABSTRACT
Diana Wahyu Kurniawati. 2013. A Contrastive Analysis of Imperative
Sentences between English and Javanese Language. Graduating Paper.
English Department of Educational Faculty. STAIN Salatiga.
Counselor: Rifqi Aulia Erlangga, M. Hum.
This graduating paper has title “A Contrastive Analysis of Imperative Sentences
between English and Javanese Language” which is aimed at finding the
similarites and differences of the type, function and marker in imperative
sentences. The sources of data are imperative sentences in English and Javanese
language. The writer applies the documentary and observation method (reading
the references from books and internet) to collect the data. After collecting the
data, the writer analyzes it by contrastive analysis method. It means that she
compares the similarity and difference of types, functions and markers in English
and Javanese imperative sentences. The types of imperative sentence in English
and Javanese language can be positive and negative imperative. There are seven
functions of imperative sentence in English; as command, suggestion, invitation,
advice, prohibition, request, and compulsion. Meanwhile, in Javanese language,
there are nine functions; the seven ones are like in English and the other ones are
as panantang and pangece. Almost all of imperative sentences in Javanese
language are signaled by suffixes -a, -ana, -na and –en. Thus, it can be
concluded that imperative sentence in English and Javanese language is not
similar because of the different social-culture of those languages.
Key Word: contrastive analysis, English, imperative sentence, Javanese
TABLE OF CONTENS
TITLE ....................................................................................................
i
DECLARATION ..................................................................................
ii
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTE ...............................................
iii
STATEMENT OF SERTIFICATION ...............................................
iv
MOTTO .................................................................................................
v
DEDICATION ......................................................................................
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .....................................................................
vii
ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................
ix
TABLE OF CONTENT .......................................................................
x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A.
Background of Study ..............................................................
1
B.
Problems of Study ...................................................................
3
C.
Purposes of Study ....................................................................
4
D.
Benefits of Study ....................................................................
4
E.
Limitation of Study .................................................................
5
F.
The Definition of Key Terms ..................................................
6
G.
Literature Reviews ..................................................................
8
H.
Research Methodology ...........................................................
9
I.
Thesis Organization ................................................................
12
CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
A. The Nature of Contrastive Analysis .........................................
14
1. Theories of contrastive analysis.....................................
14
2. The function of contrastive analysis .............................
17
B. Sentences .................................................................................
18
1. The types of sentence ........................................................
19
a. Declarative sentence ..............................................
19
b. Interogative sentence .............................................
19
c. Imperative sentence ...............................................
20
d. Exclamatory sentence ............................................
20
C. Politeness in English and Javanese Language ……………….
21
D. Imperative Sentence in English ................................................
22
1. The types of imperative sentence in English .....................
23
2. The function of imperative sentence in English ................
26
3. The markers in English imperative sentence .....................
29
E. Imperative Sentence in Javanese Language ..............................
35
1. The types of imperative sentence in Javanese ...................
35
2. The function of imperative sentence in Javanese...............
36
3. The markers of imperative sentence in Javanese ..............
41
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Type of Research .....................................................................
46
B. Research Method ....................................................................
46
C. Object of the Research ............................................................
47
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS
A. Analysis of Imperative Sentences in English and Javanese Language
1. The contrastive analysis of the types of imperative sentences in
English and Javanese language .........................................
50
2. The contrastive analysis of the functions of imperative sentence in
English and Javanese language..........................................
56
3. The contrastive analysis of the markers of imperative sentence in
English and Javanese language.........................................
60
CHAPTER V CLOSURE
A. Conclusions ............................................................................
67
B. Implication..............................................................................
68
C. Suggestions ...........................................................................
68
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIXES
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
Language is the means of communication to convey message both in
written and spoken form. Atkinson (1982:21) says language is the best and
natural way to control the perspective of human communication. It keeps on
the human works and activities. If people live without language, it may be
many difficulties in communication. Every native speaker will produce
different language in the world. Therefore, language gives many chances to
know the different cultures in the world.
English as an international language has become essential subject in
school. It is also taught to the students in Indonesia from the primary up to the
university level. However, there are problems faced by the Javanese students
in learning English. They still could not know and understand well about it.
The problems are caused by the differences of language features between
Javanese and English language. As we know that there are no two or more
languages that are exactly same. The different features are like the
vocabulary, sentences, grammatical rule, and etc. It also can cause the
interference from Javanese and English language.
The study of language phenomena has been taken for past centuries. It
is known as linguistics. Parker (1986:12) asserts linguistics is the study of
psychological system of language, such as the intuitiveness to produce and
interpret utterances in the language. Thus, linguistics can be defined as the
study of language system in human communication. Nowadays, the study of
linguistics consists of many wide fields which learn different subjects. For
example, the area for studying sound is phonology; the area for studying
sentence structure is syntax; the area for studying meaning is semantic.
Furthermore, syntax is the study of sentence structure. Parker (1986:47)
suggests that in syntax, we learn how to construct phrases, clauses, and
sentences. While Atkinson (1982:145) says the syntax focuses on the
composition of meaningful degrees in sentences. Generally, syntax concerns
with the construction of sentences and its meaning.
According to Hurford (1983: 18), a sentence consists of full group of
words conveying a message and appropriate to the grammatical rule of a
language. It has similar definition to Lyons (1968:172-173) who writes down
that sentence is grammatical unit between fundamental part of limited
distribution and the reliance can be determined. It means that a group of
words can be called as a sentence if it fulfills the grammatical rule and has a
meaning. Frank (1972: 220) divides sentences by types into four; declarative
sentence, interrogative sentence, imperative sentence and exclamatory
sentence.
Imperative sentence is a kind of sentences which ended by exclamation
point to give a command for other people. Mastop (2005 in Condoravdi and
Laurer, 2011:4) says that imperative implies actions, which influences the
hearer‟s series of act. In imperative sentence, there must be a respond from
the second person. It also has different power between the speaker and the
listener. Thus, the speaker has authority to command the listener doing
something.
The main study in this research is contrastive analysis of imperative
sentence in English and Javanese language. As Subyakto and Nababan
(1993:7) say that contrastive analysis between two languages, that is source
language and target language can help teacher to find the prediction and solve
the interference. In English imperative sentence, subject does not exist but the
predicate is stated. Meanwhile in Javanese, sometimes the subject is stated by
the speaker. Imperative sentences in English and Javanese are used to give
command,
request,
permission,
advice,
invitation,
prohibition,
and
compulsion. The analysis in comparing both of languages can be the possible
way to solve the problem of interferences between English and Javanese
language.
B. Problems of Study
The problems of the study are formulated to answer the following
questions:
1.
What are the types of imperative sentence in English and Javanese
language?
2.
What are the functions of imperative sentence in English and
Javanese language?
3.
What are the markers of imperative sentence in English and
Javanese language?
C. Purposes of the Study
Based on the problems of study, this research is conducted to describe
as follow:
1.
To scrutinize the types of imperative sentence in English and
Javanese language
2.
To scrutinize the functions of imperative sentence in English and
Javanese language
3.
To scrutinize the markers of imperative sentence in English and
Javanese language
D. Benefits of the Study
The results of this research are expected to be beneficial for:
1.
Students
The results of this research will show the types, functions and
markers in imperative sentences both in English and Javanese. This can be
used as an additional reference for studying those languages. It would be
more beneficial for English native speakers who learn Javanese language.
2.
Teachers
It is also dedicated to the teachers to support learning and teaching
process. Especially for teachers who teach English native speaker who
learns Javanese language. Besides, through the contrastive analysis,
teacher can overcome some errors both in English and Javanese teaching.
3.
Other researchers
The results of this research can be hopefully used as a reference for
next researchers who are interested in analyzing sentences either in
English and Javanese language in future or in another language.
E. Limitation of the Study
In this analysis, the writer would like to limit this study,
1.
The writer describes the types, functions and markers of imperative
sentence in English and Javanese language.
2.
The writer compares the imperatives sentences in English and Javanese
language.
F. The Definition of Key Terms
1.
The Nature of Contrastive Analysis
According to Subyakto and Nababan (1993:124), contrastive
analysis is a kind of analysis which compares the systems of phonology,
morphology and syntax in two languages, the target language (TL) and
source language (SL). Meanwhile, Corder (1973:148) writes contrastive is
a kind of comparison which compares two different languages, the mother
tongue of learner and the second language. Therefore, contrastive analysis
is used to compare and to find out the differences and similarities in
different languages (SL and TL). The differences and similarities of those
languages can predict the difficulty in language teaching-learning process.
2.
Sentences
A sentence is a group of words which appropriate with the
grammatical rules. It contains of thought and feelings. There are many
definitions of sentence, such us:
a.
“A sentence is a grammatical unit between the constituent part of
which distributional limitations and dependencies can be established
but which can itself be put into distribution class” (Lyons, 1986: 172).
b.
A sentence consists of full group of words conveying a message and
appropriate to the grammatical rule of a language (Hurford, 1983: 18).
Frank (1972: 220-221) divides the types of English sentence based
on the function into four types.
a. Declarative sentence
In declarative sentence, the subject and predicate use common
word beginning by capital letter and ending by a period.
Examples:
1) John washes the car.
2) My mother went to the market yesterday.
b. Interrogative sentence
The subject and auxiliary are flipped out in interrogative sentence.
A question mark is placed at the end in writing form.
Examples:
1) Where did you go last night?
2) Do see my book?
c. Imperative sentence
In imperative sentence, the subject does not always exist, only the
predicate is stated. It ends with an exclamation mark.
Examples:
1) Open the door!
2) Be careful!
d. Exclamatory sentence
Exclamatory sentence begin with an initial word, what and how. It
conveys the strong and instant expression.
Examples:
1) What a beautiful rose it is!
2) How beautiful she is!
3.
Imperative sentences
As Frank (1972:221) explains imperative sentence is kind of
sentence which subject does not exist only the verb is stated. It gives
command to the hearer to do what speaker says. In English, the markers of
imperative sentence are do, don’t, please, will, can, would, etc. Hornby
(1975:193) writes English imperative sentence can be function to give
command, advice, request, invitation, suggestion, and prohibition.
While in Javanese language, Sudaryanto (1992:139) says that
imperative sentence always involves the second speaker as the person who
„must‟ do the command whether it is positive or negative. Its markers are a, -ana, -na, -en and sometimes the suffix of Ø (zero). The functions of
imperative sentence in Javanese are to give command, request, invitation,
prohibition, and warning.
G. Literature Reviews
There are some students of State Institute for Islamic Studies (STAIN)
of Salatiga who conducted the research of contrastive analysis. Therefore the
writer takes some review literature from other thesis as the comparison. The
first is “Contrastive Analysis of English and Javanese Verbs” written by
Winar Suci Rahayu in 2008. In her thesis, she compared and analyzed about
English and Javanese verbs. She found out that English and Javanese verbs
can be formed from noun and adjective. The differences between both
languages are on position, morphology, form, and change of English and
Javanese verbs.
The second one is a thesis entitled “A Contrastive Analysis between
English and Indonesian Verb Phrase” which has been researched by Siti
Thoyibatun in 2011. According to her, both English and Indonesian verb
phrase made up two or more words but they differ in function of verb phrase.
Based on the research above, the writer would try to analyze “A
CONTARSTIVE
ANALYSIS
OF
IMPERATIVE
SENTENCES
BETWEEN ENGLISH AND JAVANESE LANGUAGE”. From the
previous research, the similarity of the study is contrastive analysis.
Meanwhile, the difference of this research is the object of the study, which is
imperative sentence in English and Javanese language.
H. Research Methodology
1. Type of Research
This research is belongs to qualitative research. Qualitative research is
defined as the research that focuses on note. Arikunto (2006:12) explains
qualitative research is research which does not use or deal to number in
collecting the data and interpreting the data.
2. The research method
The writer uses Contrastive Analysis Method as the research method
because the writer wants to compare and analyze two languages, English
and Javanese language.
3. Object of the research
a. Data
The data of the research is imperative sentences in English and
Javanese language.
b. The source of data
The writer only became as observer, she did not take a part directly
in the process of language use. Therefore, the data was taken from books
in English and Javanese language relates to imperative sentence, such as:
1) Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide by Marcella Frank
2) Guide to Patterns and Usage in English by A.S Hornby
3) English Grammar for the Utterly Confused by Laurie Rozakis,
4) English and Grammar Composition-First Course by John E Warriner
5) Linguistik Bahasa Jawa: Kajian Fonologi, Morfologi, Sintaksis dan
Semantik by Endang Nurhayati and Siti Mulyani
6) Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Jawa by Sudaryanto
7) Paramasastra Djawa by Antunsuhono
8) Paramasastra Gagrag Anyar Basa Jawa by Mooryati Sudibyo (Ed)
4. Techniques of collecting data
The writer uses documentary and observation method to collect the
data.
a.
Arikunto (2006:231) defines documentary means that the data is
collected from note, books, newspaper, magazine, transcript, agenda,
etc.
b.
Sudaryanto (1993:133) writes observation method (simak method) is
a method of collecting data by direct observation from a language.
5. Techniques of analyzing data
After collecting the data, the writer applies a contrastive analysis to
find out the differences and similarities of imperative sentences in English
and Javanese language. Besides, the theories of imperative sentence in
English and Javanese are used to categorize and classify the data. The
procedures in analysis are:
a.
Finding types, functions and markers in English imperative sentences.
b.
Finding types, functions and markers in Javanese imperative
sentences.
c.
Comparing types, functions and markers of imperative sentences
between English and Javanese language.
d.
Finding out the differences and similarities of imperative sentences in
English and Javanese language.
I. Thesis Organization
In brief, the thesis of the research is organized as follow:
CHAPTER I
: INTRODUCTION
It covers the Background of The Study, Problems of
Study, Purposes of Research, Benefits of Study,
Limitation of the Study, The Definition of Key Terms,
Literature Reviews, Research Methodology, and Thesis
Organization.
CHAPTER II
: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter covers the theories that relate to the
research. They are contrastive analysis, sentences, the
types of sentence, imperative sentences (type, function
and markers) in English, and imperative sentences
(type, function and markers) in Javanese.
CHAPTER III
: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter consists of the type of research, research
method, object of the research (data and data source),
technique of collecting data, and technique of analyzing
data.
CHAPTER IV
: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDING
In this chapter, the writer gives explanation about the
differences and similarity of imperative sentences in
English and Javanese language.
CHAPTER V
: CLOSURE
This chapter deals to the writer‟s conclusion after
analyzing the data, the implementation for learning and
the suggestions.
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter deals with the theories that relate to the research. They are
definitions of contrastive analysis, definition of sentence, types of sentence,
imperative sentence in English and imperative sentence in Javanese language.
Thus, the writer can apply the theories to analyze and compare the imperative
sentence in English and Javanese language.
A. The Nature of Contrastive Analysis
1. Theories of contrastive analysis
The word of contrastive is formed from „contrast’ that means
comparing two things to show the difference clearly (Hornby, 1974:186).
Contrastive analysis can be one of solutions in linguistic problems
especially to distinguish two languages. Hamied (1987 in Pranowo,
1996:40) says contrastive analysis can be called as contrastive linguistic.
There are many definitions of contrastive analysis from some experts as
follow:
a.
Subyakto and Nababan (1993:124) explains contrastive analysis is to
compare the systems of phonology, morphology and syntax in two
languages (source language and target language).
b.
Lado ((1957 in Pranowo, 1996:42) says contrastive analysis means
comparing two languages synchronically to find out the similarity
and difference of those languages.
c.
Tarigan (2009:5) defines contrastive analysis is an activity to
compare the structures of two languages (first language-L1 and
second language-L2), so the differences will appear.
d.
According to Kridalaksana (2001:13 in Krishandini 2011:6),
contrastive analysis is a synchronic method in language analysis to
show the differences and similarities of languages for enhancing the
language teaching or translation.
From the definitions above, contrastive analysis can be concluded as
an analysis to compare two languages, that are L1 and L2 or SL and TL
and to support the language teaching.
Randal Whitman (1970 in Naibaho, 2005:17 cited from Sitanggang,
2009:12, a thesis) writes that there are four procedures in contrastive
analysis:
a. Description
The teacher applies the formal grammar and explains the
two languages clearly by questions.
b. Selection
A selection is formulated to form certain linguistics terms,
rules and structures for contrast because it is almost not possible
to contrast the problem of two languages.
c. Contrast
Next step is mapping of one linguistic structure and pattern
of the correlation of one structure on to the other which lays on
validity of one‟s perspective side.
d. Prediction
Based on the three procedures above, we can predict the
problems that will appear.
The linguists have two views about contrastive analysis, the strong
and weak claim as Bell formulated in his book (1981:181-182).
a. Strong claim
The experts who agree Strong Claim suggest contrastive
analysis not only can find out the difficulties but also can be used
as method to expect the problems in second language.
Furthermore, teachers can get certain difficulties of student before
they teach the second language to them.
b. Weak claim
On the other hand, the Weak Claim assumes that the
problems in learning process of L2 are not influenced by the
elements of L1 wholly. Thus, contrastive analysis can help
teacher to find out the difficulties but cannot predict significantly.
2. The function of contrastive analysis
Contrastive analysis can predict the difficulties of students in
learning language. Subyakto and Nababan (1993:7) writes contrastive
analysis between two languages, especially SL and TL, gives
comprehension of the teacher‟s TL to predict the interference which will
happen during teaching in TL.
According to Pranowo (1966:45), there are three purposes of
contrastive analysis. They are as follow:
a.
Contrastive analysis (CA) gives a view of differences and similarities
between the first language and second language that will be taught,
b.
CA explains and predicts the interference in second language, and
c.
CA expands the subject of learning to teach the second language
(Hamied, 1987).
B. Sentences
A sentence is used to say the feeling and thought of someone. The
definitions of sentence according some experts are:
1. Frank (1972:220) explains sentence by function can be defined “A
full of predication containing a subject plus a predicate with a
finite verb”.
2. A sentence consists of full group of words conveying a message
and appropriate to the grammatical rule of a language (Hurford,
1983: 18).
3. Hornby (1974:777) writes “A sentence is the largest grammatical
unit contains of phrase or clause used to express statement,
question or command”.
4. Rozakis (2003:138) writes a sentence is a set of words that
nominally has one subject and one predicate to express whole idea.
5. “The sentence is traditionally (and inadequately) defined as a word
or group of words that expresses a complete idea and that includes
a
subject
and
a
verb”
(http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/senterm.htm).
Thus, a group of words can be called as a sentence if it applies the
grammatical rule, has meaning, and at least has a subject and a predicate.
Beside, a sentence is written by capital letter at the first word and is ended
by period, exclamatory or question mark.
1. The types of sentence
Warriner (1982:30-31) categorizes sentence based on the purpose
into four, declarative sentence, interrogative sentence, imperative sentence
and exclamatory sentence. It has similar idea with Frank (1972:220-221)
who suggests four types of sentence, as follow:
a. Declarative sentence
Declarative sentence is a sentence that states an idea. It is ended
by period when in written form. Declarative sentence is also used more
frequently than the other ones. For examples:
1) My mother went to Jakarta two days ago.
2) Andi is a new student from Medan.
3) A doctor is a person who cares patients in hospital.
b. Interrogative sentence
An interrogative sentence is a sentence that asks question. It is
ended by taking a question mark. The verb in interrogative sentence
always arises before the subject. Examples:
1) Do you have a new novel?
2) Where did she go last night?
3) Are you a new student?
c. Imperative sentence
Imperative sentence is a sentence that gives a command or request
to the hearer and ends with period or exclamatory mark. The subject of
imperative sentence is not stated. It expresses on verb or predicate. For
examples:
1) Please, give me another piece of melon.
2) Don‟t cross the line!
3) Open the window!
d. Exclamatory sentence
Exclamatory sentence is a kind of sentence that expresses
someone‟s emotion and feeling. It can begin with the exclamatory
phrase, what and how. In written form, it ends by exclamatory mark.
For examples:
1) What a cute cat it is!
2) How beautiful hair she has!
3) Wow, it‟s so wonderful!
C. Politeness in English and Javanese Language
Both of English and Javanese language has politeness aspect in
communication but they are different. In English, it is known as politeness
principle while Javanese language has unggah-ungguh basa (language
stratification). Politeness in communication is more influenced by socialcultural of those languages.
Lakoff (1989 in Cook, in Anam, 2001:156) formulates that politeness
principle in English consists of three aspects; don’t impose, give option, and
make your receiver fell good. Besides, Hudson (1980 in Anam, 2001:154)
mentions that the factor of role relationship, age, and social stratification have
influence to reach the purpose of communication. Those principles can avoid
the speaker and listener from social distance if they use them in appropriate
context.
There are three speech levels of language in Javanese or unggahungguh basa Jawa (http://kamusjawa.com/tingkatan-dalam-bahasa-jawa-undhakundhuk-basa.html) as follow:
 Basa Ngoko
Ngoko is the lowest level in Javanese language. There is a perendahan
(humility) from the speaker to the listener. In the other words, it is used
by people who have high power to the low power. For example, parents
speaks to their children, having the same age, the speaker has intimate
relationship to the listener (friend), etc. Beside, this type is also used to
write an announcement (wara-wara) in general way.
 Basa Krama
Basa karma is the middle speech level in Javanese. It is used when the
listener is dignified by the speaker. For example, someone who meets a
new friend or acquaintance and the speaker respects the younger
listener.
 Basa Krama Inggil
Krama inggil is the highest level among ngoko and krama. The speaker
has honorific feeling to the second person. It is used when the addressee
is highly respected and older than the speaker, such as parents, teachers,
grandparents, etc.
Furthermore, there are three Javanese levels; friendship or less polite
(ngoko), polite (krama) and very polite (krama inggil). The Javanese has
more complex level of politeness than English because of the stratification
language in Javanese.
D. Imperative Sentence in English
From the explanation above, we know that imperative sentence gives
command, request or directive act to the hearer. Directive act as the definition
from Wilson and Sperber (1998:77) is an effort to get the hearer to do the
action by the proposition expressed.
According to Zwicky (1977: 440-441), the characteristics of
imperative sentence in English are:
1.
The absence of person marks.
Example: (You) be quiet!
2.
The possibility of be, do, do not, don’t in combination with imperative
sentence.
Example: Don’t be careless!
3.
The presence of sentence-initial please in imperative.
Example: Please, give me a glass of water!
4.
The predicate is often expressed and stated in imperative without
stating the subject. For example, „Go to the market’.
1. Types of imperative sentence in English
a. Positive imperative sentence
Positive imperative sentence gets the hearer to do something.
Hornby (1975:193) says positive imperative sentence can be conveyed
through various ways; command, prohibition, request, suggestion,
invitation and giving advice. The subject of imperative sentence can be
understood although the speaker does not mention it. For examples:
1) Keep silent!
2) Sit down, please!
3) Be positively!
When the speaker gives advice to the addressee, the copula „be’ is
used. It is placed at the beginning of sentence and followed by adjective,
adverb or noun. For example:
1) Be a good student!
2) Be careful!
3) Be seriously!
Transitive and intransitive verbs can form positive imperative
sentence. For examples:
1) Open the door! (transitive)
2) Sit down please! (intransitive)
b. Negative imperative sentence
Negative imperative sentence provides a suggestion to the
addressee no to do something. It can be a prohibition or warning. The
markers of this sentence are don’t, don’t be, must not, let’s not, and no. For
examples:
1) Don‟t throw the ball!
2) Don‟t be lazy boy!
3) Let‟s not fight each other!
Potsdam
(www.clas.ufl.edu/users/potsdam/papers/Englishimperatives.pdf)
adds when the subject appears in negative imperative sentence, it must be
placed after don’t. The subject is functioned to stress the command. For
examples:
1) Don‟t you touch that number!
2) Don‟t everybody talk at once!
Frank (1972:57) writes negative imperative sentence can be
indicated by let’s not for plural person. For examples:
1) Let‟s not open the door.
2) Let‟s not blame each other!
For addition, Hornby (1975:195) explains prohibition can be marked
by no in brief of announcement. For example:
1) No smoking!
2) No parking!
2. The functions of imperative sentence in English
Imperative sentence gives various meanings to the addressee. Its
function can be command, request, invitation, and etc.
a. Imperative sentence as command
The command means that the speaker has power or authority on
the addressee to do something. But it also can be used when there is no
different authority or power between the speaker and listener. For
example:
1) Teacher: Take the chalk! (There is an authority of teacher to
command his/her students)
2) Open the door! (No different authority between friends)
b. Imperative sentence as request
Imperative sentence as request means that the speaker asks the
addressee to do something politely. It is almost similar to the command but
more polite in the meaning. Dixon (1957:76) writes imperative sentence
as request can be signaled by please, do, will you, do you mind, would you
mind, can you, could you, etc. For examples:
1) Pass the book, please!
2) Could you take the pen, please!
3) Do you mind walking to the office!
4) Read the novel, will you!
5) Would you give me a piece of paper!
c.
Imperative sentence as invitation
The speaker invites the addressee by the words ’would you like’,
„let’ and can be the question taq „won’t you‟ in imperative sentence. For
examples:
1) Have a piece of cake, won‟t you?
2) Would you like to come to my sister‟s wedding party?
3) Please let me know if there is anything else you need.
d.
Imperative sentence as suggestion
In suggestion, the speaker suggests the listener to do something. It
can be indicated by the words let’s, let’s not, you had better, shall we,
why don’t you and might. For examples:
1) Let‟s talk about romantic movie!
2) Let‟s not waste your time by playing game!
3) Let‟s not make noisy voice, let‟s go to library, shall we!
4) You had better stay at home!
5) Why don‟t you take your bicycle!
Moreover, Hornby (1975:197) says the words suppose/supposing
and how/what about are used in informal suggestion. For examples:
1) Suppose you do it your way.
2) How/what about going to another place?
e.
Imperative sentence as advice
Imperative sentence as advice ask the listener to take or do the
speaker‟s idea or opinion. For examples:
1) Be patient!
2) Get some rest!
3) Take these pills three times a day!!
f.
Imperative sentence as prohibition
In prohibition, the speaker asks to the listener not do something. It
deals with negative imperative form. The signal in prohibition is don’t.
Prohibition is quite same to the warning expression. Besides, prohibition
is also used for the short announcement and signaled by no + gerund. For
examples:
1) Don‟t come over there!
2) No smoking area!
In addition, the word „must not’ also indicate the prohibition in
spoken English. For examples:
1) Cars must not be parked in front of the entrance!
2) Children must not watch criminal news!
g.
Imperative sentence as compulsion
In compulsion, the speaker commands the listener to do something
with emphasis. The word ‘must’ usually indicates this function. For
examples:
1) You must walk by your self!
2) You must go now!
3. The markers in English imperative sentence
The markers in imperative sentence have essential place. They will
indicate the meaning of imperative sentence to the listener. They also show
whether the speaker asks the listener politely or not.
In the types and functions of imperative sentence, the researcher has
written some markers or signals of imperative sentence. For the politeness
form, the markers can be please, will you, would you, could you, do, etc.
While in the negative imperative sentence as prohibition, the markers are
don’t, don’t be, and no.
a. The imperative markers in request
1) Please
„Please‟ is used to form the politeness in imperative sentence as
request. It can be placed not only before the imperative verb or after
imperative verb. For examples:
a) Please, turn on the radio!
b) Move the table, please!
2) Do
Do is a formula of politeness to form imperative sentence as
request. It is a speaker‟s entreaty to the listener (Frank, 1972:58).
a) Do drive slowly!
b) Do be honest!
3) Will you
„Will you‟ is used when the speaker asks the listener politely. Its
position is not only in the beginning of sentence but also in the end of
sentence. For examples:
a) Will you make me a glass of orange juice?
b) Lend me your money, will you!
4) Would you
The marker of „would you‟ is more polite than „will you‟. It is
placed at the beginning and the end of imperative verb. For examples:
a) Please pass me the sugar, would you!
b) Would you take that medicine, please?
5) Would/do you mind
These are the other formulas of politeness for request. It is
followed by v-ing. For examples:
a) Would you mind drawing a picture for me, please?
b) Do you mind picking me up.
6) Can you and could you
The marker of „can you‟ also indicates the imperative as request.
But, it is not as polite as would you and could you. Both of „can you‟ and
„could you‟ are used in informal request. They are applied when the speaker
knows well the addressee. For examples:
a) Could you buy me a bowl of meatball?
b) Can I read your novel for a day?
b. The imperative markers in invitation
1) Won‟t you
The marker „won’t you‟ shows that the speaker invites the
addressee politely. Its position can be at the beginning or at the end of
sentence. For examples:
a)
Won‟t you come to my house tomorrow night?
b)
Come to my birthday party, won‟t you?
2) Would you like
The use of this marker indicates that speaker invites to the
addressee. The marker is followed by to infinitive or noun. For
examples:
a)
Would you like to watch movie together?
b)
Would you like a cup of coffee?
c. The imperative markers in suggestion
1) Let‟s or let‟s not
Let’s has a function that the speaker makes a suggestion for
his/her self and the addressee. While the marker let’s not is used by
speaker when he/she suggests the listener not to do something. For
examples:
a) Let‟s talk for minutes!
b) Let‟s go home!
c) Let‟s not play game again!
d) Let‟s not go there!
2) Shall
When there is a question that is used shall, it shows that the
speaker is suggesting about something. For examples:
a) Shall I read a funny story?
b) Shall we go to the zoo next week?
3) You had better
„You had better‟ also can indicate that the speaker suggests the
listener to do what he/she says.
4) Why don‟t you
This marker shows that the speaker suggest something to the
addressee.
d. The imperative markers in prohibition
1) Don‟t and don‟t be
These common markers are applied in the prohibition form. The
position of don’t and don’t be are in front of the imperative verbs. For
example:
a) Don‟t spend much money for shopping!
b) Don‟t be angry to your parents!
2) No
The marker no must to be followed by gerund when it forms a
brief notice of prohibition. For examples, no parking, no swimming, etc.
e. The imperative markers in advice
The markers of imperative sentence as advice can be don’t, don’t
be and be. For examples, “Don’t be sad”, “Be honestly”, etc.
f. The imperative markers in compulsion
To show the compulsion in imperative sentence, it uses the word
„must’. This marker indicates that the listener or addressee must do the
command.
E. Imperative Sentence in Javanese Language
Imperative sentence in Javanese has similar definition to the
imperative sentence in English. Sudaryanto (1992:139) says that imperative
sentence always involves the second speaker as the person who „must‟ do the
command whether it is positive or negative. In simple words, Nurhayati and
Mulyani (2006:131) explain imperative sentence has meaning which needs
action as respond. Thus, imperative sentence in Javanese can be concluded as
sentence which asks the listener to do action from the speaker either in
positive command or negative command. It has similar definition to the
imperative sentence in English.
1.
Types of imperative sentence in Javanese
As the definition of imperative sentence in Javanese language
from Sudaryato above, the types of imperative sentence in Javanese can
be divided into two types, positive imperative and negative imperative.
a. Positive imperative sentence
Positive imperative sentence in Javanese can be defined as
imperative sentence that ask the addressee to do something. According
to Sudaryanto (1991:139), almost positive imperative sentence is
signaled by suffixes -a, -ana, -na and –en. It has many functions as
command, request, invitation, and suggestion.
b. Negative imperative sentence
Negative imperative sentence in Javanese is used to command
the addressee no to do something. This can be prohibition. Negative
imperative is signaled by markers aja, ora, and ampun (in krama).
For examples:
1) Aja lunga dewe!
Don’t go by yourself!
2) Aja rame, simbah lagi sare!
Keep silent, grandma is sleeping now!
3) Kowe ora keno dolan yen durung sinau!
You cannot play outside if you do not study yet!
2.
The functions of imperative sentence in Javanese
Sudibyo (1956:182) explains the functions of imperative
sentence in Javanese are as command, request, suggestion, prohibition,
and panantang. Moreover Antunsuhono (2001:36-37) adds pangece as
the function of imperative in Javanese besides as command, request,
suggestion, prohibition, and panantang. When the speaker asks the
listener more politely, he/she uses the level „krama‟.
a. Imperative sentence as command
Imperative sentence as command asks the listener to do what
speaker says. It is a general command sentence. It can be signaled by
the suffixes -a, -ana, -na and –en. For examples:
1) Awas sing ati-ati!
Be careful!
2) Sapunen jogan kae!
Sweep the floor!
3) Jupukna bukuku!
Take my book!
4) Pilihana kertas kae!
Choose the paper!
b. Imperative sentence as request
This imperative sentence as request asks the listener to do
something but more politely than command (Nurhayati and Mulyani,
2006:133). It looks like a request but there is a command. When the
speaker asks someone to do something politely, he/she uses krama in
the sentence.
Examples:
1) Tulung jupukna buku kui!
Please put that book!
2) Tulung, tutupen jendelane!
Please, close the window!
3) Mbok kowe mengko sore dolan menyang omahku!
Will you come to my house at afternoon?
4) Sampeyan mangkeh ndalu dateng wonten daleme kula,
nggih! (krama)
Would you come to my house at night, won‟t you?
c. Imperative sentence as prohibition
Imperative sentence as prohibition means that the speaker
prohibits the addressee to do something. It has similar meaning to
the imperative sentence in English. Antunsuhono (1956:36) writes
the prohibition in Javanese imperative sentence can be signaled by
aja, ora, and sampun (in Krama). For examples:
1) Aja udud ing jero kantor!
Don‟t smoke in the office!
2) Bocah sekolah ora kena ngrokok!
Students are not allowed to smoke!
3) Sampun rame nggih, bapak nembe sare!
Don‟t be noisy, Dad is sleeping!
d. Imperative sentence as suggestion
Antunsuhono (1956:37) explains imperative sentence as
suggestion seems to imperative sentence as command, but listener is
asked to do what speaker‟s said together. For examples:
1) Ayo ndang diwaca buku iku!
Let‟s read that book!
2) Leren dhisik saiki, yo!
Let‟s take break!
3) Ayo aja padha males-malesan!
Let‟s not be lazy!
e. Imperative sentence as panantang
This imperative sentence means that the speaker gives the
listener a challenge to do something which the listener cannot do it.
It is signaled by suffixes -a, -ana, -na and –en. For example:
1) Yen kowe wani mrenea!
If you‟re brave, come here!
2) Gage balangen yen arep jalok benjot!
Hit quickly if you want to be wounded!
3) Cabuten tulisan kuwi yen kepengen dikamplengi wong!
Put off that sign if you want to be hit!
f. Imperative sentence as advice
Imperative sentence as advice gives the message to the listener
to do something better or to avoid something. For examples:
1) Aja dadi wong males!
Don‟t be lazy person!
2) Ombenen obate ben lek mari!
Take the medicine and you‟ll get well!
g. Imperative sentence as invitation
In invitation, the speaker wants the listener to follow his/her
plans and ideas. For examples:
1) Kowe mengko dolana ning omahku!
Come to my house!
2) Sesok teko ning acara nikahan masku!
Come to my brother‟s wedding tommorow!
h. Imperative sentence as compulsion
In compulsion, the listener has to do what the speaker says. If
he/she does not do it, he/she will get a punishment or sanction. There
is an emphasis to the listener. For examples:
1) Kowe kudu gawa buah akeh!
You must bring many fruits!
2) Kowe kudu teko rene!
You must come here!
i. Imperative sentence as pangece
„Pangece’ means that the speaker mocks the addressee in
doing something. In the other words, the addressee is in opposite
condition to the reality. Example:
1) Panganen kabeh, adine ora usah dingengehi, wong isih
cilik wae!
Just eat all the food, don‟t give to your little sister, you‟re
younger than her!
3.
The markers of imperative sentence in Javanese
a. Markers of imperative sentence as command
The markers for imperative sentence as command are suffixes
of -a, -ana, -na and –en. For examples:
1) Mangkata dhisik!
Go first!
2) Paranana adhimu!
Pick up your brother!
b. Markers of imperative sentence as request
Antunsuhono (1956:37) writes as request, imperative
sentence is more polite. Thus, it usually uses krama to convey the
message and the word „tulung’. For example:
1) Tumbaske buku anyar nggih, Bu!
Mom, buy me a new book!
2) Tulung, pundhutke kapur ing kantor guru!
Please, get the chalk in the teacher office!
3) Keparenga kula ngampil kagunganipun titihan!
Would you borrow me your motorcycle/car?
c. Markers of imperative sentence as prohibition
Imperative sentence as command asks the addressee not to do
something. It is intended by the words: aja, ora, and ampun (in
Krama). For examples:
1) Aja dolanan bal terus, muliha!
Don‟t play football too much, go home!
2) Kowe ora kena renang ing kali!
You have not to swim in river!
3) Ampun ngebut-ngebut nggih!
Please, don‟t drive too fast!
d. Markers of imperative sentence as suggestion
Antunsuhono (1956:37) mentions the markers for suggestion
are ayo, mangga, awi, coba, and prayoga. Mangga, awi and prayoga
are more polite in imperative sentence. They follow the karma level.
For examples:
1) Ayo padha mangan bareng!
Let‟s have meals!
2) Mangga dipun entosi ngriki, sinambi lenggahan!
Please, wait and have a seat here!
3) Awi teng nggen kula!
Let‟s visit my home, please!
4) Cobi dipun waos malih, kajengipun radi ceta!
Let‟s read again to be clear!
e. Markers of imperative sentence as panantang
The markers of imperative sentence as panantang have
similar markers to the command. To distinguish them, we can guess
them by its meaning. The markers are suffixes -a, -ana, -na and –en.
For examples:
1) Yen kowe ora wedi, mrenea!
If you are not fright, come here!
2) Panganen yen pengen adhimu nangis!
Eat it if you want your brother to cry!
f. The marker of imperative sentence as compulsion
The marker is „kudu‟ means „must‟. The listener must to do
what the speaker says.
g. The marker of imperative sentence as invitation
To give the meaning as imperative sentence, it uses the marker
of suffixes -a, -ana, -na and –en in invitation.
h. The marker of imperative sentence as advice
This function of imperative sentence is also identified by the
suffixes of -a, -ana, -na and –en at the end of the main verb.
i. The marker of imperative sentence as pangece
To show that the imperative sentence has a meaning of
pangece, it can add the suffixes of -a, -ana, -na and –en at the main
verb.
Almost all the functions of imperative sentence in Javanese have
similar markers, that are the suffixes: -a, -ana, -na and –en. But, to show
the politness in imperative sentence, the speaker conveys it by using the
„basa krama’. As the explanation above, Basa Krama is used when there
is an social distance like the speaker respects to the listener. Beside, it
can be used to teach the children about respect to the older people.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter covers the description about how the writer conducted the
research especially about the methodology that will be done. One of the factors
that make the success of research is appropriate methodology that is used by the
writer. Thus, the writer tries to explain it. They are the type of research, the
research method, the object of research (data sources), the technique of collecting
data, and the technique of analyzing data.
A. Type of Research
This research is belongs to qualitative research. Qualitative research is
defined as the research that focuses on note of words than numbers. Arikunto
(2006:12) explains qualitative research is research which does not use or deal
to number in collecting the data and interpreting the data.
B. The Research Method
The writer uses Contrastive Analysis Method as the research method
because the writer wants to compare and analyze two languages, English and
Javanese language. As Lado (1957 in Pranowo, 1996:42) writes contrastive
analysis means comparing two languages synchronically to find out the
similarity and difference of those languages.
In dealing with the definition above, contrastive analysis is one way to
compare structures of two languages that are first language and second
language to find the similarity and difference of them. The differences in two
languages (L1 and L2) can predict the difficulty or interference that appears
during learning the second language. This research focuses on the imperative
sentences in English and Javanese language.
C. Object of The Research
1. Data
Data is the essential part of the research. Without data, the writer
cannot conduct the research. According to Wikipedia (stated in Yin,
2011:130),
Data refers to a collection of organized of information, usually the
result of experience, observation, experiment, .... This may consists of
numbers, words, or images, particularly as measurements or
observation a set of variables.
Therefore, data is all of information that used by the researcher to
conduct the research. The data of this research is imperative sentences in
English and Javanese language.
2. The sources of data
Because this research is literary research, the writer read many books
and sources from the internet. Thus, data was taken from book texts in
English and Javanese language related to the imperative sentence, such as:
a.
Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide by Marcella Frank
b.
Guide to Patterns and Usage in English by A.S Hornby
c.
English Grammar for the Utterly Confused by Laurie Rozakis,
d.
English and Grammar Composition-First Course by John E
Warriner
e.
Linguistik Bahasa Jawa: Kajian Fonologi, Morfologi, Sintaksis dan
Semantik by Endang Nurhayati and Siti Mulyani
f.
Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Jawa by Sudaryanto
g.
Paramasastra Djawa by Antunsuhono
h.
Paramasastra Gagrag Anyar Basa Jawa by Mooryati Sudibyo (Ed)
3. Techniques of Collecting Data
The writer uses documentary to collect the data because this research
is literary study. According to Arikunto (2006:231), documentary means
that the data is collected from note, books, newspaper, magazine,
transcript, agenda, etc. Thus, the writer reads all the references that relate
to the imperatives sentences in English and Javanese language both from
the books and internet.
Beside documentary method, the writer also applied the observation
method (metode simak). Observation method (Sudaryanto, 1993:133) is a
method that the researcher observes the language directly to collect the
data. The writer chose this method because she did not involve in
determining the data forming. The writer only observed the data that
appear from language phenomena.
4. Techniques of Analyzing Data
The researcher reads all of books and sources from the internet
which deal to the imperative sentence in English and Javanese language
and gains the data. After collecting the data, the writer applies a
contrastive analysis to find out the differences and similarities of
imperative sentences in English and Javanese language. Besides, the
theories of imperative sentence in English and Javanese are used to
categorize and classify the data. The procedures in analysis are:
a. Reading all of the sources both from books and internet.
b. Finding types, functions and markers in English imperative
sentences.
c. Finding types, functions and markers in Javanese imperative
sentences.
d. Comparing types, functions and markers of imperative sentences
between English and Javanese language.
e. Finding out the differences and similarities of imperative sentences
in English and Javanese language.
f. Finally, drawing some conclusions and some suggestions.
CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDING
This chapter presents the result of the research. It deals with the
similarities and differences of imperative sentences between English and Javanese
language. The data of this study are taken from the books which relate to the
description of imperative sentences in English and Javanese language.
A. Analysis of imperative sentences in English and Javanese language
1. The contrastive analysis of the types of imperative sentences in English
and Javanese language
a. Imperative sentences in positive form
1) Positive imperative sentence with subject less
English
Javanese Language
Open the door!
Bukano lawang!
Go away!
Lungaa!
From the sentences above, we can infer that both in English and
Javanese language, imperative sentences can be without subject or
subject less. Because the direct object is clear for the listener.
2) Positive imperative sentence with subject
When the speaker takes the name or the subject in imperative
sentence, it means that the speaker wants to give emphasis to the
listener. Both imperative sentences in English and Javanese may
use subject.
Javanese language
English
Dedi, take that book please!
Dedi, jipukna buku kui!
You, stand up!
Kowe, ngadeka!
3) Positive imperative sentence with copulas and subject less
In English, imperative sentence can use the copula and
without subject. The copula “be” is not only followed by the
adjective but also adverb and noun.
English
Javanese language
Be patient!
Sabara!
Be careful!
Ati-ati!
4) Positive imperative sentence with copula and subject
“Be” is still used as copula in this form but the subject is
exsist to give an emphasis.
English
Javanese language
You, be quiet!
Kowe, menenga!
Rendy, be careful!
Rendy, ati-ati!
a) Positive imperative sentence with copula followed by
adjective
English
Javanese language
Be patient!
Sabara!
Be reponsible!
Sing tanggung jawab!
b) Positive imperative sentence with copula followed by noun
English
Javanese language
Be a policeman!
Dadia polisi!
Be a teacher!
Dadia guru!
5) Positive imperative sentence with uncompleted clause
This form of imperative sentence usually consists of one
word but the meaning ot that word can be understood by the
listener. The function is commonly as command.
English
Javanese language
Run!
Mlayu!
Catch!
Tangkap!
b. Imperative sentence in negative form
In English, the form of negative imperative means that the
listener is prohibited to do something. It also occurs in Javanese
language. But the markers in both language is different. It is used the
words of don’t, don’t be, must not, let’s not, and no in English.
Meanwhile, in Javanese it has aja, ora, and ampun (Krama).
1) Negative imperative sentence with subject less
English
Javanese language
Don‟t go over there!
Aja lungo rana!
Don‟t drink that coffee!
Aja ngombe kopi iku!
2) Negative imperative sentence with subject
English
Javanese language
Don‟t you call me again!
Kowe aja telpon aku meneh!
Don‟t you open the window!
Kowe aja buka jendelo! (ngoko)
Sampeyan ampun buka jendelo
nggih! (krama)
The data above explains that negative imperative sentence
also can be with subject or without subject both in English and
Javanese language.
3) Negative
imperative
sentence
with
copula
followed
by
adjective,adverb and noun
Adjective, adverb, and noun also follow the copula „be‟ in
forming the negative imperative sentence in English.
a) Negative imperative sentence with copula followed by
adjective
English
Javanese language
Don‟t be angry!
Aja nesunan!
Don‟t be lazy!
Aja males!
b) Negative imperative sentence with copula followed by adverb
English
Javanese language
Don‟t be there!
Aja rana!
Don‟t be here!
Aja rene!
c) Negative imperative sentence with copula followed by noun
English
Javanese language
Don‟t be thief!
Aja dadi maling!
Don‟t be doctor!
Aja dadi dokter!
From the data, we are able to know that the imperative sentences in
English and Javanese language can be in positive and negative form which
commonly in subject less. The direct object is rarely used because it can be
understood by the listener. To give emphasis or express some feelings like
annoyance and impatience, the subject (you) could be used in imperative
sentence.
2. The contrastive analysis of the functions of imperative sentence in
English and Javanese language
a. Imperative sentence as command
Both in English and Javanese language, imperative sentences are
used as common command.
English
Javanese language
Write down on your book!
Nulisa ning bukumu!
Turn off the radio!
Patenana radio kui!
b. Imperative sentence as request
As request, the imperative sentence in English and Javanese has
more polite meaning in giving the command.
English
Javanese language
Please, open the window!
Tulung, bukakna jendela!
Could you pass the sugar, please?
Tulung iso jipuke gula?
c. Imperative sentence as invitation
The speaker gives the command to the listener but it means that
he/she invites the listener by using the imperative sentence.
English
Javanese language
Would you come to my older Kowe teko neng nikahane mbakyu
sister‟s wedding?
ku yo?
Come to my house, won‟t you?
Dolan neng omahku, yo?
d. Imperative sentence as suggestion
In suggestion, the speaker suggests or asks the lsitener to do or
not to do something together.
English
Javanese language
Let‟s not be lazy!
Ayo aja males-malesan!
Let‟s take a break!
Ayo leren dhisik!
e. Imperative sentence as advice
Imperative sentence as advice means that the speaker gives the
idea to the listener to do something better.
English
Be serious!
Javanese language
Sing tenanan!
Be patient!
Sing sabar!
f. Negative imperative sentence as prohibition
In English and Javanese, as prohibition, imperative sentence has
function that the speaker asks or prohibits the listener not to do
something.
English
Javanese language
Don‟t park!
Ora keno parkir!
No smoking!
Ora entuk ngrokok!
Children must not watch criminal Bocah cilik ora keno nonton
news!
berita kriminal!
Don‟t be angry!
Aja nesu!
g. Imperative sentence as compulsion
Imperative sentence as compulsion has similar meaning to
command, but it has more emphasis. There is a punishment or
sanction if the listener does not do it. It occurs both in English and
Javanese language.
English
Javanese language
You must go there!
Kowe kudu lungo rana!
You must study now!
Kowe kudu sinau saiki!
h. Imperative sentence as „panantang’ in Javanese language
This function is only in Javanese language. It has meaning that
the listener is challenged to do something which he/she can or cannot
do it.
Javanese language
Yen kowe wani mrenea!
English
If you‟re brave, come here!
Gage balangen yen arep jalok You can hit quickly if you want
benjot!
to be wounded!
i. Imperative sentence as „pangece’ in Javanese language
Beside the functions above, in Javanese language, imperative
sentence also has meaning as pangece. It means that the speaker
mocks the listener by giving a command.
Javanese language
English
Panganen kabeh, adine ora usah Just eat all the food, don‟t give to
dingengehi, wong isih cilik wae!
your little sister, you‟re younger
than her!
Dolana terus, ora usah sinau, Play outside, don‟t study hard,
bijine ben enem kabeh!
your score will be all six!
The functions of imperative sentence in English are as command,
request, invitation, suggestion, advice, prohibition, and compulsion.
Meanwhile in Javanese language the imperative sentence also have functions
as command, request, invitation, suggestion, advice, prohibition, and
compulsion „panantang’ and „pangece’. Panantang means that as if the
speaker asks the listener to do action but the listener cannot do it. Meanwhile,
pangece is defined as the speaker mocks the listener when does action. It is
like the listener is in opposite condition to the reality.
To distinguish each of function, it usually uses the signal words or
markers. The markers also can recognize whether the command is polite or
not. In Javanese language, the imperative sentence will be more polite with
basa krama.
3. The contrastive analysis of the markers of imperative sentence in English
and Javanese language
a. The markers in command
Imperative sentence as command in English does not have
certain markers. The form is like the common imperative. Meanwhile
in Javanese, the impertaive sentence has the markers of suffixes -a, ana, -na and –en. They are added at the end of verb.
English
Javanese language
The suffixes of -a, -ana, -na and
–en
b. The markers in request
Imperative sentence can be used to give polite command or
request. The markers in English as request are please, will you, would
you, and would/do you mind. Can you and could you are used when
the command is less polite.
Furthermore, in Javanese, to show politeness, it is identified by
the word tulung and using basa krama.
English
Javanese language
Polite: Please, do, will you, Less Polite: Tulung,
would you, would/do you mind,
Less polite: Can you, could you,
c. The markers in invitation
Polite: using basa Krama,
As invitation, it can use the question taq won’t you and would
you like... in English. When the speaker wants to invite the listener, it
can add the suffix –a or use basa krama in Javanese.
English
Javanese language
The question tag of won’t you The suffix of –a and basa krama
and would you like
Polite: basa Krama
d. The markers in suggestion
In English, the markers of imperative sentence as suggestion are
let’s, let’s not, shall, you had better, and why don’t you. Beside, the
use of suppose/supposing and how/what about are enable for informal
suggestion.
Ayo and coba are used to identify the imperative sentence as
suggestion in Javanese. It can be more polite when uses the signal
words: mangga, awi, and prayoga/prayogi (krama).
English
Javanese language
Let’s, let’s not, shall, you had Ayo, coba
better, why don’t you,
Informal:
Polite:
Mangga,
awi,
suppose/supposing, prayoga/prayogi (krama)
,
how/what about
e. The markers in advice
Imperative sentence as advice in English is signaled by the
words: don’t, don’t be and be. In Javanese, it uses the words: aja, ora
and ampun (politeness).
English
Don’t, don’t be, be
Javanese language
Aja, ora
Politeness: Ampun (Basa Krama)
f. The markers in prohibition
The common markers which is applied in English as prohibiton
are don’t, don’t be, no + gerund. While the signal words in Javanese
are aja, ora and ampun.
English
Don’t, don’t be, No + gerund,
Javanese language
Aja, ora,
Ampun (in Krama)
g. The markers in compulsion
The words of must in English and kudu in Javanese identify that
there is an emphasis to the listener.
English
Must
Javanese language
Kudu
h. The markers of imperative sentence as pangece and panantang in
Javanese language
As pangece and panantang, imperative sentence has same
markers. The markers are the suffixes of -a, -ana, -na and –en.
There are some functions which have similar markers in English
imperative sentence. The markers of don’t and don’t be are used both in
prohibition and advice. It also occurs in Javanese language that the markers
are almost the suffixes -a, -ana, -na and –en. But, we can infer the function
of imperative sentence by its meaning implicitly.
Imperative sentences in English and Javanese language can be in
polite form. But, they have different way to show the politeness. English has
politeness principal in communication between the speaker and the listener.
Lakoff (in Cook 1989, in Anam, 2001: 156) formulates that politeness
principle consists of three aspects; don’t impose, give option, and make your
receiver fell good. These three aspects have to be used in communication to
avoid the social distance and to create good social relation. To give polite
request in English, the speaker conveys with the markers would you, could
you, and would/do you mind.
Javanese language also has the language stratifications (unggahungguh basa) to reveal the politeness. There are basa ngoko (low level
standard), basa karma (middle level standard), and basa krama inggil (higher
level standard). Basa krama and krama inggil have higher level than ngoko.
They are used when the speaker respect to the listener. These language
stratifications must be in appropriate use in communication. It is more polite
in imperative sentence when the speaker speaks basa krama and krama
inggil. Thus, the markers of polite imperative sentence in English and
Javanese language are different. English imperative sentence uses would you,
please, could you, and would/do you mind while Javanese language uses Basa
Krama.
Beside, the morphology and the syntax of imperative sentence in both
languages are dissimilar. When the Javanese imperative sentence is translated
in English, it will differ from the original sentence. It occurs because English
and Javanese language has different social culture.
The following is the example of comparison of Javanese and English
imperative:
No.
1.
Javanese
Tukua
English
Buy …!
Example
Javanese: Tukua tas iku!
English: Buy that bag!
2.
Tukokna
Buy …!
Javanese: Aku tukokna bakso ning pasar!
English: Please, buy for me a bowl of
meatball in the market!
3.
Tukonana
Buy …!
Javanese: Aku dodol klambi tukonana yo!
English: I sell good clothes, you are pleased
to buy it!
4.
Tukunen
Buy …!
Javanese: Aku duwe montor apik, tukunen!
English: I have a good quality car, please, buy
it!
As the examples on the table, it would be difficult to translate from
Javanese imperative sentence into English with similar words. Sometimes, the
form of Javanese imperative sentence will not be imperative form in English. The
examples show that Javanese imperative sentence can transform into interrogative
sentence that has imperative meaning implicitly in English. It is also necessary to
add some words or comments to translate the Javanese sentence into English. This
difficulty is caused by the different culture and structure of those languages. It
also depends on the situational context of the sentence. Besides, the implicit or
explicit meaning of the sentence must be understood well by the listener when the
speaker says it.
CHAPTER V
CLOSURE
In this chapter, the writer presents some conclusions, the implication and
suggestions dealing to the research.
A. Conclusions
1. The types of imperative sentence in English and Javanese language are
positive imperative sentence and negative imperative sentence.
2. The functions of imperative sentence in English are: as command, request,
invitation, suggestion, advice, prohibition, and compulsion. Meanwhile the
functions of imperative sentence in Javanese language are: as command,
request, invitation, suggestion, advice, prohibition, compulsion, panantang
and pangece.
3. Imperative sentence in English and Javanese language has markers to show
the different functions. In English, it is commonly used the question tag,
modals and hortatory words. To show polite command or request, the
markers in English are would you, could you, would/do you mind, please
and can you. While in Javanese language, the markers are commonly the
suffixes -a, -ana, -na and –en. Beside, Javanese imperative sentence uses
Basa Krama both madya (middle level standard) and inggil (high level
standard) to give polite request.
Although imperative sentence in English and Javanese language can
be in positive and negative form, but it has different way in forming the
sentence (syntax). The markers of both languages also are not similar.
Beside, the distinctive aspect of social culture causes the different features
on those languages. As a result, imperative sentences in English and
Javanese language are different.
B. Implication
This research can help the students to understand the grammatical structure
especially imperative sentence in language learning. It would be better if the
students are English native speakers who learn Javanese language. Because
imperative sentence in English and Javanese are different, it can help the teacher
to predict the problem or difficulty that will appear in teaching language.
C. Suggestions
1.
Suggestions for the teachers
a. The teachers should explain about the rules in imperative sentence
during the learning process to the students both in English and Javanese
language. Thus, the students will be easy and clear in understanding
when use to communicate in speaking and writing.
b. The teachers give the examples to apply the result of contrastive
analysis between source language and target language when teach the
structure of foreign language.
2.
Suggestions for the students
a. The students must pay attention to the rules of the stucture of language
and solve the difficulty in learning language.
b. The students can use the imperative sentences both in English and
Javanese language in spoken or written form.
c. The students are not only able to find out the similarity and difference
of imperative sentence in English and Javanese language but also in the
other target and source language, so they can learn foreign language
well.
3.
Suggestion for the other researchers
The writer hopes another researcher who will conduct the similar
study can use this paper as literature. Beside, they can develop the study in
another type of sentence or in the other languges.
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