ISSN 2321–8355
Research Article
IJARSGG (2016) Vol.4, No.1, 42-52
International Journal of Advancement in Remote Sensing, GIS and
Geography
TRANSHUMANCE OR SEDENTARIZATION OF
NOMADIC HERDERS: WHAT FUTURE FOR A
SUSTAINABLE LIVESTOCKING IN THE TUBAH
UPLANDS, NORTH WEST CAMEROON
Fokeng M. Reeves
Department of Geography, Faculty of Letters and Social Sciences (F.L.S.S), University of Dschang, Cameroon ([email protected])
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ABSTRACT: Prior to the migration and settlement of the Mbororo in the Tubah Uplands alongside their main
economic activity (livestock keeping), the landscape of the area has not been left intact. Within this ethnic group,
pastoralism is a lifelong issue which is inherited at birth and passed on to successive generations. The subsistent
economy of these transhumant pastoralists or semi-settled pastoralist is based on the herding of cattle, sheep and
goats (grazed animals). The study seeks to analyse the impacts of transhumance and sedentarization of nomadic
herders on the landscape and proposed sustainable livestock farming in Tubah. The study exploits both written
literature on the theme and area alongside a complimentary fieldwork using semi-closed and opened
questionnaires and a Global Positioning System (GPS). The results showed the major transhumance destinations
from the Tubah Uplands and the tendencies towards the sedentarization of nomadic herders. It appears that, there
are two types of pastoralists in the area; semi-nomads who practice agriculture and transhumance and fully settled
Fulani (real sedentary nomads). Grazing activities is also responsible for the savannisation process of the Tubah
Uplands. It therefore becomes important to rethink montane forest and pasture conservation and management
strategies at the face of a continual sedentarization process of nomadic herders.
KEYWORDS: Transhumant pastoralists, Sedentary nomads, Mbororo, Landscape degradation, Cattle foot tract
topography.
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1. INTRODUCTION: Since time immemorial, when we talk of pastoralists or nomadic herders we make allusion to the
nomadic herder of the Sahara or semi-arid areas who migrates from one water point to the other of the drylands with his
herds in search of pastures and who lives on date palms. The lives of these nomads all over the world are commanded by
the capricious nature of the climate that induces changes in seasons and droughts as well as the seasonal displacement of
cattle and herdsmen as a response. Several factors are responsible for the decline of nomadism as a livestock production
system. This livestock production system is responsible for the continuous degradation of the Sahel and Savanna regions
and the progression of desertification. Most grazers today have to mingle between partial nomadism, transhumance and
sedentarization. Transhumance has been defined as « a regular movement of cattle, to the south direction during the dry
season as a response to lack of pasture and water in the area where they belong » (Stenning1959; cited in (1)). The general
mechanisms of transhumance are simple; in search of pasture and water, herdsmen and their herds follow the rainfall
southward and flocks return to the village in its rainy season (2).Transhumance has been identified as one of the major
constraints to attaining the objectives of biodiversity conservation in national and trans-border parks (see [(1), (3)]). Most
countries in the world especially African countries either before or after independence have been putting in place
strategies and policies in favour of the sedentarization of nomadic herders. A number of communities have settled in
response to state-enforced measures, others have settled in response to changing environment, while others have
responded to economic opportunities (4). This is because the sustainability of grazing systems and the lives of these
nomads is not secured under a subsistent nomadic herding. The contradictions between administrative logic and the
practice of an extensive livestock explains that several forced or framed sedentarization, some very old ones have failed;
either herders do remobilise, either abandon livestocking, are marginalise in other activities and migrate to towns (5). But
however this initiative of stabilising or sedentarizing the nomadic herder had failed in some West and East Africa
countries.
Reeves, F. M./International Journal of Advancement in Remote Sensing, GIS and Geography, Vol.4, No. 1
43
1.1. THE RESEARCH AREA: The Tubah Sub-division lies between longitude 10°15’25” and 10°16’05” east of the
Greenwich Meridian and latitude 5°54’95” and 6°09’56” north of the equator, and forms part of the Bamenda Highlands
or the Grassfields (Figure I). View the 2005 population census published in 2010, the population of Tubah stood at 48542
inhabitants over a surface area of 450 Km². Most of the villages are rural and the settlements are sparsely populated with
expansive agriculture and grazing. Big Babanki, Babanki Tungo, Bambui and Bambili are the main localities. Sabga (a
grazing land in Fulfulde), is a Moslem (Mbororo) settled community located in Tingeh, a neighbourhood of Babanki
Tungo. Information on the nomadic way of life of herdsmen is replete in literature, but little has been done to assess the
degree of stabilisation, immobilisation or better still the sedentarization of these nomadic herdsmen. The Tubah Uplands
with extensive grazing practices is a cause for concern. This is important for sustainable grazing and rangeland
management initiatives.
Fig I: Location of the study area
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research exploited structured and semi-structured questionnaires. A
complimentary fieldwork alongside the help of village Ardos (Fulani leaders) permitted an estimation of the total number
of cattle grazers (146). Of the total grazers, 35 were effectively and randomly sampled disproportionately distributed by
Reeves, F. M./International Journal of Advancement in Remote Sensing, GIS and Geography, Vol.4, No. 1
44
studied sites (Table I). The sample was expressed as a ratio of 1: 4 grazers (base). Thus the sample size = total population
of grazers/base. That is, 146/4 = 37 grazers. This was applied to the estimated population of grazers by site using the
formula;- estimated grazers in a village/base. Further fieldwork was conducted using a Global Positioning System (GPS)
alongside observations and the use of high resolution Google Earth images in a GIS environment to successfully evaluate
grazing activities, its implications on land cover and the tendencies towards sedentarization of nomadic herders.
Village
Babanki
Tungo
Bambili
Bambui
Big
Babanki
Sabga
Total
Estimated
cattle
grazers
48
Realised
Percent (%)
12
34.3
9
8
7
2
2
2
5.7
5.7
5.7
74
17
48.6
146
35
100.0
Table I: Sample size for questionnaire administration
Questionnaires were analysed using Microsoft Excel from which linear correlations and regression analysis were made at
0.05 significance. Data on pasture land coverage was obtained from published analysis of Landsat images of the study
area (Table II) and other secondary data was equally acquired where relevant and analysed.
1988
6263.15
Grassland/Pasture
(ha)
2001
9078.08
2007
9407.17
2014
14061.60
Table II: Grassland/pasture land surface coverage in hectares for different periods
Source: (6)
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: The Fulani settled population in the Tubah Uplands originated from several places.
From the Adamawa came the Foulbes, led by the first founder of Sabga; Adoulahi Sabga who migrated from Banyo in the
Adamawa since the 1900’s to settle within the Bamenda Highlands particularly in the Tubah Uplands. Other Mbororo (the
Djafouns) came in later around the 1920’s from the Bamoun plateau migrating all the way from Northern Nigeria. The
main activity of this founder was cattle grazing. Within this ethnic group, pastoralism is a lifelong activity which is
inherited at birth and is passed on to successive generations. The degree of wealth is measured on the number of herds
own. The Mbororo of the Tubah Uplands have a diverse socio-demographic background (Table III).
Elements
Nationality
Region of birth*
Sub-division of birth*
Ethnic group (Mbororo)×
Status
Status of Grazer
Languages of expression
Indicators
Cameroonian
North West
Adamawa
Tubah
Banyo
Bui
Balikumbat
Djafoun
Foulbe
Tikars
Family head
Son
Herdsman (paid)
Fulbe ladde (nomadic
herder
Fulbe wuro (sedentary
grazer)
Both
Frequency (n=35)
35
31
4
29
4
1
1
11
19
5
22
10
3
31
Percent (%)
100
88.6
11.4
82.9
11.4
2.9
2.9
31.4
54.3
14.3
62.9
28.6
8.6
88.6
1
2.9
3
8.6
Pidgin English + Fulfulde
French + Fulfulde
Pidgin English + Fulfulde
+ local languages
Pidgin English + Local
17
1
8
48.6
2.9
22.9
6
17.1
Reeves, F. M./International Journal of Advancement in Remote Sensing, GIS and Geography, Vol.4, No. 1
Marital status
Matrimonial regime
Fulfulde
French + English +
Fulfulde
Married
Single
Polygamy
Monogamy
1
2
2.9
5.7
24
11
11
15
68.6
31.4
31.4
42.9
45
*Not implying the region and sub-division of origin of herders. × Origin of herders.
Table III: Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents
All sampled households are Cameroonians who originated either from Northern Nigeria or Adamawa region of
Cameroon. Even though 82.9% of households were born in Tubah, amongst these 82.9%, the Foulbes who originated
from the Adamawa represented 54.3%, Djafouns (31.4%) from Northern Nigeria and the Tikars who are non-Moslems
represented just 14.3% of the sample grazing households (Table III). Has the stabilisation and complete settlement of
Mbororo led to the lost of their identity? It is a question of debate as far as their cultural and linguistic character is never
replaced. Rather they are adopting a plura-linguistic character as they adopt the national and local languages of expression
where they settle (Table III).
3.1.BETWEEN PASTORAL NOMADISM AND TRANSHUMANCE: It has not been able for the Mbororo of this
part of the Bamenda Highlands to completely abandon their nomadic way of life as despite the struggle to settle down,
their activities are being controlled by the capricious nature of the prevailing climate. Pastoralism is a response to climatic
conditions, and the common ways herders do respond to changing rainfall patterns and seasons is through transhumance
to wet valleys, inter-montane basins and plains. Change in seasons over the national territory is commanded by the
harmattan and monsoon air mass displacements which induce the migration of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone
(ITCZ). In January, the anticyclone of Azores located in the Sahara Desert is enforced and the harmattan wind becomes
stronger than the monsoon, engulfing a greater part of the country thereby bringing about the dry season. The reverse
takes place in July when the anticyclone of Saint Helena located in the Atlantic Ocean is enforced and the monsoon
becomes stronger than the harmattan (Figure II). This commands the onset of transhumance and the return of nomads
from transhumance over the national territory.
Fig II: Displacement of air masses and changes in seasons inducing transhumance over the national territory
Gazers within this watershed prepare for transhumance during the months of November-December and they return with
the approach of March (Figure III). Because of the quest for sufficient grazing lands and the need for the continuous
provision of quality and sufficient pastures to cattle, grazers just have to mingle between nomadism, transhumance and
Reeves, F. M./International Journal of Advancement in Remote Sensing, GIS and Geography, Vol.4, No. 1
46
sedentarization. Consequently, finding it difficult to completely abandon their nomadic way of life. Their life is a response
of climatic fluctuations and the desire to better graze their numerous herds. Fulbe ladde (nomadic herder in Fulfulde) is a
common name of the Mbororo herder in the Tubah Uplands as this category of grazers represented up to 88.6% (Table
III). 62.5% of grazers practice transhumance as against 37.5% who practiced permanent grazing, but concentrated around
the permanently fresh parts of the watershed like around Lake Bambili and sabpal (cool grazing land in Fulfulde) in
Sabga, thereby aggravating the already existing pressure on pastures. During the wet season, herders with their stocks
undergo some periodic displacements within the Uplands. In the dry season, herders direct their herds towards valleys,
stream courses and inter-montane basins to benefit from fresh pastures in preparation for transhumance, and a consequent
displacement of herds towards mountain summits following the onset of the rainy season (Figure III). These are potential
sources of farmer-grazer conflicts in the watershed because of agriculture-grazing contact.
Fig III: Grazing patterns, periodic displacements and transhumance
Source: GPS projections, May (2014) and complimentary fieldwork (2015)
The main transhumance destinations are from Sabga to Bamessing, Dumbo ranch, Bambalang and Bafut as well.
Those in Babanki Tungo at times either stay within their grazing territory, or move towards Lake Bambili or to Bamessing
and Bambalang. Grazers at Big Babanki go to Bafut for transhumance while those of Bambili and Bambui grazed their
Reeves, F. M./International Journal of Advancement in Remote Sensing, GIS and Geography, Vol.4, No. 1
47
herds all year round. The seasonal displacement of herds is compounded by reduced average grazing land by households
and increasing herds (Table IV).
Years
2007
2009
2011
2012
2013
2014
Cows
7092
8953
8767
8156
8767
8767
Sheep
1790
1762
1750
2757
2757
2761
Goats
4030
2455
3850
3595
3800
3595
Horses
584
434
450
378
378
459
Total
13496
13604
14817
14886
15702
15582
Table IV: Ruminant livestock production in Tubah
Source: Sub-divisional Delegation for MINEPIA, Tubah (2014 and 2015)
Within the Uplands, each grazing household is accorded a minimum of 5 hectares of grazing land with which it
graze about 25-200 herds (Table V). Because of increasing cattle numbers and poor pasture quality in some parts, or
where the pasture is on very steep slopes or accidental areas, the grazing land tends to be insufficient, consequently,
herders resort to access other pasture land different from their own parcels and to transhumance. A minimum of 30 herds
and a maximum 180 herds per grazed households do go on transhumance (Table V).
Family size
Number of herds
Average land
size
Herds that don't
go on
transhumance
Herds that go on
transhumance
N
29
35
34
Minimum
2
25
5
Maximum
28
200
30
Sum
258
2427
486
Mean
8.90
69.34
14.29
33
10
61
468
14.18
33
30
180
1168
35.39
Table V: Average family size, land size and transhumant cattle by grazed households in Tubah
In Cameroon, almost no work has been done on range management and development except on university farms
or research stations, so grazing livestock depend on poor and degraded rangeland that is often of very low nutritional
quality (2), consequently, cattle grazers are forced to access other pasture resources different from owned parcels (Figure
IV). 54.3% of sampled grazing households access parcels other than their own parcels most often as compared to 34.3%
that access it rarely.
60.00%
Percent
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Type of grazing land
Figure IV: Other parcels grazing households’ access apart from owned parcel
In the absence of sufficient grazing land as reported by 45.5% of livestock keeping households in 2014, livestock grazing
households must look for new areas for grazing. Grazing on other households parcel is now the norm rather than the
exception within these Uplands especially in inter-montane basins. The frequency of visiting these pasture lands alongside
Reeves, F. M./International Journal of Advancement in Remote Sensing, GIS and Geography, Vol.4, No. 1
48
farmlands after crop harvest and at times in the growing season are potential sources of farmer-grazer conflicts in the
Tubah Uplands.
3.1.1. FROM A FULBE LADDE TO A FULBE WURO (SEDENTARY HERDER IN FULFULDE): MYTH OR
REALITY: Stricto sensu, the Mbororo of the Bamenda Highlands and those of the Tubah Uplands in particular are
regarded as nomads. But most of them are neither transhumant nor sedentary grazers. Are they really sedentarized? The
stabilisation of nomads on their grazing sites has manifested a lot of change in their lives. It has led to the end of eggol
(displacement or migration without an objective of ever returning to the departure point). The stabilisation of the settled
Mbororo groups in the Tubah Uplands dates far back from the 1900’s (Figure V) prior to the arrival Adoulahi Sabga.
Figure V: Approximate years grazing households arrived the Tubah Uplands
The different groups of Mbororo are named according to the type of cattle reared and ancienity. The Djafouns (15
000 people) from Northern Nigeria arrived the Tubah Uplands around the 1920’s whereas the Foulbes of the Adamawa
arrived since the 1900’s and more recent arrival of Mbororo was from the 1950. The migration and settlement of the
Foulbes of the Adamawa is thought to have brought in the dominant species of the Adamawa to the Tubah Uplands; the
Zebu Goudali (dominant breed of the Adamawa). This breed accounted for 40% of local breed on these Highlands (Table
VI). It is thought that since they arrived before the Djafouns, the Djafouns on their part brought in the Red Mbororo Zebu
or mbororodi (red zebu mbororo breed in Fulfulde). The Djafouns who are traced to have settled in Bamoun alongside the
Akous (10 000 people) who according to (5) arrived the Bamenda Highlands since the 1950’s led to the acquisition of
some Akoudi (White Fulani or mbororo breed in Fulfulde) which is a dominant species amongst this group of Mbororo.
The Akous according to (5) descended from North Nigeria (Bauchi, Jos). This has permitted cross breeding and a
complete mixture of local breeds within a framework of cohabitation and sedentarization efforts.
Breeds
Red Mbororo Zebu (mbororodi
Zebu Goudali
Mix of red + white + Goudali
*Mix + high breed species
Frequency (n=35)
1
14
18
2
Percent (%)
2.9
40.0
51.4
5.7
*Flocks with mixture of Red Zebu, White Fulani and Goudali
Table VI: Dominance of local breeds reared
The stabilisation of different Mbororo groups within these grazing lands has given rise to a new breed;- mixed
breeds which dominate most flocks (Plate I). There is a greater diversification of the activities of nomadic herders; 91.4%
of sample households practiced farming as a means of subsistence and each homestead of Mbororo have a small or an
extensive farmland especially within the neighbourhood of a Mbororo settled community (Sabga, Figure VI).This
corresponds to 94.3% of grazing households who own grazing lands and carry out grazing within their land area or parcel.
Reeves, F. M./International Journal of Advancement in Remote Sensing, GIS and Geography, Vol.4, No. 1
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Mbororodi
Goudali
Akoudi
Plate I: Common breeds reared in the watershed
Fig VI: Sedentarization tendencies and its implications on land cover in Sabga (a Mbororo settled locality)
Source: Extracted from Google Earth image of 2015 and complimentary fieldwork (2016)
Though most grazers still hold the name Fulbe ladde, because of their continuous transhumant character, their activities
are more of that of a Fulbe wuro. Sabga is progressively being transformed in to a Moslem settled home or Mbororo
village. The land cover of this settled area is now contested between farming, grazing and constructional needs. The most
visible aftermath of sedentarization and uncontrolled grazing in the area is the development of cattle foot tract topography
(Figure VI, Plate II, photos a, b and c).
Reeves, F. M./International Journal of Advancement in Remote Sensing, GIS and Geography, Vol.4, No. 1
a) Initial phase
50
b) Rill and gully development in Sabga
c) Advanced rills and gullies in Sabga
d) Cattle pressure on stream course in Tingeh
Plate II:a, b and c (cattle foot tract topography and the development of rills and gullies), and d (cattle pressure on stream banks)
Cattle foot tract topography is a common trigger of rill and gully erosion in the watershed as most cattle foot tract areas in
Sabga and Tingeh (Babanki Tungo) have been transformed in to a landscape of rill and gully systems. The misuse of
stream courses for cattle drinking points commonly facilitates stream bank erosion and the degradation of water quality
amongst others.
3.1.2. IMPACTS OF SEDENTARIZATION: Though most governments are thriving to sedentarize nomadic herders,
the aftermath of sedentarization efforts on the natural environment are manifold. Landscape degradation is commonplace
within the Tubah Upland Watershed because of free grazing, overgrazing and transhumance related activities. The present
grassland scenery of the Uplands is thought to have been extended and maintained as a result of long periods of grazing of
herds that enhanced a savannisation process of these Uplands (Figure VII).
Surface area change (ha)
16000
14000
12000
y = 272.9x - 536776
R² = 0.8682
Grassland
Montane forest
10000
8000
Linear (Grassland)
6000
Linear (Montane
forest)
4000
2000
0
1980
y = -482.97x + 972875
R² = 0.9491
1990
2000
Years
2010
2020
Fig VII: Montane forest loss and extension of area under grassland
Source: Analysed from table II
Reeves, F. M./International Journal of Advancement in Remote Sensing, GIS and Geography, Vol.4, No. 1
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Montane forest is now only on some patches (remnant) and on very steep slopes alongside degrading gallery
forest. Montane forest receded from 63.03%, 26.04%, 10.93% to 6.52% in 1988, 2001, 2007 and 2014 respectively (6).
The constant use of fire as a method of regeneration of pastures with the onset of the rainy season is a cause for concern.
The sedentary nomad is also a potential wood harvester for either firewood or for the construction of fences to keep cattle
at night. According to (3), the cutting of branches and even trees is becoming a very important activity of the pastoralist in
the Benue, Faro, Bouba Ndjidda Complex (FBBNC). It is going to be an overstatement if the savannisation of the Tubah
Uplands is attributed only to grazing activities, for important agricultural encroachment, wood harvesting and settlement
related activities are common causes of montane forest loss and watershed degradation. The most remarkable effect of
sedentarization is the development of cattle foot tract topography in Sabga and Babanki Tungo with attendant rill and
gully erosional systems.
4. CONCLUSION: During their history, the Mbororo settled at certain periods and afterwards, they returned to a
nomadic way of living (5). But in reality they are semi-nomads or semi-settled pastoralists who settle and practice
agriculture and grazing, and displaces with their herds during the dry season. Added to this is a last category, even though
minute (the fully settled Fulani) who settled and gave more importance to agriculture and does not displace their cattle
with season. They are the real sedentary nomads. This pattern is an intermediate stage leading to full sedentarization.
According to Febvre (1970; cited in (5)), once settled, it seems that groups seldom revert to transhumance.... The grazing
system in majority still remains a transhumant type. Just 42.9% of households have ever heard of and planted
supplementary pastures like Bracharia grass as against 57.1% who have no idea about this. In order to enhance a
complete sedentarization of semi-pastoralists of the Tubah Uplands alongside a sustainable livestocking in a region that
ranks third (that is, the North West) in livestock production in Cameroon, the study recommends the following;Education/sensitization of semi-nomadic herders on the negative effects of transhumance on soil and rangeland
and the importance of the use of fodders like browse trees which are very nutritive and important forage in the dry
season. This will reduce transhumance;
Enhance rangeland management through research on indigenous legumes to identify those that a suitable to this
agro-ecological zone and also their methods of establishment and dissemination;
Introduction of supplementary pastures or fodders and good grass cover for these Uplands through the elaboration
and effective implementation of a grazing management plan;
Enhance concertation between farmers and grazers to reduce the frequency of land use conflicts.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: I am very grateful to the Textbook and Academic Authors Association (TAA) publication
grant that helped in paying the article processing and publication charges and also my best regards to the entire IJARSGG
editorial team.
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