What is energy ?
Light Energy
We constantly hear the word
'energy' in everyday life. We admire
the 'man with energy'. We eat 'highenergy foods'. Parents say their
children are 'full of energy'. And so
often we hear that the 'world is
running out of energy', that energy
is precious, that it should not be
wasted.
This is radiant energy, pouring out
from the sun that sustains all green
p la n t s . R a d i o
waves, X-rays
and ultra violet
r a y s a r e a ls o
invisible forms of
radiant energy.
Various Forms of Energy
Mechanical Energy
This is the moving force of all
machinery. They do work by
making wheels go round. Animal
power and
human energy
a r e
a l s o
examples of
mechanical
energy.
Heat Energy
The heat of exploding gases makes
an engine move forward. Blowing
up a balloon with
hot air, and
letting it go, is
like how a jet
e n g in e w o r k s
with heat energy.
1
Chemical Energy
This is the energy of food, fuels and
chemical reactions. Food keeps us
strong for work. The energy of oil,
coal, wood and
gas-released in
the form of heatr u n s e n g i n es ,
keeps us warm.
Electrical Energy
This is associated with magnets and
electrical currents. It lights up our
homes; makes our gadgets work- at
the flick of a switch.
Nuclear Energy
This is the energy from the nucleus of an
atom. It can be very dangerous (when
used for a A-bombs and H-bombs) but
also has very important uses if used for
peaceful purposes (eg: in power stations)
CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY
Non-renewable Energy
Non-renewable energy sources come out of the ground as liquids, gases
and solids. Right now, crude oil (petroleum) is the only naturally occurring
liquid commercial fossil fuel. Natural gas and propane are normally gases,
and coal is a solid. Coal, petroleum and natural gas are all considered fossil
fuels because they formed from the buried remains of plants and animals
that lived millions of years ago.
Uranium ore, a solid, is mined and converted to a
fuel. Uranium is not a fossil fuel. These energy
sources are considered nonrenewable because they
cannot be replenished (made again) in a short period
of time. Renewable energy sources can be
replenished naturally in a short period of time.
Renewable Energy
Renewable energy sources can be replenished
in a short period of time. The five renewable
sources used most often include hydropower
(water), solar, wind, geothermal, and
biomass. Renewable energy's impact on the
world's energy picture is significant.
The use of renewable energy is not new. Five
2
Renewable Energy
Renewable energy sources can be replenished in a short period of time.
The five renewable sources used most often include hydropower (water),
solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass. Renewable energy's impact on the
world's energy picture is significant.
The use of renewable energy is not new. Five generations (150 years) ago,
wood supplied up to 90 percent of our energy needs. Due to the
convenience and low prices of fossil fuels, wood use has fallen. Now, the
biomass, which would normally present a disposal problem, is converted
into electricity. (e.g., cow dung, manufacturing wastes, rice hulls, coconut
shells and black liquor from paper production).
Use of renewable energy in India is not currently expected to approach
that of the major fuels, and due to their limitations (e.g., their intermittent
nature cloudy days have no solar gain, quiet days mean no wind blows to
drive wind turbines, dams are primarily for flood control, so
hydroelectricity production varies as dams' water levels change),
renewable may never provide the answer to all energy problems.
Our most important energy
source
Of all our energy sources, there is
nothing so useful and versatile as
Oil or Petroleum.
Hidden in vast reservoirs, deep
under the earth, oil is considered to
be the prime source of energy all
over the world. When you think of
'OIL' you probably think of
something to cook with, and
something that keeps machinery
working.
3
But oil is much more than that. In its
crude state or basic form, oil or
petroleum is a dark black liquid,
which is pumped out of the earth
and refined
or separated into
various forms like diesel, petrol etc.
Each of these forms of oil has
countless uses in our homes, on our
roads, in our farms and in our
factories.
Oil takes millions of years to be
made
Oil lies trapped deep under the
Our most important energy
source
Of all our energy sources, there is
nothing so useful and versatile as
Oil or Petroleum.
Hidden in vast reservoirs, deep
under the earth, oil is considered to
be the prime source of energy all
over the world. When you think of
'OIL' you probably think of
something to cook with, and
something that keeps machinery
working.
But oil is much more than that. In its
crude state or basic form, oil or
petroleum is a dark black liquid,
which is pumped out of the earth
and refined
or separated into
various forms like diesel, petrol etc.
Each of these forms of oil has
countless uses in our homes, on our
roads, in our farms and in our
factories.
Oil takes millions of years to be
made
Oil lies trapped deep under the
earth's surface. How it got there is a
very interesting story.
Plants and animals that lived
millions of years ago on earth, died
and were covered with layers and
layers of sand and rock, preserving
their energy within their cells.
Under pressure, these turned into a
dark liquid- 'crude oil'.
Man first discovered oil when it
seeped to the surface in small
quantities. As man began to
discover uses for it-from medicines
to burning at temples, the demand
for this wonderful substance grew.
Today, gigantic oil wells with huge
drilling bits bore deep through the
earth's surface till they strike a store
of gas and oil, floating on water. Oil
is made to gush out and collected in
large quantities, from where it is
sent to the refinery.
Oil is sometimes found under the
ocean bed too! The method of
pumping out oil from ocean bed is
known as off-shore drilling.
Refining petroleum for a
hundred different uses
Heat and pressure are applied to
the crude oil in varying degrees at
refineries - to squeeze every drop of
usefulness from oil. This separates
oil into its various components such
as: gas, petrol, kerosene, diesel,
lubricants, etc. What do these things
have in common: Ink, Crayons,
4
countless uses in our homes, on our
roads, in our farms and in our
factories.
Oil takes millions of years to be
made
Oil lies trapped deep under the
earth's surface. How it got there is a
very interesting story.
Our most important energy
source
Of all our energy sources, there is
nothing so useful and versatile as
Oil or Petroleum.
Hidden in vast reservoirs, deep
under the earth, oil is considered to
be the prime source of energy all
over the world. When you think of
'OIL' you probably think of
something to cook with, and
something that keeps machinery
working.
But oil is much more than that. In its
crude state or basic form, oil or
petroleum is a dark black liquid,
which is pumped out of the earth
and refined
or separated into
various forms like diesel, petrol etc.
Each of these forms of oil has
5
Plants and animals that lived
millions of years ago on earth, died
and were covered with layers and
layers of sand and rock, preserving
their energy within their cells.
Under pressure, these turned into a
dark liquid- 'crude oil'.
Man first discovered oil when it
seeped to the surface in small
quantities. As man began to
discover uses for it-from medicines
to burning at temples, the demand
for this wonderful substance grew.
Today, gigantic oil wells with huge
drilling bits bore deep through the
earth's surface till they strike a store
of gas and oil, floating on water. Oil
is made to gush out and collected in
large quantities, from where it is
petroleum is a dark black liquid,
which is pumped out of the earth
and refined
or separated into
various forms like diesel, petrol etc.
Each of these forms of oil has
countless uses in our homes, on our
Our most important energy
source
Of all our energy sources, there is
nothing so useful and versatile as
Oil or Petroleum.
Hidden in vast reservoirs, deep
under the earth, oil is considered to
be the prime source of energy all
over the world. When you think of
'OIL' you probably think of
something to cook with, and
something that keeps machinery
working.
roads, in our farms and in our
factories.
Oil takes millions of years to be
made
Oil lies trapped deep under the
But oil is much more than that. In its
crude state or basic form, oil or
earth's surface. How it got there is a
very interesting story.
Plants and animals that lived
millions of years ago on earth, died
and were covered with layers and
6
Please ask your parents to follow these tips
Tips to save diesel
in tractors
•
Switch off the engine, when you stop. An idling tractor wastes more than 1
litre of diesel every hour.
•
Inspect joints in fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel injector and fuel lines for
leakages. A leakage of one drop per second can waste upto 2000 litres of
diesel per year.
•
A tractor emitting smoke consumes more fuel and needs overhauling. Test
the nozzles and re-calibrate the Fuel Injection Pump (FIP).
•
Wheel that slip waste diesel. Avoid slippage by adding water ballasts.
•
Re-lug the tractor tyres in time.Worn out tyres reduce the pulling power.
•
Choose implement size based on engine's horsepower and match it
according to operating speed of the tractor.
•
Plough long furroughs and reduce idle running, backtracking and sudden
turns.
•
Maintain the tractor properly and save 25% of precious diesel.
7
Tips for saving diesel
in lift irrigation pumps
•
Use mark foot-valve having larger area of opening to obtain better water
flow and reduced diesel consumption.
•
Use bigger diameter pipes as it reduces energy loss due to friction and
delivers more water.
•
Use of rigid PVC/HDPE pipelines instead of galvanized iron pipes help in
saving fuel.
•
Fewer the number of bends and fittings in a pipe, more the saving of diesel
and more the water flow.
•
Avoid using sharp bends and 'L' type joints in pipe.
•
Install pumps at a level not more than 10 feet above the water level.
•
Delivery pipe of an unnecessary height requires more fuel for pumping
water.
•
Use the correct grade of lubricant recommended by the manufacturer.
•
Air filter/oil filter needs to be cleaned regularly for optimum fuel
consumption.
8
What can you do to reduce
Global Warming?
You have read in newspapers and
heard on radio and TV that our
earth is getting warmer day by day.
Do you know what is causing
Global warming? Well, it is the
release of certain gases (Green
House Gases or GHGs) in the
atmosphere through out daily
activities in factories, homes, farms
and roads that is forming a denser
than usual blanket like cover
around the earth. This cover is
trapping more than usual heat on
earth's surface thus causing
warming of the globe. Carbon
Dioxide (C02) is a major GHG. Can
you list down five sources of C02
around you?
Why is Global warming dangerous
for us? When earth becomes
warmer and temperature rises,
more ice will melt in the mountains,
sa y in ou r
Himalayas. Our
rivers in north
India will have
mo re water in
them causing
floods in areas
where they flow.
Since earth would
9
become hotter if global warming is
not controlled, more ice will melt
and ultimately, there will be no ice
left on the mountains. The rivers
would dry up leading to a drought.
The extra water would move into
the oceans thus raising sea levels.
The rising sea levels will drown
low-lying areas of our coastal cities.
Many species of marine animals
will die due to rise in seawater
temperature. Crop yield will drop
because of change in weather
patterns.
How can you save planet earth from
the consequen ces of Global
warming? The simplest way is to
use energy efficiently because
energy use in industries and
transport emit almost three fourths
of total GHG emissions. For our
country, we not only reduce global
warming but also strengthen our
energy security by using energy
efficiently.
Energy
Riddles
s th e
t doe t do in
a
h
Q: W cientis
ear s re time?
...
nucl
pa
.... ...
.
.
.
his s
.
.
....
....
.... ....... ......
.
:
er
..
...
Answ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.... .......
.
.
.
..
e ja m in
d i d B n he
w
o
wh e
Q: H
n feel ctricity?
li
k
n
a
r
le
F
e
ered
discov
....
...... ...
.
.
.
:
r
.
A n s we . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
....
.
.
.
.
.
.....
CUT HERE
Name
:
..............................
Age
:
..............................
Address :
..............................
Phone
..............................
:
Please send your answers to Additional Director (EC)
PCRA, 'Sanrakshan Bhavan', 10 Bhikaji Cama Place, New Delhi - 110 066
(Phone. : 011-26198809), Along with your Name & Address
10
Little Urja is at home watching a movie. Spot the differences between the two pictures.
Can you tell where the energy has been saved ?
Petroleum Conservation Research Association
Sanrakshan Bhavan, 10, Bhikaji Cama Place, New Delhi - 110 066
Website: www.pcra.org
Printed by Kriti / Dec.'08
Spot Them Out