Holcim
Emission and Monitoring
Guideline for Unit Conversion
of Continuous Measuring Devices
Version 2004-01 / January 2004
HGRS-CTS/MT
J. Waltisberg
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SYMBOL LIST ...........................................................................................................................3
1.
"RAW VALUES" AND CONVERTED VALUES.................................................................4
1.1
1.2
2.
THE STANDARDS .............................................................................................................5
2.1
2.2
3.
"RAW VALUES"...........................................................................................................4
CONVERSION TO STANDARD CONDITIONS ...................................................................4
HOLCIM STANDARD ....................................................................................................5
NATIONAL STANDARDS ...............................................................................................5
CONVERSION ....................................................................................................................7
3.1
GASEOUS COMPOUNDS..............................................................................................7
3.1.1 Conversion Proceeding.......................................................................................7
3.1.2 "Raw Values" ......................................................................................................8
3.1.3 Conversion to Dry Gas Condition........................................................................9
3.1.4 Conversion from [ppm] to [mg/m3S] .....................................................................9
3.1.5 Conversion to Reference Oxygen Content .......................................................10
3.2
VOLUME STREAM .....................................................................................................11
3.2.1 Conversion Proceeding.....................................................................................11
3.2.2 Conversion to Dry Gas Condition......................................................................12
3.2.3 Calculation of Volume Stream at Standard Conditions .....................................12
3.2.4 Conversion to Reference Oxygen Content .......................................................12
3.3
DUST MEASUREMENT...............................................................................................13
3.3.1 Conversion Proceeding.....................................................................................13
3.3.2 Conversion to Dry Gas Condition......................................................................14
3.3.3 Calculation of Volume Stream at Standard Conditions .....................................14
3.3.4 Conversion to Reference Oxygen Content .......................................................14
4.
EMITTED MASS FLOW ...................................................................................................15
5.
REALATON BETWEEN DIFFERENT STANDARDS ......................................................16
2
SYMBOL LIST
A
c
cdry
cdry,S
cn, cm
cdry,S,ref
[m2]
[mg/m3]
[mg/m3]
[mg/m3S]
[mg/m3S]
[mg/m3S]
cHolcim
[mg/m3N]
cwet
f
h
H2O
M
&
m
O2
O2,ref
pS
pSn, pSm
pStack
TS
TS1
TS2
TS3
TSn, TSm
TStack
V&
V& wet
V&
[mg/m3]
[m]
[vol-%]
[kg/kmol]
[kg/s]
[vol-%]
[vol-%]
[mbar]
[mbar]
[mbar]
[K]
[K]
[K]
[K]
[K]
[K]
[m3/s]
[m3/s]
Cross section area
Concentration
Concentration, dry
Concentration, dry, standard condition
Concentration, standard n or m
Concentration, dry, standard condition, reference oxygen
level
Concentration, dry, normal condition, reference oxygen
level = 10 [%]
Concentration, wet
Factor
Altitude (above sea level)
Water content of exhaust gas
Molar mass
Mass flow
Oxygen concentration (dry) in the stack
Reference oxygen level (dry)
Standard pressure (standard condition)
Standard pressure (standard condition n or m)
Stack pressure
Standard temperature (standard condition)
Standard temperature (standard 1)
Standard temperature (standard 2)
Standard temperature (standard 3)
Standard temperature (standard n or m)
Stack temperature
Volume stream
Volume stream, wet
[m3/s]
Volume stream, dry
V& dry,S
[m3S/s]
Volume stream, dry, standard condition
V& n , V& m
V&
[m3S/s]
Volume stream, dry, standard condition n or m
[m3S/s]
V& Holcim
[m3N/s]
w
[m/s]
Volume stream, dry, standard condition, reference oxygen
level
Volume stream, dry, normal condition, reference oxygen
level = 10 [%]
Velocity
dry
dry,S,ref
3
1.
"RAW VALUES" AND CONVERTED VALUES
Conversion to
• National Standard
• Holcim Standard
Flow Meter
Dust Monitor
p and T Sensors
T, p
"Raw Values"
"Monitor Values"
Internal Standard
Gaseous Compounds
SO2, NO, (NO2), (CO),
(HCl), (NH3), O2, H2O,
VOC
1.1
"Raw Values" (or "Monitor Values")
The "Raw Values" are the values directly indicated on the instrument(s). These values are defined at certain standard ("internal standard") and generally not converted
to a reference oxygen level. The supplier(s) of the instrument(s) must exactly defined these "Raw Values" and the definitions should be laid down in the reference
manual.
1.2
Conversion to Standard Conditions
In an external computer the "Raw Values" must be converted to the National and
Holcim standard. This conversion is explained in this Guideline.
4
2.
THE STANDARDS
2.1
Holcim Standard
1. Emissions are expressed as concentration, mass of emitted substance per volume of the exhaust gas (e.g. in milligrams per cubic meter [mg/m3]).
2. The emissions indicated as concentrations refer to the volume of exhaust gas
under standard (normal) conditions (0 [°C], 1013 [mbar]) after subtraction of the
moisture content (dry).
3. The measured emission concentrations shall be converted to a reference oxygen value of 10 [vol-%] (dry).
4. Nitrogen oxides NOx (nitrogen monoxide NO and nitrogen dioxide NO2) shall be
expressed as nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
5. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) shall be expressed as carbon [mgC/m3S]
2.2
National Standards
1. Generally emissions are expressed as concentration, mass of emitted substance
per volume of the exhaust gas (e.g. in milligrams per cubic meter [mg/m3]).
2. The emissions indicated as concentrations refer to the volume of exhaust gas
under standard conditions (TS, ps) after subtraction of the moisture content (dry).
Standard conditions are very different.
Examples:
• Standard 11: ps = 1013 [mbar], Ts = 0 [°C] (273.15 [K])
European countries
• Standard 2:
ps = 1013 [mbar], Ts = 20 [°C] (293.15 [K])
USA
• Standard 3:
ps = 1013 [mbar], Ts = 25 [°C] (298.15 [K])
Mexico
3. Mostly the measured emission concentrations shall be converted to a reference
oxygen value [vol-%] (dry). This value varies from country to country and lies between 7 and 11 [vol-%].
Various countries have no reference oxygen value. In theses cases the governments state that the emission concentrations refer to the volume of exhaust gas,
which is diluted no more than technology and operating conditions require.
1
Standard 1 = so-called "normal conditions"
5
4. Generally nitrogen oxides NOx (nitrogen monoxide NO and nitrogen dioxide
NO2) shall be expressed as nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
5. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) shall be expressed as carbon [mgC/m3S]. In
different countries (e.g. some US states) this emission shall be expressed as
volume ratio ([ppm]) equivalent to methane or propane.
6
3.
CONVERSION
3.1
Gaseous Compounds
3.1.1
Conversion Proceeding
"Raw Values"
wet
[ppm]
O2|ref
yes
Conversion
to dry
yes
Conversion
to [mg/m3S]
yes
Correction to
reference O2
Values according
Holcim Standard
National Standard
7
3.1.2
"Raw Values"
The three continuous measuring devices, recommended by Holcim, as well as most
of the other measuring devices indicate the "Raw Values" as follows:
Compound
SO2
NO
NO2
CO
CO2
HCl
NH3
H2O
O2
Possible Definitions
2)
[ppm]
[%]
[%]
[mg/m3S]
1)
dry or wet
wet
dry or wet
1)
m3 defined at standard conditions (pS, TS)
Examples:
• Standard 1: pS = 1013 [mbar], TS = 0 [°C] (or 273.15 [K])
• Standard 2: pS = 1013 [mbar], TS = 20 [°C] (or 293.15 [K])
• Standard 3: pS = 1013 [mbar], TS = 25 [°C] (or 298.15 [K])
2)
Generally the instruments indicate this component as [ppm] or as [mg] nitrogen
monoxide (NO) per standard m3 and not converted to nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
Special Case: Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
• Flame ionization detectors (FID), measuring volatile organic compounds (VOC),
are mostly calibrated with propane (C3H8); seldom with methane (CH4).
• The flame ionization detector measures the emitted organic carbon at a temperature above 150 [°C]. Therefore the concentration is measured and also indicated in the wet gas state.
• It is possible that the signal of the flame ionization detector is directly integrated
in the control unit of the continuous measuring device for gaseous compounds.
There the values of the flame ionization detector can be converted to the dry gas
state and indicated as "Raw Values".
• Possible indications are:
o [ppm] equivalent to methane (CH4)
o [ppm] equivalent to propane (C3H8)
o [mgC/m3S]
8
3.1.3
Conversion to Dry Gas Condition
First all values must be converted to dry gas state.
Remark: It is possible that the instrument(s) indicates some values in dry state
and the others in wet.
Example: All components are converted internally to dry standard, except the
oxygen measurement.

mg 
c dry ppm or 3  = c wet
m S 

3.1.4

mg 
1
ppm or 3  ⋅
H O [%] 
m S  

1 − 2

100 

Conversion from [ppm] to [mg/m3S]
If the "Raw Values" are indicated in [ppm] than the values must be converted as follows:
 kg 
M

 mg 
 kmol 
c dry,s  3  = f ⋅ c dry [ppm]
f=
0.08206 ⋅ TS [K ]
 m S 
Factor for Different Countries
Standard 1:
Standard 2:
Standard 3:
TS1
TS 2
TS3
 kg 
M

 kmol 
= 273.15 [K ] → f =
22.41
 kg 
M

 kmol 
= 293.15 [K ] → f =
24.06
 kg 
M

 kmol 
= 298.15 [K ] → f =
24.47
9
Factors for Different Compounds
The factors for different compounds are indicated in the following table.
Component
M
[kg/kmol]
Standard
1
Standard
2
Standard
3
64.07
30.01
46.01
46.01
28.01
35.46
20.01
17.03
12.01
36.03
2.86
1.34
2.05
2.05
1.25
1.58
0.89
0.76
0.54
1.61
2.66
1.25
1.91
1.91
1.16
1.47
0.83
0.71
0.50
1.50
2.62
1.23
1.88
1.88
1.15
1.45
0.82
0.70
0.49
1.47
SO2
NO
NO as NO2
NO2
CO
HCl
HF
NH3
VOC
1)
2)
2)
2)
Nitrogen monoxide NO expressed as nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
Volatile organic compounds are indicated as emitted organic carbon per volume
of the exhaust gas in milligrams per cubic meter [mgC/m3]. Therefore the molar
mass is the following:
 kg 
M = 1⋅ 12.01 
• Methane (CH4) calibration:

 kmol 
•
3.1.5
1)
 kg 
M = 3 ⋅ 12.01 
 = 36.03
 kmol 
Propane (C3H8) calibration:
 kg 
 kmol 


Conversion to Reference Oxygen Content
 mg 
c dry,s,ref  3  = c dry,s
 m S 
 mg   21 − O 2,ref
 3  ⋅ 
 m S   21 − O 2



Holcim Standard 2
 mg 
c Holcim  3  = c dry,s
 m N 
2
 mg   21 − 10 [%] 
 = c dry,s
 3  ⋅ 
 m N   21 − O 2 
 mg   11
 3  ⋅ 
 m N   21 − O 2



Standard 1: [m3S] = [m3N] Æ normal-m3
10
3.2
Volume Stream
A flow meter measures the velocity w in the chimney at actual chimney conditions.
The volume stream is product of the velocity and the cross section area.
V& wet = A ⋅ w
3.2.1
Conversion Proceeding
"Raw Values"
w → V& wet
Conversion
to dry
Calculation of
[m3S]
(Standard
condition)
O2|ref
yes
Correction to
reference O2
Values according
Holcim Standard
National Standard
11
3.2.2
Conversion to Dry Gas Condition
m3  &
V& dry 
 = Vwet
 s 
3.2.3
m3  
H 2 O [%] 


 ⋅ 1 −
100 
 s  
Calculation of Volume Stream at Standard Conditions
m3 
 m 3   p Stack
V& dry,s  s  = V& dry 
 ⋅ 
 s   ps
 s 
Holcim Standard 3
m3 
V& dry,N  N  = V& dry
 s 
  Ts
 ⋅ 
  TStack



 m 3   p Stack [mbar ]   273.15 [K ] 

 ⋅ 

 ⋅ 
 s   1013 [mbar ]   TStack [K ] 
Stack pressure
Very often in the stack only the temperature is measured and not the pressure. In
first approximation the stack pressure is equal to the barometric pressure.
Approximate formula:
3.2.4
p S [mbar ] = 1013 − 0.109 ⋅ h [m]
Conversion to Reference Oxygen Content
 21 − O 2
V& dry,s,ref = V& dry,s ⋅ 
 21 − O 2,ref




 m 3s  &
 m 3   p Stack
&
Vdry,s 
 = Vdry 
 ⋅ 
s
 s 

  ps
3
Holcim Standard
 21 − O 2 
V& dry,N,ref = V& dry,N ⋅ 

 11 
  Ts
 ⋅ 
  TStack
  21 − O 2
 ⋅ 

  21 − O 2,ref




m3 
 m 3   p Stack [mbar ]   273.15 [K ]   21 − O 2 
 ⋅ 
 ⋅ 
V& dry,N  N  = V& dry 

 ⋅ 
[
]
[
]
s
1013
mbar
T
K
 s 


Stack

  11 


3
Standard 1: [m3S] = [m3N] Æ normal-m3
12
3.3
Dust Measurement
Dust monitors measure the concentration referred to the exhaust gas at stack conditions (temperature, pressure, wet).
3.3.1
Conversion Proceeding
"Raw Values"
Conversion
to dry
Calculation of
[mg/m3S]
(Standard
condition)
O2|ref
yes
Correction to
reference O2
Values according
Holcim Standard
National Standard
13
3.3.2
Conversion to Dry Gas Condition
 mg 
c dry  3  = c wet
m 
3.3.3




1
 mg  

⋅
 3 
 m  1 − H2 O [%] 


100 

Calculation of Volume Stream at Standard Conditions
 mg 
c dry,s  3  = c dry
 m S 
 mg   p S
 3  ⋅ 
 m S   p Stack
  Tstack
 ⋅ 
  TS



Holcim Standard 4
 mg 
 mg   1013 [mbar ]   TStack [K ] 
 ⋅ 

c dry,N  3  = c dry  3  ⋅ 
 m N 
 m N   p Stack [mbar ]   273.15 [K ] 
Stack pressure
Approximate formula:
3.3.4
p S [mbar ] = 1013 − 0.109 ⋅ h [m]
Conversion to Reference Oxygen Content
 mg 
c dry,s,ref  3  = c dry,s
 m S 
 mg   21 − O 2,ref
 3  ⋅ 
 m S   21 − O 2



Holcim Standard
 mg 
c Holcim  3  = c dry,s
 m N 
4
 mg   21 − 10 [%] 
 = c dry,N
 3  ⋅ 
 m N   21 − O 2 
 mg   11 

 3  ⋅ 
 m N   21 − O 2 
Standard 1: [m3S] = [m3N] Æ normal-m3
14
4.
EMITTED MASS FLOW
General:
Rule:
 mg   mg  &  m 3 
1
&  kg  =
m
⋅
 s  1000000  kg  ⋅ c  3  ⋅ V  s 
 

 m 


The concentration and the volume stream must be defined at the gas
conditions (wet or dry, standard, oxygen)
•
 mg 
1
 mg  &
&  kg  =
m
 s  1000000 ⋅  kg  ⋅ c wet  3  ⋅ Vwet
 
m 


m3 


 s 
•
 mg 
1
 mg  &
&  kg  =
m
 s  1000000 ⋅  kg  ⋅ c dry  3  ⋅ Vdry
 
m 


m3 


 s 
•
•
 m 3S 
 mg  &
⋅
V

 3  dry,S 
 s 
 m S 
 m 3S 
 mg  &
 mg 
1
 kg 
&
m =
⋅

 ⋅ c dry,S,ref  3  ⋅ Vdry,S,ref 
 s  1000000  kg 
 s 
 m S 
 mg 
1
&  kg  =
m
 s  1000000 ⋅  kg  ⋅ c dry,S
 


15
5.
REALATON BETWEEN DIFFERENT STANDARDS
Some Holcim Cement must report the kiln emissions to Holcim and to the local authorities. In various countries the Holcim standard is different from the National
standard.
Example:
• Holcim standard (S1):
• National standard (S2):
pS1 = 1013 [mbar], TS1 = 273.15 [K] (0 [°C]).
ps2 = 1013 [mbar], TS2 = 293.15 [K] (20 [°C]).
The relation between the values of two different standards (n and m) is:
 mg   T
c n  3  =  Sm
 m Sn   TSn
  p Sn
 ⋅ 
  p Sm
m3   T
V& n  Sn  =  Sn
 s   TSm

 ⋅ c m

  p Sm
 ⋅ 
  p Sn
 mg 
 3 
 m Sm 
 &  m 3Sm 
 ⋅ Vm 

 s 

→
 mg   T
c n  3  =  Sm
 m Sn   TSn
→
m3   T
V& n  Sn  =  Sn
 s   TSm

 ⋅ c m

 mg 
 3 
 m Sm 
 &  m 3Sm 
 ⋅ Vm 

 s 

Example:
 mg 
 mg 
 mg   293.15 
 mg   T 
• c 1  3  =  S 2  ⋅ c 2  3  = 
 ⋅ c 2  3  = 1.073 ⋅ c 2  3 
 m S 2   273.15 
 m S 2 
 m S2 
 m S1   TS1 
3
3
3
 m 3S2 
 m S1   TS1  &  m S 2   273.15  &  m S 2 
&
&


• V1 
=
 ⋅ V2  s  =  293.15  ⋅ V2  s  = 0.932 ⋅ V2  s 





 

 s   TS 2 
16