ASSESSMENT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE
ISSUES FOR THE DUNDONNELL WIND FARM
Client
Contact
Document No
Issue
Status
Classification
Date
Trustpower Australia Holdings Pty Ltd
Chris Righetti
170242-AUME-R-01
F
Final
Client’s Discretion
27 August 2014
Author:
M Clifton-Smith
Checked by:
H Hurree
Approved by:
T Gilbert
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
Level 8, 401 Docklands, Docklands, Victoria 3008, Australia
Phone +61 3 9600-1993 Facsimile +61 3 9602-1714
ABN 19 094 520 760
IMPORTANT NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER
1.
This report (“Report”) is prepared and issued by Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd (“GL GH” or
“Garrad Hassan”) for the sole use of the client named on its title page (the “Client”) on whose
instructions it has been prepared, and who has entered into a written agreement directly with
Garrad Hassan. Garrad Hassan’s liability to the Client is set out in that agreement. Garrad
Hassan shall have no liability to third parties (being persons other than the Client) in connection
with this Report or for any use whatsoever by third parties of this Report unless the subject of a
written agreement between Garrad Hassan and such third party. The Report may only be
reproduced and circulated in accordance with the Document Classification and associated
conditions stipulated or referred to in this Report and/or in Garrad Hassan’s written agreement
with the Client. No part of this Report may be disclosed in any public offering memorandum,
prospectus or stock exchange listing, circular or announcement without the express written
consent of Garrad Hassan. A Document Classification permitting the Client to redistribute this
Report shall not thereby imply that Garrad Hassan has any liability to any recipient other than
the Client.
2.
This report has been produced from information relating to dates and periods referred to in this
report. The report does not imply that any information is not subject to change.
KEY TO DOCUMENT CLASSIFICATION
Strictly Confidential
:
Recipients only
Private and Confidential
:
For disclosure to individuals directly concerned within
the recipient’s organisation
Commercial in Confidence
:
Not to be disclosed outside the recipient’s
organisation
GL GH only
:
Not to be disclosed to non GL GH staff
Client’s Discretion
:
Distribution at the discretion of the client subject to
contractual agreement
Published
:
Available to the general public
© 2014 Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnelll Wind Farm
Issue:
REVISION HISTORY
Issue
Issue date
Summary
A
08.04.14
Original issue (electronic version only).
B
14.05.14
Revision based on client comments.
C
20.06.14
Cumulative impact section added.
D
20.06.14
Revision based on client comments.
E
21.08.14
Updated layout, house and consultation information.
F
27.08.14
Minor revision based on client comments.
Circulation
Copy No.
TP
Electronic
GL GH Pacific
Electronic
Copy No: Electronic
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
i
F
Final
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnelll Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3
1
INTRODUCTION
6
2
DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE AND PROJECT
7
2.1
2.2
2.3
7
7
7
3
METHODOLOGY, ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
4
5
General site description
The Project
Planning guidelines
9
Telecommunication towers
Fixed licences of point-to-point (microwave) type
Fixed licences of point-to-multipoint type
Other licence types
Emergency Services
Aircraft Navigation Systems
Aviation radar
Meteorological radar
Trigonometrical stations
Citizens Band Radio
Mobile phones
Wireless Internet
Satellite Television and Internet
Radio broadcasting
Terrestrial Television Broadcasting
Cumulative Impact
9
9
10
11
11
12
12
12
13
14
14
15
15
16
17
23
CONCLUSIONS
26
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
Fixed point-to-point microwave links
Point-to-multipoint microwave links
Other licence types
Emergency Services
Aircraft Navigation Systems
Aviation Radar
Meteorological Radar
Trigonometrical Stations
Citizens Band Radio
Mobile Phones
Wireless Internet
Satellite Television and Internet
Radio Broadcasting
Television Broadcasting
Cumulative Impact
REFERENCES
29
LIST OF TABLES
31
LIST OF FIGURES
32
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
ii
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd (GL GH) has been commissioned by Trustpower Australia Holdings Pty Ltd (TP) to
independently assess the electromagnetic interference issues associated with the development and operation of
the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm. This report summarises the results of an EMI assessment conducted on
the site. Up to date information relating to nearby telecommunication licences has been obtained from the
Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) [‎1]. In accordance with the planning guidelines relevant
to the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm, this document assesses the potential risks regarding interference with
radiocommunications services operating in the vicinity of the wind farm, and makes the findings and
recommendations discussed below.
‘Radiocommunications’ is used as a broad term in this report to encompass all services that rely on
electromagnetic or radio waves to transfer information. There are many methods of transmitting information via
radiocommunication. Radiocommunication services operating in the vicinity of the proposed Dundonnell Wind
Farm, and their susceptibility to interference from the wind farm, are discussed in this document.
Wind turbines may cause interference to television broadcast signals. Historically, analogue television signals
have been more likely to suffer from interference. However, digital television services have recently replaced
analogue broadcasts and are generally more robust to interference from wind farms. Large scale interference to
television signals can generally be avoided by placing the wind turbines distant from the broadcast tower. No
television broadcast tower has been identified in close proximity to the Dundonnell Wind Farm site boundary, with
the nearest broadcast tower at least 30 km from the site, at Mt Noorat, servicing the town of Terang. Digital
television signals from the Ballarat transmitter at Lookout Hill currently service the area around the Dundonnell
Wind Farm. The Digital TV Switchover Australia website indicates that the digital television signal has ‘good’
coverage across most of the site with some regions of ‘variable’ coverage. This report highlights the areas around
the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm site where interference to terrestrial television broadcasts could potentially
occur. A total of 8 houses were identified in the potential interference zone for the Ballarat broadcast tower at
Lookout Hill. Two (2) of these dwellings are participating landowners, three (3) are participating neighbours and
three (3) are local landholders. If some residents currently experience poor or marginal reception of the digital
signals, they may be susceptible to interference from the wind farm. For such cases, there are a range of
mitigation options available to rectify difficulties encountered with television reception, and dwellings in the area
may be eligible for the government funded satellite television service.
Wind turbines can potentially cause interference to fixed point-to-point links through diffraction, scattering or nearfield effects. However it is possible to design around this issue, as the path and interference zone of point-to-point
signals is generally well known. It has been found that a fixed link crosses the proposed wind farm site,
consisting of four separate fixed licences. An exclusion zone has been established around the point-to-point link
based on a standard industry methodology. None of the turbines proposed for the Dundonnell site are located
within the exclusion zones. GL GH has contacted the owner of the link, Aussie Broadband Pty Ltd who has
confirmed that the proposed wind farm development and operation will not adversely impact their services.
Wind turbines can also cause interference with fixed point-to-multipoint links; however it is not possible to identify
the locations of paths for point-to-multipoint links as only the base-station is licensed and contained in the ACMA
Radiocommunications Database [‎1]. There is one point-to-multipoint base station listed in the ACMA database
within 20km of the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm site boundary, also owned by Aussie Broadband. GL GH has
contacted Aussie Broadband who have confirmed that the proposed wind farm development will not adversely
impact their services. There are a number of point-to-multipoint stations at a distance of greater than 20 km from
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
3
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
the site. Although it is unlikely that stations at this distance will be servicing customers in the vicinity of the site,
GL GH has notified the operators of these stations as part of the current consultation process to seek feedback
on any potential impact that the wind farm could have on their services. GL GH has not received any response
indicating that services may be adversely impacted to date.
In general, Very High Frequency (VHF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) frequency band radio signals, and digital
voice based technologies such as mobile phones (often called Global System for Mobile Communications, or
GSM phones), and third generation phones (often called 3G or NextG mobiles) are unaffected by wind farm
development. Some interference is theoretically possible in areas where coverage is marginal and a wind turbine
intercepts the signal. However, the signals are generally robust, and should interference from any source occur,
the user can move to an area of better reception. GL GH has contacted mobile phone network operators as part
of the current consultation process to seek feedback on any potential impact that the wind farm could have on
their services. Both Telstra and Optus have indicated that services are unlikely to be adversely impacted.
Emergency services operating radiocommunications assets in the vicinity of the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm
have been identified. The majority of the licences identified can be broadly described as base to mobile station
style communications. As per the above paragraph, these services are typically unaffected by wind farm
development. Regardless, the operators of these stations have been notified of the proposed development as
part of the current consultation process and to seek feedback on any potential impact that the wind farm could
have on their services. The emergency services operators contacted by GL GH have indicated that services are
unlikely to be adversely impacted.
It is possible that wind turbines could cause interference to satellite television and internet services if a wind
turbine intercepts the signal between a satellite and ground based receiver. For the Dundonnell Wind Farm, it is
expected that interference to satellite television or internet services resulting from the development and operation
of the proposed wind farm is unlikely.
Broadcast radio signals do not generally suffer from interference from wind turbines. AM radio signals are very
unlikely to be affected by wind farms. FM radio signals may experience interference in the form of low level hiss
or distortion, but generally only in close proximity to the wind turbines. Any reception difficulties are likely to be
easily rectified through the installation of a high quality antenna.
GL GH has not considered impact to aircraft navigation systems or aviation radar, as these have been considered
by Aviation Projects as part of the Aviation Impact Assessment [‎2]. Aviation Projects found no adverse impacts to
aviation related radar, navigation aids and other surveillance systems.
Wind turbines have the potential to interfere with meteorological and aviation radars. Reflection of radar signals
by wind turbine blades may give false readings or create a radar “shadow” behind the turbines. Due to the
distance from radar assets, and the high probability that the turbines will lie below the radar line-of-sight, it is
unlikely that the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm will cause interference to aviation radar, or any significant
interference to meteorological radar. GL GH has contacted operators of the meteorological stations who have
indicated that the wind farm is unlikely to adversely impact their services. Assessment of impacts on aviation
radars was covered by the Aviation Projects’ Aviation Impact Assessment.
There is a possibility that wind farms can interfere with trigonometrical stations (or trig points) used for surveying
purposes. A review of trigonometrical stations in proximity to the wind farm has been conducted and it is unlikely
that these stations will be subject to electromagnetic interference from the wind farm. However, it is possible that
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
4
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
there may be other stations in the area that have not been identified or that the sight lines to some nearby
stations may be blocked by turbines. To assess these potential impacts, Geoscience Australia and the Victorian
Department of Environment and Primary Industries (DEPI) have been notified of the development as part of the
consultation process.
Possible cumulative impacts of the Dundonnell wind farm and nearby wind farms have been considered in
section ‎3.16.
Conclusions and recommendations from this analysis have been made in Section 5 of this report.
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
5
Document No.:
1
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
INTRODUCTION
Trustpower Australia Holdings Pty Ltd (TP) is developing the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm in Victoria,
Australia. TP has instructed Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd (GL GH) to carry out an independent analysis of
potential electromagnetic interference issues associated with the proposed wind farm. The results of the work
are reported here. This document has been prepared pursuant to the GL GH proposal 170242/PP/01 Issue C
dated 15 October 2013, and is subject to the terms and conditions contained therein.
In accordance with relevant planning guidelines, this assessment investigates the impact of the proposed wind
farm on:
 Fixed point-to-point links,
 Fixed point-to-multipoint links,
 Radiocommunications assets belonging to emergency services,
 Aviation and meteorological radars,
 Trigonometrical stations,
 Citizens Band (CB) radio and mobile phones,
 Wireless internet
 Broadcast radio,
 Satellite television and internet,
 Broadcast television.
In order to conduct the EMI assessment, up to date information regarding radiocommunication licences in the
vicinity of the wind farm have been obtained from the Australian Communication and Media Authority (ACMA)
database [‎1].
The prospective turbine model and layout considered in this analysis has been provided by TP [‎3] and is detailed
in Table 1 and Table 2.
For services where it has not been possible to assess potential impacts from the wind farm, GL GH has consulted
organisations operating services that may be impacted by the wind farm development and operation. This has
involved dissemination of basic information on the wind farm, and a request for the organisation to respond
regarding whether they foresee any potential impacts. Most organisations contacted by GL GH have elected to
provide a response to GL GH, and all responders have indicated the services are unlikely to be adversely
impacted by the proposed development.
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
6
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
2
DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE AND PROJECT
2.1
General site description
Issue:
F
Final
Dundonnell Wind Farm Pty Ltd (DDWFPL) - a wholly owned subsidiary of Trustpower Australia Holdings Pty Ltd
(Trustpower) is seeking approval for the construction and operation of the Dundonnell Wind Farm (the Project),
approximately 23 km north east of Mortlake and 21 km west of Derrinallum. The wind farm is proposed to
comprise not more than 104 wind turbines with a maximum planned tip height of 165 m above ground level
(AGL). The wind farm covers an area of around 4200 hectares and comprises of 11 host landholders. A 220
kilovolts (kV) overhead transmission line is proposed to connect the Project to the 500kV Heywood-Moorabool
network via a terminal substation located on land adjacent to the Mortlake Gas Power Station (MOPS),
approximately 38km south -west of the wind farm site..
The location of the site is shown in Figure 1.
2.2
The Project
Trustpower Australia Holdings Pty Ltd (TP), the proponent, is seeking project approval for the construction and
operation of a wind energy facility to be known as the Dundonnell Wind Farm (the project).
Trustpower have provided a layout for the wind farm, which is composed of 104 wind turbine generators [‎4,‎5,‎6].
GL GH has considered a turbine geometry that will be conservative for turbine configurations with dimensions
satisfying all of the following criteria: a rotor diameter of 130 m or less, and an upper tip height of 165 m or less.
A turbine layout designated L09, comprising 104 turbines, has been provided by TP [‎5] and has been used for the
purpose of the EMI study. Figure 2 shows a map of the site with the proposed turbine layout, elevation contours,
and locations of houses in the vicinity of the wind farm as provided by TP [‎6]. The proposed wind turbine layout
and locations of existing dwellings are shown in Table 2 and Table 3 respectively. Information regarding the
occupancy and participation status of each dwelling has been provided by Trustpower. There are five dwellings
currently within approximately 2 km of proposed turbine locations that have not been considered in this
assessment. GL GH has been advised that the owners of these dwellings have each entered into agreements
with DDWF on mutually acceptable terms such that if the wind farm proceeds to construction, these dwellings will
either be acquired by DDWF, or modified and uninhabited for the duration of the wind farm's operation [‎5].
2.3
Planning guidelines
There are two sets of guidelines that are potentially relevant to the assessment of electromagnetic interference
impacts for wind farms in Victoria.
The Policy and planning guidelines for development of wind energy facilities in Victoria (Victorian Guidelines),
published by the Victorian Department of Planning and Community Development in 2012 [‎8] states that “a wind
energy facility can affect the amenity of the surrounding area due to noise, …, and electromagnetic interference.”
and that “the siting of wind turbines in the line-of-sight between transmitters and receivers should be avoided”.
The Environmental Protection and Heritage Council (EPHC), in conjunction with Local Governments and the
Planning Ministers Council released a draft version of the National guidelines for wind farm development in July
2010 (Draft National Guidelines) [‎9]. The Draft National Guidelines cover a range of issues spanning over the
different stages of wind farm development.
The main purpose of the Draft National Guidelines is to provide detailed methodologies to assess issues related
to wind farms including community consultations, shadow flicker, noise monitoring, electromagnetic interference,
impacts on landscapes, and flora and fauna. Other issues that are covered to a lesser extent in the draft
guidelines include aircraft safety, blade glint, risk of fire and indigenous heritage.
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
7
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
In relation to EMI, the Draft National Guidelines provide advice and methodologies to identify likely affected
parties, assess EMI impacts, consult with affected parties and develop mitigation steps to address the likely EMI
impacts.
GL GH considers that the recommendations of the Draft National Guidelines meet, if not exceed, the
recommendations of the Victorian Guidelines, and it is noted that the Victorian Guidelines refer directly to the
Draft National Guidelines.
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
8
Document No.:
3
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
METHODOLOGY, ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
If not properly designed, wind farms have the potential to interfere with radiocommunications services. Two
services that are most likely to be affected include television broadcast signals and fixed point-to-point microwave
signals. Terrestrial broadcast signals are commonly used to transmit domestic television, while microwave links
are used for line-of-sight connections for data, voice and video. The interference mechanisms are different for
each of these, and hence, there are different ways to avoid interference.
The Draft National Guidelines recommend that a radial distance of 50-60 km from the centre of the wind farm
would normally capture all of the potentially affected services in the area. However, the methodology for
assessing the potential radiocommunications interference used in this assessment is to locate all of the
telecommunication towers within approximately 75 km of the proposed wind farm boundary, and then assess the
telecommunication licences attached to these towers. This is to reduce the likelihood that telecommunications
links crossing the site are inadvertently excluded from the assessment.
Other services with the potential to experience interference from the project have also been identified, and the
potential for interference to those services discussed.
3.1
Telecommunication towers
An image of the ACMA database dated October 2013 was used for this assessment [‎1]. From the database, there
are 449 telecommunication towers within a nominal 75 km of the wind farm. The locations of these
telecommunication towers relative to the proposed wind farm are shown in Figure 1.
3.2
3.2.1
Fixed licences of point-to-point (microwave) type
Diffraction
Wind turbines can potentially cause interference, or diffraction, of point-to-point microwave signals and in some
cases, point-to-point UHF signals. It is possible to design around this issue as the path and interference zone of
these signals are well known. The frequency of common microwave signals varies from approximately 1 GHz to
30 GHz. For this analysis GL GH has used a wider and more conservative frequency range of 0 to 50 GHz.
Point-to-point links are often used for line-of-sight connections for data, voice and video. Such links often exist on
mobile phone and television broadcast towers.
The criteria used for avoiding diffraction effects of point-to-point signals are normally based on an exclusion zone
of circular cross-section around the direct path from the transmitter to the receiver (often called boresight)
[‎9,‎10,‎11]. This exclusion zone is defined in terms of Fresnel zones. The n th Fresnel zone is comprised of all
points for which, if the radio signal travelled in a straight line from the transmitter to the point and then to the
receiver, the additional length compared to the straight transmitter-receiver path equals
wavelength.
n
, where λ =
2
To avoid interference to point-to-point signals, wind turbines, including the blades, should be kept outside the
second Fresnel zone [8]. The radius of the second Fresnel zone varies along the length of the signal, and is
given by:
RF2 =
Where
2d1 d 2
D
d1 is the distance from the transmitter
d2 is the distance from the receiver
D is the distance from the transmitter to receiver, i.e. d1+d2 = D
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
9
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
The registered communications licences for each tower according to the ACMA database were analysed to
determine the transmission paths of licence links that may experience interference from wind turbines. Each
individual link is given an “Assignment ID” by the ACMA so it can be readily identified. The paths resulting from
the towers analysed are shown in Figure 3. It can be seen that not all of the identified transmission towers have a
fixed licence of point-to-point type transmission vector. Some towers have no active licences associated with
them, and some towers are used solely for point-to-area style transmissions, such as some Country Fire Authority
(CFA) towers.
A review of the ACMA database shows that there is one link passing over the proposed wind farm site. The link
is shown in greater detail in Figure 4.
References [‎9,‎10,‎11] state that turbines should be located outside of either the first or second Fresnel zone in
order to avoid interference to that link. For each of the identified links around the site, an exclusion zone has been
established based on their operating frequencies, the second Fresnel zone plus the blade length for turbines with
a 130 m rotor diameter. The potential exclusion zones are also shown in Figure 4.
It is common practice to have multiple assignment ID’s for the same physical link to cover practicalities such as
licensing for sending and/or receiving signals. Accordingly, the Fresnel zone setback has been calculated on the
Assignment ID with the lowest frequency. Details of the links are provided in Table 4. The Draft National
Guidelines recommend consultation is required if a turbine is within 2 km of a telecommunication site or if a
turbine is located within the second Fresnel zone of a point-to-point link. There are two turbines in the vicinity of
the interference buffer zone for the point-to-point link 81224956-8240244 which passes over the western side of
the site and is operated by Aussie Broadband. Turbines T39 and T79 are just outside this buffer, however it is
possible the coordinates in the ACMA database are inaccurate. GL GH has contacted Aussie Broadband who
have confirmed that the coordinates of the link endpoints are sufficiently accurate and that the proposed wind
farm development will not adversely impact their services.
A preliminary assessment was carried out to determine if the link passes over the proposed wind farm at a height
that was well above the highest point of the turbines (Hub height + blade length = 165 m). This was achieved by
examining the elevation and tower heights at each end of the link, as well as the approximate elevation of the
areas within the wind farm boundaries over which the link crosses. It was determined that the link does cross the
site at a height which has the potential to intersect with turbine blades.
3.2.2
Near field effects and scattering
The Draft National Guidelines [‎9] mention the possibility of interference to point-to-point microwave links from two
additional mechanisms, near field effects and scattering.
According to the Draft National Guidelines, near field effects are usually limited to approximately 720 m from a
communication tower and it is recommended that consultation is required if a turbine is within 1 km of a
telecommunication site. The Draft National Guidelines also state that scattering is best avoided by placing wind
turbines more than 2 km from a communication tower.
All communication towers are greater than 2 km from the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm, with the closest
telecommunication tower located approximately 6.5 km north of the proposed site (Mt Hamilton, Site ID 9009152).
It is not expected that the neighbouring communication towers will experience interference due to near field
effects or scattering.
3.3
Fixed licences of point-to-multipoint type
Fixed licences of the point-to-multipoint type are a variation of the point-to-point type. The difference between
them is administrative. A point-to-point licence permits communication between two static sites, where the
locations of the sites are detailed in the licence register. A point-to-multipoint licence allows communication
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
10
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
between one or more static sites and multiple points or between the points. The point-to-multipoint type is usually
licensed for a defined operational area.
Administratively, the ACMA database details the location of the static station for a fixed licence of the point-tomultipoint type. Hence, the location of the transmission vectors is not readily identifiable. A review of fixed
licences of point-to-multipoint types was undertaken and 116 Assignment ID’s were identified within
approximately 75 km of the proposed site boundary. These licences are shown in Figure 5. The details of the
licence holders as per the ACMA database are provided in Table 5.
There is one point-to-multipoint base station listed in the ACMA database within 20km of the proposed
Dundonnell Wind Farm boundary. This station is owned by Aussie Broadband Pty Ltd. GL GH has contacted
the link owner who does not foresee any interference issues arising from the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm
based on the current layout and exclusion zones.
There are a number of point-to-multipoint stations at a distance of greater than 20 km from the site. Although it is
unlikely that stations at this distance will be servicing customers in the vicinity of the site, GL GH has notified
operators of the stations within 60 km from the centre of the Dundonnell project to seek feedback on any potential
impact that the wind farm could have on their services. GL GH has not received any response which indicates
that services may be adversely impacted to date. The operators who have not responded to GL GH operate
assets some distance from the wind farm and GL GH considers it highly unlikely their services will be affected by
the proposed development.
3.4
Other licence types
A review of the ACMA database for other licences was conducted. These licences are shown in Table 6 and
Figure 6.
Many of the licences identified can be broadly described as base to mobile station style communications,
including radio broadcasting, commercial and private mobile telephony. These licence types are generally not
affected by the presence of wind turbines any more than other effects such as terrain, vegetation and other forms
of signal obstruction. Should reception difficulty be encountered, the amelioration method consists of the user
simply moving to receive a clearer signal.
A number of broadcasting licences have been identified. These are likely to consist of radio and television
broadcasting services, and are broadly covered in Sections ‎3.14 and ‎3.15.
A number of aeronautical licences, and radiodetermination licences which may be used for aircraft navigation,
have been identified. GL GH understands that potential impacts to these services have been considered by
Aviation Projects as part of the Aviation Impact Assessment [‎2]. Aviation projects found no adverse impacts to
aviation related radar, navigation aids and other surveillance systems.
3.5
Emergency Services
A review of the ACMA database was conducted to identify emergency services with licences for
radiocommunications assets operating in the vicinity of the wind farm. The groups identified are listed in Table 9
along with their contact details. While no direct interference to services have been determined, GL GH has
notified operators of all stations within 60km from the centre of the Dundonnell project about the proposed
development and sort feedback any potential impact that the wind farm could have on their services. GL GH has
recieved responses from all operators. All have indicated that services are unlikely to be adversely impacted.
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
11
Document No.:
3.6
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
Aircraft Navigation Systems
As part of the Aviation Impact Assessment [‎2], Aviation projects found no adverse impacts to aviation related
navigation systems.
3.7
Aviation radar
Primary surveillance radar (PSR) is used for air traffic control and requires line-of-sight to the target object for
successful detection. PSR transmits a pulse of energy that is reflected back to the radar receiver by the target
object. Some combinations of turbine orientation and blade angle can cause significant Doppler returns to the
illuminating radar, thereby creating false targets on the radar screen. The sporadic nature of these false positives
makes them difficult to filter with current radar software. Further, turbines may create a radar obstruction or
“shadow” where aircraft are not detected. In Australia, PSR installations are located at major airports and
typically have a range of approximately 50 nautical miles (93 km).
Secondary surveillance radar (SSR) is less vulnerable to interference from wind turbines as SSR does not rely on
reflections from objects for detection. Aircraft are required to carry a transponder, which replies to radar
interrogations. However, SSR may still be affected by a wind farm as an aircraft transponder may respond to a
reflected signal and give a false position reading, or SSR may be obstructed by a wind farm similar to PSR. SSR
installations are also typically located at major airports, and have a range of approximately 250 nautical miles
(463 km) when detecting aircraft at high altitude. However, at or near ground level, the range of SSR is expected
to be less due to terrain obstructions and curvature of the earth.
The Draft National Guidelines recommend that radar operators be notified of the development of wind farms
within 250 nautical miles (463 km) of aviation radar operators [‎9]. Radar installations are typically located at
major airports. As shown in Figure 7, the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm is located approximately 170 km from
Melbourne international airport. There are three secondary airports within 135 km to 190 km of the site which also
serve Melbourne, and numerous regional airports across Victoria, however GL GH understands that these
airports do not have radar installations.
Due to the significant distance from major airports, and the high probability that the turbines will lie below the
radar line-of-sight, it is unlikely that the Dundonnell Wind Farm will cause interference with aviation radar. As part
of the Aviation Impact Assessment [‎2], Aviation projects found no adverse impacts to aviation related radar
systems.
3.8
Meteorological radar
The Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) operates a network of weather stations across Australia and uses radar
instruments for measuring wind speeds in the upper atmosphere (known as “wind finding” radar), and determining
rain and storm activity (known as “weather watch” radar).
The “wind finding” radar uses radar echoes from a target to determine the wind speeds and direction. The radar
target is attached to a balloon and tracked by the ground radar. The “weather watch” radar, or “weather
surveillance” radar, consists of a rotating antenna located on a building, and kept free from any physical
obstruction. The antenna is used to direct a thin beam of radio energy upward into the atmosphere which is then
reflected back by a cloud mass. The location of the cloud is then determined by the direction and travel time of
the reflected beam.
Wind profile measurements are used to ensure the safe and economical operation of aircraft and provide an
important source of data for the Bureau’s general weather forecasting system. “Weather watch” radars monitor
weather situations and are able to indicate the possibility of severe storms out to as distance of 250 km or more.
Hence, whilst the uninhibited operation of meteorological radars may not be as critical as aviation radar, there are
implications for public safety if severe weather is not predicted or if its approach is masked due to EMI.
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
12
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
Wind farms located at distances greater than 5 km from a BoM field station are unlikely to affect wind finding
operations [‎9]. However, wind farms can impact upon weather watch radar when located within several hundred
kilometres of a radar station. Generally, the optimal coverage area for “weather watch” radar extends
approximately 200 km from the radar installation at a height of approximately 3000 m [‎12, ‎13], and approximately
100 km at a height of 1000 m [‎13]. Due to the curvature of the earth, and intervening terrain, the range at or near
ground level is generally less.
According to the Draft National Wind Farm Development Guidelines, consultations with operators of weather
stations within 250 nautical miles (463 km) of the proposed wind farm should be undertaken [‎9]. It has been
identified that the BoM operates eight weather stations within that range with the closest station “Melbourne”
located approximately 160 km east of the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm site. The locations of these stations
are shown in Figure 7 and the details of each station can be found in Table 7.
It is not expected that the wind farm will cause interference with BoM radar installations, as given the distance
between the site and radar installations, and the nature of the intervening terrain, it is likely that radar signals will
be intercepted before they are able to be influenced by the wind farm.
The Draft National Guidelines recommend that the Bureau of Meteorology be contacted regarding the potential
for interference from the any proposed wind farm development. GL GH has notified the Bureau of Meteorology
(BoM) regarding the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm development. The BoM has indicated that the proposed
turbines do not pose an interference risk to BoM radar installations.
3.9
Trigonometrical stations
A trigonometrical station, also known as a trig point or a trig beacon, is an observation mark used for surveying or
distance measuring purposes. Some trig points may host surveying equipment such as GPS antennas and
Electronic Distance Measuring (EDM) devices. EDM devices measure the distance from the trig point to the
target object by means of a beam of known velocity which is reflected back to the unit from the target object.
Most EDM devices require the target object to be highly reflective and, accordingly, a reflective prism is placed on
the target object being surveyed. The effective range of EDM devices depends on the wavelength bands used.
Light wave and infrared systems have an effective range of 3 to 5 km while microwave systems can measure
distances up to 150 km. However, such systems are not limited by the line of sight or affected by visibility [‎14].
The Australian Fiducial Network (AFN) is fundamental to the whole Geodetic network of Australia [‎15]. The AFN
consists of eight permanent stations equipped with EDM devices and GPS receivers and transmit data to
GeoScience Australia via phone lines, internet and/or satellite [‎16].
The Australian National Network (ANN) [‎17] has been developed from the AFN and consists of 70 stations across
Australia set at a spacing of approximately 500 km. The 70 stations are also equipped with GPS receivers
allowing the stations to be linked to the global geodetic framework initially set by the AFN. A review of the ANN
stations has been undertaken by GL GH and it has been found that the closest station in the ANN is the Lorne
PM76 Station (location 753,988 m E 5,736,290 m N, zone 54 WGS84 datum), located approximately 105 km
southwest of the proposed site. Due to the significant distance of the station from the site, it is unlikely that the
station will be subject to interference due to the development and operation of the proposed wind farm.
GL GH has also undertaken a review of the Primary Geodetic Network of Australia [‎18] and it has been observed
that the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm is located in the region of second-order triangulation. First-order
triangulation depends on trigonometrical stations of known positions, baselines and heights, with the highest
degree of accuracy. Points determined from first-order triangulation will then be used for second-order
triangulation network and so forth, with the degree of accuracy decreasing for subsequent networks.
According to the database from Geoscience Australia [‎19], there are 62 trig points within 75 km of the Dundonnell
site boundary. The details of all 62 trig points are provided in Table 10 and illustrated in Figure 8.
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
13
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
Although it is unlikely that the trig points in close proximity to the wind farm host EDM devices or other equipment
that is likely to be subject to electromagnetic interference, GL GH has notified Geoscience Australia and the
Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industry (DEPI) regarding the proposed Dundonnell Wind
Farm development.
3.10 Citizens Band Radio
Citizen’s Band Radio, also known as CB radio, is a class-licensed two-way, short distance, communication
service that can be used by any person in Australia, for private or work purposes. The class licence implies that
all users of the CB radio operate within the same frequency range on a shared basis and no individual licence is
required.
The CB radio service can be used for voice communications activities, telemetry and telecommand applications.
The radio service operates on two frequency bands, namely the High Frequency (HF) band at between 26.965
MHz and 27.405 MHz, and the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) band at between 476.425 MHz and 477.400 MHz.
The 27 MHz CB radio service was legalised in Australia in the 1970s as a temporary move to switch to UHF CB
over the following five years. 27 MHz CB transmit signals in either AM or SSB (Single Side Band) transmission
mode. The actual range over which the signal is transmitted depends on the antenna used, the terrain and the
interference levels. Over the last decade, the use of 27 MHz CB radio service has declined and has been
replaced by UHF CB radio service.
The UHF CB radio service is unique in Australia and uses the FM transmission mode. It provides clear
communication over 5-20 km and is less susceptible to power line noise. However, the UHF CB radio service
requires “line-of-sight” and is easily hindered by hilly terrain and forested areas. If located on a hilltop, CB radio
signals can be transmitted over at least 50 km. Repeater stations are set up on hilltops by community groups and
commercial organisations to transmit signals from one channel to another.
No individual or organisation owns or has the right to use a channel exclusively. However, out of the 40 channels
available, some of them will be allocated to emergency, telemetry or repeater inputs.
Since users of CB radio service do not require a licence, there is no record of users of the service and their
locations and the channels are shared among the users and the repeater stations without a right of protection
from interference. The impact of the Dundonnell Wind Farm on CB radio service is expected to be minimal. In
the event of interference from the wind turbines, simple steps such as moving a short distance until the signal
strength improves would help to mitigate the impact.
3.11 Mobile phones
Mobile phone networks typically operate at frequencies of either between 800 and 900 MHz, or between 1800
and 2100 MHz. At such frequencies, signals are likely to be affected by physical obstructions such as buildings
and wind turbines. However, mobile phone networks are designed to operate in such conditions and in most
cases, if there is sufficient mobile network coverage and signal strength, the presence of wind turbines is unlikely
to cause any interference.
In rural areas, the mobile network coverage may be more susceptible to physical obstructions due to the large
distance between the phone towers and the mobile phone user. In that case, it is theoretically possible that wind
turbines could cause some interference to the signal, although there is little evidence of this in the literature.
A review of mobile phone towers in the vicinity of the proposed wind farm has been carried out. The nearest
mobile phone tower is located more than 13 km from the site, meaning that large scale interference to mobile
phone signals is unlikely.
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
14
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
Mobile phone network coverage maps have been obtained for Optus and Telstra [‎20, ‎21]. Figure 9 shows the
Optus network coverage (taken from Optus’ website [‎20]) for the Dundonnell area. The map shows good
coverage in most locations in the vicinity of the wind farm, although some areas with coverage require an external
antenna to receive 3G coverage. Figure 10 shows the Telstra NextG network coverage for the Dundonnell wind
farm development area, and Figure 11 shows the 2G coverage [‎21]. There is coverage in most locations for both
bands in the vicinity of the wind farm, although some areas with coverage require an external antenna to receive
NextG coverage. For the Vodaphone network, the nearest tower is approximately 30 km from the site, and
coverage is expected to marginal around the site area.
In general, for areas with good coverage, interference to mobile phone signals is unlikely. However, for areas
where the reception is likely to be marginal, such as those where an external antenna is required, the possibility
for interference exists if a wind turbine intercepts the signal between a mobile phone and the tower.
GL GH has notified Optus, Telstra and Vodaphone of the Dundonnell Wind Farm development as part of the
current consultation process and to to seek feedback on any potential impact that the wind farm could have on
their services. Telstra has indicated that ‘there is no potential for undue interference from the proposed wind farm
on or around Telstra communication towers’. Optus has indicated that they have reviewed the poposed
development and concluded that ‘there is no impact on the Optus network’.
In cases of marginal network coverage, simple procedures are available to mitigate interference, such as moving
a short distance to a new or higher location until the signal improves, or using an external antenna to improve the
signal.
3.12 Wireless Internet
Aussie Broadband Pty Ltd hold point-to-multipoint licences in in the vicinity of the wind farm with one base station
located about 11 km from the site. As the locations of Aussie Broadband customers are not known, it is not
possible to determine whether there is the potential for interference to Aussie Broadband’s service, however it is
possible that a station at this distance may be servicing customers in the vicinity of the proposed wind farm. As
noted in section ‎3.3, Aussie Broadband has been contacted by GL GH and have determined that there is unlikely
to be any adverse impact to their service.
Additionally, residents in the vicinity of the wind farm are likely to utilise Telstra NextG wireless broadband
services. The NextG wireless broadband service utilises the same network as the NextG mobile phone service,
and therefore the comments made in Section ‎3.11 are applicable here. Specifically, the presence of wind
turbines is unlikely to cause any interference. However should interference occur, the simple mitigation options
given in Section ‎3.11 may be applicable.
3.13 Satellite Television and Internet
In some rural or remote areas, television and internet access can be provided through satellite only. Satellite
television is delivered via a communication satellite to a satellite dish connected to a set-top box. The satellite
transmits television signals to the user’s antenna at two frequency bands; the C band at between 4 GHz and 8
GHz, and the Ku band at between 12 GHz and 18 GHz. Signals in the C band are susceptible to interference due
to radio relay links, radar systems and other devices operating at a similar frequency while signals in the K u band
are most likely to be affected by rain which acts as an excellent absorber of microwave signals at this frequency.
GL GH understands that there are currently 21 satellites that provide television to the east coast of Australia [‎22].
In the case of satellite internet, the user’s computer is connected to a satellite modem which is in turn linked to a
satellite dish/antenna mounted on the building roof. When the user accesses the internet, a request is sent to the
operation centre of the satellite internet provider via the satellite antenna. Data is then sent back to the user’s
computer via the same path as shown in the figure below.
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
15
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
2 way connection to the Internet via Satellite [‎23]
Due to marginal coverage of some communication services, a number of residents in the vicinity of the
Dundonnell Wind Farm may utilise satellite television and internet.
According to the Australian ISP directory [‎24], there are a number of satellite ISPs servicing the area and the
majority of them are using a single IPSTAR satellite, Thaicom-4. Some may be using the Telstra Bigpond service
which relies on the AsiaSat-3S satellite. From the Dundonnell Wind Farm site, the Thaicom-4 satellite has an
elevation of approximately 39.4° [‎25]. Hence a turbine would need to be within 201 m of a house a to impact
upon the line-of-sight of this satellite, assuming the house and turbine are at the same elevation. The Asiasat-3S
satellite, has an elevation of 31.4° at the Dundonnell site, and would require a turbine to be within 270 m of a
house at the same elevation in order to intersect the line-of-sight between the house and satellite. A review of the
relative horizontal position and height of all turbine and relevant house locations at the Dundonnell site has been
carried out, and it is unlikely that the signals from these two satellites will be intercepted by turbines at the wind
farm at any of the existing house locations considered in this analysis.
The main satellite for pay TV and free-to-air TV in Australia is the Optus C1 satellite. From the Dundonnell Wind
Farm site, the Optus-C1 satellite has an elevation of approximately 44.0° [‎25]. As above, it is unlikely that the
proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm will impact upon the line-of-sight from this satellite to any house.
A review of the line-of-sight between all usable TV and internet satellites and houses considered in the analysis in
the region of Dundonnell Wind Farm has been undertaken. It has been found that no turbines intercept the line–
of-sight of the internet satellite or TV satellites commonly used in Australia.
3.14 Radio broadcasting
GL GH has assumed that broadcast radio includes both Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation
(FM) radio used to broadcast audio signals. In Australia, AM radio operates in the Medium Wave (MW) band at
frequencies of between 520 kHz and 1610 kHz, while FM radio operates in the very high frequency band (VHF)
between 87.5 MHz and 108 MHz. The locations of the AM and FM broadcast transmitters in the vicinity of the
proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm are shown in Figure 12.
3.14.1
AM Radio
Amplitude Modulation, or AM, radio signals are diffracted by the ground as they propagate, such that they follow
the curvature of the earth, and are also reflected or refracted by the ionosphere at night. This means that AM
radio waves are able to travel significant distances under the right conditions. Due to their long wavelength, they
can readily propagate around relatively small physical obstructions on the surface of the earth (such as wind
turbine), however they do not propagate easily through some dense building materials such as brick, concrete
and aluminium.
The distance over which AM radio signals can travel means that the signal may be weak and susceptible to
interference by the time it reaches a receiver. Some of the possible sources of interference to AM radio waves
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
16
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
include changes in atmospheric conditions, signals from distant AM broadcasters operating on a similar
frequency, electrical power lines and electrical equipment including electric motors.
As AM radio signals are able to propagate around obstructions such as turbines, it is expected that a wind farm
would not cause significant interference for a receiver. Additionally, due to the long wavelength of the signal,
interference is only likely in the immediate vicinity of a turbine [‎26]. Any interference problems are likely to be
easily resolved through the installation of a high quality antenna and/or amplifier.
3.14.2
FM Radio
Frequency Modulation, or FM, radio signals are suited to short range broadcasting. Unlike lower frequency
signals (such as AM signals), they are not reflected or refracted off the ionosphere. The waves are slightly
refracted by the atmosphere and curve back towards the earth, meaning they can propagate slightly beyond the
visual horizon, however they may be blocked by significant terrain features. FM radio stations therefore tend to
have only local coverage and this means that signals are less susceptible to interference from distant FM
broadcasters. FM signals are also less susceptible to interference from changes in atmospheric conditions and
electrical equipment than AM signals.
FM radio signals are susceptible to interference from buildings and other structures, although they are less
vulnerable than higher frequency signals. Reflection or scattering of radio waves by physical structures can
reduce signal strength at a receiver, or can cause multi-path errors through reception of a reflected signal in
addition to the primary signal from the transmitter. This can cause hissing or distortion to be heard by a listener.
However, generally any interference will only be likely in the immediate vicinity of the wind turbine [‎26], and
should be easily rectified through the installation of a high quality antenna and/or amplifier.
3.14.3
Digital Radio
Digital radio services have been introduced in metropolitan licence areas from July 2009. The digital radio
services offered use an updated version of the digital audio broadcasting (DAB) digital radio standard, DAB+, to
broadcast digital radio to Adelaide, Brisbane, Perth, Melbourne and Sydney [‎27]. According to the digital radio
coverage map available on the ABC website [‎28], digital radio is not yet available in the Dundonnell region.
3.15 Terrestrial Television Broadcasting
Terrestrial television is broadcast in Australia by a number of networks, both public and commercial. As of
December 2013, all television broadcasts in Victoria are now digital broadcasts [‎29].
The Broadcast Transmitter Database [‎29] was examined to identify broadcasters nearby to the proposed wind
farm, with those found shown in Figure 12. The main television transmitter used by residents in the vicinity of the
wind farm is the Ballarat transmitter at Lookout Hill.
3.15.1
Interference to Television Signals
For television broadcast signals, which are omni-directional or point-to-area signals, interference from wind
turbines is dependent on many factors including:
 proximity of wind turbines to television broadcast tower;
 proximity of wind turbines to receivers (houses);
 location of wind turbines in relation to houses and television broadcast towers;
 the rotor blade material, rotor speed and rotor blade direction (always into the wind);
 type of receiving antenna (e.g. directional and height);
 location of the television receiver in relation to terrain and other obstacles; and
 frequency and power of the television broadcast signal.
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
17
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
For broadcast signals large scale interference can generally be avoided by placing the wind turbines distant from
the broadcast tower. Broadcast towers may be either relay or primary transmitters. Relay TV transmitters are
more commonly found in rural areas. Primary TV transmitter towers are higher power and are more commonly
located near large urban areas. A clearance of at least 1 km is recommended for relay TV transmitters, while a
clearance of at least 6 km is recommended for primary TV transmitters [‎10].
Wind turbines cause interference to television signals by introducing reflections that may be received by the
antenna at a dwelling, in addition to the signal received directly from the transmitter. This causes multipath errors,
and can have different impacts for analogue and digital television signals. A wind turbine has the potential to
scatter electromagnetic waves carrying television signals both forward and back.
Forward scatter will only occur if a wind turbine is located approximately between the house and the broadcast
site.
The forward scatter region is as shown in the following figure, and according to Ofcom [‎33], does not typically
extend further than 5 km for the worst combination of factors [‎10, ‎30, 32]. Interference may extend beyond 5 km
if the houses are screened from the broadcast tower, but do have line-of-sight to the wind turbines [32. The
shape of this region assumes a relatively high gain, directional antenna that has a beam width (or directional
range) of approximately ±15° to ±20°. If a lower gain or omni-directional antenna is being used, this region is
likely to be larger.
Back scattered signals arrive at the house delayed relative to the source signal from the broadcast tower. The
back scatter region is as shown in the figure below, and generally does not extend further than 500 m [‎10, ‎30],
assuming a high gain, directional antenna that has a relatively high front-to-back ratio (meaning the signal
received by the front of the antenna is much higher than that received from the back). If an antenna with a lower
front-to-back ratio, or an omni-directional antenna is used, this region is likely be larger.
The combination of the forward and back scatter regions, as shown in the following figure, resembles a keyhole.
Forward scatter
region
Back scatter region
To broadcast tower
Approx 15-20º
wind
turbine
Potential television interference zones around a wind turbine
Television interference mechanisms rely on many factors (as previously mentioned) and are complex to calculate.
Previous experience has shown that even after great effort has been put into performing such calculations, they
tend to have limited accuracy, and would require field validation after the wind farm is operational.
Historically, dwellings located within the forward scatter region of a television interference zone might experience
a variation in the brightness of the television picture due to the rotation of each blade of the turbine. Dwellings
located within the backscatter region of the interference zone whose antenna is not sufficiently directional to
discriminate between the original and delayed signal, might experience a pulsating ghost or secondary signal on
the television screen. However, a switchover from analogue to digital terrestrial television for all of Australia
occurred prior to the end of 2013 [‎32]. According to ACMA [‎29] there are now no analogue television
transmissions in the vicinity of the Dundonnell Wind Farm.
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
18
Document No.:
3.15.2
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
Digital television
Digital television (DTV) signals are typically more robust in the presence of interference than analogue television
signals, and are generally unaffected by interference from wind turbines. GL GH has experience in situations
where houses were able to receive adequate digital television reception in an area of adequate signal strength
where the digital television signal is passing through a wind farm.
However, the UK telecommunications regulator Ofcom [‎33], states the following with regard to interference to
digital television reception.
“Digital television signals are much better at coping with signal reflections, and digital television pictures do not
suffer from ghosting. However a digital receiver that has to deal with reflections needs a somewhat higher signal
level than one that has to deal with the direct path only. This can mean that viewers in areas where digital signals
are fairly weak can experience interruptions to their reception should new reflections appear… reflections may
still affect digital television reception in some areas, although the extent of the problem should be far less than for
analogue television”.
GL GH has drawn two conclusions from this report:
 Firstly that digital television is very robust and does not suffer from ghosting. In most cases digital
television should not be susceptible to interference from wind farm developments.
 Secondly, that areas of weak digital television signal can experience interruptions to their reception
should new reflections appear, such as those from nearby wind turbines.
Interference of DTV signals from wind turbine developments can potentially occur in both the forward and
backward scatter region. The effect of a wind turbine on a DTV signal can be different depending on the
scattering region where the receiver is located [‎34].
Forward scattering region
Forward scatter can occur when the transmitter, one or more wind turbines, and receiver are almost aligned as
shown below. The forward scatter region in this case is characterised by a shadow zone of reduced signal
strength behind the turbine, where direct and scattered signals can be received, with the blade rotation
introducing a rapid variation in the scattered signal [‎34]. Both of these effects can potentially degrade the DTV
signal quality.
DTV Receiver
Wind Turbine
Transmitter
Forward Scatter Signal Path
Back scattering region
Backscatter from wind turbines occurs when DTV signals are reflected from turbine towers and turbine blades
onto a DTV receiver as shown below. The reflected signals are attenuated, time-delayed and phase-shifted (due
to a longer path from transmitter to receiver) compared to the original signal. The reflected signals are also timevarying due to the rotation of the blades and vary with wind direction. The resultant signal at the receiver includes
the original signal (transmitter to receiver) and a series of time-varying multipath signals (transmitter-turbinereceiver).
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
19
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
DTV Receiver
Wind Turbine
Transmitter
Backscatter Signal Path
Impairment caused to DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial) systems
In Australia, digital television signals are transmitted using the DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial)
standard. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Recommendation BT.1893 [‎35] states the following
in regards to the forward scatter region for DVB-T signals:
“In most of the situations where the impact of a wind farm to DVB-T reception quality was analyzed, the threshold
carrier-to-noise (C/N) ratios obtained were similar to those expected in environments with the absence of wind
farms. More precisely, the DVB-T reception quality does not seem to be affected in the forward scattering region
of the wind turbines.”
In other words, wind turbines do not usually affect DVB-T DTV signals in the forward scatter region. However,
ITU [‎36] also highlight that in the case where there is significant blockage of the direct signal, but clear line-ofsight to one or more wind turbines, interference to the reception of the DTV signal is possible.
With regards to back scattering, ITU states:
“In the case of the backscattering region, in those situations where the scattered signals from wind turbines are
significant in amplitude and variability, the threshold C/N ratio necessary for quasi error free (QEF) condition is
higher.”
In other words the C/N ratio needs to be higher in the presence of significant backscatter to achieve the same
QEF condition as is the case without the presence of wind turbines.
Theoretical models for wind turbine scattering estimation
Various theoretical scatter models to predict scatter of terrestrial television signals have been proposed, some
dating back to the late 1970s. A review of these models, as well as a comparison against empirical data has
been reported in [‎37]. This comparison with empirical data found:
“…none of the analyzed methods seems to be accurate enough to provide realistic estimations of the signal
scattered by the wind turbines. In conclusion, a more complete scattering model is needed in order to provide
more practical estimations of the scattered signals and evaluate their potential impact on the broadcasting
services.”
Notably, the scattering model proposed by the ITU to specifically address DTV signals [‎35], was found to be the
most inaccurate, and does not provide signal estimations in the forward scattering zone of the blades.
Additionally GL GH notes that it only applies to a single wind turbine rather that a wind farm as a whole.
Due to the lack of an accurate scattering model, GL GH has not performed detailed scatter calculations to predict
DTV interference.
As an alternative, it is common practice to identify those dwellings or areas that are most likely to experience
potential television interference based on likely forward and back scatter regions. This is often referred to as the
‘keyhole’ approach, and is an established technique for predicting terrestrial television interference is most likely,
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
20
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
based on a number of assumptions regarding receiving antenna characteristics. The approach involves
combining multiple keyhole shaped areas that are placed over each turbine location [‎33]. The union of these
areas forms a region where there is an increased likelihood of interference to television signals occurring.
To assist in identifying those houses that may have increased likelihood of experiencing television interference
due to the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm, both back and forward scatter regions have been determined using
the ‘keyhole’ approach, based on the proposed wind farm layout.
3.15.3
Potentially affected dwellings
Dwellings that have the potential to receive back-scattered or forward-scattered signals from a turbine, (assuming
an antenna with a sufficiently narrow beam width and sufficiently high front-to-back ratio is being used), have
been highlighted using the ‘keyhole’ approach described in Section ‎3.15.1.
The results of the above analysis can be seen in Figure 14 and Table 11. The dwellings that are most likely to be
susceptible to interference include those within the possible interference zone. A total of eight (8) houses were
identified in the potential interference zone for the Ballarat broadcast tower at Lookout Hill. Two (2) of these
dwellings are participating landowners, three (3) are participating neighbours and three (3) are local landholders.
However, if the signal received at a dwelling from the transmitter is sufficiently weak, or an antenna with
insufficient directional discrimination is installed (i.e., a low gain or omni-directional antenna), interference may
still occur outside of the identified interference zones.
According to the Australian Government myswitch website [‎31], the area around the Dundonnell Wind Farm is
able to receive a digital television signal from the Lookout Hill broadcast tower located near Ballarat. The
coverage maps (reproduced in Figure 14) suggest that the majority of the area surrounding the DDWF should
receive good coverage with small areas of ‘variable’ coverage.
Thus, although digital television signals are generally unlikely to be susceptible to interference from wind turbines
in areas of adequate signal strength, interference could be encountered in areas where reception is marginal and
antennas at dwellings may receive a reflected signal from a turbine that is of sufficient power to interfere with the
signal received directly from the transmitter. If reception difficulties are encountered, there are a number of
mitigations options available, and these are discussed in further detail in Section ‎3.15.4.
The method used here to assess the potential interference to television signals from the Dundonnell Wind Farm
represents a simplified approach which is expected to capture locations where interference is most likely to occur.
This simplified analysis is deemed appropriate as the implications of potential television interference are minimal
given the good coverage in the vicinity of the wind farm and the large range of mitigation options available.
3.15.4
Mitigation Options
As television interference from wind turbines is readily identifiable, appropriate mitigation measures can be readily
taken if required.
In the event that TV interference is an issue during wind farm construction or after wind farm commissioning,
there are several amelioration options available, in approximate order of increasing cost:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Realigning the householder’s TV antenna more directly towards their existing transmitter;
Tuning the householder’s antenna into alternative sources of the same or suitable TV signal;
The installation of more directional and/or higher gain antenna at the affected house;
Relocating the antenna to a less affected position;
The installation of cable/satellite TV at the affected house; and
Installation of a TV relay station.
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
21
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
In the event of significant interference in the backscatter region, a more directional antenna should ensure a
stronger signal from the transmitter since the backscattered signal will originate from a different direction. In the
case of forward scatter, the antenna will be pointed towards both the original and scattered signal and hence a
more directional antenna may not alleviate a forward scatter issue, however, as noted in [34] DVB-T reception
quality may not be substantially affected in the forward scatter region.
ITU [‎36] also identified that the receiver height can also affect interference. In areas that are relatively flat and
free of vegetation, reflections can enhance or decrease the received signal strength relative to the free path
signal strength. ITU found that the received signal strength may not increase monotonically with receiver height.
In other words, lowering the receiver height can improve reception in some cases.
In the event that terrestrial DTV reception cannot be improved, satellite television represents another potential
amelioration option. Satellite based television comprises of both free to air and subscription based broadcasts.
As discussed in section ‎0, the majority of areas around the wind farm that are expected to have good coverage
(as shown in Figure 14), however areas which receive ‘variable’ coverage may be able to access the Viewer
Access Satellite Television (VAST) service [‎39].
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
22
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
3.16 Cumulative Impact
As shown in Figure 15, the proposed Dundonnell wind farm is located nearby several wind farm projects in
various states of development. The two nearest wind farms are the approved Salt Creek Wind Farm (due to be
commissioned in 2015) and the proposed Darlington Wind Farm. The nominal site boundaries for these two wind
farms are shown in Figure 14. Note that these locations and boundaries have been inferred from publically
available documents. There is the potential for the layouts to change during the planning process for each wind
farm. These locations are used as an example only; however minor layout changes within each wind farm layout
will not have an impact on the cumulative impact assessment presented here.
3.16.1
Fixed point-to-point microwave links
Sensible design of a wind farm will avoid the path of point-to-point links which are generally well known. As
discussed in Section ‎3.2.1, a point-to-point link owned by Aussie Broadband passes through the proposed site
boundaries however wind turbines proposed for the Dundonnell wind farm are located such that they are outside
of thezone where they may cause interference. GL GH has contacted Aussie Broadband who has confirmed that
the proposed wind farm development will not adversely impact their services. Therefore, it is expected that there
will be no cumulative impacts to this link from the proposed development.
3.16.2
Point-to-multipoint microwave links
Given the distance of point-to-multipoint stations from the site, and consultations with the operators of the stations
within 50 km of the site, it is not expected that the proposed Dundonnell wind farm will cause interference for any
of the point-to-multipoint stations considered. Therefore, it is expected that there will be no cumulative impacts to
these stations from the proposed development.
3.16.3
Other Licence Types
These licences types are not generally affected by the presence of wind turbines, and therefore there are not
expected to be any cumulative impacts from the wind farm.
3.16.4
Emergency Services
As discussed in Section ‎3.5, GL GH does not expect any direct interference to emergency services from the
proposed wind farm and hence there are not expected to be any cumulative impacts from the wind farm.
Nevertheless, the consultation process discussed in Section ‎3.5 should capture any adverse impacts not
identified.
3.16.5
Aviation Radar
As part of the Aviation Impact Assessment [‎2], Aviation Projects found no adverse impacts to aviation related
radar systems. Therefore, it is expected that there will be no cumulative impacts to aviation radar from the
proposed development.
3.16.6
Meteorological Radar
As is not expected that the wind farm will cause interference with BoM radar installations, it is expected that there
will be no cumulative impacts to BoM radar.
3.16.7
Trigonometrical stations
It is not expected that there will be any electromagnetic inference to trigonometrical stations in the vicinity of the
proposed Dundonnell wind farm. Therefore, it is expected that there will be no cumulative impacts to
trigonometrical stations from the proposed development.
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
23
Document No.:
3.16.8
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
Citizens Band Radio
It is possible that the potential for interference to CB radio systems could be increased due to cumulative impacts
from multiple wind farms. The greater the number of turbines between two CB transceivers, the greater the
potential for interference. However, as discussed previously, there is no right of protection for CB radio, and it
should be possible to rectify interference problems to these services by moving to a location where signal
strength and quality are improved, or through the use of an external antenna.
3.16.9
Mobile Phones
Although mobile phone signals are generally not susceptible to interference from wind turbines, it is possible that
the potential for interference to mobile phone services could be increased due to cumulative impacts from
multiple wind farms. The greater the number of turbines between a mobile phone user and mobile phone tower,
the greater the potential for interference. However, since Optus and Telstra have both indicated that interference
is unlikely, and therefore cumulative impacts are also unlikely. In any case, as discussed previously, it should be
possible to rectify interference problems to these services by moving to a location where signal strength and
quality are improved, or through the use of an external antenna.
3.16.10
Wireless Internet
Providers of wireless internet service operating in the vicinity of the proposed wind farm (Aussie Broadband,
Telstra) has been consulted, and have determined that there is unlikely to be any adverse impact to their service.
Therefore, there is unlikely to be any cumulative impact to their services.
3.16.11
Satellite Television and Internet
As discussed previously, it is unlikely that satellite television and internet signals will experience interference from
the Dundonnell wind farm and therefore there is unlikely to be any cumulative impacts from the wind farm.
3.16.12
Radio Broadcasting
The impact of the wind farm on radio broadcasting services is expected to be minimal, and any interference
encountered is likely to be easily rectified through the installation of a high quality antenna. As such, cumulative
impacts from the wind farm are not expected to be significant.
3.16.13
Terrestrial television
The areas that are most likely to experience interference to terrestrial television reception are presented in
Section ‎3.15 for the proposed Dundonnell wind farm in isolation. A similar analysis, if repeated for the two
adjacent wind farms, may potentially add to these zones of interference. However, it is expected that any
interference to terrestrial television can be mitigated by improving the equipment at a dwelling or other options as
discussed in section ‎3.15.4.
Television EMI zones from the main terrestrial television source are shown in Figure 14. The Salt Creek Wind
Farm (due to be commissioned in 2015) is approximately 13 km to the west of the site and there is unlikely to be
any cumulative impact on television interference due to the distance between the wind farms and because the
terrestrial television signals originates from the north. The proposed Darlington Wind Farm is approximately 4 km
to the south of the proposed Dundonnell site and hence there may be cumulative impacts on terrestrial television
signals for the residents directly between the two wind farms, particularly for dwellings which have a nondirectional or low-gain antenna, and therefore may receive a reflected signal from both wind farms. However, it
may be possible to mitigate any cumulative impact on terrestrial television signals by installing a high-gain
directional antenna. A highly directional antenna tuned to Lookout Hill would amplify the direct signal (and
possibly signals reflected via forward scatter from the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm) signal whilst minimising
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
24
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
the strength of signals reflected (via back scatter) from the proposed Darlington wind farm. Therefore it is
expected that those dwellings located between the two wind farms, where the signal from the terrestrial broadcast
transmitters passes through Dundonnell turbine locations, are most likely to be susceptible to cumulative impact
from the three wind farms.
However, any cumulative impact is expected to be easily rectified as there are a number of options available to
mitigate any reception issues.
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
25
Document No.:
4
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
CONCLUSIONS
Broadcast towers and transmission paths around the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm were investigated to see
if EMI would be experienced as a result of the development of the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm. The
proposed wind farm would involve the installation of 104 wind turbine generators. GL GH has considered a
turbine geometry that will be conservative for turbine configurations with dimensions satisfying all of the following
criteria: a rotor diameter of 130 m or less, and an upper tip height of 165 m or less.
4.1
Fixed point-to-point microwave links
Several point-to-point microwave links were identified with a path over, or near to the proposed wind farm
boundary. Of these links, one link (involving four fixed licences in total) was identified passing within the site
boundary. Further analysis showed that the link passed close enough to the ground over the proposed wind
farm site such that turbines could potentially interfere with the signal. The interference zones around this pointto-point link has been identified and it has been found that no turbines from the Dundonnell Wind Farm have the
potential to cause interference to the link based on the current turbine coordinates and microwave tower
coordinates presented in the ACMA database. Nevertheless, the owner of the link, Aussie Broadband Pty Ltd
has been contacted by GL GH and has confirmed that the proposed wind farm development should not
adversely impact their services
4.2
Point-to-multipoint microwave links
There is one point-to-multipoint base station listed in the ACMA database within 20km of the proposed
Dundonnell Wind Farm boundary, owned by Aussie Broadband. It is not possible to determine if there are any
potential impacts without knowing the locations of each station in the multipoint network, however GL GH has
contacted Aussie Broadband who have assessed the impact of the proposed wind farm on this service and do
not foresee any issues. There are a number of point-to-multipoint stations at a distance of greater than 20 km
from the site. Again, it is not possible to determine if there are any potential impacts without knowing the
locations of each station in the multipoint network. However, it is unlikely that stations at this distance will be
servicing customers in the vicinity of the site. GL GH has notified operators of these stations of the proposed
development and sought feedback on any potential impact that the wind farm could have on their services.
GL GH has not received any response which indicates that services may be adversely impacted.
4.3
Other licence types
A review of other licences within 75 km of the proposed Dundonnell site was conducted. Many of the licences
identified can broadly be described as base to mobile station style communication, and include radio
broadcasting, commercial and private mobile telephony. These licence types are generally not affected by the
presence of wind turbines any more than other effects such as terrain, vegetation and other forms of signal
obstruction. For most services, should reception difficulty be encountered, the amelioration method consists of
the user simply moving to receive a clearer signal.
A number of aeronautical and radiodetermination licenses have been identified. GL GH understands that
potential impacts to these services have been considered by Aviation Projects as part of the Aviation Impact
Assessment [‎2]. Aviation projects found no adverse impacts to aviation related radar, navigation aids and other
surveillance systems.
4.4
Emergency Services
Emergency services with radiocommunications assets in the vicinity of the site have been identified and have
been contacted to seek feedback on the potential for adverse impacts to their services. GL GH has received
responses from all identified parties and has not received any response which indicates that services may be
adversely impacted.
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
26
Document No.:
4.5
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
Aircraft Navigation Systems
As part of the Aviation Impact Assessment [‎2], Aviation projects found no adverse impacts to aviation related
navigation systems.
4.6
Aviation Radar
The proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm is located approximately 170 km from Melbourne Airport. Due to the
significant distance of the major airports from the wind farm and the high probability that the turbines will lie
below the aviation radar line-of-sight, it is unlikely that the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm will have an impact
on aviation radar.
As part of the Aviation Impact Assessment [‎2], Aviation projects found no adverse impacts to aviation related
radar systems.
4.7
Meteorological Radar
GL GH has also undertaken an assessment of the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) radar stations operating in the
vicinity of the proposed wind farm and the closest station is located at approximately 160 km east of the site.
Due to the distance between the station and the site, and the intervening terrain, it is unlikely that the wind farm
would have an impact on meteorological radar operations, however in accordance with the Draft National Wind
Farm Development Guidelines; the BoM has been notified of the proposed development. Regarding potential
impact to their services. The BoM has indicated that the proposed turbines do not pose an interference risk to
BoM radar.
4.8
Trigonometrical Stations
A total of 62 trigonometrical stations have been identified within 75 km of the proposed Dundonnell wind farm,
and although they are unlikely to host equipment that is susceptible to electromagnetic interference, Geoscience
Australia and the New South Wales Land and Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries
(DEPI) have been notified of the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm development.
4.9
Citizens Band Radio
Users of Citizen Band radio do not require a licence and GL GH is not able to identify the users of the service
and their locations. The channels are shared equally among the different users without the right of protection
from interference. If interference is experienced it should be possible to improve signal quality by moving a short
distance. It is therefore considered that the impact of the wind farm on the CB radio service shall be minimal.
4.10 Mobile Phones
In general, mobile phone signals are not susceptible to interference from wind turbines. The nearest mobile
phone base station is at least 13 km from the site, and so large scale interference from the wind farm is unlikely.
Published mobile GSM and 3G network coverage has been reviewed for the area around the proposed wind
farm. It has been found that there is generally good network coverage in most areas around the proposed wind
farm, and mobile signals are unlikely to be affected. However there are some areas where coverage may be
marginal and therefore mobile signals may be susceptible to interference from the wind farm. Optus, Telstra and
Vodaphone have been contacted to seek feedback on any potential impact that the wind farm could have on
their services. Optus and Telstra have both indicated that services should not be adversely impacted to date.
GL GH notes that if interference is encountered, mitigation options are available, such as installation of an
external antenna or moving a short distance until the signal improves.
4.11 Wireless Internet
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
27
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
Aussie Broadband Services may provide wireless internet services to houses in the vicinity of the Dundonnell
Wind Farm; however it is not possible to identify customers who are using the Aussie Broadband service. Aussie
Broadband has been contacted and does not expect any adverse impacts on their services.
4.12 Satellite Television and Internet
Residents in the vicinity of the wind farm may also have access to satellite television and internet. GL GH has
reviewed the line-of-sight of the commonly used TV and internet satellite and it has been found that no turbine
intercepts the line-of-sight between houses considered in this analysis and these satellites.
4.13 Radio Broadcasting
An examination of the likely impact of the wind farm on radio broadcasting has also been carried out. It is
unlikely that the proposed wind farm will have an impact on AM radio as the signals are able to propagate around
obstructions and buildings. FM signals however may be susceptible to interference from objects such as wind
turbines, resulting in hissing and distortion of the signal. This can be mitigated by the installation of a high quality
antenna. At present, digital radio is not available in the Dundonnell area.
4.14 Television Broadcasting
Broadcast towers around the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm were investigated to see if television interference
would be an issue for the current proposal. Television interference mechanisms are complex to calculate and
can have limited predictive accuracy. Television interference around wind turbines is generally limited to less
than 5 km and is a function of the visibility of the wind turbines and the transmitter from the receptor. Digital
terrestrial broadcasts have recently replaced analogue broadcasts in Victoria and are generally much less
susceptible to interference from wind farms. However, interference is possible in some areas of low signal
strength.
Work presented here highlights the areas around the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm site where interference to
terrestrial television broadcasts is more likely occur. A total of eight (8) houses were identified in the potential
interference zone for the Ballarat broadcast tower at Lookout Hill. Two (2) of these dwellings are participating
landowners, three (3) are participating neighbours and three (3) are local landholders.
The Dundonnell site is in a location for which there is good predicted digital terrestrial television coverage across
most of the site according to the Australian Government Digital Ready mySwitch website. However, in the areas
where digital reception is marginal, residents in the vicinity of the Dundonnell Wind Farm may be eligible to
receive access to the Government-funded satellite television service to view free-to-air television.
Should interference be encountered that is attributable to the wind farm, the amelioration options below should
be followed in order to rectify the problem:
1. Realigning the householders TV antenna more directly towards their existing transmitter;
2. Adjusting the height of the TV antenna;
3. Tuning the householders antenna into alternative sources of the same or suitable TV signal;
4. The installation of a more directional and/or higher gain antenna at the affected building;
5. Relocating the antenna to a less affected position;
6. The installation of a cable or satellite TV receiver at the affected house;
7. Installation of a TV relay station.
4.15 Cumulative Impact
Possible cumulative impacts of the Dundonnell wind farm and nearby wind farms have been considered in
section ‎3.16. Cumulative impacts are not expected to occur for most services considered, however the possibility
exists for cumulative impacts to CB radio and television services. Options exist to mitigate most interference
issues should they occur.
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
28
Document No.:
5
1.
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
REFERENCES
“Record of Radiocommunications Licences (RRL)”, Australian Communications and Media Authority
(ACMA), issued June 2012-06-01
2. “Aeronautical impact and night lighting assessment, Dundonnell wind farm”, Aviation Projects. 2 May 2014.
3.
“RE: 170242 Dundonnell - EMI study”, email from C Righetti of TP to M Clifton-Smith of GL GH. 18th
November 2014.
4.
“Dundonnell WF Library”, data package sent from C Righetti of TP to M Clifton-Smith of GL GH. 16th
January 2014.
5.
“DDWF GLGH Comments - SF, BG, EMI”, email from C Righetti of TP to T Gilbert of GL GH. 31st July
2014.
6.
7.
“DDWF - House Layer and Table”, email from C Righetti of TP to T Gilbert of GL GH. 31st January 2014.
“RE: 170242 Dundonnell Shadow Flicker Report DRAFT”, email from C Righetti of TP to T Gilbert of
GL GH. 21st February 2014.
8.
“Policy and planning guidelines for development of wind energy facilities in Victoria”, Department of
Planning and Community Development VIC, July 2012.
9.
EPHC, “National Wind Farm Development Guidelines- Public Consultation Draft”, released July 2010,
http://www.ephc.gov.au/sites/default/files/Draft_National_Wind_Farm_Development_Guidelines__Oct09.pdf
10. Hall, S.H, 1992, “The assessment and avoidance of Electromagnetic Interference due to Wind farms”,
Wind Engineering, Vol 16 No 6, pp 326-338.
11. Bacon, D.F., “Fixed-link wind-turbine exclusion zone method”, Version 1.1, 28 October 2009
12.
“Optimal radar coverage areas”, Bureau of Meteorology, accessed 30 June 2009,
http://www.bom.gov.au/weather/radar/about/radar_coverage_national.shtml
13. “Radar Frequently Asked Questions”, Bureau of Meteorology, accessed 30 June 2009,
http://www.bom.gov.au/weather/radar/about/radarfaq.shtml
14. Nascarella J, 2000, “Equipment database-EDM”, Department of Geomatics, University of Melbourne,
http://www.geom.unimelb.edu.au/SurveyNetworksSite/SurveyNetworks/Console/Info/Equipment/equipment
db.html
15. “Geodesy and GDA”, Land and Property Management Authority, New South Wales Government,
http://www.lpma.nsw.gov.au/survey_and_maps/geodesy
16. “Australian Fiducial Network”, Geoscience Australia, Australian Government,
http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/argn/afngiff.jsp
17. “Australian National Network”, Geoscience Australia, Australian Government, http://www.ga.gov.au/earthmonitoring/geodesy/geodetic-datums/GDA/ANN.html
18. “Fundamentals of Mapping- Survey for Mapping”, Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping
(ICSM), http://www.icsm.gov.au/mapping/surveying1.html
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
29
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
19. GeoScience Australia, “National Geospatial Reference System”, 20 July 2011,
http://webmap.ga.gov.au/ngrs/
20.
“Optus Network Coverage”, Optus, 2011, viewed , viewed 20 July 2011
http://www.optus.com.au/aboutoptus/About+Optus/Network+Coverage
21. “Telstra Mobile coverage maps”, Telstra, 2011, viewed 19 July 2011
http://www.telstra.com.au/mobile/networks/coverage/maps.cfm
22. HanTrex Australian Satellite TV”, accessed on 15 July 2011,
http://www.australiansatellitetv.com/whatcaniwatch.htm
23. “Bentley Walker: Internet via Satellite Anywhere”, accessed on 15 July 2011, http://www.bentleywalker.com/technology.php
24.
“The Australian ISP directory”, accessed 15 July 2011, http://bc.whirlpool.net.au/
25. http://www.dishpointer.com/
26. Spera, D.A. (ed.), “Wind Turbine Technology”, ASME Press, 1994.
27. “Digital Radio”, Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA), accessed 30 June 2010,
http://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/pc=PC_9191
28. “Melbourne digital radio coverage map”, ABC Radio, viewed 13 March 2014
http://www.abc.net.au/reception/radio/dr_coveragemaps.htm
29. “List of licensed broadcasting transmitters”, Australian Communications and Media Authority, 2014, viewed
2 March 2014, http://www.acma.gov.au/Industry/Spectrum/Radiocomms-licensing/Apparatus-licences/listof-licensed-broadcasting-transmitters
30. “Assessment of the impairment caused to television reception by a wind turbine”, Recommendations ITU-R
BT.805, 1992
31. “mySwitch”, Australian Government, 2014, viewed 13 March 2014, http://myswitch.digitalready.gov.au/
32.
“Digital Television Switchover”, Department of Communications, Australian Government, viewed 14 March
2014, http://www.communications.gov.au/television/digital_television_switchover
33. “Tall structures and their impact on broadcast and other wireless services”, Ofcom,
http://licensing.ofcom.org.uk/radiocommunication-licences/fixed-terrestrial-links/guidance-forlicensees/wind-farms/tall_structures/, 26 August 2009.
34. “Impact analysis of wind farms on telecommunication services”, I. Angulo et al. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews 32 (2014) 84-99.
35. “Assessment of impairment caused to digital television reception by a wind turbine”, Recommendation ITUR BT.1893 (05/2001).
36. “The effect of the scattering of digital television signals from a wind turbine”, ITU-R Report BT.2142-1
(10/2010).
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
30
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
37. “An Empirical Comparative Study of Prediction Methods for Estimating Multipath Due to Signal Scattering
from Wind Turbines on Digital TV Services”, I. Angulo et al. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting,
Volume:57, Issue 2. June 2011.
38. http://web.acma.gov.au/pls/radcom/register_search.search_dispatcher
39. “Viewer Access Satellite Television (VAST) ”, Australian Government, accessed 15 June 2010,
http://www.digitalready.gov.au/what-is-the-switch/VAST-service.aspx
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.
Turbine assumptions for the assessment of EMI............................................................................ 33
Table 2
Proposed turbine layout for Dundonnell Wind Farm. ...................................................................... 34
Table 3
Existing Dwellings in the vicinity of the Dundonnell Wind Farm...................................................... 35
Table 4
Details of point-to-point link in the vicinity of Dundonnell Wind Farm ............................................. 37
Table 5
Details of point-to-multipoint licences within 75 km of Dundonnell Wind Farm ............................... 38
Table 6
Details of other licences identified within 75 km of the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm .............. 41
Table 7
BoM Radar sites in the vicinity of Dundonnell Wind Farm .............................................................. 42
Table 8
Airports in the vicinity of Dundonnell Wind Farm ............................................................................ 42
Table 9
Emergency services with radiocommunication assets in the vicinity of Dundonnell Wind Farm .... 43
Table 10
Trigonometrical Stations in the vicinity of Dundonnell Wind Farm from the NGDB ........................ 44
Table 11
List of houses with the potential to experience EMI to digital television from Lookout Hill broadcast
tower for the Dundonnell Wind Farm .............................................................................................. 45
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
31
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Final
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1
Location of the Dundonnell Wind Farm and identified proximate radiocommunication sites .......... 46
Figure 2
Map of the Dundonnell Wind Farm ................................................................................................. 47
Figure 3
Identified transmission vectors for fixed licences of point-to-point type proximate to Dundonnell
Wind Farm ...................................................................................................................................... 48
Figure 4
Identified telecommunication vectors and 2nd Fresnel zones plus 65 m buffer for the proposed
Dundonnell Wind Farm ................................................................................................................... 49
Figure 5
Location of point-to-multipoint stations within 75 km of Dundonnell Wind Farm ............................. 50
Figure 6
Location of general point to area style licences within 75km of the Dundonnell Wind Farm ........... 51
Figure 7
Location of major airports and Bureau of Meteorology weather watch radar sites within 250 nautical
miles of the Dundonnell site ............................................................................................................ 52
Figure 8
Location of trig stations within 75 km of Dundonnell Wind Farm ..................................................... 53
Figure 9
Optus Mobile network coverage for Dundonnell Wind Farm ........................................................... 54
Figure 10
Telstra NextG network coverage map............................................................................................. 55
Figure 11
Telstra 2G network coverage map .................................................................................................. 56
Figure 12
Location of broadcast transmitters in the vicinity of Dundonnell Wind Farm ................................... 57
Figure 13
Location of television broadcast towers in the vicinity of Dundonnell Wind Farm ........................... 58
Figure 14
Potential TV EMI zones from the broadcast tower Lookout Hill ...................................................... 59
Figure 15
Wind Farm Developments in the vicinity of the Dundonnell Wind Farm ......................................... 60
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
32
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Issue:
Turbine Model
-
No of Turbines
104
Indicative Turbine
capacity
3.3
Rotor diameter (m)
130 or less
Upper Tip Height (m)
165 or less
Indicative Wind Farm
Capacity (MW)
343
Table 1.
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Turbine assumptions for the assessment of EMI.
33
F
Final
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
NAME
T001
T002
T003
T004
T005
T006
T007
T008
T009
T010
T011
T012
T013
T014
T015
T016
T017
T018
T019
T020
T021
T022
T023
T024
T025
T026
T027
T028
T029
T030
T031
T032
T033
T034
T035
T036
T037
T038
T039
T040
T041
T042
T043
T044
T045
T046
T047
T048
T049
T050
T051
T052
Table 2
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Easting1
Northing1
NAME
Easting1
673515
5809899
T053
673243
677358
5809892
T054
671286
673950
5809861
T055
673234
676946
5809765
T056
673748
672650
5809626
T057
672771
676576
5809568
T058
674755
673031
5809914
T059
676498
674302
5809526
T060
676104
673709
5809315
T061
670740
677240
5809244
T062
675552
672326
5809169
T063
670235
672869
5809046
T064
675149
674521
5808999
T065
674412
674060
5808972
T066
672193
671613
5808867
T067
673132
676545
5808807
T068
673916
677519
5808749
T069
671013
672575
5808547
T070
675880
672144
5808564
T071
673528
673640
5808532
T072
671504
677145
5808524
T073
669929
674312
5808443
T074
670636
673225
5808396
T075
674779
676759
5808324
T076
675521
671749
5808276
T077
671873
674779
5808211
T078
672500
675199
5808162
T079
669427
671317
5808161
T080
675161
673974
5808095
T081
670216
670912
5808056
T082
674359
677419
5808055
T083
671114
675588
5808037
T084
669856
676032
5807966
T085
672230
672272
5807926
T086
671563
676438
5807923
T087
674821
677026
5807907
T088
670548
672782
5807858
T089
669553
673526
5807693
T090
670937
670595
5807662
T091
669971
671627
5807627
T092
670331
673137
5807601
T093
670687
674937
5807489
T094
671705
677270
5807431
T095
671082
676194
5807393
T096
671354
670072
5807369
T097
672013
674553
5807362
T098
670518
676802
5807330
T099
670876
672510
5807335
T100
671624
675775
5807307
T101
671147
670854
5807294
T102
670384
675284
5807166
T103
670751
671982
5807044
T104
676870
Note: 1. Coordinate system used is Zone 54H, WGS84 datum
Proposed turbine layout for Dundonnell Wind Farm.
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
34
Issue:
Northing1
5806956
5806946
5809336
5806864
5806773
5806781
5806772
5806762
5806731
5806710
5806684
5806536
5806523
5806473
5806316
5806310
5806263
5806259
5806250
5806238
5806223
5806101
5806062
5806036
5806004
5806055
5805906
5805748
5805692
5805602
5805634
5805580
5805591
5805490
5805422
5805375
5805096
5805050
5805003
5804822
5804586
5804500
5804543
5804225
5803981
5803987
5804060
5803927
5803753
5803190
5803493
5809142
F
Final
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Dwelling
ID
Status
Easting1
[m]
Northing1
[m]
Nearest
Turbine
Distance from
nearest turbine
[km]
H1
Participating Neighbour
669031
5806382
T079
0.6
H2
Participating Landholder
672687
5804696
T094
1.0
H3
Local Landholder
667108
5804579
T089
2.5
H4
Specific Arrangement 2
674211
5806127
T068
0.3
H5
Local Landholder
673105
5798289
T102
5.6
H6
Local Landholder
670820
5798279
T102
4.9
H7
Local Landholder
674334
5799537
T097
5.0
H8
Local Landholder
676086
5801678
T087
4.0
H9
Local Landholder
677876
5801903
T087
4.7
H10
Local Landholder
680814
5799719
T070
8.2
H11
Local Landholder
677473
5798817
T087
7.1
H12
Local Landholder
681577
5801973
T043
7.0
H13
Local Landholder
681618
5802969
T043
6.2
H14
Local Landholder
682290
5804668
T043
5.7
H15
Local Landholder
682270
5805042
T043
5.5
H16
Local Landholder
680888
5804176
T043
4.9
H17
Local Landholder
679506
5804589
T043
3.6
H18
Local Landholder
680221
5807762
T031
2.8
H19
Local Landholder
680624
5810824
T002
3.4
H20
Local Landholder
679962
5810886
T002
2.8
H21
Local Landholder
676702
5812095
T002
2.3
H22
Local Landholder
677060
5814311
T002
4.4
H23
Local Landholder
677259
5815194
T002
5.3
H24
Local Landholder
677687
5816862
T002
7.0
H25
Local Landholder
672251
5815684
T007
5.8
H26
Local Landholder
670520
5815329
T007
6.0
H27
Local Landholder
668447
5813620
T015
5.7
H28
Local Landholder
667264
5813042
T015
6.0
H29
Local Landholder
663335
5808107
T079
6.5
H31
Local Landholder
663707
5803686
T089
6.0
H32
Local Landholder
663040
5804034
T089
6.6
H33
Local Landholder
662584
5803912
T089
7.1
H35
Local Landholder
662500
5802258
T089
7.6
H36
Local Landholder
661643
5804320
T079
7.9
H37
Local Landholder
662917
5802114
T089
7.3
H38
Participating Neighbour
664477
5803480
T089
5.3
H39
Participating Landholder
666337
5803239
T089
3.7
H40
Participating Neighbour
667859
5802265
T102
2.7
Note
F
Final
1: Coordinate system used is Zone 54 H, WGS84 datum
2: These houses were not considered in this analysis due to the special agreement between DDWF and the house owners as
detailed in section ‎2.2.
Table 3
Existing Dwellings in the vicinity of the Dundonnell Wind Farm
(Continued)
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
35
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Dwelling
ID
Status
Easting1
[m]
Northing1
[m]
Nearest
Turbine
Distance from
nearest turbine
[km]
H41
Participating Landholder
668315
5805431
T079
1.2
H42
Local Landholder
672091
5801880
T097
2.1
H43
Local Landholder
672346
5801211
T103
2.8
H44
Local Landholder
673018
5801797
T097
2.4
H45
Participating Landholder 2
673618
5802695
T097
2.1
H46
Participating Neighbour
673610
5803201
T097
1.8
H47
Participating Neighbour
674259
5804598
T087
1.0
H48
Specific Arrangement 2
675852
5806811
T060
0.3
H49
Participating Landholder
675515
5809154
T013
1.0
H50
Participating Landholder
676372
5810735
T004
1.1
H51
Participating Landholder
671667
5811042
T005
1.7
H52
Participating Neighbour
671547
5811153
T005
1.9
H53
Local Landholder
676191
5812661
T004
3.0
H54
Local Landholder
676964
5816546
T002
6.7
H55
Local Landholder
673628
5816145
T001
6.3
H56
Participating Landholder
666056
5811177
T045
5.5
H57
Participating Landholder
664585
5809240
T045
5.8
H58
Local Landholder
662781
5807078
T079
6.7
H59
Specific Arrangement 2
674048
5805383
T082
0.4
H60
Specific Arrangement 2
673691
5805383
T082
0.7
Note
F
Final
1: Coordinate system used is Zone 54 H, WGS84 datum
2: These houses were not considered in this analysis due to the special agreement between DDWF and the house owners as
detailed in section ‎2.2.
Table 3
Existing Dwellings in the vicinity of the Dundonnell Wind Farm
(Concluded)
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
36
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Assignment ID
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Licence Number
Issue:
Frequency (MHz)
F
Final
Postal Address
Point-to-point link crossing the DDWF site
8224950-8240233
1908807
8.04
8224956-8240244
1908807
7.73
Table 4
Aussie Broadband Pty Ltd
PO Box 3351 GIPPSLAND MC
VIC 3841
ACN: 132090192
ABN: 29132090192
Details of point-to-point link in the vicinity of Dundonnell Wind Farm
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
37
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Assignment ID
Site ID
Licence
No.
Location (WGS84)
8251700-8273837
1147604-2220932
1147605-2220932
1147873-2221176
1147874-2221176
1147875-2221177
1147876-2221177
1147877-2221178
1147878-2221178
8251699-8273836
8251684-8273823
1147897-2221188
1147896-2221188
1147895-2221187
1147893-2221186
1147892-2221186
1147894-2221187
1147880-2221179
1147602-2220931
1147882-2221180
1147883-2221181
1147884-2221181
1808490-2225483
1808489-2225483
1808492-2225484
1808491-2225484
8251704-8273839
1147603-2220931
1147881-2221180
1147879-2221179
8251701-8273834
1147866-2221172
1147865-2221172
1147900-2221190
8251715-8273850
1810406-2227257
1147898-2221189
1147899-2221189
1810405-2227256
1808483-2225479
1808484-2225479
1427459-1421772
1427460-1421772
1147901-2221190
1147872-2221175
1808495-2225486
1808496-2225486
1808494-2225485
1147871-2221175
1147870-2221174
9009152
9000479
9000479
9000479
9000479
9000479
9000479
9000479
9000479
9000479
37916
37916
37916
37916
37916
37916
37916
9000478
9000478
9000478
9000478
9000478
9000478
9000478
9000478
9000478
9000478
9000478
9000478
9000478
9009153
133844
133844
133844
133844
133844
133844
133844
133844
133844
133844
133844
133844
133844
34523
34523
34523
34523
34523
34523
1920113
1142110
1142110
1142836
1142836
1142837
1142837
1142838
1142838
1920116
1920098
1142885
1142885
1142846
1142845
1142845
1142846
1142839
1142109
1142840
1142841
1142841
1182332
1182332
1182333
1182333
1920119
1142109
1142840
1142839
1920111
1142705
1142705
1142887
1920117
1182426
1142886
1142886
1182425
1182330
1182330
1146332
1146332
1142887
1142835
1182335
1182335
1182334
1142835
1142834
675129E 5816205N Zone 54
658968E 5786434N Zone 54
658968E 5786434N Zone 54
658968E 5786434N Zone 54
658968E 5786434N Zone 54
658968E 5786434N Zone 54
658968E 5786434N Zone 54
658968E 5786434N Zone 54
658968E 5786434N Zone 54
658968E 5786434N Zone 54
685221E 5765951N Zone 54
685221E 5765951N Zone 54
685221E 5765951N Zone 54
685221E 5765951N Zone 54
685221E 5765951N Zone 54
685221E 5765951N Zone 54
685221E 5765951N Zone 54
651990E 5758904N Zone 54
651990E 5758904N Zone 54
651990E 5758904N Zone 54
651990E 5758904N Zone 54
651990E 5758904N Zone 54
651990E 5758904N Zone 54
651990E 5758904N Zone 54
651990E 5758904N Zone 54
651990E 5758904N Zone 54
651990E 5758904N Zone 54
651990E 5758904N Zone 54
651990E 5758904N Zone 54
651990E 5758904N Zone 54
716257E 5837160N Zone 54
624400E 5766764N Zone 54
624400E 5766764N Zone 54
624400E 5766764N Zone 54
624400E 5766764N Zone 54
624400E 5766764N Zone 54
624400E 5766764N Zone 54
624400E 5766764N Zone 54
624400E 5766764N Zone 54
624400E 5766764N Zone 54
624400E 5766764N Zone 54
624400E 5766764N Zone 54
624400E 5766764N Zone 54
624400E 5766764N Zone 54
628517E 5751632N Zone 54
628517E 5751632N Zone 54
628517E 5751632N Zone 54
628517E 5751632N Zone 54
628517E 5751632N Zone 54
628517E 5751632N Zone 54
Table 5
Issue:
Distance
to DDWF
(km)
11
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
54
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
70
70
70
70
70
70
38
Final
Licence Owner
Aussie Broadband Pty Ltd
PO Box 3351
Gippsland MC
VIC 3841
Details of point-to-multipoint licences within 75 km of Dundonnell Wind Farm
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
F
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Assignment ID
Site ID
Licence
No.
Location (WGS84)
1147870-2221174
8251717-8273852
1147869-2221174
1147868-2221173
1147867-2221173
1147598-2220929
1147599-2220929
1808493-2225485
8192722-8199484
8192726-8199489
8192735-8199507
8192733-8199504
8170698-8167605
8170692-8167593
8184134-8187012
8184133-8187011
8192179-8198876
8192178-8198874
34523
9010840
34523
34523
34523
34523
34523
34523
9004396
9004396
204824
204824
9001492
9001492
45665
45665
9004355
9004355
1142834
1920132
1142834
1142833
1142833
1142107
1142107
1182334
1566084
1566084
1566090
1566090
1149775
1149775
1192847
1192847
1565856
1565856
628517E 5751632N Zone 54
628359E 5751615N Zone 54
628517E 5751632N Zone 54
628517E 5751632N Zone 54
628517E 5751632N Zone 54
628517E 5751632N Zone 54
628517E 5751632N Zone 54
628517E 5751632N Zone 54
707638E 5827828N Zone 54
707638E 5827828N Zone 54
722526E 5825650N Zone 54
722526E 5825650N Zone 54
710712E 5855368N Zone 54
710712E 5855368N Zone 54
742521E 5806576N Zone 54
742521E 5806576N Zone 54
738655E 5830756N Zone 54
738655E 5830756N Zone 54
Distance
to DDWF
(km)
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
42
42
54
54
63
63
71
71
71
71
372623-27219
46334
392888
629421E 5751476N Zone 54
69
127247-27219
46334
392888
629421E 5751476N Zone 54
69
1323643-1318969
1323644-1318969
1316452-1313455
1316453-1313455
11733
11733
11734
11734
1325442
1325442
1318948
1318948
642146E 5871196N Zone 54
642146E 5871196N Zone 54
641926E 5871411N Zone 54
641926E 5871411N Zone 54
71
71
72
72
1316412-1313423
303241
1318832
686531E 5775816N Zone 54
34
1316411-1313423
303241
1318832
686531E 5775816N Zone 54
34
8219286-8232730
8324377-8362923
8219292-8232738
8324378-8362924
8219365-8232865
8219367-8232867
8364077-8409916
8364078-8409919
305790
305790
305790
305790
305790
305790
304700
304700
1327796
1945114
1327796
1945114
354784
354784
1956930
1956930
658941E 5786426N Zone 54
658941E 5786426N Zone 54
658941E 5786426N Zone 54
658941E 5786426N Zone 54
658941E 5786426N Zone 54
658941E 5786426N Zone 54
687021E 5859376N Zone 54
687021E 5859376N Zone 54
23
23
23
23
23
23
55
55
Table 5
F
Licence Owner
Aussie Broadband Pty Ltd
PO Box 3351
Gippsland MC
VIC 3841
Central Highlands Region
Water Corporation Central
Highlands Water
PO Box 152
Ballarat VIC 3353
Danny Gillin
Gillin Electronics
PO Box 215
Warrnambool VIC 3280
Grampians Wimmera Mallee
Water Authority
GWM Water PO Box 481
Horsham VIC 3400
John Lewis Jones Page
House Holdings
684 Darlington Road
BOOKAAR VIC 3260
(C/- P Dessens)
Powercor Australia Ltd
C/- Commander Enterprise
Service Pty Ltd 064651109
PO Box 58
Castlemaine VIC 3450
Details of point-to-multipoint licences within 75 km of Dundonnell Wind (continued)
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
39
Final
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Assignment ID
Site ID
Licence
No.
Location (WGS84)
1303955-1303111
1303954-1303111
1325576-1320540
1325575-1320540
1416378-1413028
8197035-8205869
8197036-8205870
1313731-1311169
1303957-1303112
1303956-1303112
1415194-1412054
1416380-1413030
1416381-1413030
1325569-1320537
1325570-1320537
1303964-1303116
1303965-1303116
8325086-8363758
8325087-8363759
1325572-1320538
1303973-1303120
1303972-1303120
1312636-1310179
1325568-1320536
1325571-1320538
1325567-1320536
1325573-1320539
1325574-1320539
300876
300876
300876
300876
402538
36007
36007
302771
300877
300877
300877
42618
42618
42618
42618
300879
300879
41654
41654
40981
300881
300881
300881
46455
40981
46455
305626
305626
1305799
1305799
1326839
1326839
1418708
1900207
1900207
1316464
1305800
1305800
1417103
1418709
1418709
1326836
1326836
1305803
1305803
1945301
1945301
1326837
1305841
1305841
1315436
1326835
1326837
1326835
1326838
1326838
658651E 5785516N Zone 54
658651E 5785516N Zone 54
658651E 5785516N Zone 54
658651E 5785516N Zone 54
703042E 5797417N Zone 54
636421E 5827876N Zone 54
636421E 5827876N Zone 54
666771E 5765626N Zone 54
687801E 5766096N Zone 54
687801E 5766096N Zone 54
687801E 5766096N Zone 54
685711E 5765671N Zone 54
685711E 5765671N Zone 54
685711E 5765671N Zone 54
685711E 5765671N Zone 54
627191E 5802286N Zone 54
627191E 5802286N Zone 54
614372E 5806425N Zone 54
614372E 5806425N Zone 54
630001E 5751326N Zone 54
631151E 5750586N Zone 54
631151E 5750586N Zone 54
631151E 5750586N Zone 54
672721E 5737676N Zone 54
630001E 5751326N Zone 54
672721E 5737676N Zone 54
620161E 5759106N Zone 54
620161E 5759106N Zone 54
Distance
to DDWF
(km)
24
24
24
24
33
41
41
41
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
44
44
57
57
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
70
70
8366787-8413398
9004355
1958169
738655E 5830756N Zone 54
71
8366789-8413400
9004355
1958169
738655E 5830756N Zone 54
71
Table 5
F
Licence Owner
Wannon Region Water
Corporation
PO Box 1158
Warrnambool VIC 3280
Water Infrastructure Group
Pty Ltd
Level 8
The Fawkner Centre
499 St Kilda Road
Melbourne VIC 3004
Details of point-to-multipoint licences within 75 km of Dundonnell Wind (concluded)
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
40
Final
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
F
Licence Type
Licence Category
Number of Instances
1800 MHz Band
2 GHz Band
2.3 GHz Band
31 GHz Band
800 MHz Band
ACA Assigned
Aeronautical Assigned System
Amateur Repeater
Ambulatory - Copy
Ambulatory - Initial
Ambulatory System
Broadcast Service
CBRS Repeater
Land Mobile System - > 30MHz
Land Mobile System 0-30MHz
Narrowband Area Service station(s)
Narrowcasting Service station(s)
Narrowcasting Service stations (HPON)
PABX Cordless Telephone Service
Paging System - Exterior
Paging System - Interior
PMTS Class B (2110-2170 MHz)
PMTS Class B (935-960 MHz)
Radiodetermination
Spectrum
Spectrum
Spectrum
Spectrum
Spectrum
ACA
Aeronautical
Amateur
Land Mobile
Land Mobile
Land Mobile
Broadcasting
Land Mobile
Land Mobile
Land Mobile
Broadcasting
Broadcasting
Broadcasting
Land Mobile
Land Mobile
Land Mobile
PTS
PTS
Radiodetermination
18
78
420
4
178
16
6
21
1
1
1
67
6
789
57
3
13
3
1
29
6
212
262
3
Table 6
Final
Details of other licences identified within 75 km of the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
41
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
BoM Radar site
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Location1
Approximate Distance from
Dundonnell Wind Farm [km]
Mildura
S34.23°
E142.08°
415
Mt Gambier
S37.75°
E140.77°
190
Melbourne
S37.86°
E144.76°
160
Yarrawonga
S36.03°
E146.03°
340
Bairnsdale
S37.89°
E147.56°
405
NW Tasmania
S41.181°
E145.58°
430
F
Final
Note: 1. Coordinate system used is Lat/Long WGS84 datum
Table 7
BoM Radar sites in the vicinity of Dundonnell Wind Farm
Airport
Location1
Approximate Distance from
Dundonnell wind farm [km]
Melbourne
S37.67°
E144.85°
170
Avalon
S38.04°
E144.47°
135
Essendon
S37.73°
E144.90°
170
Moorabin
S37.98°
E145.10°
190
Note: 1. Coordinate system used is Lat/Long WGS84 datum
Table 8
Airports in the vicinity of Dundonnell Wind Farm
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
42
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Emergency Service
Ambulance Victoria
Country Fire Authority
St John Ambulance Australia
(NSW)
St John Ambulance Australia
Incorporated
St John Ambulance Australia
Incorporated
Victoria State Emergency
Service
Table 9
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Contact Details
Ambulance Victoria
Attn: Ralph Casey PO Box 2000
DONCASTER
VIC 3108
Country Fire Authority
PO Box 701
MOUNT WAVERLEY
VIC 3149
St John Ambulance Australia (NSW)
St John Ambulance Australia NSW
9 Deane Street
Burwood
NSW 2134
St John Ambulance Australia Incorporated
St John Ambulance Australia (Victoria) Inc
PO Box 573
Mt Waverley
VIC 3149
St John Ambulance Australia Incorporated
Mr P LeCornu CEO PO Box 3895
Manuka
ACT 2603
Victoria State Emergency Service
168 Sturt St
Southbank
VIC 3006
Issue:
F
Final
Distance of closest
Site from centre of
wind farm [km]
64
13
71
68
51
23
Emergency services with radiocommunication assets in the vicinity of Dundonnell Wind
Farm
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
43
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Station Name
Abrupt
Ararat
Bald Hill
Beaufort East
Beaufort North
Beaufort South
Beaufort West
Berrybank
Berrybank RM1
Black Hill
Boortkoi
Bute
Callender
Cherry Tree Hill
Conical Hill
Cooriejong
Cooriemungle
Coradjil East
Corrangamite 1
Corrangamite 2
Culraven
Culraven ECCE A
Culraven ECCE B
Cundare
Cundare ECCE G
Elephant
Emu
Enfield
Gnarpurt
Hopkins Point
Hopkins Point RM4
Kinross
Leura
Lookout Hill
Lookout Hill
McCormacs
McCunnies
McCunnies RM M
McCunnies RM R
Mortlake No 1
MT Mornambool
Murnane
Noorat
Pickering Point
Porndon
Rebecca
Rebecca ECCE A
Robertsons Hill
Rooneys
Table 10
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Datum
Latitude
Longitude
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
CLARKE
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
CLARKE
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
S37.5993°
S37.3249°
S38.083°
S37.4336°
S37.4202°
S37.4418°
S37.4137°
S37.9812°
S37.9812°
S38.18°
S37.9413°
S37.6918°
S37.4731°
S37.6751°
S37.3706°
S38.5109°
S38.5284°
S38.4561°
S38.3513°
S38.3431°
S38.0341°
S38.0356°
S38.0357°
S38.1219°
S38.122°
S37.9619°
S37.5891°
S37.74°
S38.0386°
S38.3972°
S38.3976°
S37.8608°
S38.246°
S37.2841°
S37.2841°
S38.3453°
S38.318°
S38.3174°
S38.3162°
S38.3814°
S37.3898°
S38.427°
S38.1789°
S38.3998°
S38.3154°
S38.0365°
S38.0366°
S38.3201°
S38.365°
E142.3523°
E142.8575°
E143.4074°
E143.3978°
E143.3886°
E143.3541°
E143.339°
E143.4984°
E143.4984°
E143.6976°
E142.6738°
E143.5228°
E143.6152°
E143.5975°
E143.1235°
E143.0455°
E143.1355°
E143.2764°
E143.477°
E143.049°
E143.528°
E143.5283°
E143.5271°
E143.542°
E143.5421°
E143.1939°
E143.4475°
E143.7537°
E143.4175°
E142.5262°
E142.525°
E143.4774°
E143.1564°
E143.2461°
E143.2461°
E143.1693°
E142.9252°
E142.927°
E142.9242°
E142.5325°
E142.8074°
E143.3726°
E142.9351°
E142.4679°
E143.2863°
E143.7106°
E143.7107°
E143.5119°
E142.447°
44
Final
Distance to site
(km)
60
60
45
65
65
60
60
50
50
75
25
55
75
60
60
70
75
70
70
55
55
55
55
60
60
25
55
70
45
70
70
45
45
70
70
55
50
50
50
65
55
70
35
70
55
70
70
70
70
Trigonometrical Stations in the vicinity of Dundonnell Wind Farm from the NGDB
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
F
Document No.:
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Station Name
Datum
Latitude
Longitude
Ross Plain
Shadwell
Simpson
Taralea
The Cove
The Cove RM4
Tower Hill
Tower Hill Mwt
Warrion
Warrnambool
Warrnambool WT
Watch Hill
Weejort
Widderin
William
Yarram Park
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
AGD66
S38.4504°
S38.0575°
S38.5082°
S37.9673°
S38.4797°
S38.4797°
S38.3228°
S38.3186°
S38.2256°
S38.3072°
S38.3784°
S38.1302°
S37.5519°
S37.7446°
S37.2946°
S37.4632°
E143.2999°
E142.8106°
E143.2152°
E143.764°
E142.6535°
E142.6535°
E142.3584°
E142.3768°
E143.5287°
E142.7384°
E142.4868°
E143.627°
E143.0835°
E143.356°
E142.5999°
E142.5558°
F
Final
Distance to site
(km)
70
25
75
70
70
70
70
70
65
50
70
65
40
40
70
60
Table 10
Trigonometrical Stations in the vicinity of Dundonnell Wind Farm from the NGDB
(concluded)
House
ID
H2
H40
H41
H42
H43
H44
H46
H47
Note
Table 11
Easting1
Northing1
DDWF Participant
672687
667859
668315
672091
672346
673018
673610
674259
5804696
5802265
5805431
5801880
5801211
5801797
5803201
5804598
Participating Landholder
Participating Neighbour
Participating Landholder
Local Landholder
Local Landholder
Local Landholder
Participating Neighbour
Participating Neighbour
1: Coordinate system used is Zone 54 H, WGS84 datum
List of houses with the potential to experience EMI to digital television from Lookout Hill
broadcast tower for the Dundonnell Wind Farm
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
45
Document No.:
Figure 1
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Location of the Dundonnell Wind Farm and identified proximate radiocommunication sites
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
46
F
Final
Document No.:
Figure 2
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Map of the Dundonnell Wind Farm
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
47
F
Final
Document No.:
Figure 3
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Identified transmission vectors for fixed licences of point-to-point type proximate to Dundonnell Wind Farm
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
48
F
Final
Document No.:
Figure 4
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Identified telecommunication vectors and 2nd Fresnel zones plus 65 m buffer for the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
49
F
Final
Document No.:
Figure 5
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Location of point-to-multipoint stations within 75 km of Dundonnell Wind Farm
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
50
F
Final
Document No.:
Figure 6
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Location of general point to area style licences within 75km of the Dundonnell Wind Farm
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
51
F
Final
Document No.:
Figure 7
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Location of major airports and Bureau of Meteorology weather watch radar sites within 250 nautical miles of the Dundonnell site
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
52
F
Final
Document No.:
Figure 8
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Location of trig stations within 75 km of Dundonnell Wind Farm
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
53
F
Final
Document No.:
Figure 9
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Optus Mobile network coverage for Dundonnell Wind Farm
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
54
F
Final
Document No.:
Figure 10
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Telstra NextG network coverage map
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
55
F
Final
Document No.:
Figure 11
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Telstra 2G network coverage map
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
56
F
Final
Document No.:
Figure 12
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Location of broadcast transmitters in the vicinity of Dundonnell Wind Farm
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
57
F
Final
Document No.:
Figure 13
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Location of television broadcast towers in the vicinity of Dundonnell Wind Farm
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
58
F
Final
Document No.:
Figure 14
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Potential TV EMI zones from the broadcast tower Lookout Hill
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
59
F
Final
Document No.:
Figure 15
170242-AUME-R-01
Dundonnell Wind Farm
Issue:
Wind Farm Developments in the vicinity of the Dundonnell Wind Farm
Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd
60
F
Final