SECTION
20.1
ORIGINS OF PLANT LIFE
Study Guide
Plant life began in the water and
became adapted to land.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
plant
vascular system
cuticle
lignin
stomata
pollen grain
CHAPTER 20
Plant Diversity
KEY CONCEPT
seed
Land plants evolved from green algae.
1. Name five characteristics that green algae and land plants share.
2. The common ancestor of all plants would be classified in what class if it were alive
today?
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
3. What plant characteristics probably originated in charophyceans?
MAIN IDEA: Plants have adaptations that allow them to live on land.
In the table below, take notes about the challenges that plants face on land and adaptations
to these challenges.
Challenge
4.
retaining moisture
5.
transporting
resources
6.
growing upright
7.
reproducing on land
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Description
Adaptations
Study Guide
1
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
CHAPTER 20
Plant Diversity
MAIN IDEA:
Plants evolve with other organisms in their environment.
8. Give two examples of mutualisms that have evolved between plants and other types
of organisms.
9. Give two examples of how plants have evolved with the animals that eat them.
Vocabulary Check
2
Plant
Vascular system
Cuticle and stomata
Seed
Study Guide
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
In the spaces provided below, draw pictures that help you to remember the definitions of the
vocabulary words.
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
20.2
CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS
Study Guide
Plants can be classified into nine
phyla.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
pollination
gymnosperm
angiosperm
cone
CHAPTER 20
Plant Diversity
KEY CONCEPT
flower
fruit
Mosses and their relatives are seedless nonvascular plants.
1. What is required in order for seedless plants to reproduce?
2. How do nonvascular plants obtain water and nutrients?
3. Take notes about seedless nonvascular plants in the table below.
Plant Type
Phylum Name
Characteristics
liverworts
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hornworts
mosses
MAIN IDEA:
Club mosses and ferns are seedless vascular plants.
4. How does having a vascular system affect how seedless vascular plants grow?
5. Take notes about seedless vascular plants in the table below.
Plant Type
Phylum Name
Characteristics
club mosses
ferns
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Study Guide
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STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
CHAPTER 20
Plant Diversity
MAIN IDEA:
Seed plants include cone-bearing plants and flowering plants.
6. What are three advantages that seed plants have over their seedless relatives?
7. Name and describe the two broad categories of seed plants.
8. Take notes about seed plants in the table below.
Plant Type
Phylum Name
Characteristics
cycads
ginkgo
flowering
plants
Vocabulary Check
pollination
cone
flower
fruit
9. mature ovary of flower
10. process in which pollen meets female parts of same plant
species
11. reproductive structure of most gymnosperms
12. reproductive structure of angiosperms
6
Study Guide
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
conifers
SECTION
DIVERSITY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
20.3
Study Guide
The largest phylum in the plant kingdom is the
flowering plants.
VOCABULARY
cotyledon
monocot
CHAPTER 20
Plant Diversity
KEY CONCEPT
dicot
wood
MAIN IDEA: Flowering plants have unique adaptations that allow them to dominate
in today’s world.
Fill in the concept map below about the adaptations of flowering plants.
Flowering plants
have
have
have
have
3.
1.
which can allow for more efficient
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
2.
which plays a role in
4.
MAIN IDEA: Botanists classify flowering plants into two groups based on seed type.
Take notes about monocots and dicots in the table below.
Type of Flowering
Plant
Number of
Cotyledons
Other Characteristics
5. monocot
6. dicot
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Study Guide
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STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
CHAPTER 20
Plant Diversity
MAIN IDEA:
Flowering plants are also categorized by stem type and lifespan.
7. Why is it helpful to categorize flowering plants in ways other than by seed type?
8. Describe the two major stem types of flowering plants.
9. Take notes about the three lifespan types of flowering plants.
Lifespan
Characteristics
Examples
annual
biennial
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
perennial
Vocabulary Check
10. What is a cotyledon?
11. How does the prefix mono-, meaning “one,” relate to the meaning of monocot?
12. How does the prefix di-, meaning “two,” relate to the meaning of dicot?
13. What is wood made up of?
10
Study Guide
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
20.4
PLANTS IN HUMAN CULTURE
Study Guide
Humans rely on plants in many ways.
MAIN IDEA:
settlements.
VOCABULARY
botany
ethnobotany
pharmacology
alkaloid
CHAPTER 20
Plant Diversity
KEY CONCEPT
Agriculture provides stable food supplies for people in permanent
1. How have people obtained food for the majority of human history?
2. How have farmers “tamed” wild crop species over the past 10,000 years?
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
3. How has farming become part of a culture’s economy?
Take notes about the requirements and benefits of the following methods of obtaining food.
Method
4.
hunting and
gathering
5.
agriculture
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Requirements
Benefits
Study Guide
13
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
CHAPTER 20
Plant Diversity
MAIN IDEA:
Plant products are important economic resources.
6. How were plants involved in the great seafaring expeditions of the 1400s and 1500s?
7. Name three plant products that are important to the global economy today.
MAIN IDEA: Plant compounds are essential to modern medicine.
Fill in the main idea web below with notes about the role of plants in modern medicine.
Pharmacology:
Alkaloids:
Main Idea: Plant compounds are essential to modern medicine.
Synthetic drugs:
Vocabulary Check
botany
ethnobotany
pharmacology
8. study of plants
9. study of drugs and their effects on the body
10. study of how people use plants
14
Study Guide
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
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Role of plants: