OJ)theCorrelationbetween
ScopeReconstructionandtheProperBindingCondition:
ParametricSyntaxonScramblinginJapaneSeandGerman
M由akazuKuno
UniversityOfTokyo
masakazu-kuno@ni丘tycom
A加納Ⅵα
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C血相-Cカムぐ肋g
l.Imtroducdom
hgenerativegrammaちithasbeenwidelyheldthatsyntacticmovementalwaysleavesatrace.
HoweveちLasnik(1999)claimsthatA-mOVementdoesnotleavea甲Ce･Themqiorevidencehe
reliesonisthe鮎tthatA･mOVementCannOtreCOnStruCtSCOPallywhenitmovesoveraclause
boundaryLookattheexamPlesin(1)･Inthe触tsentence,theuniversalquanti丘erandthe
negationarewithinthesameclausaldomain･Insuchacase,Wehavescopeambiguity.Howeveち
OnCetheuniversalquantifermovesintothematrixclauseasseeninthesecondsentence,WenO
longerobtainaloweredreadingforuniversal･Forthesakeofcomparison,1etusseehow
A?-mOVementbehavcsinthecorrespondingcase･AsshoⅧin1thesecondsentencesin(2),
A'-mOVementShowsscopereconstructionevenifitmovesacrossaclauseboumdary･Inorderto
accountfortheA/A:-distinction,LasnikproposesthatA-mOVementdoesnotleaveatrace,Where
"tracenisusedinasenseofりcopyHIwi11refertothisasLasnik,shypothesis.
(1)a･(itseemsthat)everyoneisn,tthereyet.
(∀>Neg,Neg>∀)
b･eVeryOneSeemS[TPtnOttObethereyet]
(∀>Neg,*Neg>∀)
エ毎ぬ舷月e∫eα化ゐJ7Pβ0りプープ2
◎2()00卸〟おα血旺〟励伽
1
(2)a･[howmanyPictures]Marywillgiveeveryonet(howmany>∀,howmany<∀)
b.【howmanyPictures】doyouthink[cptthatMarywi11giveeveryonet]
(howmany>∀,howmany<∀)
(3)Lasnik'shypothesi,S:′
￠asnik1999:206)
A_mOVemCntdoesnotleaveatrace.
InthispapeちIwouldliketoexaminetheempiricalandconceptualvalidityofLasnik's
呵pothesis.Firstly,Ⅰwi11presentanotherpleCeOfevidencethatsupportsLasnik,shypothesisin
secti｡n2:theextractionsitesofA-mOVementCanignoretheProperBindingCondition伊BC)
whileth｡SeOfA･-mOVementmustObeyit.Lhsection3,Ⅰwi11pointoutthatscrambling(SCR)in
GermanandJapaneSeParallelsthe
contrastbetweenA-mOVementand
A?-mOVement:the
extractionsitesofGermanSCRresistscoper￠COnStruCtionanddonothavetoobservethePBC
品ereasthoseofJapaneSeSCRreadilya1lowscopereconstructionandmustrespectthePBC･At
nrstglance,thisobservationmayseemtoindicate也atLasnik,shypothesisis?ntherighttrackin
thatmovementru1esthatdonotreconstruCtSCOpallydonotleaveatraceandviceversa･However,
glVenthatLasnik･shypothesisismerelyastlPulationonUG,itcannotsubsumeGermanSCR
un1essitproves
tobeaninstance
ofA-mOVem占nt･Insection4,Iwi11pontoutusmg
anaphor-bindingasadiagnosticsthatGermanSCRcannOtbeclassi鮎d
intoA-mOVement･This
suggeststhatLasnik･shypothesisnedsexplainlng･0therwise,therewi11benonaturalplaceina
theoryofgrammarforGermanSCRtofa11into･Insection5,Iattempttoexplainwhy
A-mOVementandGermanSCRdonotleaveatracewbileJapaneseSCRmustdoso･Ipropose
thatthesourceoftheparametricvariationliesinthedi飴rentfeaturestrengthofvthatinduces
V-tO･VmOVement.hsection6,SOmeCOnSequenCeSWi11bediscussed･
2.AnotberS叩pOrtfbrLaⅢikIsⅡypo仙es誌
hthissection,Ipresentan0therpleCeOfevidencethatA-mOVementdoesnotleaveatrace
tvhereasH-mOVem6ntdoesso.Forillustrationofthepolnt,Iwillemploytheconditioncalled
ProperBindingConditionasadiagnosticstodetectwhetheracertainmovementoperationleaves
conditionofUGthatrulesouta
atraceornot.IassumethatthePBCisanautonomous
representationthatcontainsan/unboundtraceinthephonologlCalcomponent･1
(4)ProperBindingCon4ition:
Tracesmu畠tbeboundinthephonologlCalcomponent･
匹uno2000cfFiengo1977;Saito1989;T･aSnik&Saito1992)
lThispointisdiscussedindetailinKun0(2000)･
2
Lookattheexamplesin(5)whereeachsentencecontainsanunboundtraceofthesubjectwithin
thefrontedconstituent.
(5)a･【vptihitMary]Johnididb
b･[vpcriticizedtibyhisbossLMaryihasneverbee叫
-(MBller1996:(53))
C･[APhowlikely[TPtO[vpbwinthegame]LisJohni(Lasnik&Saito1992:141)
Themovementofthesubiect&omthebase-POSitiontothesurhceposition(Spec-TP)isan
instanCeOfA-mOVement･lfA-mOVementleavesatrace,thenweexpectthesesentencestoviolate
theProperBindingCondition･Buttheyallareperfectlyacceptable･Sowecaninterpretthe
grammaticalityofthemasevidencethatA-mOVementdoesnotleaveatrace.
Nextletus′lookintothesentencesin(6).
(6)a.??whoidoyouwonderwhetherJohnlikesti
b･*【whichpictureof七LdoyouwonderwhoiJohnlikesち
(Saito1989:187)
ThefirstsentenceismarglnalbecausetheWH-Phrasewhoismovedacrossanintervenlng
WH-Phrase;thisissocalledWH-islandviolation･Ascomparedtothissentence,thesecond
hopeless･Indeed,thewn-Phrase
SentenCeis
wn-Phraseinthis
which
pictm
acrossan0ther
Qf'is moved
sentencetoo.ButgiventhemarginalityoftheGrstsentence,thesevere
ungrammaticalityofthesecondrequiresanaCCOunt･Weeq)eCtthatthereshouldbean0ther
factorthatrendersitcompletelyungrammatical･NoticethattheWH-phrasewhichpichLn
COntainsaneXtraCtionsiteofwhoviaA?-mOVement.SinceA,-mOVementun1ikeA-mOVement
leavesatrace,thissentenceviolatesnotonlyawn-islandconditionbutalsothePBC.Therefore,
itisreasonabletoconcludethatthePBCisresponsiblefortheseveredevianceofthesecond
ins也nce.
3･ScramblinginGermanandJapanese
Inthissection,Wewi11seethatscramblinginGermanandJapaneseparallelsthetⅥ▼OCOntraStS
betweenA-mOVementandA7-mOVement,namelytheavailabilityofscopereconstruCtionandthe
immunityof"traces"tothePBC･Letusbeginwiththefirstpoint.GermanSCRisalike
A-mOVementinthatitcannOtreCOnStruCtSCOPallywi1ileJapaneseSCRissimilartoA,-mOVement
inthatitcandoso･Lookattheexamplesin(7)and(8).
(7)a･dass
eine
血=0椚e
Frau
jeden
WO椚α〃eVビワ∂0卸
liebt
わve∫
"Somewomahloveseverybody."
3
(∃>∀,*∀>∃)
b.dass
jeden
Frau
eine
娩αJeγeけ∂0砂ぷ0刑e
(8)a.dareka-ga
∫0椚eO〃川0椚
liebt
t
(*∃>∀,∀>∃)
わγe∫
WO朋α〃
daremo-O
butta
gγeサ0〝eⅥCC
肋
伊anselow1990:123)
(∃>∀,*∀>∃)
"Someonebitev倒γOne."
b.daremo-O
dareka-ga
βγβり昭〃g〃CC
butta
t
(∃>∀,∀>∃)
肋
∫0朋β0〃e朝0桝
(7a)and(8a)representthecanOnicalwordorderofGermanandJapanese,reSpeCtively:S-0-VIn
sudhcases,Onlysu血cescopeisavailableineitherlanguageS･Butadi飴renceemergesina
scrambledorderinwhichtheobiectprecedesthes叫ectasin(7b)and(8b):WeObtaininverse
scopeonlyinthelatteLThelackofinversescopeintheformerindicatestheimpossibilityof
SCOPereCOnStruCtioninGermanSCR
Furthermore,GermanSCRcontrastswithJapaneSeSCRinthatonlytheformerdoesnot
violatethePBCwhenitsextractionsitegetsunbound.Examine(9)and(10)･
(9)a.【wtigelesenlihatdasBuchikeiner勺
作αd
′如∫血ゐ0()た
"Nobodyhasreadthebook."
b.[vptigelesenL
柁αd
〃0∂0み
hat
keiner
如∫
〃0あ0みめeあ00た
dasBuchiti
Taro-ga
(10)a.*【vptiyOmi]-Saej【huranSubungaku-0]i
作α(トβγe〃
(M山1er1996:355)
月℃〃C力〟おJⅥJ〟柁-αCC
tiSita
プaJり刊0桝
(方d
uTaroevenreadFrenchliterature."
b.*【cpMary-ga
tiyOnda
肋サ刊0椚
作dd
toli[sono hon-0]i[pJohn-ga
C
娩e
∂00玩ぐC
勺itta]
ノ 血力〃明0椚
∫α粛
"JohnsaidthatMaryreadthebook."
In
case
of(9),the丘onted
VP
contains
an
extraction
site ofthe
direct
o句ectゐsBuch;
neverthelessthegrammaticalityisuna飴cted.Incontrast,bothsentencesareseriouslydegraded
in(10)wberethe駐ontedconstituentcontainsanunboundtraceofthescrambledo叫ect･Since
multipleapplicationofscramblingispermittedinJapanese,Iattributetheungrammaticalityof
theinstanCeSin(10)tothePBC.2
2ItisnoteworthythatA-mOVementinJapaneSeunlikeSCRdoesnotleaveatrace.Firstexaminethe
SentenCeSin(i).
4
Thediscussionsofardevelopedissummari2:edinthetablebelow
Wbhaveseenthe
followmg:A-mOVementandGermanSCRaremovementoperationsthatcannotreconstruCt
SCOPallyand血oseextractionsitesseemtolgnOrethePBC;WhereasA,-mOVementandJapaneSe
SCRaremovementoperationsthatcanreconstruCtSCOPallyandwhoseextracdonsitesmustobey
thePBC･ThisparadigmcanbebestcapturedifweassumeextendingLasnik,shypothesisthat
A-mOVementandGermanSCRdonotleaveatracewhileA,-mOVementandJapaneseSCRdoso.
ScqpeReconstruCtion
PBC
A-mOVement
Impossible
Ignores
Doesn'tleave
H-mOVement
Possible
Obeys
Leaves
GermanSCR
Impossible
Ignores
Doesn'tleave
Trace
(i)a･WataSi-Wa[scJolmqo
kasikoito]omolmaSu
ム叫〉
血力乃一紺血血梅坪J(朋血如
qIconsiderJolminteuigent."
b･[scJolm-O
kasikoito]
血加トαぐC加ね路ge扉
kasikoito
C.*watasi-Wa
力甲ト
ー j血初物肋
d.*kasikoito
watasi_Wa
力甲
Wa也Si-Wa
力甲
t
【scJoh-0
t
】
t
】
.わ力〃_αCC
【scね1m･0
omoimasu
ぐ0凡yf(ねr
OmO皿aSu
α沼裏(おr
omo血asu
血初物刑L
Cβ〝∫f(おr
.わ力乃-αぐぐ
(i-a)representsaca?OnicaiinstanceofECMconstruCtionsinJapaneSe.Inthisinstace,themabixverb
takesasmal1clausemWhichhhn4isthes叫ectofthepredicatekashikoi.Hereanattemionshouldbe
Paidtothefactthatthesmallclauseasa血01ecanbescrambledasin(i-b)whereasthepredicatethereof
CamOtaSin￠-C-d)･Bearingthisinmhd,1etuslookinto(ii).
(並)a･Jolm-gai【sc七
カ月乃胡〃椚
kasikoito]
如岬ge〝′
omow･areteimasu
co那励rザα∬油
"Jolmisconsideredintelhgent.わ
b･【scも
kasikoito]Jolm-gai
血坤卿r
OmOW-areteimasu
止血棚甲`胱舶呵献血
(ii-a)isderivedfiom(i-a)viathepassivizationofthematrixverb,Whichtriggersthesubjectofthesmal1
ClausetoundergoA-mOVementintoSpec-TPtocheckCase.Asares叫thesmallclausebecomesa
remant･NownoticethatthisremnantCanbescr弧bledwithoutviolatin$thePBCasisprovedby(ii-b).
Giventheungrammadcalityof(i-C･d),the鮎ntedconstituentcannOtbejustthepredicatc3fthesmal1
Clause･Accordingly;theaccqptabihtyofthe(巌b)canbeviewedasanindicadonthatA-mOVementin
JapaneSedoesnotleaveatracc.
5
4.ProblemswithLasnik,sHypothesis
Qventhecorrelationthatthemovementru1esthatresistscopereconstructiondonotviolatethe
pBCwhereasthosethatallowitrunafoulofthePBC,Whentheirりtraces叩getunbound,Wemay
sayLa$nikiscorrectinassociatingtheimpossibilityofA-mOVementreCOnStruCtionwiththe
absenceofA-traCeS･.ButitshouldbenoticedthatLasnik,shypothesisismerelyastipulationon
Uqapparentlynotreducibletosomeindependentfacto【Thismeansthatitcannotsubsume
鎚rmanSCRunlessltPrOVestobeaninstanceofA-mOVement･Tbputittheotherwayround,
glVenthatA-mOVementisdefinedasamovementrulethatdoeshotleaveatrace,WeeXpeCt
GermanSCRtofallunderasdsetofA-mOVementbecauseitexhibitsthestrikingsimilaritytO
A-mOVement.Unfortunately,thisexpectationhilstobemet･Consider(11)･
(11)a.*weil[dieLeherinvonsichl]ingutterErinnerung[denStudentenl】behaltenhaben
∫加e如如C力βrq/力血ばβゲ加卵Od椚e椚0町
血詔おゐ〃J
た甲′
加ve
…Sincetheteacherofhimselfhaskeptthestudentingoodmemory･"
b.*weil【denStudentenl】i[dieLeherinvonsichl]ingutterErinnerungbbehaltenhaben
血血ゐ〃r
血e
桓〆
血如C力ビアげ肋甜ゲ加卵Od椚ぞ桝叩
力αVg
(GrewendorfandSabel1999:(18))
AccordingtoGrewendorfandSable,SichisalocalanaPhorinGerman･hcaseof(11a),the
anaPhorisnotlocallyc-COmmandedbyapotentialantecedenもhenceavi01ationofConditionA
Incaseof(11b),howeveちtheanaphorislocallyboundbythepotentialanteCedent;neVertheless
thesentenceisstilluninterpretableaseverundertheinterpretationindicatedbytheindexing･
ThisprovesthatGermanSCRisnotaninstanCeOfA-mOVement･
NoteinpassmgthatJapaneSeSCRshowsanA-PrOPe呵inthecorrespondingcase･Examine
thecontrastin(12).
Hanakol-0]ihometa]
(12)a.*【TPOtagail-nO SenSei-ga[Masaoto
eαC力0娩erお
加Cゐβr明0〝仁ん血ざα0α〃d助〝α如-αCCprα加d
uEachother,steacherpraisedMasaoandHahako･"
b.[Masaoto
Hanakol-0]i[TPOtagail･nO
A血∫α｡α〃d助〃α払-αCCβαCカ0血rお
SenSei-ga
加C力er一〃0刑
tihometa]
クれ血ed(Saito1992)
H｡reIassumewithSaito(1992)thatokzgaiisalocalanaPhorinJapaneSe･hthefirstsentence,
theanaPhorfailstobelocally･boundbyapotentialantecedent,henceaviolationofConditionA･
hthesecondsentence,Ontheotherhand,itissuccessfu11yboundbythescrambledanteCedent･
onthebasis
ofthis
observation,itis
oRen
saidthatJapanese
A,mOVement.
6
SCRbears
a
prope呵Of
Retumlnghowtothemainstream,Wehave岳eenthatLGermanSCRcannot､beaninstanCeOf
A-mOVementandhenceitcannotbesubsumedunderLasnik,shypothesis,desplte･itsremarkable
SimilaritytoA-mOVement･ThisisafundamentalproblemofLasnik,shypothesisbecauseifwe
atet6capturethecorrelationbetween'theihpossibilityofscopereconstruCtionandtheimmunity
tothePBCincaseofA-mOVement読dGerman
SCR,allwecandoistostipulate
A-mOVementandGermanSCRdonotleaveatrace･Thisprocess,ifrepeated,wi11potentially
COmPlicateatheoryofgrammartOthelimit.EverytlmeWe丘ndamovementru1ethatbehavesin
the
A-mOVementand
sameas
Gbrman
SCR,We
WOuldhavetolistitontheinventoryof
movementru1es･hordertocircumventtheworstscenario,WehavetoexplainwhyA-mOVement
andGermanSCRdonotleaveatrace･Inthenextsection,Iwilldemonstratethattnnsidering
WhyJapaneseSCRmustleaveatraceshedssomelightonthisquestion.
5.Aproposal
Tb
beginwith,1et
us
consider
why
A,-mOVementleaves
trace･Lasnik
a
o飴rs
a蝕rly
uncontroversialaccountforthisquestion.HeclaimsthatA,-mOVementmuStleaveatracesoasto
establishan0peratOr-Variablerelation,Whereatraceisinterpretedasavariabletobeboundbya
WH-OPeratOLOnemightthinkthatJapaneSeSCRleavesatracebecaus占itisakindofoperatOr
movem飢t･However･reCallthatJapaneseSCR･isratherlikeA-mOVementinthatltPrOduces
ChangeSinthepos畠ibilityofA-bindingrelationsasseenin(12).Thispreventsus丘omtreating
JapaneseSCRasanoperator-mOVement.
ItalsodeserveStOnOtethattheta-rOleasslgnmentCarmOtbea免ctorthatforcesJapanese
SCRtoleaveatrace･0therwise,WeWOuldexpectthatA-mOVementandGermanSCRshould
leaveatracetoo･SuchaspeculationJuStbringsthewholeenterprisebacktothesquareone.
AbandoningtheideathatJapaneSeSCRleavesatracefbrsemanticreasonssuchasthe
formationofanoperatOr-VariablerelationortheasslgnmentOftheta-rOles,itseemspromlSlngtO
tumtothinkthatthereasonisrathersymtaCtic･IproposewithintheぬmeworkofChomsky
(1995:Ch･4)thattheparameterthatdistinguishesJapaneseSCR&omGermanSCRliesinthe
di飴rentfeaturestrengthofvthattnggersVヰ0-VmOVement･Fo1lowlngtheessenceofFukuiand
Takan0(1998)andWatanabe(1998),Iassumethattheparametervalueissetasin(13):
(13)a.visweakinJapanese.
b･VisstronginGerman.
TheseparametersettlngSentailthatJapaneSelacksovertV-tO-VmOVementWhileGermanhasit.
Furthermore,Iassume(14),aCOnditiononthefeaturecheckingbetweenvandanobject.
7
(14)vcanenterintocheckingrelabonwithanobjectonlyv血enitisactivatedthroughV-tO-V
movementintoacomplex【Ⅴ+γ】.
Thiscondition,COUPledwiththeparametervaluesin(13),bringsaboutadi飴rencebetween
theselanguageS南仏respecttothetimlngOfCasecheckingbetweenvandascrambledphrase･
Giventheparametervaluein(13a)andtheconditionin(14),itfo1lowsthatJapaneSeSCR
cannOtgOthroughouterSpeC一成Thisissobecausenocheckingwi11takeplaceatouterSpec-tP
inovertsyntaxinJapaneseandtheLastResortconditiononmovement(eitherGreedinthesense
ofChomsky(1995)orEnlightenedSelf･InterestinthesenseofLasnik(1995))prohibitsa
scrambledobjecttogothoughit.Therefore,IconcludethatJapaneseSCRmustleaveatracefor
covertcasecheckingthattakesplacebetweenthetraceofascrambledobjectandthecomplex
Ⅳ+v]atLFTheprocessisschematicallyshownin(15)･
(15)a.立出【℡S叫【げtS叫h
Ⅴ】v】】
b･0…S叫抽【Ⅶ聖二讐翠川】】】
(15a)depictsanobjectscramblingtothele氏ofthesubiect･hthiscase,thescrambledobject
cannOtmOVethroughtheouterSpec-tPduetothelackofovertV-tO-VmOVement･Sincethe
objectcannOthaveitsCasecheckedinovertsyntax,COVertCasecheckingistheonlyoptlOn,
vjhichprocessisillustratedin(15b)･
TruingnowtoGermanSCR,giventhestrongsettingofvandtheconditionin(14),it
fo1lowsthatGermanhasovertV-tO-VmOVementandthatGermanSCRcangothroughouter
SpeC-tPinconformitytotheLastResortconditiononmovement(eitherGreedorEnlightened
Self･Interest).Thisprocessisschematizedin(16)･
(16)旦出【℡S叫【ぱ』【ぱ匂叫h
毎】【Ⅴ+v】】】】
SinceCasecheckingofascrambledobjectcanbeexecutedinovertsyntax,GermanSCRdoes
nothavetoleaveatrace.
Thedi飽rentfeaturesettlngOfvbetweenGermanandJapanesecanbeevidencedbythefact
thattheformerallowsovertobjectshi氏whilethelatterdoesnot･
(17)a.weilichi[vpnicht[vpti[vpeineeinzige
∫加g
∫
乃Of
由一gお
α
"SinceIhavenotpettedaslnglecat."
8
Katze
cαf
gestreichelt]]habe､
クe批d
如ve
b･Weilichi[vpeineeinzige
J
∫加ce
α
∫加gお
Katz句【vpnicht[vpb[vpちgestreichelt]]]]habe
〟′
〃Of
血nぜ
クβ舵d
piesing1996:(16))
Firstletuslookintooverto句ectshi丘inGerman.HereIassumewithDie$lngthatthenegationis
left-a4joinedtoIPinGerman,henceslgnalingtheleftedgeofげinthecanOnicalwordorder
Thisisexempli丘edby(17a)･Onthisassumption,thepositiontheshiftedobiectoccupiesin(17b)
istheouterSpec一成Theavailabilityofoverto句ectshi氏inGermansupportstheunderlying
assumpt10nSthatvisstrongandthatouterSpec-VPisactivatedinovertsyntaxinGerman.
NextletusmakeitclearthatJapaneSedoesnothaveovertobjectshi丘byexaminlngthe
SentenCeSin(18).
(18)a･[TP[DPgakuseiigak3-nin]i
kinoo[げtiV【Ⅶhon-q
∂00んαCC
γe此J卸
"ThreestudentsboughtbooksbTeSterday)."
b･【TPgakusei-gak kinoo[vp[DPtk3-nin]iV[vphon-q5
助ゐ触りク0研一C乙
助ゐ触醐町附加和
C･*【TP
gakusei-gak
助ゐ痛切0椚
∂00かαCぐ
一Cエ
katta]]]
ム0〟g加
katta]]]
∂0〟g如
kinoo[vphon-qj[vp[DPtk3-nin]iV[v,ちkatta]]]]
渾∫ね′成ッ∂00か〃CC
∂0〟g如
-Cエ
AccordingtoMiyagawa(1989)andKoizumi(1995)amOngmanyOthers,inJapaneSenOating
quantiBersarelicensed血ena4jacentto(atraceof)theirassociates･Thus,thefloating
quantifiersin(18a-b)arelicensedbecausetheformerisa4jacenttoitsassociateandthelatte,t｡
thetraceofitsassociate･Howeveち(18c),血eretheobject叩PearSbetweenthesu句ectandthe
Subject-mOdifyingfloatingquanti晦isungrammaticaleventhoughthequanti鮎risa4jacentto
thetraceofitsassociate･Fo1lowingWatanabe(1993),Iinterpretthisfactasevidencethat
JapaneSelacksoverto句ectshi氏･Thisconclusionsupportstheunderlyingassumptionsthatvis
WeakandthatouterSpec-げisnotactivatedinovertsyntaxinJapanese.
Thereisan0therpleCeOfevidencethatindicatestheweaknessofvinJapaneSe.Letus
exaninethetwosentencesin(19).
(19)a･hon-Ok[TPgakusei-gqikinoo[G[DPb5-nin][vp[DPtk5-Satu]katta]]]
ゐ00んαCC助ゐ痛切0椚γe∫ね戚研
一α
-α
∂0〟g加
"Fivestudentsbought丘vebooksyesterdayl"
b･??hon-Ok[TPgakusei-gq
kinoo[d>bptk5-Satu]i【vp[DPち5-nin][vp屯katta]]]]
ム00玩cc肋ゐ地域0椚γe∫勧勾′
-α
一α
∂0喝加
ⅠfeelaclearCOntraStbetweenthetwo･h(19a),boththesuqect-mOdifyingquanti鮎randthe
9
object･mOdifyingquantifierarelicensedbecausetheybotharea(蜘CenttOatraCeOftheirown
associates.h(19b)thesu血ceorderofthesetwofloatingquanti鮎rsarereversed･hthiscase,
thephrase[｡Phonqo5,Satu]isforcedtogothroughouterSpec-VPinorderthatthequantifercan
bestrandedthere.However;SincethatpositionisnotactivatedinovertsymtaXinJapanese,the
scrambledDPcannOtgOthoughit.That'swby(19b)islessacceptablethan(19a)･
Letustumto
A-mOVement.QventhatcovertCase
factorthatforces
checkingisthe
JapaneSeSCRtoleaveatrace,itfo1lowsthatA-mOVementneednotleaveatracesinceitmoves
anelementintoaCasecheckingposition･Thissaid,Lasnik,shypothesisc肌beviewedasa
generalizationderived丘omtheprope呵OfA-mOVement(i･e･,mOVinganelementintoaCase
checkingposition)ratherthanastipulationonUG･
6.ConclⅦSion
Inthispaper,WehaveseenthatthemovementrulesthatresistscopereconstruCtioncanlgnOre
thePBC血ereasthosethatallowitmustobservethePBC,Whentheir"traces"getunbound･The
formerincludeA_mOVementandGermanSCRwhilethelatterA7-mOVementandJapaneseSCR
hordertocapturethisparadigm,Ihavearguedthattheformerdonotleaveatracewhilethe
latterdoso,eXtendingLasnik,shypothesisthatA-mOVementdoesnbtleaveatrace血ile
H-mOVementdoes.HoweveちOnCeitis
madeoutthatGerman
SCRis
notaninstanceof
A-mOVement,thisextensionunderminestheconceptualvalidityofLasnik,shypo也esis･Qven
thatA:-mOVementleavesatraceforthepurposeofformlnganOPeratOr-Variablerelation,Weare
le氏withthenecessityofexplainingwhyJapaneseSCRmustleaveatracewhileA-mOVement
andGermanSCRneednot.Ihaveproposedthattheparameterliesinthedi飴rentfeature
strengthofvthatinducesV-tO-VmOVement･AssumlngthatvisweakandthatouterSpec-げis
notactivatedinovertsyntaxinJapanese,IhaveconcludedthatJapaneseSCRmustleaveatrace
forcovertCasecheckingv血ereasinGerman,inwbichvisstrongandthusouterSpec-tPis
activatedinovertsyntax,SCrambledobiectscangothroughitforCasechecking,hencenoneed
foratrace.AsforA-mOVement,SinceitmovesanelementintoCasecheckingposition,itdoes
n｡thavetoleaveatrace.NowthatitisclearthatA-mOVementandGermanSCRneednotleavea
tracedlileA:-mOVementandJapaneSeSCRmustdoso,thecorrelationbetweentheavailability
ofscopereCOnStruCtionandtheimmunitytothePBCnaturallyfollows･
WbhavereachedtheconclusionthatA-mOVementandGermanSCRneednotleaveatrace,
ratherthantheymustnot･Thispavesthewayforthepursuitofanotherpossibilitythat
A-mOVementandGermanSCRmayleaveatracewhenitisneededforsomeindependentreasons･
Kuno(2000;Tbappear)discussesthispossibilityindetail,drawingtheconclusionthat血ethera
､由venmovementruleleavesatraceornotshouldbedetermineddependingonthetypeofa
moveditemratherthanthetypeofmovementoperationsSuChasA-mOVement,〟-mOVement,
10
head-mOVementOrSCrambling･3Thisimplies
that-we
can
dispensewiththewidelyheld
朕iomaticstatementastodlenSyntaCticmovementleavesatrace,eVenthestrongestone･thatit
alw叩Sdoesso.
Retもremces
Chomsky,Noam(1995)memimalistPftq7Vm.MITPress,Cambridge,Mass..
Diesing,Molly(1996)``SemanticVおiablesandObjectShi氏,''ShdiesinCompa7uiiveGemanic
Synbx旦ed･byHoekstraThrainson,SamuelDavidEpsteinandPetetSells,66-84.Kluwer.
Dortrecht.
Fanselow;Gisbert(1990)"ScramblingasNP-mOVement,"StmmbkngandBarrie7T,ed.by
G血therGrendorfandWbl軸ngStemfeld,113-140.JohnBertiamins.Amsterdam.
Fiengo,Robert(1977)``OnTraceTheory:'LinguLsticlhquiTy8,35-61.
FukniNaoki,and叫iTakan0(1998)"SymmetryinSyntax:MergeandDemerge,"thumalQr
励∫Jd∫ね〃エ加g打由如∫7,27-86.
GrewendortGBnther;andJoachimSabel(1997)"ScramblinginGermanandJapaneSe,"肋tu用l
エα〃g〟αgeα乃dエ加g〟ねお乃eoヴ17,1-65.
Koizumi,Masatoshi(1995)PhTVSeSiructuTein肋imakstSynぬX.Doct6raldissertation,ⅦT
E皿0,Masakazu(2000)d一別OW朋e〃Jα〃d∫仁和朋抽〃gご晰妙ゐβ∫他作椚e〃f助∽e血〃e∫エβαWα
乃ⅥCeandSbmetimesnot?Masterthesis,UniversityofTokyo.
Kun0,Masakazu(Tbappear)"WhydoesMovementSometimesLeaveaTraceandSometimes
not?"T71e
Pnceedb7gS
Co]鱒tぞnCe On
qfthe励cond7bAyo
Pり∫Cho肋g7Listicf,Hitsdi
Publisher,Tokyo.
Lasnik,Howard(1995)"CaseandExpletivesRevisited:OnGreedandOtherHumanFailings,"
エ加g打ね庇血曾〟吋26,615-634.
Lasnik,Howard(1999)"ChainsofArguments,''乃わ7kng肋imalLym,ed.bySamuelD.Epstein
andNorbert･Homstein,185-215･MTPress,Cambridge,Mass.
Lasnik,Howard,andMamOruSaito･1992･Aゐve
α･M汀Press,Cambridge,Mass.
Miyagawa,Shigeru･1989･SinLCtmandCaseA血rkinginJ4panese:SyntaxandSbmantics
22･AcademicPress,SanDiego.CA.
3ForexamPle,inordertoaccountfortheungrammaticalityofthe(a)-SentenCeSthatinvoIveremnant
movementincontrasttothe(b)-SentenCeSthatdonot,itisclaimedthatA-mOVementinfactleavesatrace
Whenamoveditemisan㍑expletive"the7?,Orafragmentofanidiomchunk.
(i)a･*匝owlikely屯tobeariotListhereiち
b･
匝owhkely]isthere[ttobeariot】
(正)a･*PowhkelyもtobetakenofJolmLisadvantageib
b･Powhkely]isadvantageBtobetakenofJolm]
11
(Lasnk&Saito1992:141)
MdlleちGueron(1996)"AConstraintonRernnantMovement,"肋LmzILanguqgeandLinguistic
乃郎叩14,355-407.
Saito,MamOru(1989)"Scrambling
as
Semantically
Vicuous
A:-Movement,"Ahemative
Cbncq,訪OnPhTWe肋c如Teed･byM･RBaltinandAS･Kroch,182-200･Universityof
ChicagoPress.Chicago.
Saito,Mamoru(1992)"Long
DistanCe
ScramblinginJapaneSe,"JbumalQf'血stAga加
工加g〟加ゎ∫1,69-118.
Watanab8,Akira(1993)AGR-basedCaseTheoryand血hte用CdonswithA'っγStem･Doctoral
dissertation,MIT.
Watanabe,Akira(1998)"Rema血sonHeadMovementWithinVPShell,''Ms･,tJniversityof
To桓0.
12