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Physical (Properties and Changes)
Physical Property
A physical property is one that describes a substances appearance and physical characteristics.
1. Not Size dependent: A physical property that will be the same regardless of the amount of
matter.
Examples:
• density
• color
• conductivity: electricity to flow through the substance
• malleability: if a substance can be flattened
• luster: how shiny the substance looks
• State of Matter: solid, liquid, gas
2. Size dependent: A physical property that will change if the amount of matter changes.
Examples:
• mass: how much matter in the sample
• volume: How much space the sample takes up
• length: How long the sample is
Physical Change
Change in which the matter's physical appearance is changed, but composition remains unchanged.
Example: Changes in state of matter
Such as: When liquid water (H2O) freezes into a solid state (ice) -- It appears different/changed;
however, the composition is still H2O.
Chemical (Properties and Changes)
Chemical Property: Any characteristic that gives a substance the ability or inability to undergo a
change that alters its composition.
Examples:
• Iron react with water and oxygen
• Paper's ability to burn.
• Vinegar reacts with baking soda
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Chemical Change: Change in which one or more kinds of matter are react to create new kinds of
matter with different properties. (Or Chemical Reaction):
Examples:
• Iron + oxygen + water reacts to produce rust
• Vinegar + baking soda reacts to produce carbon dioxide gas and water
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Elements
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consists of only one kind of atom,
cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means
can exist as either atoms or molecules of the same type of atom.
Examples: oxygen, iron, carbon, gold
Compounds
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consists of atoms of two or more different elements bound together
can be broken down into a simpler type of matter (elements) by chemical means (but not by
physical means)
has properties that are different from its component elements
Examples: water, salt, carbon dioxide, sugar
Mixtures
A mixture is made when two or more substances are combined, but they are not combined
chemically.
General properties of a mixture:
• The components of a mixture can be easily separated
• The components each keep their original properties
• The proportion of the components is variable
Types of Mixtures
There are two main categories of mixtures:
homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures.
In a homogenous mixture all the substances are evenly
distributed throughout the mixture (salt water, air,
blood).
In a heterogeneous mixture the substances are not
evenly distributed (chocolate chip cookies, pizza, rocks)
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Solutions (homogeneous)
A solution is a mixture where one of the substances dissolves in the other.
The substance that dissolves is called the solute.
The substance that does not dissolve and does the dissolving is called the solvent.
Solubility or soluable: ability for a substance to dissolve
Insoluable: not able to dissolve
Dissolve: 2+!.&(#3!-4!+&!5)*4(&*(!)/'+!#!*+6-')+/
An example of a solution is salt water. These components can be easily separated through
evaporation and they each retain their original properties. However, the salt is dissolved into the
water to where you can't see it and it is evenly distributed in the water. In this example the water is
the solvent and the salt is the solute.
Interesting Facts about Mixtures
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Smoke is a mixture of particles that are suspended in the air.
Tap water is a mixture of water and other particles. Pure water or H2O is generally referred
to as distilled water.
Many of the substances we come into contact with every day are mixtures including the air
we breathe which is a mixture of gases like oxygen and nitrogen.
Blood is a mixture that can be separated by a machine called a centrifuge into its two main
parts: plasma and red blood cells.
Mixtures can be liquids, gases, and solids.
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