HELP and GUIDANCE FILE for the FPAC
Pulp and Paper Energy Survey
Production
Boxboard refers to board (plain, lined or clay coated) used for fabricating boxes.
Building paper refers to all types of paper produced from strong fibre stocks, processed and
treated for use in the building trade.
Corrugating medium refers to board to be fluted for use in the manufacture of corrugated
board products or for wrapping.
Kraft papers to papers made predominantly from wood pulp produced by the sulphate pulping
process.
Linerboard refers to board used as liners or as facing material in the manufacture of shipping
containers and other types of corrugated board products.
Mechanical Market Pulp refers to stone groundwood pulp, refiner mechanical pulp,
thermomechanical pulp, chemi-thermomechanical pulp, defibrated pulp and exploded pulp
produced for sale as market pulp (not used for on-site production of paper/board products).
Newsprint refers to paper between 40 g/m3 and 57 g/m3 generally used in the production of
newspapers.
Printing and writing papers refers to coated and uncoated papers containing at most 10%
mechanical pulp fibre – termed “woodfree” as well as coated papers containing more than 10%
mechanical pulp fibre.
Recycled Market Pulp refers to pulp made from deinked and other recycled fibre produced for
sale as market pulp (not used for on-site production of paper/board products).
Sulphate Market Pulp refers to pulps produced by the sulphate process, and includes kraft
pulps, all for sale as market pulp (not used for on-site production of paper/board products).
Sulphite Market Pulp (incl. Dissolving Pulp) refers to pulps produced by the sulphite process
for sale as market pulp (not used for on-site production of paper/board products).
Tissue and special papers include all sanitary papers, greaseproof papers, gassine papers, as
well as all other special papers.
Uncoated groundwood specialties refers to uncoated paper containing more than 10%
mechanical pulp fibre, excluding newsprint.
Transformative/Innovative Products
As the industry is transforming, FPAC would like to track newer classes and types of products
used. For example, types of products produced could include, but are not limited to the
following:
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Ethanol
Tall Oil
Lignin
Turpentine
Alcohol
Sugars
Etc.
Fuels
The four categories of consumption use are based on the Statistics Canada Industrial
Consumption of Energy (ICE) survey. For mills with a common steam distribution system please
estimate the breakdown among the uses as outlined below. (ie. common steam distribution
system for process, electrical generation, and/or steam sales.)
As Fuel refers to all fuel used to generate heat for the process or on-site use. Included in
this category would be steam generation (excluding sales), building/air heating, lime kilns,
and dryers. The amount of fuel used to produce electricity should not be reported in this
category.
To produce steam for sale refers to all fuel used to generate steam sold to third parties.
To produce electricity refers to all fuel used to generate electricity on-site (i.e. gas/steam
turbines or back up generators).
For non-fuel use (feedstock) refers to feedstock use of energy. This is not applicable to the
pulp and paper sector.
When reporting fuel use please specify the energy content on a Higher Heating Value basis.
Default energy content factors are provided in the table below. If you have more accurate
factors based on on-site measurements/calculations please use those by overwriting the
defaults, otherwise use the default factors. The total energy column is used to convert all
energy forms into a common unit.
Fuel Source
Coal
Petroleum Coke
Sludge
Wood/Hog Fuel
Spent Pulping Liquor
Tire Derived Fuel
Pulping Soap
Crude Tall Oil
Turpentine
Biogas
Diesel
Other Middle Distillates
Heavy Fuel Oil
LPG – Ethane
LPG - Butane
Propane
Natural Gas
By-Product Gas
Energy Content (HHV)
27.28 GJ/t
38.65 GJ/t
15.12 GJ/BDt
18.00 GJ/BDt
14.05 GJ/BDt
27.91 GJ/t
22.10 GJ/t
34.89 GJ/t
44.19 GJ/t
16.76 MJ/m3
38.68 MJ/L
38.68 MJ/L
41.73 MJ/L
18.50 MJ/L
27.10 MJ/L
25.49 MJ/L
38.09 MJ/m3
11.88 MJ/m3
Please report your energy use according to the following definitions:
Solids:

Coal refers to all types of coal and coke forms including bituminous, sub-bituminous,
lignite, anthracite, coal coke, coke on catalytic cracking catalyst. Please be sure to
include the energy content appropriate for your use of coals. If there is a combination
of coal forms used, please estimate the average energy content of the mix.

Petroleum Coke refers to marketable grades of coke produced in delayed or fluid
cokers that may be recovered as relatively pure carbon. Also a residue that is the final
product in the condensation process in cracking. May be sold as is or is further purified
by calcination.

Sludge refers to the Bone Dry measure of primary and secondary effluent sludges used
for energy generation.

Wood/Hog Fuel refers to the Bone Dry measure of all wood wastes, including
roundwood, lignin, wood scraps from furniture and window frame manufacturing,
wood chips, bark, sawdust, forest residues, charcoal and pulp waste (excluding spent
pulping liquor), used for energy generation. Include all wood residues – both
purchased and generated by the mill – that are used as fuel.

Spent Pulping Liquor refers to the Bone Dry measure of spent pulping liquor (black
liquor) formed during the chemical pulping process. It is primarily made up of lignin
and other wood constituents and chemicals. It is burned in a recovery boiler which
produces steam for process and/or electricity.

Refuse refers to solid or liquid waste materials used as a combustible energy source.
This would include the burning of wastepaper, packing materials, garbage, bagasse,
sewerage gas, biogas (from anaerobic processes), tire derived fuel, waste oil,
contaminates and other industrial, agricultural and urban refuse often used to
generate electricity. Unlike the Statistics Canada survey, we have provided greater
specificity for refuse fuels to separate out the more common ones used in the pulp
and paper industry as follows:
o
Tire Derived Fuel refers to fuel comprised of shredded scrap tires.
o
Pulping Soap refers to a foam containing resin and fatty acids removed from
pulping liquor during the evaporation stage.
o
Crude Tall Oil refers to acidified pulping soap.
o
Turpentine is a resinous by-product of pulping softwood fibre which can be
used as a fuel.
o
Biogas refers to captured methane from landfill.
Liquids:
Middle Distillates is broken down into two categories:

Diesel refers to all grades of distillate fuel used for diesel engines including low sulphur
content (lower than 0.05%). Does not include diesel used for transportation off the
plant site.
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Other refers to light fuel oil (No. 1, 2 and 3), kerosene, mineral lamp oil, stove oil,
furnace fuel oil, gas oils, gasoline, and light industrial fuel. Does not include gasoline
used for transportation off the plant site. Please be sure to include the energy content
appropriate for your use of these fuels. If there is a combination of types, please
estimate the average energy content of the mix.

Heavy (residual) Fuel Oil refers to all grades of residual type fuels including low
sulphur. Usually used for steam and electric power generation and diesel motors.
Includes fuel oil No. 4, 5 and 6, and Bunker C. Combine Canadian sourced fuel and
foreign sourced fuel if applicable, and report as one.

LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gases) refers to ethane and butane. Report quantity used onsite. Do not include consumption for off-site transportation.
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Propane - report quantity used on-site. Do not include consumption for off-site
transportation.
Gaseous:
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Natural Gas – report separately from methane
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By-Product Gas includes hydrogen but excludes gases that are reported under “Refuse”
above.
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Methane refers to purchased methane. Report separately from biogas and natural gas.
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Non-Condensable Gases refers to off-gases from the chemical pulping process which
can be used as reburn fuel, typically in lime kilns.
Calculation Formulas:
Fuel
Solids:
Liquids:
Natural Gas:
Gaseous:
Unit of Measure
t
103 L
106 m3
103 m3
Energy
GJ/t
*
106 J/L
*
106 J/m3
*
106 J/m3
*
Multiplier
/ 1000
/ 1000
n/a
/ 1000
Total Energy
= TJ
= TJ
= TJ
= TJ
Electricity & Steam
Electricity
Purchased Electricity refers to all electricity that is imported onto the mill’s grid and is
purchased from a third party. This includes quantities received as compensation, special
arrangement or donation. This also includes electricity that has been generated by the mill, sold
to the utility and then repurchased. This does not include electricity that is “wheeled” from a
mill-owned hydraulic generating unit to the mill on a third party’s grid (ie. from a hydro dam)
Self-Generated Hydraulic Energy – Electrical refers to all electricity generated from on-site or
associated hydraulic generating units that are owned and operated by the mill.
Electricity Sales refers to all electricity sales (or provided as compensation, special arrangement
or donation), regardless of whether the electricity was originally purchased or self-generated. It
refers to any electricity exported from the mill’s grid for use by a third party. It includes
electricity that is sold to the grid which will be repurchased by the mill. This does not include
electricity that is “wheeled” from a mill owned hydraulic generating unit to the mill on a third
party’s grid (ie. from a hydro dam).
Electricity – Self-Generated from fuel and steam refers to the net electricity (exclude energy
required for station service) and is broken down as follows:
Gas Turbine – Electricity refers to the net electricity generated on-site from natural gas
turbines that are owned and operated by the mill.
Back pressure turbine – electricity refers to net electricity generated on-site from back
pressure steam turbines that are owned and operated by the mill.
Back pressure turbine – mechanical energy refers to net mechanical energy generated onsite via turbine(s) directly used to run pumps or machinery and not generate electricity.
Condensing turbine – electricity refers to net electricity generated on-site from condensing
turbines that are owned and operated by the mill.
Turbine Heat Rate – refers to the relationship between the steam or fuel energy consumed by
the turbine and the electrical or mechanical energy generated by the turbine (ie. it is an
indication of the thermodynamic efficiency of the turbine). Steam/Fuel consumed by a turbine
while it is not generating electricity should not be taken into account when developing heat
rate.
Total Electricity Consumed is the sum of Purchased Electricity, Self-Generated Hydraulic
Energy-Electrical, Self-Generated Electricity from Fuel and Steam, Gas-Turbine Electricity, BackPressure Turbine Electricity and Mechanical Energy, and Condensing Turbine Electricity.
Steam
Purchased Steam refers to all steam that is purchased from a third party. In other words, any
steam which is imported onto the mill’s steam system that has been delivered by a third party.
This includes quantities received as compensation, special arrangement or donation. This
includes quantities purchased from a third party to whom you sell biomass which is used to
generate the steam This also includes steam that is sold to a third party for electrical generation
and is then repurchased to be used by the mill. This does not include condensate purchased
from a third party.
Self-generated steam refers to all steam generated on site. This includes steam generated via
electricity, fossil fuel, biomass or heat exchangers (ie. reboiler or HRU). The team quantity
should be measured at the output of the steam generating device(s) and should include steam
used for sootblowing, atomization, and fuel or feedwater pre-treatment.
Steam Sales refers to all steam sales (or provided as compensation, special arrangement or
donation), regardless of whether the steam was originally purchased or self-generated. This
refers to any steam exported from the mill’s steam system for use by a third party. This does
not include condensed or vented steam, or condensate sold to a third party.
Steam Energy Content (Enthalpy) - refers to the energy content of the steam per unit mass.
Enthalpy is devised based on steam properties (ie. pressure and temperature). Please note that
the gross enthalpy of the steam is to be used. Enthalpy for self-generated steam is to be taken
at the output of the boiler (ie. before any letdown stations or turbines). The enthalpy of sold or
purchased steam is to be based on the properties of the steam when it enters or exits mill
property. If more then one type of steam exists for a steam category, calculate a hybrid steam
enthalpy based on the weighted average of the steam types.
Calculation Formulas:
Energy Source
Electricity:
Self-Generated
Electricity:
Steam:
Unit of
Measure
GWh
Energy Content /
Heat Rate
*
kJ/Wh
n/a
Total
Energy
= TJ
GWh
*
kJ/Wh
/ 1000
= TJ
t
*
GJ/t
/ 1000
= TJ
Multiplier
Lime Kiln
Fuels used in the lime kiln are to be included in the "As Fuel" energy quantity reported in the
Fuel Data page. See the Fuel Data section above for fuel definitions.
Calculation Formulas:
Fuel
Liquids:
Natural Gas:
Wood/Hog
Fuel:
Solids:
Unit of
Measure
3
10 L
106 m3
Energy Content / Heat
Rate
*
6
10 J/L
*
106 J/m3
/ 1000
n/a
Total
Energy
= TJ
= TJ
BDt
*
GJ/t
/ 1000
= TJ
t
*
GJ/t
/ 1000
= TJ
Multiplier
Water use
Process Wastewater to Surface Water: in most cases, this is primarily
process wastewater that the mill treats and then discharges to surface water. It may
sometimes include more than just process wastewater. Everything that is collected
with process wastewater, treated and discharged in combination with process
wastewater should be included (unless reported elsewhere).
Process Wastewater to POTW: This is the total of all wastewaters being
discharged to a Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) for treatment, regardless
of whether they have first been treated by the mill. These wastewaters may include
process wastewaters and other wastewaters. If, however, the only discharge to the
POTW is sanitary wastes, these should not be reported. Report the annual flow.
Process Wastewater to Other Mill (specify mill): Some mills treat the
effluent from a neighbouring mill. FPAC must be careful not to double count this
wastewater flow in the database. Please specify the name of the mill that treats their
effluent in your system.
Non-Contact Cooling Water: This is water that is used only for cooling and
discharge to surface water through a non-contact cooling water discharge. This also
includes situations where the non-contact cooling water bypasses the treatment
plant, but is combined with treated mill process water immediately before being
discharged. Report only the flow of non-contact cooling water discharged to surface
water.
Other Wastewater: other effluents could include storm water or perhaps
leachates from landfill or other storage. To avoid distorting the loading calculations,
please do not include these other effluent flows in the POTW, process, or cooling
water flows.
Effluent Discharge
Report the total annual discharge of BOD, COD, Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and
AOX in metric tonnes per year. FPAC will calculate the kg/tonne for the total industry
in Canada using all the reported Canadian production.
Some mills send effluent to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW). If you are one
of these mills please report that separately. Do not include that value in the process
water to surface water.
Residuals Generated
Disposal methods include:
1) Methods with Energy Recovery or Beneficial Use
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Energy Generation: report the % of residuals that were used to generate
electricity
Land-Spreading: report the % of residuals that were used for landspreading
Composting: report the % of residuals that were used for composting
Other Beneficial Use: report the % of residuals that were used for any other
beneficial use (re-use/recycling), including useful by-products produced at an
off-site location
2) Methods without Energy Recovery
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Incineration: report the % of residuals that were incinerated without energy
generation
Land-filling: report the % of residuals that were landfilled or sent to longterm storage
Other: report the % of of residues that were disposed of by other means
(please specify method)
Glossary
Unit - Definitions
t = tonne = metric tonne = 1000 kilograms (2205 pounds)
BDt = Bone Dry tonne (zero moisture content)
m3 = metres cubed
kJ = kiloJoule = 103 Joules
MJ = MegaJoule = 106 Joules
GJ = GigaJoule = 109 Joules
TJ = TeraJoule = 1012 Joules
MWh = Mega Watt hour = 106 Watt hours (One watt-hour is equivalent to one watt of power
used for one hour.)
GWh = Giga Watt hour = 109 Watt hours