FLORA
364
VIII.
MALESIANA
BULLETIN
A short biography of C.A.
12
(7/8),
2001
Backer,
nestor of the Flora of Java
J.F. Veldkamp
Nationaal
Herbarium
P.O. Box
A facsimile
reprint
September, 2000. I have
grounds
a
of scientific
been asked
following story
is based
death in
1963 (see
Brink
(1911-1987)
f.
especially
and
on
the
Leiden
erlands,
some
and
given
on some
correspondence
’
or
less been
are
1963
at
on
praised
of school teachers,
demoralized farmers'
run
syllable
with
a
moet
(Teaching is
were
speed.
to
high
Steenis
van
den
(1901-1986),
but
speeches kept by
heaven under the
on
AND
Backer
himself,
‘De mortuis
slogan:
was
The best
18
Cornelis
to
that it
must
be feared
following.
1874 in Oudenbosch and died
September
at
querulous
was
a
on
the
ear
on
22
scion of
of his
his Uncle and Aunt Pelt in Werkhoven, where
one
had
an
of the
excellent way
subdue the
to
insubordination was that he pos-
against
fellow and recited the
youthful
following
verse
accentuating
villain:
opgedrongen
jongen.
Actually,
given
ones
a
must be
the
learned
belonged
feed the
inside the
teaching
reader and
to
to
a
trust
proceed beyond simple spelling
wheel barrow
so
EDUCATION
Master Kraai. This
not enforced / Desire
the times!
pleasant qualities
than may appear from the
A clear-cut method
zitten in de
each student
Although
a
van
after his
from his mother's of the lesser peasantry. Because
firm box
Het leren wordt niet
not
appeared
The Netherlands. From his father's side he
by
sons.
tured himself behind the
did
of which
Reinier Cornelis Bakhuizen
number of
a
up
higher
born
was
Heemstede,
he attended the school
own
by
Gerrit Jan
Gijsbert
weak constitution he spent much time
ern:
that
made about Backer’s less
Cornelis Andries Backer
Those
in
of the back-
some
unsurpassed work,
of Backer that have
biographies
YOUTH
De lust
‘backeri ’, with
published
the ‘author of this
(‘Let nothing be said of the death but what is favourable’). Nevertheless,
casual remarks
each
on
in the archives of the National Herbarium of the Neth-
branch,
that these have been somewhat
family
note
here.
especially
Cornelis
University
more
nil nisi bonum
a
introductory
an
of this monumental and
origin
References),
wetenschappelijke plantennamen
contemporary papers. In the necrologies written by friends and sympathizers
Backer has
February
write
branch,
C.A. Backer has been
plant names) by
to
Leiden
The Netherlands
Leiden,
Backer called himself under the lemma
as
of the author and the
somewhat emended translation is
The
RA
of the Verklarend woordenboek van
(Explanatory dictionary
booklet’,
Nederland, Universiteit
2300
9514,
boy)
method
book
on
employed
themselves and
and
surprisingly
perused
these
proceeded rapidly,
modat
his
the others
counting.
the 'intellectuals' of his
pigs. Possibly
was
arithmetics and
this
was
family,
after school he had
to
fill
the foundation of his later studies in
A
SHORT
BIOGRAPHY
OF C.A.
the weed flora of Java. Certain is that within the
laid for Backer's
denboek'
so
in
use
Seminary
hundred
at
(The
Three
in front of the class
he had posts
at
leisure time for
on
several small
study,
botany
a
had
As
into
contact
with
Botanical
a
Niel
chapter
the
to
a
'
was
Woor-
from the
Bible
from Den
(1612-1670)
Godless),
book that is
even
now
May
1893
he
at
The
a
grant
yokel.
He used this
fifty guilders. Successively
that there
was
at
the
and
Seminary
vegetation types.
This
Society (Nederlandsche
and he
(1861-1914),
Botanische
much
was
something
sent
are
to
now
in
changes
Hendrik
specimens
which
Vereeniging)
the
by
the time that he
was
Dutch contemporary botanists, e.g.
and Eduard Heimans
was
opportunity exhaustively.
itself
already expressed
of three
years of age he
eighteen
of this
advantage
given
was
schoolmaster he had credit with booksellers,
as a
famous
some
fifteen, attended the State Teacher's
poor parents
of five hundred and
salary
villages.
abode he became familiar with various
(1854-1936)
of
son
after his finals in
annual
while
when
Backer,
custom
days
an
he hadn't had when still
His interest in
read
to
van
thunderbolt of the
Haarlem (1889-1893).
guilders.
the Introduction
as
orthodox Protestant circles in the Netherlands.
some
time-honoured
Following
Reverend Cornelis
365
of Uncle Pelt the foundation
family
Scripture,
Before each meal he had
of the
sermons
der Godloosen
donder-slagh
still in
shows.
clearly
with
alternating
of the
proverbial knowledge
BACKER
came
Heukels
the Dutch
deposited
at
the National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Leiden.
Because of the National Service Backer
tained the rank of
he knew
how
to
corporal
swear
so
due
to
well.
1900, he acquired
a
better
be fettered
higher
by
English,
position
school, in Haarlem. But after
to
a
education he
at
and the
as
1901 and
1905 he
was
THE
in
a
to
a
kind of
background
for Headmaster. Thus,
lower-grade secondary
the Dutch East Indies: if he
more
exotic
surrounding
was
with
a
employed
INDIES
at
a
Bosch Institute in Weltevreden (now Gambir,
was
one
private
the
primary
centre
the
boarding school,
of Jakarta) in Java.
hundred and seventy five Dutch East Indian guilders, mind you:
His
a
new
month!
unimaginable luxury!
Immediately
incomplete
he started
to
write
start, and this marked
To have
and
so,
in
to
collect the
plants
treatises had been written,
Thus, he decided
tor
go
so
where he ob-
pay.
Between
salary
to
well be
Army
number of additional
a
qualification
the MULO,
year he decided
might
IN
An
in the
that with his Christian
said,
In the meanwhile he obtained
certificates in mathematics, French,
in
five months
spent
the fact, he
at
least
a
them unreliable or
not
readily
available.
himself, with the flora of his immediate surroundings
one
basis he had
came
of's Lands Plantentuin in
into
to
with Melchior Treub (1851
Buitenzorg (now
the Kebun
'Vreemdelingenlaboratorium',
Foreigner's
a
longer
Laboratory,
shorter visit
now
a
Bogoriense
-1910),
Raya, Bogor),
or
as
botany.
borrow books from the Herbarium
contact
tional fame attracted many famous botanists for
Bogor.
to name
milestone in his life and for Malesian
some
early 1902, he
around him, but
also outdated and often
now
to
the Treub
the Direc-
whose internathe renowned
Laboratory,
in
FLORA MALESIANA BULLETIN
366
Treub
thought
portune,
The interview
write
a
apparently
given
was
was
while herbs and shrubs
Backer became
and
teach
life. Three
Martha
to
on
born:
were
van
July
der
the
his premature
decease the
of February
an act
out
and Mrs.
J.J.
with
at
year.
species
as
house organ De
Tropische
A fern
and Cobie. In
which
schools
secondary
apparently
quite
was
& Koens,
(Backer
a
Natuur contains many short articles
often humorous way.
tions.
Here
bone-dry
much
a
be
f.,
petition by
plant species
Secretary
1912
May
cent
one,
Colonies,
April
trips
of
thirty
to
Botanizing
to
charge
successor,
forty
the
eight editions).
a
very
always
some manu-
De
1916,
Tropische
entertaining, lively,
based
on
personal
be
gleaned
can
some
pamphlet against Sijfert
gems,
and
observafrom the
though).
Hendrik Koorders
him with the collection of Central and East
Jacob Christiaan
appointed
and
him in
Koningsberger (1867-1951),
1912
as
foot. There
on
tropics, especially
quickly
are
Java
the later
Botanist of the Java flora. From
collected about 30,000
so
kilometres
in the
be put into the
press
Backer
least
person is revealed than
specimens
while
adja-
making daily
few parts of Java where he hasn't
in the lowlands is
the temperature is murderous, the number of
much time,
and Johannes
wrote
1915 he scoured the fields and forests of Java, Madura, and the
Kangean Archipelago,
been.
in Haarlem.
1912; and Van Welsem & Backer,
at
of
Backer
History Society)
(1880-before 1958)
Backer written in
too, than found in the
case
which he edited together
Verklarend Woordenboek has
(the
A.C.
he founded the Neder-
Withthe latter he also
well documented and
interesting
Backer
Treub's
of the
to
by
while in
divided between
about which later.
(1863-1919),
a
more
are
floras and dictionaries
A very different
After
They
letter dated 3
a
daughter, son-in-law,
a
den Brink
van
to
tropical nature),
in view of
success
see
family
6, 1962, he bestowed eighty percent of
with his fellow schoolmasters Antoon Johannes Koens
als for
rare,
April 15, 1906,
on
silent about the
are
Kamerling (1872-?)
Wilhelmus Antonius van Welsem (1866-1927).
as
named after her,
was
Lagerweij-Backer (Cobie?)
Natuur (The
to
Buitenzorg.
reported
were
landsch Indische Natuurhistorische Vereeniging (Dutch Indian Natural
with
at
all.
visit from
a
instruction
as
School
that the flora of Central and East
biographers
twenty had
with H.A. Clerx and Zeno
together
trans-
Treub's mediation
through
Agricultural
R.C. Bakhuizen
to
remaining
(Gonnie?), Torrance, California,
In 1911,
and
Laboratory
Corry (C.J.E.), Gonnie,
of the Flora of Java
royalties
his collections would be op-
(1875-after 1949)
Ley
23 of that
1946, Backer mentions that he is expecting
and their two children, and in
at
common tree
badly represented
very
Buitenzorg
daughters
the
the
at
'marthae'. But for very few casual remarks, the
March
parties
at
However, it then turned
were
engaged
married in
they
to
known that sometimes
badly
so
both
to
Assistant
as
critical school flora for Java and
In 1909 he obtained tenure.
Java
satisfactory
was
look
lorry.
a
appointment
an
a
2001
(7/8),
under the condition that Treub would pay for the
agreed
his estimate about half
port, by
Backer
interview with this Backer and
an
which Backer
to
12
not
for the weak of heart:
species uncountable,
otherwise the flowers have wilted.
and
Making
specimens
must
field notes takes
too.
was
evenings.
tireless in his work:
In the field he
ate
to
nor
a
high
drank
age he
during
rose at
the
six and worked until
day regardless
of the
eight
tropical
in
cli-
A
and walked
mate
'liquid
on
SHORT
endlessly.
As
the
on
the
field
for
trips
already
and
as
wrote
which has been
he
was
extend
voor
Java
as
an
error:
a too
The
extremely
In his innocence Backer
rich
extremely
his
later
He
wrote
composed
very
rigid
were
so
lucky
to an
to
to
have
attend
by
a
much
striving
concise
(Precursor of
Voorlooper
school flora
a
with
eight
he needed
(common species only)
voor
de
flora
had
to
only
a
Java
van
and extensive
little
more
to ten
more
time
to a com-
is
(1924-1928)
it
descriptions
obviously
be abandonedafter three volumes.
6,100 species
necrologies
himself
By
a
not
on
of
flowering plants
could
always building
nearly faultless, original,
and made
high
demands
especially
inaccurate work
and
to
to
on
very
Tropische Natuur;
format for his
perfect
but
mission for
gigantic
criticism and desired
wrote, except in De
for the
good work,
no
from others,
copying
number of
thinking
Backer: "A
(and others)
generous with assistance,
judgment concerning
extensive
exceptional
more
man's life.
only rarely
in his
extraordinary
a
in his
conscientious work.
in books while
was
was
approach
spared
Small treatises he
compiled
others; he
valuable companion
content
thoroughness
within
moreover,
observation he has
Java [...]
very
unbelievable knowl-
thought
life of Java with about
plant
person who,
own
was
because of its
(1963 a-c)
useful works.
was
schoolflora with limited
a
described in this way
Van Steenis
his
least 27 °C;
few and has led
(Ranunculaceae-Myrtaceae) ) of 1911,
ambitious format and this
was
deliver
at
obscure little school manual, and the
for the whole island. The Handboek
of this
single
a
those who
by
followed in 1908
plete
a
an
surpassed by
Java (Ranunculaceae-Leguminosae)
(
voor
descriptions.
be
was
in the harbour of Tanjong-
the first part of the Flora of Batavia with
This
to
never
it
study
stove
1892-1944, and the entomologist Salomon
Booberg,
and effort
one
was
stated
repeatedly
was
which he later characterized
definitive Schoolflora
proof
oil
Backer had obtained
collecting trips
a vast area
Karl Gunnar
notes.
schoolflora
Java),
lines of
at noon next to an
1884-1954).
descriptions
eener
367
he then consumed many bottles of
evening
publications. Obviously,
sociologist
Leefmans,
In 1907 he
of
vegetation
along during
(e.g.
BACKER
of Jakarta.
coast
series of
impressive
sit
to
was
result of his many
a
of the
edge
in the
Only
C.A.
bread'. In the Netherlands he hated the cold and in his
the best climate, he said,
priok,
BIOGRAPHY OF
all
goal,
the Flora of
upon
himself and
the young. Gentle
he abhorred and such
received unvarnished and sometimes unreasonable sharp criticism. On the other hand he
accepted
well-founded criticism without
A further
complication
and cultivated
are
of
regarded
an
exotic may be
suming
task of
species
so
as
'weeds'
as
tivated
with
species
a
was
well. This is
by
a
collectors and
one-time
event
also
include in his Flora all introduced
to
hopeless task,
so
as
introduced
species generally
hardly gathered. Moreover,
and it is very
description, identification,
are
grudge."
and
key
rarely collected, partly
questionable
the
occurrence
whether the time-con-
construction is worth the effort. Cul-
because botanists
regard garden plants
few
people tend to uproot the plants they have grown with
contempt, partly because
much
Together
care
to
kill and flatten them for herbarium
with Dirk Fok
van
Slooten
boek der Javaansche theeonkruiden
still
a
that Backer wanted
an
eminent work but
not
easy
(1891-1953)
(Illustrated
to
specimens.
he
prepared
the Ge'illustreerd hand-
manual of the Java
obtain. Backer
provided
tea
weeds) (1924),
the botanical know-how
368
FLORA MALESIANA BULLETIN
nuttige planten
for the standard work De
Dutch
India) by
East
identical
Karel
Heyne
intention. The series of PROSEA
is
ningen
modern
a
which
(1877-1947),
but because of its size
English
Nederlandsch Indie
van
has
(7/8),
useful
(The
in
appeared
1691
pp.)
lacks
sorely
the detailed
of
expertise
trans-
a
in
Asia) published
of
nearly
to
this has remained
Resources of South-East
(Plant
but
successor
(ed.
3:
2001
plants
three
1927, 1950). Several times it has been suggested
prints (1913-1922,
late this into
12
good
Wage-
comparable
a
botanist.
Backer
was
had
able
an
unbelievable memory for
cite from
to
the latter one has
a
a
of Java.
there is
a
his extensive field work
because of that he had
a
most
wide
a
over
tion of
when
a
the
narrow
treatments
the
Naming
taxa
lem
working
immense
species
one
is often
are
Bogor,
One has
of the
The
as
Leeuwen
two
a
problem,
kept
sures
by
not
was
years of
having
knowledge
on
1950)
the variation of
and her-
species
clear what is
not
'splitter'.
species
infra-specific
concept of the
This notion is still
too.
The types
even
in such
an
a
damn what the
were
was
less
taxon
pleasant.
appointed
as
to
(specimens
or
variation and
to
recognized
be
in
(1950-today).
that prove the
the USA,
is
'lumper'
be
impossible
applica-
to
consult
eminent institute
as
the Herbarium
the other,
perfectionist,
position
(less
is called,
As it
as
happened,
long
it is
as
Willem Marius Docters
money, of
wanted to have the Flora finished
one
refused
to
be hurried. The economical
course,
of Florist for the Flora of Java
for
obtaining
a
full
prob-
'good'."
Director of's Lands Plantentuin in 1918.
get along with each other. The
required
and
concept. Because of the relative few collections
pension.
mea-
history repeats itself) provided
was
struck from the
allowed to remain in office until the end of 1924 so he could
tenure
up and
in Java, but
single species
Van Steenis-Kruseman,
in institutes in Europe
the Government in 1923
the solution. The
Backer
give
Buitenzorg
possible,
a
disperse
can
while ancient literature in which the first collections have been
(1880-1960)
could
soon as
valid for
could not be
phenomenon
plants
make shift with whatever is available. Backer solved this
to
"I don't
by stating
His later years in
van
and
1968).
(compiled by
an
described also often is unavailable,
Bogoriense.
to
for
as
described
casually
of genera and families for the Flora Malesiana
name) usually
in
only
not
delimitation.Then the wide
inter-specific
of the
averse
ofplants
occurrence
Slooten he
time this curious
long
per square kilometre in Malesia it is often
preferred
with Van
was
truly taxonomic,
is his work with Johan Gotlieb
critical altitude from where
application (Backhuys,
barium studies he had obtained
what
floristic than
exception
Together
(= A. lophantha). For
worldwide
Through
He loved facts and
the correlation between the
the 'elevation-effect', which is
downward,
An
speculate.
on
more
events, and literature and
plants,
relation between the altitude of mountains and the vertical distribution of
montana
explained, apparently
has
and
interpret
(1888-1966)
drought periods
(1924: 119)
Albizia
to
Beumee
the annual
languages,
great precision.
his botanical work is therefore
speculations;
Benjamin
the latter with
After that he had
budget
complete
to
and
his 25
leave without
finished his task.
Philippus
van
Harreveld (1879-1957),
former guest of Treub's
meantime become Director of the Proefstation
tal Station for the sugar
portunity
and obtained
industry
an
of
Java)
appointment
voor
in Pasuruan
for Backer
Laboratory,
de Javasuikerindustrie
as
on
East
had in the
(Experimen-
Java. He seized the op-
botanist with
the
assignment
to
A
write
flora
a
SHORT
the weeds of the
on
flora had been estimated
753!
the
Ultimately
(Weed flora of the
late
BIOGRAPHY
illustrated
fields of Java)
of the Government
late
as
as
but that
to
appeared,
cannot
on
At the
Backer
was
departure
'Opa'
there
out
were
suikerrietgronden
the last part,
the
in
slopes
no
family
atlas,
an
as
the
to
all
THE
returned
of
mention about Backer's
bota-
been buried
to
because of the fail1883.
take stock, but grasses had
to
geologist Rogier
Diederik Marius
1996: 57).
and noted that
pursuit
a
gigantic
after the disaster in
immediately
by
the
by
have
completely
came
by
seen
to
NETHERLANDS
the Netherlands.
gain
one
of his
farewell
a
characteristics'
and that he denounced it
family
is made
at
in which he called
speech
'ingratiating
was
that
in others. Curi-
sharply
all.
first lived in Haarlem and then settled in Heemstede where he worked until his
They
last years
on
his
6,100 species
never
"Sometimes it took
children
not
teacher he
to
me
three
Flora Malesiana
'schoolflora'. When
days
to
teaching
find the
It's the
example?
purposes
identity
only
He
way
still
someone
to
of
a
at
harboured the stubborn
remarked that
secondary
plant,
so
why
learn plants." As
a
work with
schools,
a
he said
should schoolformer school-
have known better!
this he revised
him
a
could be used for
follow this
ought
depth provided
the Flora of Java.
'magnum opus',
illusion that this should be
to
1884
out
as
destroyed
diaspores might
ceremonies Leefmans delivered
(Gramps)
stranger
a
and
be ruled
biologist, Treub,
BACK IN
In 1931 Backer and his
life had been
undertake any research
Verbeek (1845-1926) (Thornton,
by
der Javasche
problem of Krakatao,
plant
stocks
root
June 1886 the first
been observed
already
Next
(1928-1934)
all
not
Indeed, this possibility
sprout again.
ously,
but it turned
species,
Onkruidflora
his contentious The
published
of the volcano,
eruption
he
369
fields, thus retaining him for science. The weed
cane
nist, in which he maintained that
Only
BACKER
1973.
as
In 1929 Backer
ure
C.A.
encompass 200-250
to
richly
cane
OF
a
more
ought
to
few families for the Flora
satisfaction than all his
Malesiana. This kind of studies
previous
have been discovered earlier"
Friedrich Anton Wilhelm
Miquel (1811-1871) and
in
floristic work, he said. "The
passing
Jacob
over
previous attempts
Gijsbert Boerlage (1849—
1900).
In 1936, the
University
same
year
of Utrecht
berger (1895-1966)
anniversary
in which the Verklarend Woordenboek
on
the nomination by
and
conferred
on
August
Adriaan Pulle
him the
appeared,
the Senate of the
the Utrecht Professors Victor Jacob Konings-
(1878-1955)
honorary degree
at
the
event
of the
300th
of Doctor in Science because of his
achievements, his fabulous knowledge of plants, wide reading, and pre-eminent knowl-
edge
of Latin and Greek (Van Leer,
In 1939 Backer,
voor
some
Java
(Fern
together
1936).
with Oene Posthumus
flora for Java)
in
general
still
(1898-1945),
the
last
word
published
on
groups have been revised for the Flora Malesiana, Series II,
dophytes
and allies.
the
the
Varenflora
subject,
dedicated
to
although
the Pteri-
370
FLORA MALESIANA BULLETIN
In this
period
collaboration with the
a
sion of Herman Johannes Lam
of the Malesian flora. The
staff members
to
have the
of the Flora
manuscript
However, this turned
ing
of
and that
manuscript
a
For
this
typing
(cf and
signs
9).
late
as
as
1961!
combinations in it is
no new
copies
who,
Lam
to
prevent loss.
to
immense chore that the last, twentieth part of the
Backer's type machine
out
month
a
in twenty five
study
of his
Note that this
be considered
to
the copy-
was
as
been
having
here!
effectively published
for NLG 7.50
an
some
den Brink f.
van
available
not
'hired' for eleven years (until
was
under the transparent
(!)
excuse
machines
Rijksherbarium
on
that it contained
Backer
some
1952)
special
obtained
so
for his
good
very
collaborators,
he
men,
even
gave his
golden signet ring
But when the type writer had
decided
was
enough
to
Dutch
an
market and
so
language. Backer,
by
ZWO
(the
no
Bakhuizen
Dutch
dislike for this
a
for
publishers
subject.
a
a
now
of Pure
unique.
However,
As
Not
only
one must
because of its
chore, however,
bibliographer
the very
was
realize when
much that he very much needed the
from the ZWO
kitty.
This
was
his collaborators, somehow
Meanwhile Backer made
was
published
From
it that
in
a
a
of
mayed
eyesight
course
arranged
an
so
he started several
many
structure
bouw
to
started
an
abandon this
its
welcome
'Adminiculum', "not
to
be
but Lam,
it
again
was
to
to
finished.
before
to
in his
1931!
produced
loyalty
Backer's
dictionary
so
a
to
pension.
that in
in 1956 in
1949
Bogor.
Unfortunately by
his revisionistic work.
stop
commentary
Java, zijne gedaante,
on
Undis-
Franz Wil-
zijn plantentooi
en
its botanical ornamentation, and internal
give
was
regarded
was
gathered
suppletion
for instance
shape,
as
who made
may be said
1954 had devaluated
'Maris Stella' in Heemstede.
in which he intended to
project, though,
were
pension by
extended edition
famous work
Backer had
as
for Bakhuizen
because it
taxonomic-botanical
biographic studies,
(1850-1854) [Java,
(1850-1854)]
He had
a
data
as-
out-
allowance for each page of translation
deteriorated that he had
Junghuhn's (1809-1864)
inwendige
as
(1964-1968)
especially
permitted,
not
this
Dutch-English
stencilled form;
had
guilders
two
1953 Backer lived in Rest-home
1954 his
helm
but
thoroughness,
consulting
thing
much
was
rightly recognized by Backer,
aside it may be noted that Backer's colonial
an
Indonesian island in the
Nomenclature
meticulous worker and
a
This
visitor.
status as
manuscript, thereby financially
Science).
him co-author of the Flora of Java. This work in three
parts
be
NLG 990.00 Lam
times there would be
post-colonial
flora of
revision of the
den Brink f. whose great contribution was
van
of
sum
den Brink f., and several others therefore made
van
a
Organization
dated; it is very curious that such
such
vast
Guest Collaborator formalizing his
a
English translation, and, again,
sisted
of the Herbarium's drafts-
enough.
In the meanwhile it became obvious that in these
any
one
be used in evil times! (Mulder, pers. comm.)
the Herbarium the
cost
In 1945 Backer became official
hardly
was
for instance those who evaded the German occupa-
as
have testified. To Cees Mulder,
by going underground
a
...
little, but essential income above his much depleted colonial pension. Lam always
tion
2001
supervi-
the
of the flora of Java. It seemed prudent
published
was
on
Lam made
only vaguely.
mimeographed
be such
out to
Noodflora (Emergency flora)
placed
was
the eminent R.C. Bakhuizen
impressive knowledge
an
(7/8),
where under the
greater emphasis
a
knew each other
available, especially
like Backer, had
Rijksherbarium began
(1892-1977)
two
12
a
plant geographical survey
too vast
as
a
for
an
old
man,
of Java.
and instead he
contribution to the botanical litera-
A
[...],
ture
all
and convenient aid" for
simple
a
botanical
existing
SHORT BIOGRAPHY
could be found for its
too
Wageningen,
projects
was
nothing
of it.
came
During
By coincidence,
a
1999 is
blind and
and wit functioned
experienced
Backer's
people's
with
face. One
sudden
and
all
Notwithstanding
eulogies
rather difficult person. He had
he
was
erance
often and
19: 17
(of
not
of
not
hate
his
extinguished
very
always gentle
and that he
of 1913
against
had
seen
because of its vehemence, is
the
light.
before he became
like
a
com-
candle. In various
was
sallies
penetrating
to see
one
excep-
centre
on
other
spoke quickly
lively
face full of
ex-
of the conversation."
scientific merits he
and
at
the result of his words.
eyes, his
be the
to
an
often
were
sarcastic criticism. He
opinionated
the
Timothy
dipped
Backer's
(1944-*),
seems
to
have been
a
personal prejudices whereby
others. He defended his intol-
in the fundamentalistDutch bible translation of
course
to
an
tall and thin with slender limbs
was
nearly
enjoyed
James' version of
English King
1611)
his
in
honey
...
An
Koorders' 'Exkursionsflora
unsurpassed
in
the
season,
and
out
and doctrine." He said that he
longsuffering
pen
"Thou
thy neighbour,
4: 2 "Preach the word; be instant in
reprove, rebuke, exhort with all
pamphlet
Pieter Baas
brother in thine heart: thou shalt in any wise rebuke
suffer sin upon him" and II
season;
was
thy
prepare
many well-
few weeks before his death his memory
with him but his
Backer's
1637, the 'Statenbijbel', comparable
shalt
a
acerbic in his criticism
unnecessarily
with Leviticus
on
some
to
so
could remain indifferent: he
and
sprinkling
conversation he
sparkling
reprint
which he looked around
during
pauses
With his rather small, clever,
pression
fun
expense and sometimes turned into
many
facsimile
dull fellow. He
could have
to
September 14, 1961, just
lively personality
a
with
as
late Pro-
(1909-1999),
as
funds
made. Thus Van Steenis said about him: "No
was
tional person and the contrary of
narrow
on
a
but then his life
excellently,
obituaries the balance of his life
copy
no
regarded
was
September 2000,
presented
was
bed-ridden. Until
permanently
that
out
called the National Herbarium of the Nether-
few weeks earlier
Backer finished his 'Adminiculum'
a
turned
stencilled
ceremony in
a
September
and
a
of the Verklarend Woordenboek, but
Director of what since
who
concise grammar of bo-
a
the file systems. The latter also intended
given
English
uncountable additions
pletely
for
guilders
interleaved copy with
lands.
with
unfortunately
...
extended version in
meant
in which he listed in great detail
After his death Hendrik Cornelis Dirk de Wit
expensive
fessor in
18-20
publication:
371
BACKER
together
finished in 1961 it
was
C.A.
systematists
in Dutch and Latin
terms
tanical Latin. But when it
OF
usually
example
von
so
Java'
to
the contrary is
(1911-1912)
sedate and
friendly
that,
Dutch
botanical world.
THE BACKER-KOORDERS
When the first
(1867-1937),
Backer's
to
own
others who
Java" and
yet
part
opinion
were
had
he
was
the
-
only
Ludwig
one to
"very insufficiently
surely
not
appeared
Teysmannia,
published laudatory
Merrill, and Pulle
Friedrich
of the Exkursionsflora
editor of the journal
CONFLICT
in 1891 Willem Gerbrand Boorsma
asked Backer for
know
anything
familiar with
to
a
review.
about the
According
to
subject contrary
totally ignorant
of the flora of
commentaries. With those 'others' he
meant
Diels,
the least among contemporary botanists!
Emil Diels
(1874-1945)
was
Assistant Director of the Berlin Her-
barium and knew the West Australian flora well and had revised several families for the
372
FLORA
MALESIANA BULLETIN
Die Natiirlichen
fundamental series of Engler & Prantl,
12
and Das
Pflanzenfamilien
2001
(7/8),
Pflan-
zenreich.
Pulle
Professor of
was
and in
Miquel)
in
Botany
Backer, and had just returned from
he
over
was
an
authority
Elmer Drew Merrill
the floristics of the
The first
ence.
(1876-1956),
only
a
critical
not
compilation,
with
Java) appeared
again
an
worst
that has
extremely personal
various
Probably
with
'only'
world-renown
been caused
was
based
than
by
on
this.
more
Surely
Koorders
islands close
by),
could write. Backer,
threat
to
his
gone
Java but
the real
own
beyond
wrote
jalousie
danger
curious
a
As
was
an
usual in
zero.
kind.
writing
a
a
as
had
a
much
certainly
charged
and understandable
uncouth
of
yokel
lowly
Koorders had
Foreigner's Laboratory.
have
with
After the
...
'higher up'
it
might
others'
at
field
status
Exkursionsflora
high
of the
or
a
mountains of
Exkursionsflora
be concluded that there was
one
as
stated that Koorders
flora for the
publication
that Koorders
imply
repeatedly
a
more
in view of his
almost all from Java and
not
could
not
unconsciously
that. Koorders' work full of
against
have
expense may
knowledge
sensed the
of which
Consciously
as
world of Doctors and Professors of
thorough
must
the
"al-
known Koorders.
hardly
an
In
explosive.
of Java." It appears
possible
was
floras Koorders based himself on
more or
and
keys.
Surely,
less
so
The Government
clearly,
trusted
Unjustly
with such
But Backer did
'coarse
the Excursions-
on
was
too
expect
Backer
now a
much
must
imagined
have
and real
easy prey.
hand, and actually rightly
worst
in
have
witticisms
slow-poke Backer,
defend himself
scrutiny.
but what about remarks
as
he
Flora of Java, and he
for the entire island
cited his references
descriptions
(Criticism
finally had nearly 40,000,
anyway, would have become redundant.
errors
intensive
vegetation
to
that
by saying
in Java, but Koorders had been there
experience
his brief: he had been
existed that from
to
of
patriarch
de metier is conceivable: Backer's botanical
perhaps instinctively
Flora for Java, and that this
felt that he had
and
small but essential differ-
record for Malesia. Which does
a
ambitions for
one
the
involved, such
incontestably
still
Java
seems
Treub in his
than 42,000 collections (Backer
some
had
a
a
more
gentle'
on
qualification
Bonn. Backer's
his twelve years of
twenty-five.
more-
geography,
unreliable aper", and "it is
Backer. After all
head-master's
in
von
very
Backer
were
by
brought together by
obtained his PhD
'very,
been written
although
harboured
a
the second needs
incompetent
an
ever
attack
indeed
reviews,
less than 67 pages. The result
personal aspects
inferiority complex
origin
with
in the Netherlands.
Exkursionsflora
no
the fabrications of
than the
worse
New Guinea;
plant
is well known, is the uncontested
as
Kritiek Backer stated that he had been
ways
to
general
of
successor
together (!)
words and those of Diels and Merrill
positive
In 1913 Backer's Kritiek op de
flora of
way, indirect
Java, partly
nearly year-long expedition
plant taxonomy
reports and
are
the
(and, by
few months in
Philippines.
Pulle defendedhis earlier
were
a
a
the flora of Surinam and
on
founder of modern scientific
their papers
Utrecht
1906 had collected for
so
and
a
large
gave order
no
Backer
to
He
something
one
(not
existing
not
species
literature
it is
(in
usual). Backer,
himself)
even
called Koorders'
number of
expected
and libelous remarks'.
still
work
nearly
and
on
prepared
plagiarism
inhuman
which he
the other
his
own
and of the
to start
from
it therefore of others, also.
Koorders
to
wrote
'apology'
an
write
a
defence and
of 201
to
reply
pages. This
to
reply
these
made
A
Backer
so
furious that he
SHORT
BIOGRAPHY
wrote a
second criticism. This
Dutch 'wise men': Jacobus Marinus Janse
sor-Director of the
Professor in
Pulle
able in the Netherlands), and Friedrich
The
plant morphology
contents
and
of the final report
was
the
ited the
publication
wrote
review of Backer's
a
of this Slotwoord
first
pamphlet
and that the
can
do so." Pulle
Still, Koorders
was not
him)
in 1914
in
published
1920
known his
subject
allegations
and
the
and
(1913)
a
an
Brascamp
were
posthumously
well
and
not
are
he has
camp,
he
very
allegations
not
as
a
mentioning
nice
to one
it
for
at
van
were
case
them
regard
biography
in
[...]
newly
or
revealed
another. In this
were
against
context
after
not
it
having
Here all kinds of
those who had hamtrue.
The
may be remarked that
an
and
Plantentuin)
undoubtedly part
therefore stated in
heard from
mainly
one
side" and
a
of the enemy
balanced necrol-
regarded Brascamp's
the
obituary. Moll, surely well-informed, bypassed
all in his
in
had obtained much biased
certainly
subject
'In memoriam'.
Head of the Herbarium of
was
Brascamp's
paper
unpublished.
About
a
possible
he
(in
wrote
his
a
Buitenzorg
defence
opinion,
departure
paper
of course)
10): "(from this)
it
shows
very
clearly
between
in which
was
out-
of Koorders and the sub-
how
1920:
438)
tired all concerned
of Dr. Koorders."
That the
1962,
merely
species
Koorders, although
on
as
Brascamp (1876-1945)
personal contact").
countered and the real situation
(p.
appar-
(1854-1935) (whose
sequent surprisingly fast cooperation from all official instances (Brascamp,
Smith commented
so,
will be closed
colonial flora."
our
Hendrik Berend
Leeuwen (to Koorders
1913 and 1924. In
of
consequence
lined. This remained
of
exploration
posthumous works,
Joannes Jacobus Smith (1867-1947)
allegations
long
Director of's Lands
unfitting
done
not
Anna Koorders-Schumacher (1870-1934), Koorders' wife,
of Koorders'
was
indigna-
while Koorders'
Koorders in his work. No doubt part of this is
ogy of 1920 "things which he has
all
indignation:
of
expression
unforgivable levity",
in that of Koorders who named 3
repeated
provoked
so
inside information. Docters
as
the
few times
("some
had assisted
publication
on
defence, and Engelbert
a
prohib-
of all this,
summary of the arguments of
after the rebuttal the
now
but
instigator
without support: Teun Ottolander
entirely
grievances
pered, sabotaged,
gentlemen
history
incorporated partly
wrote
really lucky
in the future will have its wash indoors. Then both brochures
dirty laundry
herbarium has been
by
"that
not a
against Backer,
be shelved in the archives and the botanist of the future will
curious documents from the
the
hoped
case
leaked that the conclusions
was
measures
(Final word). Boorsma,
"should have shown the unfounded base of this
not
and Profes-
anatomist and
in Utrecht.
unknown, but it
tion" about "a book that has been written with
could
committeeof
taxonomist of standing avail-
both opponents and concluded that Backer had written "a sincere
ently
to a
(1851-1933), plant
only plant
such that the Government deferred from all
were
submitted
was
Ferdinand Christian Went (1863-1935),
August
physiology
are
373
of his involvement in the
(because
choice, but possibly selected because he
Professor of
BACKER
(1860-1938), plant physiologist
Jan Willem Moll
Rijksherbarium,
Groningen,
OF C.A.
remained in Backer's
question
he said
to
In conclusion it may
productive,
temporaries
and
mind is
clear. At the end of his
Lam "and yet 1 have treated Koorders
be said that Backer
nestor
in Java,
of Indonesian
not
in the least
must
botany.
on
Van
too
have been
He
was
Steenis,
a
colourful
man,
of great influence
who
life,
March
friendly."
was
on
extremely
many
con-
Professor-Director of the
374
FLORA
Leiden from 1962
Rijksherbarium
the
generous
friends and
their work
ruthlessly.
About his
"a
exaggerated perfectionism:
puts aside the work,
looks
printed."
Thus this,
just
the
During
appeared
more or
through
went
less
is
publications,
became
(more
and
larger
less
or
KNOWN AS THE
After his
Dutch and
as
larger
yet
as
critical which led
as
to
slaves for five years,
one
and does it
immediately,
have it
to
with
extremely thorough
a
great
more
to
cards
also:
them
publish
and here and there
as
a
a
catches
one
he wasn't
reminds
in the 18th century
a
file
with
(note:
of
one
were
as
so
on
the
'u',
a
of often very
glimpse
a
and added the
gradually
became
to
he used
as
young
in
mean-
standard
names
of
a monumen-
be his
colleagues
1936 the Verklarend woordenboek van
original information, biographical data,
of the
wry and somewhat acerbic wit often
known. Thus he
was
continually
centipede limping
were
called
under the entry
notes
at
all
legs",
'Andromeda':
and under
'Baltimora':
‘divina carmina’
', divine songs,
more courteous
than
today."
Linne.
by
See also the characteriza-
tions, ebullitions, and anecdotes under 'armandii, Cliffortia,
Commelina,
colocynthis,
etc.'
condamineus,
Not satisfied with the result he continued to add
things
and able also
to
make
published.
was
a
"Baltimore's poems in bad Latin
dressed
which
suikerrietgronden,
to
added to it. Around 1931 there
were
'Lintwurm'
started small it
book, and
goldmine
others for which he
comparison
having
items. As
22,500
The Woordenboek is
"For in many
(TAPEWORM)
Over the years this card system
plants.
('joints')
he called it the
wetenschappelijke plantennamen
People
of
names
he extended the 'Lintwurm'
repatriation
tal file of about
at
WETENSCHAPPELIJKE
‘LINTWURM’
'lintworm').
European species,
exhorted him
the
and
judged
of the Handbook of the flora
der Javasche
Onkruidflora
Latin)
good 9,000. Mockingly
a
VAN
WOORDENBOEK
for the
preparations
Dutch has it
man,
If not, then he
satisfactory enough
proofs
seven
loyal, helpful
very
just
in parts between 1928 and 1934, Backer had started
of scientific
"This
was
created as follows:
then it is
like his other
THE ‘VERKLAREND
aimed
was
worthy.
it five years later and burns it
PLANTENNAMEN’, ALSO
were
2001
(7/8),
of trustworthiness.
degree
ings
work is
perhaps
It has been said that he
of Java .. .
work, however, he
own
good
at
for another five years,
again
Backer
Project.
when he found them
colleagues
12
1972, and through him on his pupils, among which
to
and the Flora Malesiana
undersigned,
to
MALESIANA BULLETIN
we
to
offend all. If
any
bridle the whole
man
body."
In
Willem Hendrik Wachter (1882-1946)
supplemented print
of 2036
to
the file in observance of James 3: 2
offend
a
not
he
same
of November
thought things
is
a
perfect
5, 1938,
would be
ad-
correct
in
...
reviews, for instance by
Notwithstanding laudatory
in word, the
postcard
Jacobus Pieter
Thijsse [1865
—
1945, famous botanist in the Netherlands and conservationist of the first hour, "a beautiful,
entertaining,
and
amusing
rather unknown for various
English
which
book" of
reasons.
narrowed the
(1937)]
this
because it
First,
very
was
target group considerably.
Secondly,
middle of the economic crisis of the 1930s and
many could
work
(it
cost
time started
19.50
at
guilders;
NLG 37.50
a
my father,
as
a
week!). Finally,
valuable manual remained
written in Dutch and
not
publisher
appeared
afford such
chartered mechanical
the
it
an
engineer
not
in
in
the
expensive
around that
remained stuck with his stock
A
and
has it that
legend
and
no
years I
just
depth.
That the
scholarship
copy before I
a
of paper it
scarcity
was
dozen leftover
to save a
on
plant
names,
it. More
to
both
bibliography
see
several German
unsurpassed
recently
generic
a
cannot
managed
to
lay
Bakhuizen
as
van
an
on
grass
hand-
English
or
touch Backer's in size
is shown
specific"
and
CD-ROM
1996) for which the 'Woordenboek' served
full
are
which however
below)
well-known in botanical circles:
(1911-*),
tions his indebtedness
a
able
was
searched for
myself
375
BACKER
after because of the
still has been
dictionary
liam Thomas Stearn
For
C.A.
work in its kind. There
comparable
under the References
(cited
rivaled
or
OF
on one.
There is
books
WW II
during
nearly twenty
For
my hands
BIOGRAPHY
communication by Van Steenis who
pulped (personal
copies).
SHORT
by
the words of Wil-
"Dutch work
and
names
in
even
of
1992
un-
men-
appeared (Clifford,
example.
den Brink f. &
(1963).
Vogelenzang
EPONYMY
Fifteen
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
taxa
have been named after Backer:
Backeria Bakh.f.
backeri J.J. Sm.
Ceratostylis
backeri Alderw.
Dryopteris
Elatostema backeri H. Schroter
backeri Pax
Euphorbia
Fagara
backeri
Freycinetia
& K. Hoffm.
Bakh.f.,
now
Zanthoxylum
backeri
(Bakh.f.)
T.G.
Hartley
backeri B.C. Stone
Habenaria backeri
J.J. Sm.
Ixora backeri Bremek.
backeri Bremek.
Lepidagathis
Nasturtium backeri O.E.
Schulz,
now
backeri
Rorippa
(O.E. Schulz)
B.
Jonsell
Parastrobilanthesbackeri Bremek.
Pavetta backeri Bremek.
Rostellularia backeri Bremek.
Sterculia backeri I G.M. Tantra
REFERENCES
Anonymous (A.
van
Leer?). 1931.
Cornelis Andries Backer. Botanist
voor
de Java-flora. Msc.
(Archives
NHN, Leiden).
Backer,
C.A.
1913.
Backer,
C.A.
1913-1914.
Backer,
C.A. & A.J. Koens.
van
middelbare
Bakhuizen
van
Bakhuizen
Bakhuizen
op
Brink
Visser &
R.C.
f.,
f.,
f.,
F.
Co.,
Fl. Java
van
1:
voor
het
biography
xi-xiv, portr.
Vogelenzang.
den Brink
1989. Taschenworterbuch
Java. Visser &
Weltevreden.
Co,
State
Archives,
plantkundig onderwijs
in
The
Hague).
de lagere klassen
Weltevreden.
1963. Short
R.C. & L.
Backer & R.C. Bakhuizen
Boerner,
von
(Archives NHN, Leiden;
1912. Aanteekenboekje
den Brink
den
de Exkursionsflora
Een slotwoord. Msc.
scholen.
den Brink
van
van
Kritiek
f.,
1963.
Fl. Java
der botanischen
of Dr. C.A. Backer. In: C.A.
Erven
R
Backer & R.C.
Noordhoff, Groningen.
Bibliography
1: xiv-xx. Erven
Pflanzennamen,
of Dr. C.A. Backer.
P.
In: C.A.
Noordhoff, Groningen.
4 Aufl. Paul
Parey, Berlin, Ham-
burg.
Booberg,
G.
1931. Personalia. C.A. Backer. Arch. Suikerind.
Ned.-Indie
25/26:
687-690, portr.
376
FLORA
MALESIANA BULLETIN
Boorsma,
W.G.
1913.
Boekbespreking. Teysmannia
24: 459-466.
Boorsma,
W.G.
1914.
Boekbespreking. Teysmannia
25: 478-490.
E.H.B.
Brascamp,
Brown,
R.W.
Koorders.
Composition
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1956.
H.T.
Clifford,
1920. Dr. S.H.
1996.
Etymological dictionary
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Tectona
iiberdie
2001
12(7/8),
13: 377-504.
words. Smithsonian Institution
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Press, Washington,
D.C.
Amsterdam.
ETI,
FortschritteinderGeographiederPflanzen. Geogr.
Jahrb. 36: 277-
278.
Docters
Leeuwen, W.M.
van
1920. In memoriam
Dr. S.H. Koorders.
Bull.
Jard. Bot.
Buitenzorg III,
11:
237-241, portr.
H.
Genaust,
1976. Etymologisches Wiirterbuch derbotanischen
Pflanzennamen. Birkhauser
Verlag, Basel,
Stuttgart.
R. & R. Pankhurst.
Hyam,
S.H.
Koorders,
G.
Kolff
H.J.
Lam,
&Co.,
1963.
Erven P.
A.
van.
Merrill,
E.D.
Moll,
Niel,
J.W.
C.
and their
over
eene
concise
names: a
Buitenzorgse
dictionary.
kritiek
mijn
op
Exkursionsflora
von
Java.
Batavia.
C.A. Backer & R.C. Bakhuizen
In:
Postscript.
1931.
Bij
het vertrek
1936. C.A.
Backer,
1912. Review.
1639. Den
het Ie deel.
van
den Brink
f.,
Fl.
Java
1:
xxiii, portr.
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C.C.
Trop.
Msc.
Natuur 20:
77-78, portr.
(Archives NHN, Leiden).
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Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 29: 73-76.
het
wegens
Buitenzorgsche kritiek. Tijdschr. Nijv.
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1912a. Literatuur.
Pulle, A.A.
1912b. Exkursionsflora
Pulle, A.A.
1914. Exkursionsflora
1915.
5 March:
Sci.,
donderslagh der Godloosen,
Pulle, A.A.
Pulle, A.A.
J.
Dr. S.H.
causa.
schrickelyck
oordeel
en
pyne der
hellen,
Deventer.
T.
Ottolander,
C.A. Backer uit Indie.
van
Doctor honoris
Philipp.
1920. In memoriam
van.
Plowden,
1995. Plants
Opmerkingen
Noordhoff, Groningen.
S.
Leefmans,
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Kon.
Tijdschr.
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&
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Aardr. Gen.
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von
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von
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Mercuur
6
25
89:
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29: 228-230.
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February:
835.
September:
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von
Ind. Mercuur
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1972. A
gardeners dictionary
of
plant
W.T. Steam &
(rev.
names
I.L.L.
Smith). Cassell,
London.
Smith,
J.J.
Stearn,
W.T.
1914. Een
weerlegging.
1992. Stearns
Msc.
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C.G.G.J, van.
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Steenis,
C.G.G.J.
1963a. Cornelis
van.
(Archives NHN, Leiden).
plant
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Blumea
12:
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C.G.G.J.
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en
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173-177, portr.
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woordenboek
groeiende
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en
namen
van
parken gekweekte
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varens en
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scholen
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12:
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voor
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plantkunde voor Nederlandsch-Indie, ten gebruike
M.U.L.O,
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H.B.S.
met
3-jarigen
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Seybold.
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Natuur 41:
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kweek-
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1979. Handworterbuch
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und
ihre