Introduction
Chapter 23
Reproductive System
• Human beings reproduce sexually
• Male and female sex cells unite to produce
offspring by sexual reproduction
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Susan G. Salvo
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1
Anatomy
Ducts
Gametes
Gonads
Penis, accessory glands, and urethra in
men
• Uterus, vagina, and breasts in women
• Produces new individuals of a species
• Genetic material is passed from one
generation to another
• The species is continued
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Sex Cells
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4
Sex Cells
• Oocytes—female sex cells
• Spermatozoa—male sex cells
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Physiology
•
•
•
•
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• Fertilization—process of uniting the sperm
with an egg
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1
Reproductive Organs
Male Reproductive Organs
• Primary
– Gonads
• Male—testes
• Female—ovaries
• Secondary
– Combination of ducts used to transport the
reproductive cells for possible fertilization and
transportation of zygote to place of incubation
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Male Reproductive Organs
Male Reproductive Organs
• Scrotum
• Testicles
• Spermatic duct—epididymis, vas (ductus)
deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
• Accessory male sex glands—prostate
gland, bulbourethral (Cowper’s ) glands,
seminal vesicles
• Penis
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• Interstitial cells of
Leydig
– Produce
testosterone
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Female Reproductive Organs
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Female Reproductive Organs
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•
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•
•
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Ovaries
Fallopian tubes (oviducts)
Uterus (womb)
Vagina (birth canal)
Vulva
Breasts (mammary glands)
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12
2
Female Reproductive Organs
Female Reproductive Organs
• Uterus,
fallopian
tubes,
and vagina
• Female breast
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13
Female Reproductive Cycle
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14
Female Reproductive Cycle
• Four phases
– First phase (menstruation): day 1-5
– Second phase (before ovulation): day 5-14
– Third phase (ovulation): day 14
– Fourth phase (after ovulation): day 15-28
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15
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Female Reproductive Cycle
Sexual Intercourse
• Stages of
ovarian
follicle
development
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16
• Men
– Erection—enlargement and stiffening of the
penis; penile arteries dilate and fill the sinuses
with blood
– Lubrication—mucus secreted through urethra
from bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands
– Orgasm—semen is expelled from the urethra
(ejaculation)
17
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3
Sexual Intercourse
Human Development
• Women
– Erection—clitoral erection and widespread
sexual arousal result from stimulation of
female genitalia
– Lubrication—mucus is secreted by cervical
lining and Bartholin glands
– Orgasm—occurs when genital stimulation
reaches maximal intensity
• Ovulation, fertilization, and implantation
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19
Human Development
•
•
•
•
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20
Primary Germ Layers
Implantation
Embryonic development
Fetal development
Birth (parturition)
• Ectoderm—
outermost layer
• Mesoderm—
middle layer
• Endoderm—
innermost layer
– Dilation
– Expulsion
– Placental stage
• Lactation (milk production)
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21
Inheritance
22
Human Genetics
• Inheritance—expression of traits and
conditions passed from one generation to
another through sexual reproduction
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)—chemical
found in each cell in the body that codes
for the production of enzymes
• Gene—section of DNA on a chromosome
that codes for a specific enzyme
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• Mutations—mistakes in the gene-coding
system
• Chromosomal diseases—caused by
having too many or not enough
chromosomes or by having a broken or
missing piece of a chromosome
• Gene diseases—caused by a mistake in
the DNA code of a particular gene on a
particular chromosome
23
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Pathological Conditions
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Pathological Conditions
Abortion and miscarriage
Amenorrhea
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
Chlamydia
Genital or venereal warts
Dysmenorrhea
Endometriosis
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•
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Pathological Conditions
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Summary
• The reproductive system allows humans to
sexually reproduce an offspring having the
characteristics of both parents
• Mutations can occur during the pairing of
chromosomes
• Understanding the reproductive system
and its pathologies will help the therapist
provide an effective massage
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Premenstrual syndrome
Prostatitis
Syphilis
Trichomoniasis
Vaginal candidiasis
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Fibrocystic breast disease
Genital herpes
Gonorrhea
Mastitis
Menopause
Menstruation
Ovarian cysts
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