Wavinsewer Systems
PIONEERS IN PLASTIC
WAVINSEWER
CONTENTS
Wavin is Europe’s largest
manufacturer of industrial plastic
products, and one of the largest
producers of plastic pipe and fittings
in the world.
Owned equally by the Overijssel
Water Authority in Holland and
Shell, Wavin is credited with
inventing and pioneering the use of
plastic pipe for water distribution.
The
company
has
grown
spectacularly since its formation in
1955. It now employs over 4,500
people, operating within 25
countries, with a rapidly developing
base in Central and Eastern Europe.
Constant
research
and
development have put Wavin in the
forefront of plastics technology. It
has over 17,500 different types of
plastics products world-wide and
licenses
its
technology
to
manufacturers outside the Group in
over 30 countries.
Wavinsewer is firmly established
as the leading unplasticized
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC-U) house
drain and sewer system in Ireland.
The system includes pipes and
fittings in nine diameters from
110mm to 450mm
plus two
additional sizes of the new
generation of Wavin TRITEC drain
and sewer pipes in 160mm and
9 inch diameters.
New Wavin TRITEC pipes are
manufactured in PVC-U by a unique
process which produces three
distinct layers to provide strength,
durability and a greater flow
capacity. They are covered by the
Irish Agrément Board Certificate No.
97/0089.
All other pipes and fittings in the
Wavinsewer range conform with the
requirements of Local Government
Specification 1977 or IS. 424:1990.
The range offers a wide variety of
components such as Bends,
Branches, Channel Fittings, Gullies,
Grease Traps, Access Junctions and
Road Gullies.
Wavinsewer is designed for
buried gravity drain and sewer
applications such as foul and
domestic drains and sewers, surface
and stormwater drains and sewers,
sewage treatment and road
drainage.
Page
Pipe Dimensions
2
Abbreviations
2
Product Range
3 - 18
Design Information
19 - 23
Typical Properties of
PVC-U
19
Structural Properties of
PVC-U
19
Summary of Standard Tests 19
Hydraulic Properties
20
Gradients
20
Grease Traps –
Design Guidelines
20
Flow Charts
21 - 23
Handling, Storage, Transport,
Inspection, Installation 24 - 39
Handling
24
Storage
24
Transport
25
Inspection
25
Installation
25 - 39
Principles
25
Excavation
25 - 26
Underbed
26 - 27
Pipelaying
27 - 28
Backfill
28
Connection into Sewers
28
Connection to Other
Materials
28 - 29
Jointing
29 - 30
Wavin Access Junctions 30 - 31
Sealed Access Fittings 31 - 32
Open Channel Manholes 32 - 34
Gullies
34 - 37
Traditional Gully
34
Universal Gully
34 - 35
Bottle Gully
35 - 36
Yard Gully
36
Road Gully
36 - 37
Grease Traps
37 - 38
Suspended Drainage
38 - 39
Testing
39 - 40
Repairs
40
Maintenance
40
Cleaning
40
Appendix
41
General Information
42
WAVIN IRELAND
LIMITED
Wavin has been the leading
supplier of plastics pipes and fittings
for 40 years. Initial pipe production
at Cian Park, Drumcondra in 1957
led to the commissioning of the
manufacturing
complex
at
Balbriggan some five years later.
Production now extends into a wide
range of above and below ground
plumbing and drainage systems.
Wavin’s success in Ireland has
been achieved by paying close
attention to product quality,
innovation and development and by
creating a special relationship with
suppliers and customers.
Ongoing investment in plant and
tooling underlines the confidence
Wavin place in their future as
Ireland’s leading plastics pipe and
fittings manufacturer.
1
Wavinsewer Systems
PIPE DIMENSIONS
WAVIN TRITEC PIPES
(All dimensions are in mm except where inches are indicated)
Nominal
Mean
Individual
Pipe Wall
Inner Skin
Size
OD
OD
Thickness Wall Thickness
OD
Min
Max
Min
Max
Min
Min
160
160.0
160.6
157.1
163.5
3.9
0.5
9"
244.1
244.8
240.9
247.3
6.25
0.6
WAVIN PIPES TO IS 424:1990
(All dimensions are in mm)
Nominal
Outside
Wall
Size
Diameter
Thickness
Min
Max
Min
Max
Mean
Internal
Diameter
Average
Weight
(kg/m)
110
110.0
110.4
3.0
3.5
103.7
1.63
160
160.0
160.5
4.0
4.6
151.6
3.17
200
200.0
200.6
4.9
5.6
189.8
4.53
250
250.0
250.7
6.2
7.1
237.0
7.20
315
315.0
316.0
7.7
8.78
299.1
11.32
355
355.0
356.1
8.7
9.8
337.0
14.41
400
400.0
401.2
9.8
11.0
379.8
18.29
450
450.0
451.4
11.0
12.3
427.4
23.45
WAVIN PIPES TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT
SPECIFICATION 1977
(All dimensions are in mm except where inches are indicated)
Nominal
Outside
Wall
Mean
Average
Size
Diameter
Thickness
Internal
Weight
Min
Max
Min
Max
Diameter
(kg/m)
110
110.0
110.4
2.6
3.1
104.5
1.34
160
160.0
160.5
3.7
4.3
152.2
2.77
9"
244.1
244.8
5.9
6.8
231.7
6.72
ABBREVIATIONS
2
P/E
Pipes and Fittings with both ends plain or with one plain
end and one special end.
S/S
Pipe and Fittings with one or more ring-seal or plain
socket, but always with one plain or special end.
D/S
Fittings with ring-seal or plain sockets at all ends.
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
Pipes
P/E Pipe – 6 metre
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
110
D3760
160
D3756
160 TRITEC
D3797
200
E4513
9"
E4503
9" TRITEC
E4528
250
E4514
315
E4509
355
E4506
400
E4510
450
E4508
S/S Pipe – 6 metre
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
110
D3774
65
160
D3775
80
160 TRITEC
D3796
80
200
E4252
111
9"
E4504
111
9" TRITEC
E4529
111
250
E4518
111
315
E4507
133
Couplers
D/S Pipe Coupler (WS 1)
for jointing pipes
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
110
D4001
132
5
160
D4002
163
5
200
E5001
256
6
9”
E5002
256
6
250
E3157
256
6
315
E5009
230
10
355
E5007
328
45
400
E5041
380
52
450
E2848
630
-
Repair Coupler
D/S Repair Coupler
for repairs and new branch entry connections
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
110
D4108
132
3
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
Branches
D/S Branch – 45˚ (WS 2)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
110 x 110
D4003
146
198
93
160 x 160
D4004
220
305
145
160 x 110
D4005
167
263
68
S/S Branch – 45˚ (WS 2)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
D
E
F
200 x 110
E5052
300
340
140
-
-
-
200 x 160
E5010
300
340
140
-
-
-
9" x 110
E5106
235
570
111
65
128
162
9" x 160
E5006
225
640
111
80
128
162
250 x 110
E5096
235
570
111
65
128
162
250 x 160
E5202
255
640
111
80
128
162
250 x 200
E5102
270
700
111
89
128
162
315 x 110
E5114
270
650
133
65
146
198
315 x 160
E5015
290
720
133
80
146
198
315 x 200
E5234
305
780
133
89
146
198
P/E x S/S Branch – 45˚ (WS 2)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
355 x 160
E5022
400 x 160
E5045
450 x 160
E5121
Fabricated to order
D/S Branch – 871⁄2˚ (WS 2A)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
110 x 110
D4006
161
122
164
S/S Branch – 871⁄2˚ (WS 2A)
4
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
D
E
F
160 x 160
D4127
250
187
251
-
-
-
160 x 110
D4115
250
156
203
-
-
-
200 x 200
E5012
200
545
80
89
121
133
9" x 9"
E5099
225
645
111
111
128
162
250 x 250
E5174
225
645
111
111
128
162
315 x 315
E5023
260
795
133
133
146
198
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
P/E Branch – 871⁄2˚ (WS 2A)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
355 x 355
E5196
400 x 400
E5138
450 x 450
E5158
Fabricated to order
Saddles
S/S Unequal Saddle – 45˚ (WS 3)
solvent application
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
200 x 110
E5199
220
350
200 x 160
E5201
220
350
9" x 110
E4009
250
400
9" x 160
E4010
250
400
250 x 110
E4009
250
400
250 x 160
E4010
250
400
315 x 110
E4011
350
450
315 x 160
E4012
375
500
355 x 110
E5185
370
450
355 x 160
E5182
395
500
400 x 110
E5154
390
450
400 x 160
E5156
415
500
Short Radius Bends
S/S Short Radius Bend – 15˚ (WS 5)
24 per circle
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
110
D4028
77
85
158
160
D4029
135
121
276
B
C
S/S Short Radius Bend – 30˚ (WS 5)
12 per circle
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
110
D4030
96
90
174
160
D4031
145
131
272
S/S Short Radius Bend – 45˚ (WS 5)
8 per circle
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
110
D4032
102
100
173
160
D4033
157
136
247
200
E5208
157
146
280
250
E5086
-
-
-
315
E5027
-
-
-
355
E5226
-
-
-
5
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
S/S Short Radius Bend – 671⁄2˚ (WS 5)
51⁄3 per circle
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
110
D4034
155
154
212
S/S Short Radius Bend – 871⁄2˚ (WS 5)
4 per circle approx
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
110
D4038
186
182
160
D4039
269
258
200
E5210
205
216
250
E5030
-
-
315
E5031
-
-
355
E5266
-
-
D/S Short Radius Bend – 45˚ (WS 5A)
8 per circle
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
110
D4019
103
103
176
D/S Short Radius Bend – 871⁄2˚ (WS 5A)
4 per circle approx.
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
110
D4040
190
185
Short Radius Segmental Bends
S/S Short Radius Segmental Bend – 15˚ (WS 5)
24 per circle
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
9"
E5097
235
265
440
S/S Short Radius Segmental Bend – 30˚ (WS 5)
12 per circle
6
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
9"
E5125
290
290
500
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
S/S Short Radius Segmental Bend – 45˚ (WS 5)
8 per circle
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
9"
E5025
335
350
590
400
E5107
488
500
915
S/S Short Radius Segmental Bend – 90˚ (WS 5)
4 per circle
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
9"
E5029
455
411
400
E5165
685
411
Adjustable Bends
S/S Adjustable Bend – 0˚ to 30˚
for variable angles up to 30˚, rotate segments to
achieve the right angle.
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
110
D4330
97
90
180
D/S Adjustable Bend – 0˚ to 30˚
for variable angles up to 30˚, rotate segments to
achieve the right angle.
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
110
D4332
97
97
184
Long Radius Bends
S/S Long Radius Bend – 221⁄2˚ (WS 6)
16 per circle
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
R
110
D4043
520
380
160
D4044
665
560
200
E5034
820
830
9"
E5038
980
1030
250
E5042
980
1030
315
E5056
1375
1520
7
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
P/E Long Radius Bend – 221⁄2˚ (WS 6)
16 per circle
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
R
355
E5220
1855
1750
400
E5135
2250
2010
450
E5163
2400
2300
S/S Long Radius Bend – 45˚ (WS 6)
8 per circle
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
R
110
D4045
710
380
160
D4046
805
560
200
E5033
1020
830
9"
E5037
1228
1030
250
E5040
1228
1030
315
E5055
1875
1520
P/E Long Radius Bend – 45˚ (WS 6)
8 per circle
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
R
355
E5158
2125
1750
400
E5168
2435
2010
450
E5143
2770
2300
S/S Long Radius Bend – 90˚ (WS 6)
4 per circle
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
R
110
D4047
650
380
160
D4048
930
690
200
E5032
1140
830
9"
E5036
1385
1030
250
E5040
1385
1030
315
E5044
1925
1520
Mid Radius Bends
D/S Moulded Mid Radius Bend – 45˚ (WS 6A)
with cut out marks to convert bend to a Channel Bend for
use on traditional manholes.
8
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
R
U
110
D4169
273
250
165
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
D/S Moulded Mid Radius Rest Bend -871⁄2˚ (WS 6A)
satisfies recommendations of BS 5572:1944 for base of
soil stack applications. Manufactured with cut out marks
to convert bend to a Channel Bend for use within
traditional manholes.
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
R
U
110
D4112
290
282
250
340
Channel Fittings
S/S Straight Channel (WS 7)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
U
110 x 24"
D4050
1220
595
110 x 36"
D4052
1525
890
160 x 24"
D4053
1220
595
160 x 36"
D4055
1525
890
200 x 48"
E5058
1800
1095
9" x 48"
E5059
1800
1095
250 x 48"
E5235
1800
1095
315 x 48"
E5061
1800
1095
P/E Straight Channel (WS 7)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
U
355 x 48"
E5129
1800
1095
400 x 48"
E5130
1800
1095
450 x 48"
E5146
1800
1095
S/S Long Radius Curved Invert Channel – 45˚ (WS 8)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
R
U
110
160
D4062
680
380
325
D4063
1180
560
600
200
E5063
1250
830
700
9"
E5068
1770
1030
890
250
E5072
1770
1030
890
315
E5076
2100
1520
890
P/E Long Radius Curved Invert Channel – 45˚ (WS 8)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
R
U
355
E5159
2295
1750
1000
400
E5160
2600
2010
900
450
E5161
2955
2300
1000
9
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
S/S Long Radius Curved Invert Channel – 90˚ (WS 8)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
R
U
110
D4143
160
D4069
590
910
380
560
900
1350
690
200
E5062
730
1170
950
830
700
9"
E5067
1860
2800
1030
900
250
E5071
1860
2800
1030
900
315
E5057
2165
3250
1520
900
S/S Curved Channel Branch – 871⁄2˚ (WS 9)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
110
D4129 LH
240
124
182
110
D4128 RH
240
124
182
160
D4131 LH
300
144
196
160
D4130 RH
300
144
196
Cleaning Eyes
P/E Cleaning Eye (WS 12)
with screwed access
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
D
110
D4077
63
137
160
D4078
86
196
Adaptors
D/S Spigot Adaptor (WS 13)
to cast iron and clay spigot
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
D
110
D4079
167
66
75
153
160
D4080
210
90
100
216
S/S Spigot Adaptor (WS 13)
to cast iron and clay spigot
10
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
D
200
E5087
291
250
9"
E5088
291
300
250
E5082
291
300
315
E5090
313
395
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
S/S Socket Adaptor (WS 14)
to cast iron and clay socket
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
110
D4081
71
148
160
D4082
94
210
S/S Spigot Adaptor
to land drainage pipe
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
110 x 90
D4364
125
62
54
Stoppers
P/E Plain Stopper (WS 19)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
D
110
D4088
45
137
160
D4089
91
192
200
E5237
96
215
9"
E5103
125
326
315
E5119
139
380
Reducers
S/S Level Invert Reducer (WS 20A)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
160 x 110
D4113
186
118
200 x 160
E4238
186
153
S/S Concentric Reducer (WS 20A)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
200 x 160
E5148
350
90
115
9" x 160
E5100
355
90
135
250 x 160
E5236
355
90
135
315 x 9"
E5015
565
135
165
110mm Wavin Access Junctions (WAJ)
Cover and Frame for WAJ
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
D1
D2
D3
H
A
315 x 315
D4492
335
315
312
40
25
For use with 110mm WAJ's
Sealed cover option available on request.
11
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
Riser for WAJ
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
150
D4183
316
160
315
For use with 110mm WAJ's
D/S Straight Through WAJ (WAJ 1)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
D
110
D4150
472
315
Top of cover to WAJ invert 270mm
D/S 90˚ Bend WAJ (WAJ 2)
Nominal
Size
110
Product
Code
A
D
F
D4151 LH/RH
472
315
241
Top of cover to WAJ invert 270mm
D/S 90˚ WAJ (WAJ 3 & WAJ 13)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
D
F
110
D4152 LH
472
236
236
315
241
110
D4157 RH
472
236
236
315
241
Left hand illustrated
Top of cover to WAJ invert 270mm
D/S 45˚ WAJ (WAJ 4 & WAJ 12)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
D
E
110
D4153 LH
472
315
160
110
D4156 RH
472
315
160
Left hand illustrated
Top of cover to WAJ invert 270mm
12
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
D/S 45˚ Twin WAJ (WAJ 5)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
D
E
110
D4101
472
315
160
Top of cover to WAJ invert 270mm
D/S 90˚ & 45˚ WAJ (WAJ 7 & WAJ 16)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
D
E
F
110
D4158 LH
472
236
236
315
160 241
110
D4154 RH
472
236
236
315
160 241
Left hand illustrated
Top of cover to WAJ invert 270mm
D/S 90˚ Twin WAJ (WAJ 18)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
D
F
110
D4159
472
236
236
315
241
Top of cover to WAJ invert 270mm
\
160mm Wavin Access Junctions (WAJ)
Light Cast Iron Cover With PVC-U Skirt
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
D1
F1
F2
H1
H2
–
D4480
160
355
290
578
384
Suitable for light traffic only
For use with 160mm WAJ's.
P/E Corrugated Riser Shaft
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
D1
D2
H
–
D4471
315
354
1000
For use with 160mm WAJ's
13
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
D/S Straight Through WAJ (WAJ 1)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
D1
D2
H
L
Z
160
D4461
160
355
290
578
384
H = height overall
D/S 45˚ Left Hand WAJ (WAJ 4)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
D1
D2
H
L
Z
160
D4464
160
355
290
578
384
H = height overall
D/S 45˚ Twin WAJ (WAJ 4)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
D1
D2
H
L
Z
160
D4465
160
355
290
578
384
H = height overall
D/S 45˚ Right Hand (WAJ 12)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
D1
D2
H
L
Z
160
D4462
160
355
290
578
384
H = height overall
Sealed Access Junctions
D/S Sealed Inspection Pipe
with bolted rectangular cover and sealing ring
14
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
110
D4248
397
230
105
160
D4249
519
268
154
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
D/S Equal Single Sealed Inspection Junction – 45˚
with bolted rectangular cover and sealing ring.
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
D
110
D4250 RH
397
230
105
141
160
D4251 RH
498
268
154
215
110
D4252 LH
397
230
105
141
160
D4253 LH
498
268
154
215
Right hand illustrated
D/S Equal Twin Sealed Inspection Junction – 45˚
with bolted rectangular cover and sealing ring.
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
D
110
D4254 RH
520
377
105
160
110
D4255 LH
520
377
105
160
Left hand illustrated
Gullies
Gully Riser
grating not included
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
110
D4192
164
150
Gully Grating (spare)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
110
D4149
150
S/S Plain Gully
including grating and outlet bend
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
D
E
110
D4092
164
340
265
175
55
S/S Universal Gully Trap
for use with Universal and Adjustable Gully Hoppers
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
D
110
D4137
220
306
175
220
Overall depth to invert including D4118 Hopper – 395mm
15
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
P/E Universal Gully Hopper
with all bosses closed
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
D
110
D4118
164
237
175
165
P/E Adjustable Gully Hopper
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
D
110
D4138
164
20
108
118
S/S Bottle Gully
with all bosses closed
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
D
110
D4308
228
57
317
157
Sealed Access Cover for Bottle Gully
complete with sealing ring and screws
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
–
D4311
217
P/E Trapped Yard Gully – 300mm diameter
provides access to surface water drainage system for
cleaning, supplied with removable rubber bung.
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
D
110
D4095
600
305
305
430
Material: Polyethylene
Yard Gully Catchment Bucket
for use with D4095 Yard Gully
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
–
D4097
225
245
Material: Perforated, galvanised mild steel
16
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
P/E Trapped Road Gully
450mm diameter x 900mm invert
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
D
160
D4139
900
465
444
770
Capacity: 100 litres
Material: Polyethylene
S/S Road Gully Adaptor
for connection to 160mm WavinSewer
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
A
B
C
160
D4147
121
42
161
A
B
C
D
1000
700
670
690
E
F
G
H
700
530
475
500
A
B
C
D
1580
1200
1080
925
E
F
G
H
680
400
440
490
Grease Traps
Grease Trap
flow rate 1 l/sec
Nominal
Product
Size(litres) Code
40
D4501
Material: GRP
Inlet/outlet: 110mm
Grease Trap
flow rate 2 l/sec
Nominal
Product
Size(litres) Code
80
D4502
Material: GRP
Inlet/outlet: 110mm
17
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
Grease Trap
flow rate 4 l/sec
Nominal
Product
Size(litres) Code
160
D4503
A
B
C
D
1800
1430
1150
950
E
F
G
H
1320
950
1080
1130
Material: GRP
Inlet/Outlet: 110mm
Grease Trap
flow rate 8 l/sec
Nominal
Size (litres)
Product
Code
A
B
320
D4504
2440
1275
C
D
1035 1040
Material: GRP
Inlet/Outlet: 110mm
Unless noted otherwise:
1. All dimensions are in mm.
2. Material: unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC-U).
3. Colour: Golden brown.
4. Product drawings generally refer to the 110mm size. Larger size fittings are not drawn in proportion.
18
E
1090
Wavinsewer Systems
DESIGN INFORMATION
Typical Properties of PVC-U
Property
Value
Specific Gravity
1.42 at 20˚C
Specific Heat
0.24 cal/g˚C
Thermal Conductivity
1.6 W/m˚C
Coefficient of Linear Expansion
(6-8) x 10-5 /˚C
Vicat Softening Temperature (Min)
Pipe: 79˚C
Fittings: 77˚ C
Modulus of Elasticity
3000 N/mm2
Poisson's Ratio
1:3
Tensile Strength at Yield at 3mm/minute
45kN/mm2 (min) at 20˚C
Elongation at Break at 3 mm/minute
80% (min) at 20˚C
Structural Properties of PVC-U
The material and structural properties required for
PVC-U pipes and fittings used for drain and sewer
applications are set out in IS.424:1990, Local
Government Specification 1977, BS 4660:1973, BS
5481:1977 and ISO/DIS 4435. Product testing requires
careful control of sampling methods and laboratory
conditions.
Wavin products are designed and produced to these
requirements.
Summary of Standard Tests
Product
Test
Material
Deformation Temperature
Colour & Colour Fastness
Pipes
Alkali & Acid Resistance
Tensile Strength
Elongation at Break
Stress Rupture
Heat Reversion
Impact Strength
Hydrostatic Pressure
Fittings & Assemblies
Elevated Temp. Cycling
Stress Relief
Drop Test
Hydrostatic Pressure
Diameter Distortion
Angular Deflection
Temp. Cycling and Loading
Negative Pressure
IS
424
1990
ISO/DIS
4435
1978
BS
4460
1973
BS
5481
1977
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
19
Wavinsewer Systems
DESIGN INFORMATION
Hydraulic Properties
Gradients
Velocity and Discharge
The Colebrook-White Formula should be used for the
design of Wavinsewer systems. Where considerable
numbers of branch drains are intercepted or other
causes of head loss occur, it is suggested that they be
allowed for by a reduction in the sewer capacity. In most
cases, a reduction of 5% will probably be adequate.
Minimum drain sizes and gradients for foul water
building drainage should be as follows:
b) Single dwelling discharging to septic tank or sewer;
110m drain at 1:60 minimum fall.
The Formula states:
V = –2√2gdi log
[
ks
2.51v
+
3.7d d√2gdi
]
c) One WC in each of up to 5 housing units; 110mm
drain at 1:70 minimum fall.
For pipes not flowing full, the Colebrook-White formula
is expressed as follows:
ks
1.256v
+
V = –√32gmi log 14.8m m√32gmi
[
where
V
d
g
i
k
v
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
m =
=
a) For drains taking small flows or when continuous
flows containing solid matter are less than 1 litre per
second, or when the drain is long, the gradient for
110mm drains should be 1:40 minimum fall.
]
d) One WC in each of 5 to 10 housing units; 110mm
drain at 1:80 minimum fall.
e) One WC in each of 5 to 150 housing units; 160mm
drain at 1:150 minimum fall.
Maximum gradients giving a velocity of 5m/sec are
possible with Wavinsewer as the deposition of solids or
pipe erosion are no longer problems.
Turbulence at manholes can lead to fouling at high
velocities and provision to reduce this should be
considered at the design stage.
Mean velocity in m/s
Internal pipe diameter in metres
Gravitational acceleration = 9.8 m/s2
Hydraulic gradient
Pipe wall roughness in metres
Kinematic viscosity of water at 15˚C
1.146 x 10-6 m2/s
Hydraulic radius
Wet cross sectional area (m2)
Wet perimeter (m)
Grease Traps
Design Guidelines
1. The rate of flow into the Trap should be calculated in
accordance with BS 8301:1985.
Proportional Velocity and Discharge chart
2. Average grease/fats produced = 0.0125 litres/head
/day.
1.0
0.9
3. Every 1 litre/second inflow to the Trap requires
40 litres of grease storage capacity.
0.8
Proportional Depth
0.7
( )
0.6
Qp
e Q
arg
sch
Di
0.5
0.4
(V V)
p
y
cit
lo
Ve
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Proportional Velocity Vp and Discharge Qp
Q
V
( )
( )
1.0
1.1
1.2
4. Rate of Inflow
Less than 2 litres/sec
2 – 9 litres /sec
10 – 19 litres/sec
20 litres/sec
Retention Time
2 minutes
3 minutes
4 minutes
5 minutes
5. Discharge/Output
Up to 400 meals per day
Every additional 100 meals
Automatic Dishwasher
Flow
2 litres/sec
0.25 litres/sec
1 litre/sec
1.3
6. The Trap should have a surface area of 0.25 square
metres for every litre/sec inflow.
7. The temperature of the inflow to the Trap should not
exceed 40˚ C.
8. The temperature of the effluent from the Trap should
not exceed 30˚ C.
20
(HL)
Hydraulic Gradient
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.01
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.02
0.03
0.04
1
2
3
0.4
3
4
0.5
0.6
4
5
0.9
1.0
6 7 8 9 10
1.2
1.4
6 7 8 9 10
pip
e
m siz
11 m e
0
0.8
0.7
5
1.6
1.8
5
20
30
20
0
40 50
70
y:
cit
Ve
lo
80
90
100
200
200
d
co
n
s/s
e
tre
me
40 50 60 70 80 90100
60
Discharge: litres per second
2.0
16
0
2.2
2.5
3.0
30
25
0
20
31
5
0.05
2
35
5
0.06
1
40
0
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
45
0
Discharge: litres per second
Flow Chart for Wavinsewer in clean water condition
300
400
0.001
600 800 1000
500
700 900
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.01
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Temperature: 15˚C
500
700 900
300 400
600 800 1000
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
(HL)
Hydraulic Gradient
ks: 0.06mm
Wavinsewer Systems
DESIGN INFORMATION
21
(HL)
Hydraulic Gradient
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.01
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.02
0.03
1
2
3
0.4
0.5
4
0.6
4
5
0.9
1.0
6 7 8 9 10
1.2
1.4
6 7 8 9 10
0.8
0.7
5
1.6
1.8
5
20
30
30
40 50
70
80
90
200
200
d
on
ec
s/s
me
tre
100
y:
cit
Ve
lo
40 50 60 70 80 90100
60
Discharge: litres per second
2.0
2.2
2.5
203.
0
0
16
0.04
3
0
20
0.05
2
0
25
0.06
1
5
31
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
5
35
pip
e
m siz
11 m e
0
Discharge: litres per second
0
40
ks: 0.15mm
0
45
22
300
400
0.001
600 800 1000
500
700 900
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.01
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Temperature: 15˚C
500
700 900
300 400
600 800 1000
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
(HL)
Hydraulic Gradient
Flow Chart for Wavinsewer in slimed condition
Slimed to about half depth; velocity, when flowing half full, approx. 1.2m/s
Wavinsewer Systems
DESIGN INFORMATION
(HL)
Hydraulic Gradient
3
4
5
6 7 8 9 10
5
30
40 50
70
90
s/s
tre
me
80
y:
cit
Ve
lo
40 50 60 70 80 90100
60
Discharge: litres per second
20
30
ec
100
d
on
200
200
300
400
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.01
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Temperature: 15˚C
500
700 900
300 400
600 800 1000
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.001
600 800 1000
500
700 900
2
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
20
2.5
16
0
0.001
1
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
6 7 8 9 10
0.8
0.7
5
20
0
0.002
0.4
0.5
0.6
4
25
0
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.01
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.02
0.03
0.04
3
31
5
0.05
2
35
5
0.06
1
40
0
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
pp
i
e
m siz
11 m e
0
Discharge: litres per second
45
0
ks: 0.6mm
(HL)
Hydraulic Gradient
Flow Chart for Wavinsewer in slimed condition
Slimed to about half depth; velocity, when flowing half full, approx. 0.75m/s
Wavinsewer Systems
DESIGN INFORMATION
23
Wavinsewer Systems
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORT, INSPECTION AND INSTALLATION
HANDLING
Care should be exercised at all
times in handling pipes to avoid
damage to the pipe surface or to
pipe ends which have been
chamfered or otherwise prepared
for jointing.
On no account should pipes be
dragged along the ground.
The impact strength of PVC-U is
reduced somewhat at temperatures
below 10˚C, therefore even more
care in handling should be exercised
in cold conditions.
Loading and Unloading
When loading and unloading
bundles mechanically, use either
nylon belt type slings or fork lift
trucks with smooth forks. Metal
slings, hooks or chains must not
come into direct contact with the
pipe.
Pipes should always be laid down
gently and should never be dropped
onto a hard surface.
Pipes at the top of a stack should
always be the first to be removed.
Where
pipes
have
been
transported one inside another, the
innermost pipe should be removed
first.
supported throughout its length.
This can be achieved by bedding on
a layer of sand.
Side supports should be provided
at intervals of not more than 2
metres and should preferably
consist of battens not less than 75
mm wide.
Pipes should not be stacked more
than 2.5m high and pipes of
different sizes should be stacked
separately.
Pipes should not be stored one
pipe inside another.
Socketed pipes should be stacked
in layers with the sockets protruding
and pointing in opposite directions
in alternate layers so that each pipe
has an even bearing throughout its
entire barrel length. Care should be
taken to ensure that no load is
carried by the sockets.
Pipes should at all times be
stored in such a manner that the
ends are not exposed to the danger
of damage.
On no account should pipes be
stored in a stressed or bent
condition or near a heat source.
Pipes of different sizes should be
stacked separately.
On site, stacks of pipe should not
be climbed upon. Pipes should not
be walked on or dropped on the
ground, but should be carefully
handled at all times.
On
exposed
sites
where
unauthorised interference may
occur, the stacks should be suitably
secured to prevent dislodgement.
Fittings and Lubricant
Rubber rings, gaskets and all
fittings should be stored so as to
avoid damage to them, or
contamination by oils, petrol or
greases.
It is most important that all
rubber items be stored in a cool,
dry, dark place so as not to be
exposed to the light.
Storage of fittings on site or in
long term storage should be
retained in their original containers
or in suitable bins until required for
use. Contamination by earth, mud,
dirty water, oils and greases should
be avoided.
When not in use, lubricant
containers should be kept shut to
prevent the entry of dirt and dust.
Figure 2. Storage of loose pipes on the ground
2m or 7 layers max.
Figure 1. Handling of block
bundles
2m
Figure 3. Storage of loose pipes on bearers
STORAGE
Pipes
Pipes should be given adequate
support at all times. They should be
stored on a reasonably flat surface,
free from stones and sharp
projections so that the pipe is
24
1m spacing maximum
75mm bearing width
Wavinsewer Systems
TRANSPORT, INSPECTION AND INSTALLATION
TRANSPORT
Vehicle
A flat floored vehicle should be
used to transport pipes. Its floor
should be free from nails or other
sharp projections. It is particularly
stressed that there should be no
projecting battens at the end or
elsewhere on the truck floor which
would prevent the pipe being evenly
supported.
Loading and Transport
In no case should pipes overhang
the vehicle by more than 0.6m.
Socketed pipes should be stacked
in layers with the sockets protruding
and pointing in opposite directions
in alternate layers. Care should be
taken to ensure that no load is
carried by the sockets in the bottom
layer.
Pipe loads stacked higher than
2.5m are not recommended.
In the case of mixed loads, thick
walled pipes should be located
beneath the lighter pipes.
Pipes may be transported one
inside another provided that:
a) the pipes are clean and free from
grit,
b) suitable covering be provided
over the exposed ends of the
pipes to prevent the entry of grit
during transport,
c) the pipes in the lower layers are
not excessively loaded, ie., to
such a degree as would cause
damage or undue distortion, and
d) the pipes be off-loaded on
arrival, the smaller diameter
pipes being removed first.
During transport, the pipes
should be protected from damage at
all times.
Small lots of pipe should be
secured in bundles which may be
easily handled manually. The pipes
should be provided with adequate
side support and should be
effectively secured to avoid relative
movement during transport. Side
supports should be provided at not
more than 1.2m intervals. These
uprights should be flat and free from
sharp edges.
Where timber framed bundles of
pipe are transported one on top of
another, care should be taken to
ensure that the frames are so
secured that they cannot move
relative to one another throughout
transport.
It is important that the vehicle be
driven at all times in such a manner
that no damage to the pipes may
occur during transport.
Figure 4. Transport of loose pipes
Inspection
If there is any evidence that the
load has shifted or shows signs of
rough treatment or has not been
handled
and
stacked
as
recommended, then each pipe
should be inspected for damage
before acceptance. Otherwise,
ordinary inspection while unloading
should be adequate to ensure that
pipes and fittings have arrived in
acceptable condition.
INSTALLATION
Transport and Off-loading on Site
Efficient means for transporting
the pipes on site should be
provided. These should be such that
the pipe is adequately supported at
all times and that it is not subjected
to excessive stresses. Care should
be taken that damage to pipes by
vibration, knocks and scratches
does not occur. Similar care should
be exercised in offloading and
ensuring that there is adequate
support and protection for the pipes
when placed along the trench or
road margin prior to laying. On site,
no pipe should be transported one
inside another.
INSPECTION ON
DELIVERY
General
All deliveries and off-loading at
site should be supervised by the
purchaser’s representative.
Pipes and fittings should be
examined for signs of damage
before acceptance.
The markings on the pipes should
be checked to ensure that they
comply with the requirements of the
specification against which the pipes
were purchased.
Principles
Flexible pipes such as those made
from PVC-U do not readily fracture
under load, but are liable to
deformation. They rely considerably
on the immediate surrounding fill to
resist circumferential deformation.
Accordingly, PVC-U flexible pipelines
should be surrounded by noncohesive material as specified in
these recommendations and it is of
prime importance that the fill
material be properly compacted to
prevent excessive deformation of
the pipe.
In order to avoid interference
with flow, deformation should be
limited to 5% on completion of the
backfilling which can only be
achieved by proper compaction of
the backfill. It is essential to avoid
high stress concentrations and so
sharp objects or large stones should
not be allowed to come into contact
with the surface of the pipe.
The flexible nature of PVC-U
enables it to accommodate most
longitudinal deformations resulting
from ground movement or from
differential settlement.
Excavation, underbed
and pipelaying
Excavation
Trench
As a general rule, trenching
should not be carried out too far
ahead of pipe laying. Backfilling
should take place as soon as
possible.
25
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
The trench should be kept as
narrow as practicable but must
allow adequate room for jointing the
pipes and placing and compacting
the backfill. Trenches should be
excavated with vertical sides to a
height of 300mm above the top of
the pipe. The trench bottom should
comply with the limiting widths set
out in Table 1.
Table 1. Trench widths
Nominal
Pipe Size
(mm)
110
160
200
9"
250
315
355
400
450
Width of Trench
(mm)
Min
Max
450
450
600
600
600
700
750
800
850
600
600
700
700
700
850
900
950
1000
Trench Bottom
In all cases, the trench should be
excavated to a depth which will
allow for laying the pipes on a
prepared underbed. The trench
bottom
should
be
carefully
examined for the presence of soft
spots and hard objects such as
stones, rock projections or tree
roots, which should be removed and
filled with well tamped bedding
material.
Where a delay in pipe laying is
envisaged, the bottom layer of
300mm should not be removed until
the permanent material is about to
be placed in order to avoid
deterioration of the formation.
Spoil
The excavated spoil should be
kept at least 0.5m back from the
edge of the trench and all loose
stones removed from the side of the
spoil heap remote from the trench.
Depth of Cover
Normally, pipes should be laid
with a cover, measured from the top
of the pipe to the surface of the
ground, of not less than:
26
1.2m under roads,
1.0m in agricultural land,
0.5m in gardens within curtilage
of dwellings.
Where such cover is not
practicable, the designer should
specify alternative methods of
protection. The designer should take
into consideration in his design any
conditions, existing or envisaged,
which might adversely affect the
performance of the pipes.
When future landscaping or other
development works are envisaged,
sufficient depth should be allowed
over the pipes to ensure that the
loadbearing capacity of the pipeline
will not be exceeded due to
surcharge and/or surface loads.
Underbed
General
The prepared underbed should
consist of bedding material laid to
the correct gradient and depth over
the full width of the trench as
excavated and should give uniform
support to the pipe over its entire
length.
Depth of Bedding
In normal clay excavation, the
thickness of the bedding under the
barrel of the pipe should be not less
than 100mm. In rock, a thickness of
at least 150mm should be allowed.
In very soft conditions, the thickness
of the bedding should be as directed
by the designer.
Bedding Material
Bedding material may be either:
a) Granular Aggregate
Complying with the requirements
of Table 1 of IS. 5 “Aggregates for
Concrete” as follows:
Pipe Size
Material
110mm to 250mm:
10mm nominal
single-sized
aggregate.
Pipe Size
Material
315mm and greater:
10, 14 or 20mm
nominal
single-sized
aggregate
or 14-5 or 20-5mm
nominal size
graded
aggregate.
When using the above material,
no special compaction is required.
Figure 5. Pipes bedded in granular
material
‘As-dug’ backfill
Sidefill
150mm
wide each
side of pipe
regardless
of diameter
100mm
granular
bedding
Granular
material
extended
for at least
100mm
over crown
of pipe
Granular sidefill
b) Imported Sand or Sand/Gravel
Mixture
In special cases when approved
by the designer and client, imported
sand or sand/gravel mixture not
complying with the grading in a) but
which,
when
determined
in
accordance with the Appendix (page
41), would have a compaction
fraction not greater than 0.3 may be
used. The maximum particle size
should not exceed 20mm.
When using material of this
quality, it should be so compacted
as to attain not less than 90% of the
maximum dry density at optimum
moisture content when determined
in accordance with Test 12 of British
Standard 1377 “Methods of test for
soil for engineering purposes”, and
provision should be made for field
testing
accordingly.
British
Standards are published by the
British Standards Institution, 2 Park
Street, London W1A 2BS.
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
Figure 6. Pipes bedded in granular
material and covered with ‘as dug’
material which is free from stones
exceeding 40mm
Compacted in 300mm
layers ‘as-dug’ backfill
Sidefill
150mm
wide each
side of pipe
regardless
of diameter
Granular
sidefill
100mm granular bedding
c) ‘As Dug’ Material
In the case of single houses, and
when approved by the designer and
client, ‘as-dug’ material excavated
from the trench may be used
provided it complies in all other
aspects with the requirements
above.
Figure 7. Pipes bedded in suitable
‘as-dug’ material
Compacted
‘as-dug’ backfill
Sidefill
150mm
wide each
side of pipe
regardless
of diameter
Laying Practice
Pipes should be joined in the
trench and laid on the prepared bed
so that they maintain substantially
continuous contact with the bed.
Small depressions should be made
in the bed to accommodate the pipe
joints. When the pipe socket or pipe
and coupler have been bedded, the
depressions should be filled
carefully, taking care that no voids
remain under or around the joint.
Levelling devices such as bricks or
pegs should be removed and any
resulting voids filled before
backfilling is commenced.
Steep Gradient
If due to steep gradient or
waterlogged conditions, the bedding
tends to act as a drain for subsoil
water, the insertion of waterstops of
puddleclay dams across the trench
may be necessary to resist the
passage of water.
Flooding
If the trench becomes flooded,
buoyancy may occur, in which case
the pipes may be held down by
partial backfilling or by suitable
anchors. Such a situation may arise
overnight, when at the cessation of
work, the ends of the pipes should
be plugged to prevent the entry of
dirt or vermin.
‘As-dug’
sidefill
100mm ‘as-dug’ bedding
Pipelaying
General
Pipes should be lowered into the
trench with tackle suitable for the
weight of the pipes using suitable
lifting slings, preferably flat. On no
account should chains or wire ropes
be used.
The position of the slings to
ensure a proper balance should be
checked when the pipe is clear of
the ground. Any construction debris
inside the pipe should be removed
using a ‘pull-through’.
Where substantial subsidence is
anticipated, it is desirable to provide
a short length of pipe (ie. a ‘rocker’
pipe) with a flexible coupler on each
end to allow movement.
Pipelaying at Low Temperature
Particular care should be
exercised when installing pipes at
temperatures below 10˚C.
Pipelaying should not be carried
out when the temperature of the
pipes is below 0˚C.
Pipelaying Above Natural Ground
Level
Expert advice should be sought in
cases where pipes are to be laid
above the natural ground level.
Pipelaying in Unstable Ground
The soft relatively unstable
conditions of the trench bottom that
can occur with softened clays, silts,
very fine sands or peat are
unfavourable to flexible pipes
because of the buttressing effect of
the sidefill, which normally helps the
pipe keep its shape, may be
considerably reduced; and this
effect is aggravated if there is a high
water table. In such situations, care
is needed depending on the severity
of the conditions and advice sought
from the Technical Department of
Wavin Ireland Limited.
Special Precautions
Use of Concrete
Pipes Passing Through Walls
Where a pipe is required to pass
through a wall or foundation of a
building or other rigid structure, it
should be enclosed in a suitable
sleeve having a minimum radial
clearance of 25mm. Alternatively, a
lintel or relieving arch may be
formed in the structure. Care should
be taken to prevent water passing
along the barrel of the pipe and
through the wall, or the entry of
surrounding granular material.
General Principles
Normally, flexible pipes should
not be bedded in or surrounded by
concrete; its use converts a flexible
pipe into a rigid one which is more
liable to fracture under ground
movement. However, in certain
circumstances, a designer or local
authority may require the use of
concrete bedding or surround and in
such cases, special precautions
should be taken.
Movement Allowance
Where a pipe is rigidly fixed to a
structure, two flexible joints should
be used, one on each side, as close
to the structure as possible.
Flexibility
Some
flexibility
can
be
maintained in a pipeline bedded and
surrounded in concrete if the
continuity of the bedding is broken
by forming joints incorporating a
flexible material. Such joints should
27
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
be not less than 25mm in width and
should be coincident with the pipe
joint.
Encasement (Reinforced)
Where a pipeline is encased in
concrete, it should be wrapped in a
membrane such as felt or plastic
sheeting. As differential movement
is likely to occur at the ends of the
concrete surround, the adjacent
pipeline should comprise one or
more short lengths of pipe jointed
by couplers.
Protecting PVC-U Pipe from
Loads
As PVC-U pipes are flexible, they
can
accommodate
ground
movement and pressure without
damage. However, if the pipe needs
protection, eg., when laid with a
cover of less than 1.2 metre under a
road, concrete may be used above
the pipeline as a protective raft,
provided a cushion of fill is laid
between the pipe crown and the raft
(see Figure 8). This will prevent
unacceptable deflection of the pipe.
Figure 8. Protecting underground
pipe from loads
The material should be placed
and compacted by hand in layers
not more than 100mm thick and
should extend over the crown of the
pipe to a depth of 100mm for
110mm pipe and 150mm for pipes
of larger diameter. It should extend
over the full width of the trench as
excavated.
Remainder of Backfill
The next 300mm of backfill may
consist of material excavated from
the trench provided it is free from
stones exceeding 40mm. The
remainder of the backfill may also
be material excavated from the
trench but only if it is free from
heavy stones or other objects which
could protrude through the special
initial backfill during the backfilling
or compacting process. Mechanical
compactors, other than hand
vibrators, should not be used until
the total depth of backfill over the
pipe is 450mm.
Trench Sheeting
Trench sheeting if used, should be
withdrawn in stages as sidefilling
and backfilling proceeds and the
spaces between the pipe and the
sides of the trench completely filled
with sidefill and firmly compacted.
Connection into Sewers
Reinforced
Concrete
raft
100mm
cushion
of fill
Backfill
Sidefill and Initial Backfill
The material used for sidefill and
initial backfill should comply with
the requirements for bedding
material. For the protection of the
pipe, the sidefilling and initial
backfilling operations should be
carried out as soon as possible after
the pipes have been laid and tested.
28
Connection into Existing Drains
and Sewers
Connections to sewers should be
made only as directed by the
drainage authority. Wavin Adaptors
should be used for connecting to
junctions or saddles on existing
pipelines.
Connection into PVC-U Drains and
Sewers
A connection into PVC-U pipe
may be effected by inserting a
branch into the line. This is achieved
by cutting out the appropriate
length of PVC-U pipe, preparing the
cut ends for jointing and placing
repair couplers into position on the
prepared ends. The branch is fitted
into position and repair couplers
slipped into position to complete the
insertion, after which the new
branch connection may be made.
Alternatively, a saddle connection
may be made. The saddle should be
placed in its intended location and
its position marked. The position of
the inlet hole should be marked on
the outside of the pipe using either
the saddle or a purpose-made
template. The inlet hole is made by
drilling a small hole and cutting out
the profile with a keyhole saw.
Remove all swarf and rough edges.
The surface of the pipe and the
saddle
should
be
cleaned,
roughened and coated with cement
and jointed.
Figure 9. Assembly of a solvent
saddle joint
a.
Mark position of
connection using inside of
saddle branch as guide and
cut out hole.
b.
Apply a liberal coat of
Solvent Cement to the
mating surfaces.
c.
Strap the Saddle
temorarily to ensure firm
all-round contact.
The joint should be held in
position with tying wire until
sufficient strength has been
achieved. In general, 15 minutes
should be allowed before making
connection to the saddle.
Connection to Other
Materials
The Wavinsewer system includes
Adaptors to connect to clay or iron
spigots or sockets.
Connection to Clay or Iron Spigot
Apply mastic to the spigot face of
the clay or cast iron pipe and insert
it into the socket of the PVC-U
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
Adaptor (WS 13). Caulk firmly with a
layer of gaskin and complete with a
sand and cement joint (see Figure
10).
Connection to Clay Socket
Apply a bead of mastic to the
face of a PVC-U Adaptor (WS 14).
Position the Adaptor in the socket
and caulk with yarn followed by
cement mortar. Then insert the PVCU pipe spigot in the standard way
(see Figure 11).
Connection to Cast iron Socket
Apply a bead of mastic to the
face of a PVC-U Adaptor (WS 14).
Position the Adaptor in the cast iron
socket and caulk with gaskin
followed by well caulked lead wool.
Do not use hot lead.
Alternatively, use gaskin and
cement mortar in a similar way to
that used for jointing PVC-U to a
clay socket (see Figure 12).
Figure 10. Connection to clay or iron spigot
Flow
WavinSewer
Pipe
Clay or
Cast Iron
Spigot
D4079/4080 (WS13)
Figure 11. Connection to clay socket
Flow
WavinSewer
Pipe
Clay Socket
D4081/82 (WS14)
Jointing
Preparing Pipe Ends
All spigots on fittings and the
ends of standard lengths of pipe are
chamfered approximately 15˚. Pipes
cut on site must be clean cut at right
angles to their horizontal axis.
Chamfer
the
cut
end
to
approximately half the pipe wall
thickness and deburr it with a
scraper.
Figure 12. Connection to cast iron socket
Flow
WavinSewer
Pipe
Cast Iron
Socket
D4081/82 (WS14)
Depth of Entry Mark
Some plain ended fittings have a
depth of entry mark moulded on the
spigot. This depth of entry allows
the pipe to expand into the fitting
socket. Insert the spigot into the
socket until the depth of entry mark
is just visible.
All pipes - whether cut on site or
otherwise - and other plain ended
fittings must be inserted to the full
depth of the socket, marked at the
socket face, and then withdrawn at
least 6mm (see Figure 14).
Figure 13. Pipe preparation
a. Cut pipe square
b. Chamfer spigot ends
15˚
equal
equal
29
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
Figure 14. Ring seal jointing
Ring seal
Ring seal
socket mouth in the case of
single pipes) from the levering by
placing a block of wood between
the pipe and the lever (see
Figure 15).
Figure 15. Jointing large pipes
Depth of entry mark
Depth of entry mark
Ring Seal Joints
Pipe Couplers and most Bends
and Branches, particularly in the
110mm and 160mm sizes, are
supplied with sockets on all ends.
These sockets are fitted with ring
seals which act as both seals and
expansion joints.
The correct sequence for ring seal
jointing is as follows:
1. Check that the pipe chamfer is
correct (see Figure 13) and that
the ring seal is properly seated
in its housing.
2. Make sure that both the pipe or
fitting spigot and the ring seal
socket are dry, clean and free
from grit or dust.
3. Lubricate evenly around the
spigot and Wafix seal with
Wavintite Lubricant (see Table
2).
4. Make sure that the components
to be joined are correctly
aligned.
5. Push the spigot fully into the
socket. Mark the spigot at the
socket face and then withdraw
the spigot by a minimum of
6mm. If the spigot is already
marked with the ‘depth of
entry’, push it into the socket
until the mark is just visible.
Make a subsequent check to
ensure that the expansion gap is
not lost during further
installation work (see Figure 14).
6. Do not cut back the straight leg
sections of Long Radius Bends or
Channel Bends as only the spigot
end provided is suitable for
jointing.
7. Make jointing of large pipes
easier by levering them into
position. Protect the pipe end (or
30
Table 2. Lubricant allowance
Pipe Size
Number of Joints
(mm unless noted)
(per 500g)
110
160
200
9”
250
315
355
400
450
100
45
27
15
13
10
8
6
4
Wavin Access Junctions
The Wavin Access Junction is
designed to provide the method of
collecting 110mm drains at invert
depths up to 600mm by the use of
WAJ Risers. The total assembly
comprising Base, Riser and Frame
Unit provides a completely sealed
system up to ground level.
Considerable savings in installed
costs may be achieved by using
WAJ’s compared to traditional
manholes. WAJ’s may be installed
relatively quickly, since no additional
excavation is required other than
that for normal drain laying, and the
need for wet trades is eliminated.
The depths of WAJ assemblies
from the top of the Cover to the
Channel Invert are given in Table 3.
The
design
incorporates
telescopic, tilt and swivel facilities
which give all the flexibility required
on site. A choice of 9 configurations
provide a comprehensive, level
invert system with excellent flow
characteristics.
The PVC-U Cover is normally
unsealed for external use but a
sealed and bolted cover is available
for internal use on request.
Installation of Wavin Access
Junctions
1. Lay suitable bedding material (as
used for the drain line).
2. Make pipe connections in the
same way as the standard ring
seal jointing of fittings
.
Table 3. Depths of WAJ assemblies
Assembly
WAJ without Riser
WAJ with one Riser
WAJ with two Risers
A
(mm)
B
(mm)
270 -– 305
–
–
–
435 – 470
585 – 620
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
Figure 16. Wavin Access Junction
assembly
Figure 17. Wavin Access Junction – typical application
Gully
45˚ (LH)
Wavin Access Junction
45˚ (RH)
Wavin Access Junction
45˚ Bend
45˚ Branch
110mm Pipe
Figure 18. WAJ, non-load installation
150mm sidefill of suitable
‘as-dug’ or granular material
continued to ground level
3. Place the WAJ on a minimum
100 mm bed of ‘as-dug’ or
granular material and surround it
with similar material 150 mm
wide. Installations suitable for
wheel loads up to Class C (250
kgs) require a 150 mm thick
concrete plinth around the top of
the WAJ (see Figure 19).
4. Depending on the depth of invert
required (see Table 3), either:
a) Use the WAJ complete with
Frame Unit as supplied.
b) Push-fit one or two WAJ Risers
(D4183) directly into the WAJ
and fit the Frame Unit.
Intermediate depths may easily
be obtained by cutting the Riser to
the required depth.
Sealed Access Fittings
Sealed Access Fittings with
removable covers are available as
an alternative to open channels in
traditionally built manholes. The
haunching around Sealed Access
Fittings does not have to be as
precise as that around open
channels. Sealed Access Fittings are
particularly suitable for areas that
have a high water table and where it
is difficult and uneconomical to
construct a watertight manhole.
D4492
Cover and Frame
90˚ Wavin
Access Junction
110mm WavinSewer
Figure 19. WAJ installation suitable for wheel loads up to
Class C (250 kgs)
90˚ Wavin
Access Junction
150mm sidefill of suitable ‘as-dug’
or granular sidefill around WAJ to
underside concrete plinth
Sealed Access Fittings may be
used internally. A sealing ring
between the cover and the main
body of the fitting gives an airtight
joint. This makes the specification of
a more expensive double sealed
manhole cover unnecessary.
The opening area available when
the cover is removed is large enough
to permit rodding in all directions
including branch arms and for the
removal of debris.
The sealing ring fits into a recess
in the cover. The cover is secured
D4492
Cover and Frame
150mm
concrete plinth
110mm WavinSewer
via studs, washers and nuts which
are all stainless steel.
An additional feature is the 50mm
boss socket on the cover to which a
standpipe can be fitted. This enables
standing water to be drained from
the manhole and also indicates the
presence of a blockage below the
manhole.
Sealed Access Fittings may also
be used within back-drop manholes
and for Suspended Drainage.
31
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
Installation of Sealed Access
Fittings
Manholes with Sealed Access
Fittings are generally constructed in
the same way as traditonal
manholes but as watertightness is
not critical, unlined brick or
concrete
manholes
may
be
permitted. Benching of the pipework
is essential.
1. Bed all Sealed Access Fittings in
cement mortar on a suitable
concrete base.
2. Make pipe connections in the
usual way.
3. Allow pipe ends to protrude
beyond the edge of the manhole
base so that connections can be
made after the manhole walls
have been built.
4. Slope benching of the pipework
so that standing water will drain
into the Access Fitting when the
cover is opened. The benching
must provide adequate clearance
for the access cover to be
Figure 20. Sealed Access Manhole with standpipe
Single seal manhole cover
Access
Plug
Standpipe
Assembly
32mm
Waste
Pipe
Wall not
necessarily
watertight
Concrete
benching
laid to fall
Flow
D4248
Figure 21. Sealed Access Manhole with shallow invert used internally
Section
Open Channel Manholes
Open channels provide easy
access for rodding in all directions
and for the removal of debris.
However, construction can be
labour-intensive, depending on the
amount of haunching and benching
necessary.
The Wavinsewer system offers a
wide choice of open Channel Pipes
and Fittings for stepped invert
applications and where changes of
direction are required, Long Radius
Curved Channels are included in the
range.
It is not recommended that
channels be fabricated on site from
pipe.
In back-drop manholes, the droppipe will normally be outside the
chamber and should be surrounded
either in concrete or ‘as-dug’ or
granular material. Where the droppipe is positioned inside the
chamber, it should be securely
supported at intervals not greater
than 1 metre.
When used as Mid Radius
Channel Bends, the D4169 (45˚) and
D4112 (87 1 ⁄ 2 ˚) Bends are to be
drilled and cut on site using a hand
drill, pad saw and plain toothed
rasp. The cut-out section is marked
on both fittings (see Figure 23).
Plan
Finish Floor
Flow
Flow
Concrete Floor
32
removed for routine servicing.
Nuts should be tightened in a
diagonal sequence. Undue force
should not be used during the
tightening process.
5. When standpipes are specified,
fit these to the boss socket on
the top of the cover.
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
Figure 22. Sealed Access Fitting – typical installation
D4169
D4001
D4032
Figure 23. Mid Radius
Bend cut-out
D4269
Figure 24. Open Channel Manhole with stepped
invert branch entries
D4129
Installation of Channel Fittings
1. Bed all Straight and Curved
Channels in cement mortar on a
suitable concrete base.
2. Side entries into the main
channel should have an angle of
entry not greater than 90˚ from
the internal face of the manhole.
For entries greater than 90˚, a
Double Socketed Bend
(eg. D4019) should be placed
adjacent to the manhole, which
should provide a deviation of not
more than 45˚ (see Figure 24).
D4128
D4002
D4019
D4002
Concrete
benching
33
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
Figure 25. Open Channel Manhole with stepped invert and
external backdrop
D4077
D4003
D4032
grating and the top level of the
water seal. Cut a hole in the
grating to allow a pipe up to
75mm diameter to be inserted.
4. Backfill with suitable material.
5. When not protected by paving or
concrete at ground level, the
crown of the Outlet Bend must
be below the level to which
garden implements may
penetrate. When this is not
possible, bed a concrete slab
above the Bend.
Universal Gully
D4053
D4040
D4128
3. Bed the Curved Channel
Branches in cement mortar and
connect them to the main
channel so that the discharge
from the Branch is in the
direction of flow of the main
channel.
4. Allow pipe or fitting ends to
protrude beyond the edge of the
manhole base so that
connections can be made after
the manhole walls have been
built.
5. Provide concrete benching to
rise vertically from the top edge
of the channel pipe to at least
the height of the outlet soffit.
6. Shape the benching around the
Channel Branches of the branch
drains to guide the flow of
sewage in the desired direction.
7. Where practicable, ensure the
soffits of the main pipes entering
and leaving a manhole maintain a
similar gradient.
34
Gullies
The Wavin Universal Gully Trap
(D4090) is self-standing and has a
ring seal socket for connection of
the Hopper. Use the appropriate
Wavinsewer Bend to form either a
‘P’, ‘Q’ or ‘S’ outlet.
The Universal Hopper (D4145)
has a back inlet with Wafix ring seal
joint for the connection of 110mm
Wavinsewer pipe and inlets either
Figure 26.
Traditional Gully
Traditional Gully
The Traditional Gully has a Wafix
ring-seal joint on the outlet bend
which allows flexibility in either
lining up the inlet ‘square’ with the
house or substituting the 45˚ bend
supplied with a 67 1⁄ 2˚ or 87 1⁄ 2˚ to
adjust for gradient.
A Gully Riser (D4192) can be
fitted to the hopper to facilitate the
installation of a Traditional Gully at
an invert depth greater than
340mm.
Installation of Traditional Gully
1. The Gully is supplied fully
assembled. Set it on a
substantial base such as a
precast concrete slab, bricks or
in-situ concrete and haunch it
with concrete until it is selfstanding.
2. Make connection to the drain via
the 45˚ Bend supplied.
3. Make vertical inlet connections
in accordance with Building
Regulations which state that a
branch pipe should only
discharge to a gully between the
Figure 27. Universal Gully, Hopper
and Outlet Bend
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
side to suit either 110mm
Wavinsewer pipe, 68mm Wavin
Osma rainwater downpipe or 40mm
Wavin White Waste.
Alternatively, the Adjustable
Hopper (D4138) may be used in
place of the Universal Hopper.
Installation of Universal Gully
1. Assemble the Trap, Hopper and
suitable Outlet Bend out of the
ground.
2. Set it on a substantial base such
as a precast concrete slab,
bricks or in-situ concrete and
haunch it with concrete to the
level where the supporting feet
meet the body. Make sure the
concrete does not enter any ring
seal joints.
3. Make connection to drain via a
suitable Outlet Bend.
4. When using the Universal
Hopper, make any required
horizontal connections for
110mm Wavinsewer, 68mm
Wavin Osma rainwater downpipe
or 40 mm Wavin White Waste.
5. Make vertical connections in
accordance with Building
Regulations as previously
described.
6. Backfill with suitable material.
7. When not protected by paving or
concrete at ground level, the
crown of the Outlet Bend must
be below the level to which
garden implements penetrate.
When this is not possible, bed a
concrete slab above the Bend.
Bottle Gully
The Bottle Gully is a neat,
compact and practical alternative to
traditional gullies. Its advanced
design features incorporate a fixed
baffle, having a removable access
plug, three 110mm side bosses and
a square cover and frame, which
ensures a perfect fit when used
alongside paving slabs.
The Bottle Gully has a number of
installation
and
maintenance
advantages. The body of the gully
can rotate by means of a push-fit
joint, connecting the body with the
cover. This facility assists the
installer
considerably
with
unpredictable conditions on site.
Three blanked-off inlets, one
either side, and one at the back of
the gully, may be used to connect
pipes from 32mm to 110mm.
Easy access for rodding the
system is provided by means of a
removable rubber access plug.
The Gully is supplied with a
polypropylene grating. A Sealed
Access Cover (D4311), which is
secured to the gully by means of
four self-tapping screws, is also
available.
Installation of Bottle Gully
1. Position and level the Gully on a
suitable base, such as precast
concrete slab, bricks or in-situ
concrete.
2. Haunch it with concrete
25-30mm from the base. This
will ensure that the base is firmly
located.
3. Make any horizontal connections
from 32mm to 110mm to either
left, right or back sockets.
4. Make vertical connections for
waste or rainwater pipes by
cutting the grating to the
necessary diameter and insert
Figure 28. Bottle Gully, typical assembly
Polypropylene
Grating
PVC-U Frame
Sealing Ring
Ring Seal Socket
Access
Access Plug
Figure 29. Bottle Gully installation with vertical inlet.
Rainwater/Waste Pipe
D4308
D4032
35
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
Figure 30. Yard Gully - typical installation
the pipe (see Figure 29).
5. Backfill with suitable material. It
is not necessary to surround the
Gully with concrete.
Suitable Grating
and frame
Yard Gully
The Yard Gully (D4095) is
manufactured from polyethylene, a
robust material, offering both high
impact
with
good
chemical
resistance. The unit is available as a
single component, being 300mm
diameter by 600mm invert depth
and incorporates an integral trap,
with a removable rubber plug,
allowing easy access for rodding.
A
perforated
mild
steel
Catchment Bucket (D4097) is
available as an optional extra.
D4095
D4097
Figure 31. Yard Gully - typical installation
Bed the grating and frame in
a suitable concrete mix
Installation of Yard Gully
1. When excavating the Gully pit,
allow an additional 100mm
under the unit and 150mm
around the unit.
2. Sit the Gully on a minimum of
100mm ‘as-dug’ or granular
material and surround it with
similar material 150mm wide, up
to the underside of its 110mm
spigoted outlet.
3. Connect the Gully to the branch
drain in the appropriate way.
4. Pour 150mm x 250mm invert of
concrete around the Gully up to
its lip.
5. Where required, insert the
Galvanised Mild Steel Catchment
Bucket (D4097).
6. Bed a Ductile Iron Grating and
Frame in a suitable concrete mix
(see Figures 30 & 31).
Wavin Trapped Road
Gully
Connect 110mm
WavinSewer in the
appropriate way
Pour 150mm by
250mm invert
of concrete
around gully
36
Bed and surround the gully
in a minimum of 110mm
under and 150mm around
the unit of granular material
When excavating the gully
pit allow an additional
100mm under and 150mm
around the unit
The Wavin Road Gully offers high
impact resistance with light weight.
A series of external reinforcing ribs
give the unit its strength and also
act as anti-flotation collars during
installation. The Gully’s flexible
outlet allows movement of up to 15˚
thus offering greater scope and
flexibility during installation.
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
Gully Connection to 160mm
Wavinsewer
1. Ensure that the pre-fitted flexible
outlet is correctly seated.
2. Lubricate the whole of the inside
of the outlet.
3. Ensure that the spigot end of the
Wavin Adaptor (D4147) is clean
and the ring is correctly seated.
Align and push home.
4. Insert 160mm Wavinsewer pipe
into the socket following the
standard jointing sequence for
Wavinsewer pipe (see Figure 33).
Installation of Road Gully
1. When excavating the gully pit,
allow an additional 150mm
under and around the unit.
2. Lay a concrete base 750 x 750 x
150mm overall. Set Gully in
position and haunch up to its
second rib.
3. Connect the Gully, trapped to the
branch drain in the appropriate
way (see Figure 33).
4. Pour 150mm of concrete around
the Gully up to its lip.
5. Where required, build a brick or
concrete kerb on top of the Gully
to suit the grating and frame.
6. Bed the grating frame in a
suitable concrete mix and fit
grating (see Figure 32).
Figure 33. Road Gully - connection
to 160mm WavinSewer
D4147
Figure 32. Road Gully - typical installation
Gully grating and frame
to conform to BS497
Bed and
surround gully
in 150mm of
C20 concrete
Grease Traps
The discharge of grease into
sewers is now acknowledged as a
major problem, causing blockage in
pipes and problems at locations
such as sewage treatment works
and septic tanks.
Grease is a normal constituent of
water borne wastes from kitchens
and food preparation rooms where
quantities arise from the washing of
used crockery and utensils. Where
waste macerators are installed, the
quantities of grease and fats
discharged are likely to be greater.
Facilities must be available at
restaurant kitchens for the bulk
collection and removal of grease,
fats and oil and to prohibit their
discharge into the drainage system.
Specific points to note are:
1. It is necessary to provide a
Grease Trap on the outlet from
Figure 34. Installation of Grease Trap
Concrete surround separated by
shuttering to prevent load transfer
As dug or granular
material. Concrete
suitably reinforced,
in areas of vehicular
traffic
Inlet
WavinSewer
160mm pipe
Class B Engineering
brickwork
Flexible joint
to allow for
differential
shifting
Manhole covers
Finished ground level
Access shaft.
Height variable.
Max 1000mm
Outlet
Concrete
surround
Concrete base
with suitable
reinforcement
37
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
loads likely to be imposed upon
them.
9. It is essential to take precautions
to prevent damage to the Grease
Trap during installation.
the kitchen before it discharges
into the drainage system.
2. The Trap should have sufficient
capacity to accommodate the
grease.
3. The Trap should be so sited that
it will receive sewage-free waste
from the kitchen and is
convenient for maintenance.
4. Regular and frequent cleaning is
essential if grease is not to
discharge through the Trap and
should include the removal of
settled solids to avoid
putrification.
Wavinsewer includes a range of
four Grease Traps with capacities
ranging from 40 litres to 320 litres.
6. Connect the inlet and outlet
pipes using 110mm adaptors.
Incorporate a short length of
pipe to allow for differential
movement.
7. Where installed in areas subject
to traffic loads, the design,
construction and installation of
the top slab is important. The
slab should be appropriately
reinforced such that the
superimposed loads are not
transmitted to the top or side
walls of the Grease Trap.
8. When installed in areas subject
to loading from vehicles, the
cover and frame selected should
be capable of withstanding the
Installation of Grease Traps
1. A suitable location for the Trap
should be selected and this will
vary from site to site. The
location should be such that the
wastes entering the Grease Trap
should have cooled to 45˚C
before entering the Trap. The
recommended distance from the
waste source to the Grease Trap
is 4 metres minimum.
2. The location of the Grease Trap
must be upstream of foul waste
entering the system.
3. Excavate a hole for the Trap
allowing an extra 200mm on all
sides and 200mm for the base.
The actual depth of the hole will
be determined by the invert levels
of the pipes connected to it.
4. Construct the base using 20N
concrete with suitable
reinforcement where necessary
to a depth of 200 mm. The
concrete must be flat and level.
In areas of saturation,
appropriate measures should be
taken to ensure the structural
integrity of the base.
5. When the concrete has
sufficiently cured, lower the
Grease Trap onto the base and
line-up the inlet and outlet
Connectors with their respective
pipes. Fill the Grease Trap with
water. Backfill the excavation
with gravel or concrete
depending on the location.
Figure 35. Suspended Bracketing - intermediate pipe support
38
Suspended Drainage
Drainage pipes may have to be
suspended just below floor or ceiling
level in basement or similar
situations. Wavinsewer Pipes,
Couplers, Bends, Branches and
Sealed Access Fittings are suitable
for suspended installations.
However, although PVC-U pipes
and fittings are lightweight, they
must be suspended by a robust
Threaded Bracket
Threaded Rod
Bracket plate
Pipe/Socket bracket
Figure 36. Suspended Bracketing - socket support
Threaded Bracket
Threaded Rod
Adjustable Brace
Bracket plate
Pipe/Socket bracket
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION, TESTING
support and anchorage system
which can accommodate the
expansion and contraction of PVC-U
imposed on the system should it
become blocked.
The Suspended Bracketing
system available in the Wavin Soil
system is designed to meet these
specific requirements. It will support
any 110mm PVC-U system in the
correct way for any given situation.
There are two packs of Suspended
Bracketing components, the C8738
pack contains the same components
as the C8736 pack plus two
Adjustable Braces. These Braces are
used to secure a socket and prevent
any lateral or horizontal movement.
Installation of Suspended
Drainage
Position access doors at the top
or side of the installation depending
on the room available.
For intermediate pipe support,
use the Adjustable Pipe Bracket
Assembly (C8736). For socket
support, use the Adjustable Socket
Bracket and Brace Assembly
(C8738).
Intermediate Pipe Support
1. Fix the Threaded Bracket from
the Adjustable Pipe Bracketing
Assembly to the ceiling using
bolts appropriate to the ceiling
material.
2. Screw the Threaded Rod into the
Threaded Bracket.
3. Fix the Bracket Plate on to the
Threaded Rod using the two nuts
and washers provided. Adjust
the height of the Bracket Plate to
fall. Cut the Rod below the lower
nut.
4. Fix the Pipe/Socket Bracket over
the pipe to be supported. Fix the
Pipe/Socket Bracket to the
Bracket Plate using the two bolts
provided.
5. Make pipe connections in the
same way as the standard ring
seal jointing of fittings.
Socket Support
1. Using components from the
Adjustable Socket Bracket and
Brace Assembly (C8738), follow
steps 1 and 2 as outlined for the
intermediate pipe support.
2. Fix Adjustable Braces and
Bracket Plate onto the Threaded
Rod (see Figure 36). Adjust to
fall. Cut Rod below the lower
nut.
3. Adjust the length of the Braces
using the nuts on the Braces
themselves.
4. Fit the Pipe/Socket Bracket over
the socket to be supported,
directly behind the socket
shoulder. Fix the Pipe/Socket
Bracket to the Bracket Plate
using the two bolts provided.
5. Fix the Braces to the ceiling at
the side of and behind the socket
using bolts appropriate to the
ceiling material.
6. Make pipe connections in the
same way as the standard ring
seal jointing of fittings.
Support any 110mm Wavinsewer
suspended drainage installation at
0.9m centres maximum and at every
socket. As a general rule, the
maximum centres can be doubled
for vertical installations.
Testing
Wherever possible, testing should
be carried out from manhole to
manhole. Short branch drains
connected to a main sewer between
manholes should be tested as one
system with the main sewer. Long
branches and manholes should be
tested separately.
Water Test
This test should be carried out
after laying and before backfilling.
Drains and sewers should be
generally subjected to an internal
pressure test of 1.2 m head of water
above the crown of the pipe at the
high end but not more than 6 m at
the low end. Steeply graded sewers
should be tested in stages if the
maximum head would be exceeded
were the whole section tested at
once.
The test should be carried out by
inserting suitable plugs in the low
end of the sewer and in the
connections, if necessary, and by
filling the system with water. For
small pipes, a short radius bend
may be temporarily jointed-in at the
top end and a sufficient length of
vertical pipe jointed to it so so as to
provide the required test head. For
both large and small diameter pipes,
it may be preferable to connect a
hose pipe to a plug with a pressure
gauge or stand-pipe.
Allowance should be made for
initial losses such as those caused
by air entrapment or expansion by
adding water as required to
maintain the test head for not more
than one hour before commencing
the test proper.
The loss of water over a period of
30 minutes should be measured by
adding water from a measuring
vessel at regular intervals of 10
minutes and noting the quantity
required to maintain the original
water level. For the purpose of this
test, the average quantity required
should not exceed 1 litre per hour
per linear kilometre per millimetre
of pipe diameter.
Any leakage which causes a drop
in the test water level should be
investigated and the defective part
of the work removed and made
good.
Air Test
It is sometimes more convenient
to test sewers by means of internal
air pressure. However, while an
excessive drop in pressure when
employing the air test may indicate
a defective line, the location of the
leakage may be difficult to detect
and the leakage rate cannot be
measured.
The air pressure is also affected
by
temperature
changes.
Consequently, failure to pass this
test is not necessarily conclusive,
and when failure does occur, a water
test as previously described should
be carried out, and the leakage rate
determined before a decision as to
acceptance or rejection is made.
Failure to pass an air test is very
often attributable to faults in the
plugs or testing apparatus.
39
Wavinsewer Systems
TESTING, REPAIRS, MAINTENANCE AND CLEANING
The length of pipe under air test
should be effectively plugged as
previously described and air
pumped in by suitable means (eg.,
hand pump) until a pressure of
100mm of water is indicated in a
glass U-tube connected to the
system. The air pressure should not
fall to less than 75mm during a
period of five minutes without
further pumping, after allowing a
suitable time for stabilisation of the
air temperature.
Infiltration Check
All inlets to the system should be
effectively closed. Visual inspection
should then be made at manholes or
inspection chambers to ascertain
the presence of leakage flow. If the
rate of infiltration leakage exceeds
0.8 litres per hour per linear
kilometre per millimetre of nominal
diameter of the pipe, the source of
this leakage flow should be
investigated and remedial measures
taken.
Test for Straightness, Gradient
and Obstruction
Tests for line, gradient and
freedom from obstruction should be
applied.
and removed.
2. The residual pipe-ends must be
cut square and prepared for
jointing.
3. Repair Couplers should be
placed in position, the
replacement pipe length laid on
a suitably prepared bed and the
Couplers moved to their final
position.
4. After testing, the sidefilling and
backfilling should be replaced in
accordance with appropriate
sections of this manual, in order
to give compaction values
approximately equal to those
immediately adjacent to the
repair.
MAINTENANCE
Building Regulations and Local
Authority Byelaws state that:
‘Manholes, inspection chambers and
rodding eyes must be provided to
give ready access to underground
drains and sewers for maintenance
and cleaning’.
Remove inspection chamber
covers periodically to clean the
housing and to check and clean the
benching.
Check the complete drainage
system periodically and clean,
making good any necessary defects.
CLEANING
The smooth bore of PVC-U pipes
combined with their longer lengths
reduce the risk of blockages.
However, if a blockage does occur,
use only flexible or roller type rods.
Pointed or boring type metal fittings
are NOT recommended. Tests have
been carried out on PVC-U pipes
and fittings using equipment from
specialist drain cleaning contractors
and their normal equipment is
suitable. Do not use specialist
cutting attachments.
Figure 37. Rodding through Bottle Gully
Flexible Rod
Bottle Gully with sccess plug
and grating removed
Inspection Chambers and
Manholes
Inspection
chambers
and
manholes should be watertight. If
the ground water level is likely to be
seasonally above the crown of the
pipe, chambers and manholes should
be inspected for watertightness
against infiltration when the water
table is at its highest.
Records
Complete records should be kept
of all tests carried out on sewers
and drains, both during construction
and after being put into service.
REPAIRS
With the Wavinsewer system, it is
relatively easy to carry out repairs
using Wavinsewer Repair Couplers.
The following general points apply:
1. The full extent of the damaged or
failed section must be identified
40
Figure 38. Access to Bottle Gully for rodding
Wavinsewer Systems
APPENDIX
Determination of
Suitability of Imported
Material – Compaction
Fraction
Visual Examination
Examine the material and reject
any which contains pieces with
sharp edges.
Particle Size
The maximum particle size should
not exceed 20mm The following test
will ensure compliance with this
requirement:
A weighed representative sample
of material (about 2kg) should be
sieved, using a test sieve of 20mm
nominal size (see Irish Standard
24:1973, “Test Sieves”).
Note 1: To obtain a representative
sample, about 50kg of the
proposed material should be
heaped on a clean surface and
divided with a spade down the
middle. One of these halves
should then be similarly divided,
and so on until the required
mass is left.
Note 2: In the sieving, clumps of
material that break up under
light finger pressure may be
helped through the sieve, but
considerable force should not be
used to squeeze oversize lumps
through the mesh.
The material is not recommended if any particles are left
in the sieve.
moisture content of the sample
should not differ materially from
that of the main body of material at
the time of its use in the trench.
Place the cylinder on a firm flat
surface and gently pour the sample
material into it, loosely and without
tamping. Strike off the top surface
level with the top of the cylinder and
remove all surplus spilled material.
Lift the cylinder clear of its contents
and place on a fresh area of flat
surface. Place about one quarter of
the contents back in the cylinder
and tamp vigorously with a metal
rammer until no further compaction
can be obtained. Repeat with the
second quarter, tamping as before,
and so on for the third and fourth
quarters, tamping the final surface
as level as possible.
Measure down from the top of
the cylinder to the surface of the
compacted material. This distance in
millimetres divided by the height of
the cylinder (250mm) is referred to
as the “compaction fraction”.
Interpretation of Results
Compaction Fraction
Suitability for Use
Less than 0.15
Material suitable
Greater than 0.15
but less than 0.3
Material suitable but requires extra
care in compaction.
Not suitable if the line is subject to waterlogged conditions after laying.
Greater than 0.3
Not suitable
Ease of Compaction
Apparatus
[1] Open-ended cylinder 250mm
long and 150mm ± 6mm
internal diameter (160mm
diameter Wavinsewer is
suitable).
[2] Metal rammer with striking face
40 mm diameter and weighing
1.0 ± 0.1kg.
[3] Measuring rule.
Procedure
Obtain a representative sample
(see Note 1 above) more than
sufficient to fill the cylinder (about
11kg). It is important that the
41
Wavinsewer Systems
GENERAL INFORMATION
ACCEPTANCE
Irish Standards
Wavinsewer Pipes and Fittings
meet the requirements of the Local
Government Specification 1977 or
IS. 424:1990.
British Standards
Wavinsewer pipes and
fittings comply, where
applicable, with the requirements of
the following standards:
BS 4660:1989 Unplasticized
polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) pipes and
fittings of nominal sizes 110mm and
160mm for below ground gravity
drainage and sewerage.
BS 5481:1977 Unplasticized
polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) pipe and
fittings for gravity sewers.
Irish Agrément
Board
Wavin TRITEC pipes are covererd
by Certificate No. 97/0089.
British Board of
Agrément
A number of fittings are covered
by Agrément Certificates issued by
the British Board of Agrément.
Wavin is a Registered
Firm with the National
Standards Authority of Ireland for
IS.EN/ISO 9002:1994 Quality
Systems.
Wavin holds the Irish
Quality Mark for the
production of all products.
Wavinsewer Pipes and Fittings
conform with the requirements of
the Building Regulations 1991.
MANUFACTURE
Most Wavinsewer Pipes and
Fittings are produced by Wavin at
their factory in Balbriggan, Co
Dublin. Production is a highly
automated process using the most
up-to-date technology and precision
engineered equipment.
Pipes are extruded and fittings
injection moulded. Certain fittings
such as some of the Long Radius
Bends and Channel Access fittings
are fabricated.
42
Wavin will be pleased to consider
the fabrication of items not offered
as standard.
MATERIALS
Generally, unplasticized Polyvinyl
Chloride (PVC-U) is used for pipes
and fittings. Exceptions are noted in
the Product Range List.
SEALING RINGS
Where applicable, sealing rings
are supplied fitted to each
component and are included in the
price.
COLOUR
Pipes and Fittings are generally
golden brown. Exceptions are noted.
DIMENSIONS
Unless
otherwise
stated,
dimensions are in millimetres (mm).
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
PVC-U drains and sewers are
particularly resistant to chemical
attack in the form of household
detergents, effluent liquids and
gases. Acids and alkalis normally
occuring in the ground, as well as
concentrated fertilizer have no effect
on PVC-U.
DESIGN & INSTALLATION
The design and installation of
Wavinsewer systems should comply
with the recommendations set out
SR 7:1981, published by the
National Standards Authority of
Ireland and/or Local Authority
requirements where applicable.
SUPPLY
Wavinsewer Systems are available
from stock from Builders Merchants
throughout Ireland.
TECHNICAL SERVICE
Further information, on-site
advice and assistance is freely
available from Wavin Ireland Ltd at
Balbriggan, Co. Dublin. Tel: 01-8415000. Fax: 01-841 5555.
DESCRIPTIONS
Descriptions and illustrations in
this publication are for guidance
only. No responsibility can be
accepted for any errors, ommissions
or incorrect assumptions. Refer to
the product itself if more detailed
information is required. Due to the
continuing programme of product
improvement, the Company reserves
the right to amend any published
information or to modify any
product without prior notice.
CONDITIONS OF SALE
The Company will not accept
responsibility for the malfunction of
any installation which includes
components not supplied by Wavin
Ireland Limited. Goods are sold
subject to Company Conditions of
Sale.
HEAD OFFICE, ADMIN & SALES
ENQUIRIES
Wavin
Ireland
Limited,
Balbriggan, Co. Dublin. Telephone:
01-841 5000. Fax (admin): 01-841
5664. Fax (sales): 01-841 5555.