Phonetics and phonology 2015-2016:
2. Prosody
1. Stress in compound nouns and
phrases
Wells 2006
Hewings 2007: 38-43
KAMIYAMA Takeki
[email protected]
Noun + noun compounds:
Some more examples
Compounds
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Many “noun + noun” compounds have
primary stress on the first element.
• The second element is not stressed.
• 'armchair, 'sunflower (closed compounds)
• 'front-runner, 'she-devil (hyphenated)
• 'side salad, 'bank manager (open
compounds)
29/9/2015 T. Kamiyama
Phonetics and Phonology 2015-2016 Week 2
3
Phonetics and Phonology 2015-2016 Week 2
4
• adjective + noun
ɇsocial seɇcurity, ɇhot poɇtato
• However, phrases consist of two or more
lexical items (e.g. “adjective + noun”).
• !beautiful !flowers, a !bitter disap!pointment
• adjective + -ing
ɇcentral ɇheating, ɇglobal ɇwarming
ɇpassive ɇsmoking
• Compare:
• The !White House / a !white !house
• A !blackbird / a !black !bird
Phonetics and Phonology 2015-2016 Week 2
Hewings (2007: 38)
29/9/2015 T. Kamiyama
Phrases: some more examples
Phrases
29/9/2015 T. Kamiyama
ɇarms race /ɇǗɏmz reǰs/
ɇfire extinguisher /ɇfaǰǟr ǰkstǰčǧwǰȉǟ/
ɇnight-time /ɇnaǰt taǰm/
ɇpillar-box /ɇpǰlǟ bǘks/
ɇlipstick /ɇlǰpstǰk/
ɇnewspaper /ɇnjuɏzpeǰpǟ/ (/ɇnjuɏspeǰpǟ/)
ɇairport /ɇeǟpǚɏt/
ɇpoverty trap /ɇpǘvǟti træp/
5
• past participle + noun
ɇsplit inɇfinitive, inɇverted ɇcommas,
Hewings (2007: 38)
ɇlost ɇproperty
6
29/9/2015 T. Kamiyama
Phonetics and Phonology 2015-2016 Week 2
Compound or phrase?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Compound or phrase?
•
•
•
•
•
•
house design
further advance
troubled waters
drinking water / running water
running shoes / running water
driving licence / driving rain
29/9/2015 T. Kamiyama
Phonetics and Phonology 2015-2016 Week 2
7
!house design
!further !advance
!troubled !waters
!drinking water (gerund) / !running !water (participle)
!running shoes (gerund) / !running !water (participle)
!driving licence (gerund) / !driving !rain (participle)
29/9/2015 T. Kamiyama
Exercise: compound or phrase?
•
•
•
•
•
•
chemical formula
bank account
American football
artificial intelligence
coffee shop
best man
29/9/2015 T. Kamiyama
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
9
ɇchemical ɇformula
ɇbank account
Aɇmerican ɇfootball
ɋartiɇficial inɇtelligence
ɇcoffee shop
ɇbest ɇman
29/9/2015 T. Kamiyama
•
•
•
•
•
•
ɇmobile ɇphone
ɇflight attendant
ɇsofa bed
magɇnetic ɇfield
ɇtea strainer
ɇspace station
Phonetics and Phonology 2015-2016 Week 2
10
Exercise
ɇchemical ɇformula /ɇkemǰkl ɇfǚɏmjȐlǟ/
ɇbank account /ɇbæčk ǟkaȐnt/
Aɇmerican ɇfootball /ǟɇmerǰkǟn ɇfȐtbǚɏl/
ɋartiɇficial inɇtelligence /ɋǗɏtǰɇfǰȉl ǰnɇtelǰdȘǟns/
ɇcoffee shop /ɇkǘfi ȉǘp/
ɇbest ɇman /ɇbest ɇmæn/
ɇmobile ɇphone /ɇmǟȐbaǰl ɇfǟȐn/ (Am. /ɇselfǟȐn/)
ɇflight attendant /ɇflaǰt ǟtendǟnt/
ɇsofa bed /ɇsǟȐfǟ bed/
magɇnetic ɇfield /mæǧɇnetǰk ɇfiɏld/
ɇtea strainer /ɇtiɏ streǰnǟ/
ɇspace station /ɇspeǰs steǰȉn/
11
29/9/2015 T. Kamiyama
8
Exercise
mobile phone
flight attendant
sofa bed
magnetic field
tea strainer
space station
Phonetics and Phonology 2015-2016 Week 2
Phonetics and Phonology 2015-2016 Week 2
Phonetics and Phonology 2015-2016 Week 2
Nota bene
• London Underground lines have stress on
the first element (lexicalized contrastive
focus):
the !Central Line
the !Northern Line
the Picca!dilly Line
29/9/2015 T. Kamiyama
Phonetics and Phonology 2015-2016 Week 2
12
Double-stressed compounds
Double-stressed compounds
• Proper names of people:
"James Mc!Gregor, De"nise !Harris
• However, some “noun + noun” compounds
have primary stress on their second element
(double-stressed compounds).
• "Christmas !Eve, "Town !Hall, "ham !sandwich
• Proper names of roads and public places:
Vic"toria !Road, "Oxford !Avenue (except those
ending in street: !Oxford Street, !Downing street)
• Compare:
• !Christmas card / "Christmas !Eve
• !high school / "King’s !College
29/9/2015 T. Kamiyama
Phonetics and Phonology 2015-2016 Week 2
• Names of institutions such as hotels and
schools:
"Jury’s !Inn, "Marlborough !Hotel, "Goldsmith’s
!College, "Bailey’s !Restaurant, the "Festival !Hall
(but !high school, !secondary school, !Pizza Hut)
Wells (2006)13
Double-stressed compounds
Wells (2006)14
• Compounds in which the first element names
the material or ingredient
"leather !jacket, "cheese !sandwich, "pork !chop
(except those ending in juice, cake or bread:
!orange juice, !carrot cake, !gingerbread)
(but !Boxing Day, !Christmas "present, !Christmas
card, !birthday card)
• Compare:
• Compare:
ɋcotton ɇwool (material)
"Christmas !Eve, "Christmas !Day, "Christmas
!pudding)
Phonetics and Phonology 2015-2016 Week 2
Phonetics and Phonology 2015-2016 Week 2
Double-stressed compounds
• Compounds in which the first element names
the place or time:
"Town !Hall, "kitchen !window, "summer va!cation,
"evening !meal
29/9/2015 T. Kamiyama
29/9/2015 T. Kamiyama
a ɇcotton plant
Wells (2006)15
29/9/2015 T. Kamiyama
Wells (2006)
Hewings (2007: 38)
Phonetics and Phonology 2015-2016 Week 2
16
Other types of compound nouns
Practice: London place names
• Listen to place names and identify the
stress pattern.
29/9/2015 T. Kamiyama
Phonetics and Phonology 2015-2016 Week 2
17
• noun + -ing (gerund)
ɇbirdwathcing, ɇhouse-hunting, ɇfly-fishing
Exceptions: peɋdestrian ɇcrossing, ɋthanksɇgiving
• -ing (gerund) + noun
ɇdressing gown, ɇsitting room, ɇfreezing point
cf. -ing (participle) + noun
ɋmanaging diɇrector, deɋfining ɇmoment, ɋcasting
ɇvote
• verb + noun
ɇsearch party, conɇtrol tower, ɇthink tank
29/9/2015 T. Kamiyama
Hewings (2007: 38) 18
Phonetics and Phonology 2015-2016 Week 2
Exercise
Abbreviations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Two-, three-, and four-letter abbreviations said
as individual letters often have main stress on
the last letter and secondary stress on the first:
the ɋEɇU
the ɋUɇK
the ɋBBɇC
ɋDNɇA
the ɋYMCɇA
29/9/2015 T. Kamiyama
Hewings (2007: 40) 19
Phonetics and Phonology 2015-2016 Week 2
1. She’s the company’s CEO.
2. She works as a nurse for the NHS.
3. There aren’t many people here who speak RP.
4. She just needs a lot of rest and a bit of TLC.
5. If there are no delays, what’s your ETA.
6. He spends most weekends doing DIY.
7. The eclipse is at 9 o’clock GMT.
Hewings (2007: 41)
29/9/2015 T. Kamiyama
Exercise
20
Exercise
• 1. She’s the company’s CEO.
/ȉiz ðǟ ɇkȒmpǟniz ɋsiɏ iɏ ɇǟȐ/
• 2. She works as a nurse for the NHS.
/ȉi ɇwǢɏks ǟz ǟ ɇnǢɏs fǟ ði ɋen eǰtȉ ɇes/
• 3. There aren’t many people here who speak RP.
/ðǟr ɇǗɏnt ɇmeni ɇpiɏpl ɇhǰǟ huɏ ɇspiɏk ɋǗɏ ɇpiɏ/
• 4. She just needs a lot of rest and a bit of TLC.
/si ɇdȘȒs(t) ɇniɏdz ǟ ɇlǘt ǟv ɇrest ǟn ǟ ɇbǰt ǟv ɋtiɏ el
ɇsiɏ/
• 5. If there are no delays, what’s your ETA.
/ǰf ðǟrǟ ɇnǟȐ dǰɇleǰz / ɇwǘts jǟr ɋiɏ tiɏ ɇeǰ/
• 6. He spends most weekends doing DIY.
/hi ɇspendz ɇmǟȐst ɋwiɏɇkendz ɇduɏǰč ɋdiɏ aǰ ɇwaǰ/
• 7. The eclipse is at 9 o’clock GMT.
/ði ǰɇklǰps ǰz ǟt ɇnaǰn ǟɇklǘk ɋdȘiɏ em ɇtiɏ/
• Greenwich /ɇǧrenǰdȘ ɇǧrǰnǰdȘ /
Hewings (2007: 41)
29/9/2015 T. Kamiyama
Phonetics and Phonology 2015-2016 Week 2
Phonetics and Phonology 2015-2016 Week 2
21
Hewings (2007: 41)
29/9/2015 T. Kamiyama
Phonetics and Phonology 2015-2016 Week 2
22