CORAZO DE TRIIDAD
HISTORIC BUILDIGS SURVEY, 2001-02
Survey Report
Front Range Research Associates, Inc.
Denver, Colorado
CORAZO DE TRIIDAD
HISTORIC BUILDIGS SURVEY, 2001-02
Survey Report
Prepared for:
Corazon y Animas de Trinidad
The Main Street Group
136 W. Main Street
Trinidad, Colorado 81082
Prepared by:
R. Laurie Simmons, M.A.
and Thomas H. Simmons, M.A.
Front Range Research Associates, Inc.
3635 West 46th Avenue
Denver, Colorado 80211
(303) 477-7597
January 2004
Funded by State Historical Fund Grant Number 01-01-085
TABLE OF COTETS
I.
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1
Purpose.......................................................................................................................... 1
Project Results .............................................................................................................. 2
Funding and Participants............................................................................................... 2
II.
PROJECT AREA.......................................................................................................... 4
Physical Setting............................................................................................................. 5
III.
HISTORIC OVERVIEW .............................................................................................. 8
Introduction .................................................................................................................. 8
The Founding of Trinidad and Its Early Growth......................................................... 13
Trinidad in the 1870s: Promise of a Prosperous Future ............................................. 18
The Metropolis of Southern Colorado: Trinidad in the 1880s .................................. 24
Continued Growth and the Panic of 1893 .................................................................. 37
Trinidad in the 1900s: A City Making History .......................................................... 40
Landmarks of Other Days Gone: Change in the 1910s .............................................. 46
Trinidad in the 1920s ................................................................................................. 52
The Great Depression and Public Works During the 1930s ...................................... 55
World War II and the Stimulus of Postwar Planning ................................................. 58
Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 61
IV.
RESEARCH DESIGN ................................................................................................ 62
Survey Objectives and Proposed Scope of Work ....................................................... 62
Planned Survey Methodology ..................................................................................... 62
File Search of Previously Recorded, Demolished, and Designated Resources ......... 63
Previous Studies ......................................................................................................... 71
Research Questions .................................................................................................... 71
Expected Results ........................................................................................................ 72
V.
METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................... 73
Type of Survey ........................................................................................................... 73
Project Participants ..................................................................................................... 73
Public Participation and Selection of Survey Buildings ............................................. 74
Intensive Survey.......................................................................................................... 74
Photography ................................................................................................................ 75
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page iii
Mapping and Database................................................................................................ 75
Historical Research ..................................................................................................... 76
Construction Dates...................................................................................................... 77
Preparation and Distribution of Forms and Report..................................................... 78
Acknowledgements..................................................................................................... 78
VI.
RESULTS .................................................................................................................. 80
Types of Resources Surveyed .................................................................................... 80
Period of Construction ............................................................................................... 81
Architectural Styles and Architects............................................................................. 81
Corazon de Trinidad Historic District......................................................................... 87
Potential Individual National Register Resources ..................................................... 89
Potential Individual State Register Resources .......................................................... 107
Potential Local Landmarks ....................................................................................... 118
Recommendations..................................................................................................... 121
VII.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................... 124
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................... 130
Appendix 1: Surveyed Resources in Street Address Order ..................................... 131
Appendix 2: Surveyed Resources in State Identification Number Order ................ 148
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4.
Trinidad Population Trends, 1870-2000 ................................................................. 19
Previously Surveyed Resources .............................................................................. 67
Architects Active in Trinidad: Attributed Buildings, 1881-1958 ............................ 84
Buildings Evaluated as Individually Eligible for
National, State, and Local Designation ................................................................... 90
COVER: Postcard image of the intersection of Main and Commercial (looking north), circa
1925. Source: Sprague, 56.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page iv
I. ITRODUCTIO
Trinidad is the county seat of Las Animas County and its largest city, with a population of
9,078 in 2000. The city has a rich heritage reflecting the convergence of Spanish and
American cultures at its founding. The town emerged at a promising location on the
Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail in the 1860s and became a service and supply center
for agricultural areas of southeastern Colorado and northern New Mexico. Trinidad was the
focus of one of the most lucrative livestock raising regions of the state and became the
headquarters of some of the most important cattle companies. The arrival of railroads, the
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe in 1878 and the Denver and Rio Grande and Denver, Texas
& Fort Worth in 1887, solidified Trinidad’s role as a transportation center and attracted
manufacturing and wholesaling enterprises. The rise of coal mining and coke production in
the region provided one of the town’s economic mainstays through the 1940s. Conflict
between labor and management over working conditions and compensation in the coal fields
focused national attention on Trinidad in the early twentieth century. Trinidad recorded
population increases each decade through the 1930s. To support the area’s expanding
economic activity, an architecturally impressive and functionally diverse collection of
buildings was erected from the 1870s through the 1930s, aided in no small part by the
creative talents of local architects Isaac H. and William M. Rapp. After World War II, as
coal mining faded and population decreased, tourism and recreation grew in importance. A
museum complex composed of the Hough/Baca and Bloom houses was created through local
initiative in the mid-1950s and turned over to the Colorado Historical Society in the early
1960s. A National Register historic district embracing the center of Trinidad was created in
1973.
Purpose
The purpose of the 2001-02 survey of historic buildings in Trinidad was to conduct an intensive
level survey to record, photograph, research, and evaluate properties within and adjacent to the
Corazon de Trinidad National Historic District. The existing district was listed in the National
Register of Historic Places on 28 February 1973. The district’s nomination form evolved from
a partial historic buildings survey conducted by local residents in 1970. One of the goals of the
2001-02 project was to fully document the historic resources within the National Register
District on current Colorado Historical Society Architectural Inventory forms (Form 1403) and
to categorize each resource as contributing or noncontributing to the district. Some nonhistoric
buildings within the district were also included in the survey. The current degree of historic
physical integrity of the buildings and their dates of construction were primary factors in
determining the contributing/noncontributing status of resources in the district. Two hundred
and seventy-eight primary buildings were documented during the project, as well as ninety-one
secondary buildings.
Located in the central portion of the city, the 123.0-acre survey area was delineated by the
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 1
Corazon y Animas de Trinidad Main Street Group and included buildings with a wide variety of
functions, including commercial, residential, industrial, governmental, educational, cultural,
religious, and recreational. Buildings surveyed ranged in date from the 1870s to those reflecting
late twentieth century redevelopment and infill. The survey area includes the city’s most
significant governmental and commercial buildings, as well as many of its most important
historic residential, recreational, educational, industrial, cultural, and religious properties.
As part of the project, Colorado Historical Society Architectural Inventory forms for each
property were modified to include local evaluations for: 1) the property’s eligibility as a local
landmark; 2) the property’s categorization within a local landmark district; and 3) the general
apparent condition of each property.
Project Results
The survey resulted in the documentation of 278 primary buildings within and adjacent to the
Corazon de Trinidad Historic District. Colorado Historical Society Architectural Inventory
forms (Form 1403), each with an architectural description, historical background, evaluation of
significance, black and white photographs, sketch and location maps, and local evaluations,
were used to record the primary resources. Ninety-one secondary structures were photographed
and described briefly on the form of their associated primary building. Properties surveyed in
2000 by Centennial Archaeology were not resurveyed. Their forms were copied and included
with the forms produced by this project.
Six resources within the survey area are individually listed in the National Register. Twenty-six
individual resources included in the intensive survey were evaluated as potentially individually
eligible to the National Register, and twenty additional properties were assessed as potentially
eligible to the State Register. Eighty properties were evaluated as potentially eligible as
individual local landmarks.
The existing Corazon de Trinidad Historic District was found to be a strong district that retains
architectural and historical significance and historic physical integrity, despite the loss of
several two- and three-story commercial buildings since the district’s creation. While some
alterations to the existing boundary might be proposed if a district were being created today, in
general, the existing boundary appeared reasonably drawn. An area along the southern
boundary of the district was recommended for intensive survey in the future to determine
whether potential exists for extending the district to the south, or whether a separate eligible
residential district is present.
Funding and Participants
This project was funded by a State Historical Fund grant to the Corazon y Animas de Trinidad
Main Street Group (grant number 01-01-085). The group provided matching funds and
members who supervised and coordinated the project. The City of Trinidad provided a small
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 2
donation for the project. The survey was conducted by Front Range Research Associates, Inc.,
Denver, Colorado, following the guidelines of the Colorado Historical Society Office of
Archaeology and Historic Preservation publications Historic Survey Manual and How to
Complete Colorado Cultural Resources Inventory Forms. Architectural classifications of
buildings were based on the Society’s 1983 publication A Guide to Colorado Architecture and
the lexicon provided in the Survey Manual.
The Corazon y Animas de Trinidad Main Street Group was formed “to pioneer a renewed
downtown sensitive to the history and culture of Trinidad.” The data resulting from this survey
will assist the group and the City with planning for preservation activities within the historic
district. Assessments of National Register of Historic Places and State Register of Historic
Places eligibility, the reassessment of buildings within the historic district, the documentation of
buildings on survey forms, and the preparation of evaluations utilizing local criteria will provide
guidelines for future preservation efforts. The information resulting from this survey will
constitute one factor for determining which buildings of the city are studied in subsequent years
and through which citizens of Trinidad are made aware of the city's architectural and historical
heritage.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 3
II. PROJECT AREA
The intensive level 2001-02 Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey examined
approximately 123.0 acres of urban land in the central part of the city and recorded a total of
278 primary and 91 secondary resources (See Appendices). Secondary resources consisted of
outbuildings (such as garages, sheds, barns, carriage houses, etc.) on the same parcel as a
primary resource. The survey area was located in Section 13, Township 33 South, Range 64
West and Section 18, Township 33 South, Range 63 West, 6th Principal Meridian, Las Animas
County, Colorado (See Map 1). In general, surveyed resources were found in an area bounded
as follows: on the northwest by the Purgatoire River; on the northeast by Chestnut Street, Elm
Street, and the east faceblock of Walnut Street; on the southeast by the south faceblock of E. 3rd
Street, S. Chestnut Street, E. 4th Street, S. Maple Street, a line south of 415 S. Maple Street and
414-16 and 417-19 S. Commercial Street, and the south faceblock of W. 3rd Street; and on the
southwest by the west faceblock of S. Animas Street, the south faceblock of W. 1st Street (to
Raton Street), S. High Street, W. Main Street, Carbon Street, and Nevada Street (extended) to
the intersection of the Purgatoire River (See Map 2).
Map 2 identifies resources surveyed in the 2001-02 intensive survey, as well as other buildings.
Buildings within the area are categorized on the map as follows:
•
Surveyed. This category embraces primary buildings and outbuildings included in the
2001-02 intensive survey. Included are resources erected during the historic district’s
period of significance (1870-1939), historic buildings constructed after this period, and
representative nonhistoric resources built after the period of significance. This latter
group mostly includes infill construction in the southern residential area, such as some
Trinidad Housing Authority units;
•
Recently Surveyed. Buildings surveyed in 2000 by Centennial Engineering for the
Colorado Department of Transportation as part of the planning for the reconstruction of
Interstate 25 through Trinidad comprise this category. These buildings were adequately
recorded on current Colorado Historical Society Architectural Inventory forms (1403)
and were not resurveyed in 2001-02. This group included buildings in the 500 block of
W. Main Street (south side), 601 W. Main Street, buildings in the 100 block of Country
Club Drive (east side), and buildings in the triangular area northwest of the Purgatoire
River, east of Nevada Avenue, and south of Pine Street.
•
.ot Surveyed. This classification includes resources built after the historic district’s
period of significance, such as new infill construction (for example, some Trinidad
Housing Authority units), fast food outlets, drive-in bank facilities, and modular
buildings.
Most of the resources surveyed in 2001-02 were within the boundary of the current Corazon de
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 4
Trinidad National Register historic district (230); forty-eight were outside the boundary in
adjacent areas on the south and east. Information about outbuildings (including photographs
and architectural descriptions) was included on the survey forms of the associated primary
buildings, following the guidelines of the Colorado Historical Society, which stores
information based on physical locations.
Physical Setting
The survey area is located in the central portion of the City of Trinidad. Landmark mesa
Simpson’s Rest rises a short distance to the north while Fisher’s Peak is located to the south.
Commercial and residential land uses predominate within the intensive survey area, along with
some governmental, industrial, religious, educational, and entertainment/recreational uses. All
of the downtown commercial core is encompassed within the survey area. The southern part
of the survey area, below 1st Street, is generally residential in character. Commercial and Main
streets are the two principal commercial thoroughfares in the older part of town. The land
slopes from southeast to northwest within the survey area, with the southern portion somewhat
hilly. The Purgatoire River flows from southwest to northeast through the area and forms the
northwest boundary of the survey area. Mainline railroad tracks and Interstate 25 are located a
short distance west of the survey area.
The street grid is angled somewhat west of north. Aligned north-northwest/south-southeast are
the named streets of (from west to east) High, Animas, Beech, Convent, Commercial, Maple,
Chestnut, and Walnut; cross streets (aligned west-southwest/east-northeast) include (from north
to south) Cedar, Elm, Church, Main, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd. Other streets in the survey area include
Mill, Raton, and Plum. Alignments are not perfectly linear; even the two principal streets in the
area (Main and Commercial) have slight kinks in their orientation. The Works Progress
Administration guide to Colorado published in 1941 remarked that Trinidad’s “deviously
angled streets give the city a curiously foreign aspect, heightened by the numerous sod-roofed
square adobe dwellings that still remain in the outlying sections.”1
Many of the streets in the survey area still have brick paving rather than asphalt. Blocks within
the survey area assume a variety of sizes and shapes. As A.W. McHendrie noted in 1929:
“While the town was laid out in lots and blocks, the occupied portions thereof were not platted
in regular squares, usual to latter-day townsite platting. It is said that the surveyor took the
premises actually occupied by the then squatters and platted the ground which each occupied,
giving each tract a lot number, which resulted in lots and blocks of irregular sizes and shapes.”2
1
Writers’ Program, WPA Guide to 1930s Colorado (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1987; orig.
publ. as Colorado: A Guide to the Highest State, New York: Hastings House, 1941), 191.
2
A.W. McHendrie, “Trinidad and Its Environs,” Colorado Magazine VI(September 1929):167.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 5
Map 1. The intensive survey area is denoted by the cross-hatched area enclosed by the
dash line. SOURCE: Extract mosaic of U.S. Geological Survey, “Trinidad East, Colo.,”
1971, and “Trinidad West, Colo.,” 1951, PR1979, 7.5 minute topographic maps (Reston,
Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey).
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 6
MAP KEY
SURVEY STATUS
Surveyed-Primary
Surveyed-Outbuilding
Not Surveyed-Primary
Not Surveyed-Outbuilding
Previously Surveyed
No Data
NATIONAL REGISTER BOUNDARY
SURVEY AREA, 2001-02
E
LOST SINCE 1970
PINE ST.
118
520
114
516
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#
12
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5
508
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T
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.
328
401
223
125
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328
341
.
ST
AR
.
W
314
323
130
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121-27
101-05
300
122
#
127
127
.
N
309-13
322
227
A
145
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120
225
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213
108-12
207-09
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200
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81
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303
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415
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322
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312
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316
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320
317
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71
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54
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215
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308
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110
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516
105
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68
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302-06
55
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316
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106-10
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216
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439
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216
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208
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82
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206
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112
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429
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514
219
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439
601
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400
317
118
112
219
304-08
316
419
67
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225
111-15
S
125
429
66
#
312
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466
210-12
203-07
313-15
308
120
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458
126
219
104
#
450
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83
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204-06
316
316
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110
212
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1
438
601
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302
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316
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230
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200-02
U
210
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N
230
M
EL
212
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.
ST
155
P
.
W
224
LN
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ST
.
257-59
S
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PL
124
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234
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153
238
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N
200
301
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Map 2
SURVEYED RESOURCES, 2001-02
TRINIDAD, COLORADO
100
0
100
200 Feet
56
III. HISTORIC OVERVIEW3
Introduction
Las Animas County lies in southeastern Colorado, on the border with New Mexico. The
county is situated almost entirely in the Arkansas River watershed. The Purgatoire and
Apishapa rivers, tributaries of the Arkansas, flow through the county. Originally a part of the
huge Huerfano County created in 1861, Las Animas County was established on 9 February
1866. Baca County was carved from Las Animas County in 1889. The largest county in the
state, Las Animas County includes 4,798 square miles of land. Elevations within the county
range from 5,300 feet to over 14,000 feet in the Culebra range. The climate of the county is
comparatively mild in the northern and eastern high plains sections, while higher altitudes in
the western part of the county result in more severe winters and a shorter growing season.
Raton Pass, one of the state’s most historic passes, lies at the southern border of the county.
In the southwest corner is the San Isabel National Forest, a scenic mountainous area
providing numerous opportunities for recreation. The Comanche National Grassland extends
through the east-central section of the county. The county’s name came from references to
the Purgatoire River, which early travelers called the “Rio de Las Animas Perdidas en
Purgatorio” (River of Souls Lost in Purgatory)4. Trinidad, on the Purgatoire and the largest
city in Las Animas County, was designated the county seat in 1866 and continues to function
in that role.5 Material in this introductory section highlights broad historical themes, within
which the settlement and growth of Trinidad occurred.
Early Exploration
Spain was the first country to claim title to what would become Colorado, as a result of
expeditions to the region beginning in 1540. The Spanish founded Santa Fe, New Mexico in
1609, and anticipated other settlements further north. During the eighteenth century, Spanish
expeditions focused on asserting colonial power traversed southeastern Colorado, but had
objectives other than settlement. Several exploratory parties passed through the region,
beginning with Juan de Ulibarri in 1706. Ulibarri’s party journeyed north to the Arkansas
River and skirted the Spanish Peaks before heading eastward for an area known as El
Quartelejo6 while seeking Pueblo Indians fleeing Spanish rule. Ulibarri claimed the area for
3
Information in the Historic Overview is derived from the sources indicated, as well as from the survey forms
for the specific buildings discussed. Specific citations for the information provided about individual buildings
are found on the survey forms.
4
Morris Taylor stated that Governor Antonio Valverde was the first to use the name. This designation was
documented by the 1820 Stephen H. Long expedition. French trappers and traders shortened the name to
“Purgatoire,” while Americans referred to the “Purgatory” or “Picketwire”.
5
Morris F. Taylor, Trinidad, Colorado Territory (Trinidad: Trinidad State Junior College, 1966), 3; Maxine
Benson, 1001 Colorado Place .ames (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1994), 121 and 174-75;
Salma A. Waters, ed., Colorado: 1956-1958 (Denver: Colorado State Planning Commission, [1958]), 784.
6
El Quartelejo is believed to have been east of present-day Pueblo.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 8
Spain and reported the presence of the French on the plains. On another mission in 1719,
New Mexican Governor Antonio de Valverde crossed Raton Pass and headed for the same
area, reaching the headwaters of the Purgatoire and examining the vicinity of present day Las
Animas. The following year, Pedro de Villasur embarked on an ill-fated journey northward
from Santa Fe to determine whether there were French incursions on the western plains; he
met his death at the hands of a group of Pawnees.7
The French were indeed interested in the area that would become southeastern Colorado. In
1739 brothers Paul and Pierre Mallet led the first documented French expedition in the
region, crossing the Great Plains from the Missouri River to Santa Fe. Arriving at the
Arkansas River, they followed its tributary, the Purgatoire, south to reach Santa Fe. French
intrusion into the region and Native American raids on outlying settlements during the mideighteenth century resulted in further Spanish efforts to gain control of the area. In 1762
France ceded its lands west of the Mississippi River to Spain, thereby removing one threat.
In 1779, Governor Don Juan Bautista de Anza left Santa Fe with more than five hundred
men, as well as Apache and Ute allies, and traveled into the San Luis Valley to stop
Comanche aggression against Spanish outposts. The Comanche, led by Cuerno Verde, were
defeated at Greenhorn Mountain, and, by 1787, the Spanish negotiated a more peaceful
relationship with the indigenous people to the north, making possible the spread of permanent
settlement.8
The 1803 Louisiana Purchase focused much attention on cataloguing the resources and
mapping the landforms of the newly-acquired territory west of the Mississippi. The southern
limits of the territory in Colorado were not clearly defined until the Adams-Onis Treaty of
1819, which established the Arkansas River as the boundary and kept the future site of
Trinidad in Spanish possession. Despite Spanish control of portions of the region, in 1820
Maj. Stephen H. Long headed a scientific expedition to explore the land between the
Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, passing east of the future site of Trinidad.
Long’s party recorded detailed observations regarding the geology, botany, topography, and
inhabitants of the territory. The explorer often has been criticized for continuing to portray
the southwestern plains as a “Great American Desert” in subsequent reports, thereby delaying
settlement.9
7
Carl Ubbelohde, Maxine Benson, and Duane A. Smith, A Colorado History, rev. ed. (Boulder: Pruett
Publishing Co., 1976), 11-14; Taylor, Trinidad, Colorado Territory, 3.
8
Thomas J. Noel, Paul F. Mahoney, and Richard E. Stevens, Historical Atlas of Colorado (Norman: University
of Oklahoma Press, 1994), 8; Ubbelohde, Benson, and Smith, A Colorado History, 17-18.
9
Maxine Benson, From Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains: Major Stephen Long’s Expedition, 1819-1820
(Golden: Fulcrum, Inc., 1988), ii-iii; William E. Goetzmann, Exploration & Empire (New York: W.W. Norton
& Co., 1966), 61-62.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
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Native Americans10
Early indigenous groups exploited a broad range of flora and fauna, following a nomadic
existence, as hunters and gatherers made seasonal rounds in search of available food
resources. The period 1540 to 1860 was an era of cultural dynamism on the plains,
characterized by ever shifting populations, the presence of Euro-American goods, and
adaptation of Native Americans to the horse. The Ute people controlled the mountains and
western Colorado. The Apache, who employed a varied subsistence strategy, ranging from
hunting-gathering to semi-sedentary horticulture, were on the eastern plains until the 1700s.
By this time, the Comanche people had acquired the horse from the Ute. Together, they
drove the Apache southward, where they came into conflict with the Spanish, whose horses
they appropriated. In 1779 Juan Bautista de Anza’s punitive mission against the Comanche
resulted in the death of one of their leaders, Cuerno Verde.
Almost immediately upon entering the plains of eastern Colorado, the Comanche were joined
by other groups. The widespread acquisition of the horse and introduction of the gun resulted
in rapid cultural and territorial changes for native peoples. The Arapaho, Cheyenne, and
others came into eastern Colorado. Major Stephen Long, writing of his 1819-1820
expedition, reported seeing a mixed camp that included Comanche, Kiowa, and KiowaApache, as well as Arapahoe and Cheyenne. The Cheyenne were originally a semi-sedentary
group living in the vicinity of Lake Superior. The acquisition of horses revolutionized their
lives, as it did with other groups. Bison hunting became so much easier that whole
economies were focused on that resource. During the early 1800s, the Cheyenne wintered
along the South Platte and Arkansas rivers. When Bent’s Fort was established in the early
1830s, the Cheyenne became part of the trading system there.11
The Spanish and American presence in southeastern Colorado brought contact with various
indigenous people who lived on the eastern plains, and disrupted traditional lifestyles of these
groups.12 By the time of the gold rush in Colorado, the Arapaho and Cheyenne generally
dominated the eastern plains. Morris Taylor reported that after the Trinidad area came under
American control, there were Jicarilla Apaches and Mohuache Utes in the vicinity, and a few
Navajos were in bondage to some of the early settlers of the Trinidad area in the 1860s. In
general, relations between the settlers in Trinidad and the Native Americans were described
as peaceful. In 1861 an agreement with the Cheyenne and Arapaho signed at Fort Wise
restricted them to a reservation in eastern Colorado between Sand Creek and the Arkansas
River. The treaty never found acceptance among Indian groups, and conflict continued
between the military and Native Americans. On 29 November 1864, the Sand Creek
Massacre resulted in the killing of more than one hundred Arapaho and Cheyenne women,
children, and old men and initiated widespread unrest.
10
This discussion, except where noted, is adapted from information provided by archaeologist Marcia Tate, Tate
& Associates, Aurora, Colorado, in the files of Front Range Research, Denver, Colorado.
11
E. Steve Cassells, The Archaeology of Colorado (Boulder: Johnson Books, 1983), 186-199.
12
Cassells, The Archaeology of Colorado, 186-199.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 10
In 1866 federal troops arrived in Trinidad after violence between settlers and Indians
threatened to escalate as a result of an apparent misunderstanding. The incident incensed
Native Americans, leading to further raids and reprisals; military action during 1868 and
1869 effectively diminished the presence of the Plains Indians in eastern Colorado. Treaties
forced the Indians onto reservations and opened their lands for settlement. 13 A few small
bands of Utes still visited the Trinidad area occasionally for several years, especially when
their promised allotments of food were inadequate. Writing in 1882, Dr. Michael Beshoar
reported finding stone circles, foundations, irrigating ditches, and artifacts of people who
“retreated as gently as the melting snow.”14
Santa Fe Trail
The future site of Trinidad was located on one of the most important nineteenth century
commercial routes in the West, the Santa Fe Trail. In 1821, William Becknell’s pack train
made the first successful trading trip overland to Santa Fe, then the most populated settlement
in the region. Mexico’s independence from Spain in that year had brought the southeastern
plains into its control and resulted in adjustments in administrative policy. Becknell
exchanged manufactured commodities for gold, silver, and furs and opened the market to
outside commerce. Soon, merchants and traders eager to participate in the lucrative
transactions in Santa Fe had worn a path across Raton Pass. The trail ran about eight hundred
miles west from Missouri, eventually splitting into branches known as the Bent’s Fort, or
Mountain Branch, and the Cimarron Cutoff leading to Santa Fe. The fur trade was a major
component of early Santa Fe Trail commerce. In 1832, Charles and William Bent and Ceran
St. Vrain erected Bent’s Fort (on the north side of the Arkansas River in today’s Otero
County), which became the most important post of the southwestern fur trade and drew the
trail through its site.15
From Bent’s Fort, the Santa Fe Trail ran diagonally southwest to the future site of Trinidad.
On the north bank of the Purgatoire River, travelers encountered a favored campsite (later the
site of the Santa Fe Railway station), which A.W. McHendrie described as featuring large
cottonwood trees and willows, thick grass, ponds with wild ducks and geese, and trout in the
stream. The campsite became a traditional stopping point where wagon trains stayed for
several days of rest and recuperation. From this site, the trail crossed the river in the area
where the Commercial Street Bridge is now located. Travel on the trail lasted until the
arrival of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway in Santa Fe in 1880.16
13
Taylor, Trinidad, Colorado Territory, 13-14 and 44-45; Morris F. Taylor, Trinidad, A Centennial Town
(Trinidad: O’Brien Printing & Stationery Co., May 1976), 2.
14
M. Beshoar, All About Trinidad and Las Animas County, Colorado (Denver: Times Steam Printing House,
1882; reprint by Trinidad Historical Society, March 1990), 5.
15
Wilbur F. Stone, ed., History of Colorado, vol. 1 (Chicago: The S.J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1918), 125-26.
16
Noel, Mahoney, and Stevens, Historical Atlas of Colorado, 25; Benson, 1001 Colorado Place .ames, 17;
McHendrie, “Trinidad and Its Environs,” 162-63.; Taylor, Trinidad, A Centennial Town, 1.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 11
Mexican Land Grants
To reinforce Mexican claims to Colorado, New Mexican Governor Manuel Armijo awarded
five land grants to encourage settlement to the north, beginning in 1832. The 1843 grant to
Cornelio Vigil and Ceran St. Vrain included an area of more than four million acres
extending from the Arkansas and Huerfano rivers on the north, past the Purgatoire River on
the south and east, and to the Sangre de Cristo Mountains on the west. Mexico ceded control
of the areas covered by its land grants to the United States under the Treaty of GuadalupeHidalgo, which ended the Mexican War in 1848.17 During that conflict, American forces led
by Gen. Stephen W. Kearney traveled from Bent’s Fort along the Mountain Branch of the
Santa Fe Trail to occupy Santa Fe in 1846. Passing through the vicinity of the future site of
Trinidad, an Army topographical engineer recorded the existence of the coal deposits in the
area. The expedition also resulted in the naming of Fisher’s Peak after one of the officers.
As Trinidad historian Morris Taylor remarked, “Hundreds of soldiers and traders had seen the
country; settlers were bound to follow.”18
First Permanent Settlements
Spanish-speaking settlers moving up from New Mexico to inhabit the land grant areas created
the state’s first permanent settlements in the San Luis Valley in the early 1850s.19 Soldiers
established Fort Massachusetts (1852-1858) to protect early travelers and settlers, but
abandoned it after six years for the newly-completed Fort Garland.20 What has been cited as
the first attempt at permanent settlement in Las Animas County was made in 1846-47 by a
group of men led by John Hatcher, who had been part of an expedition to survey the
Arkansas River under the command of John Charles Frémont in 1845. The group
constructed the first irrigation ditch, planted crops, and erected log cabins before being driven
out by Native Americans. 21
Jacob Beard, who first saw the site of Trinidad in the winter of 1853, reported there was
nothing there but “the hills, the river, and abundant game.” When mountain man Richard
“Uncle Dick” Wootton traveled past the area in 1858, he reported that there still were no
residents. The gold rush, which attracted thousands to the Pike’s Peak region in 1859,
resulted in the creation of mining camps which provided a lucrative market for agricultural
products from New Mexico. The coming of an estimated 100,000 gold seekers to mining
districts, spurred the first permanent settlement of Trinidad, with emigrants attracted by the
17
“Complex and controversial circumstances” resulted from the disposition of the grant lands. In 1891
Congress authorized settlement of the land grant claims and upheld reduction of the Vigil and St. Vrain grant to
97,390.95 acres.17
18
Noel, Mahoney, and Stevens, Historical Atlas of Colorado, 9 and 10; Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire,
253; McHendrie, “Trinidad and Environs,” 162; Morris Taylor, Trinidad, Colorado Territory, xi.
19
San Luis in Costilla County claims to be the oldest town in Colorado, founded in 1851.
20
Both forts were located in today’s Costilla County.
21
Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire, 251.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 12
commercial potential of the booming mining camps. 22
The Founding of Trinidad and Its Early Growth
In 1860, Pedro Valdez and Felipe Baca of Mora County, New Mexico, camped on the
Purgatoire River near the present site of Trinidad on a journey to sell flour in the fledgling
settlements at what would become Denver. Baca observed the lush fertility of the river
valley, judging that it would be excellent farming country. Arriving back in Mora County, he
began making plans to relocate to the area which he believed held such promise. In the fall
of 1860, Baca returned to stake out a tract of land that would eventually lie in the heart of the
city. The following spring, Baca’s workers began erecting a dwelling and preparing the
acreage for cultivation.23
Felipe Baca (1829-1874) became one of Trinidad’s most prominent pioneer citizens and
was involved in many early efforts to develop the city. He was one of the incorporators of
the Trinidad Town Company in 1868. Baca supported the founding and expansion of the
Catholic Church in Trinidad, served as president of the school district, and participated in the
Territorial Legislature. Casimiro Barela suggested that Baca County be named in honor of
the Felipe Baca family when it was created from Las Animas County in 1889. The Baca
Residence at 304 East Main is operated as a house museum today.
From the beginning of its history, Trinidad’s geographic position on the frontier where the
Spanish and American cultures converged would be an important factor in its development.
Felipe Baca is generally regarded as the first to settle at the site of the future town of
Trinidad, as a result of his staking out a claim in 1860, but there is some dispute about who
might have completed the first dwelling. Albert W. Archibald reported that he was part of a
group, including Ebenezer Archibald, Riley Vincent Dunton, and William Frazier, which
erected the first log house on the north side of the river in Trinidad on 7 March 1861.
Archibald had been a prospector in the Pike’s Peak area and the San Luis Valley in 1858 and
had worked in New Mexico before building the cabin. Presumably Baca’s dwelling was
underway or completed at this time, but the exact date of its construction was not recorded.24
Baca’s success in farming, including the raising of melons and other produce, was exhibited
upon his return to Mora County in the fall of 1861. His son, Luis Baca, stated that the display
of his father’s farm products provided the impetus “that brought hordes of SpanishAmericans from New Mexico to acquire farms in this part of the globe.” As with later
22
Stephen Hart Library, Colorado Historical Society, “DeBusk Memorial”, in the CWA Interview Collection,
59; Taylor, Trinidad, Colorado Territory, 15.
23
Luis Baca, “The Guadalupita Colony of Trinidad,” Colorado Magazine, XXI (January 1944): 22-23.
24
A.W. McHendrie believed the first house was built by Juan N. Guiterrez and his son, of Mora County, New
Mexico, who reportedly erected a cabin on the south bank of the Purgatoire before Archibald’s cabin was
completed.
Baca, “The Guadalupita Colony of Trinidad,” 23; Colorado Historical Society, “DeBusk
Memorial,” 25 and 31; Taylor, Trinidad, Colorado Territory, 17.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 13
colony movements to Colorado, a meeting was called to formulate a plan for a group of
people to settle in the Purgatoire River Valley. These plans came to fruition in March 1862,
when twelve families prepared twenty ox-drawn wagons and accompanying livestock for the
journey. Despite difficulties crossing Raton Pass, which was at that time simply a trail, the
goal was reached.25 Along the Purgatoire River, the emigrants separated into smaller family
groups to establish homesteads and villages, also known as “plazas” or “placitas.” The
plazas were both a form of settlement and a means of protection from outside threats. More
settlers came from Mora County and other parts of New Mexico, and twenty-seven plazas
were established in southeastern Colorado during the 1860s.26
According to Luis Baca, his father had “entered into an understanding” with the Indians,
whereby the settlers gave them flour and corn meal whenever they were hungry and they
agreed not to harm the villagers or their livestock. Some people whom Felipe Baca
encouraged to emigrate felt the risk was still too great, but more than twenty families soon
came. Lorenzo Sandoval, Juan de Dios Ramirez, Juan Cristobal Tafoya, and members of the
Gutierrez family were some of the early settlers from New Mexico. 27
Colorado Territory was created in 1861. In that year A.W. Archibald reported that he
assisted Dr. Whitlock in surveying a townsite, whose only place of business was a saloon
owned by Gabriel Gutierrez. Main and Commercial streets were laid out along the ruts of
intersecting branches of the Santa Fe Trail.28 After platting the streets, Whitlock inquired
what the new town would be called. Bystanders proposed that Gutierrez have the honor of
naming the settlement, and he suggested “Trinidad.” Another New Mexican emigrant, Juan
Ignacio Alires, established the first store in the community, offering groceries, fabric, and
“whiskey by the quart.” Casimiro Barela recalled that Alires kept the store’s accounts with
different colored beans. Early residents of the area seemed unanimous in their optimism for
the town, given its location on the Purgatory and its proximity to Raton Pass.29
In 1861, the mail route to Santa Fe was switched from the Cimarron Cutoff to the Mountain
Branch of the Santa Fe Trail, resulting in Trinidad’s garnering of a stage line and increasing
the community’s importance. Bradley Barlow and Jared L. Sanderson, veterans of Santa Fe
Trail transportation services, founded the most important stage service in the state’s history in
1866, the Southern and Overland Mail and Express Company running between Kansas City
and Santa Fe on the Mountain Branch of the trail. Their line used the ruins of Bent’s Fort as
a station, with routes proceeding to both Trinidad and Pueblo. Travelers on the Mountain
Branch of the Santa Fe Trail stopped in Trinidad for rest, refreshment, and supplies before
25
Luis Baca reported that there were some 45 degree slopes on the trail. Baca, “The Guadalupita Colony of
Trinidad,” 24 and 25.
26
Baca, “The Guadalupita Colony of Trinidad,” 23; Louise Le Barre Hanks, What Made Trinidad Trinidad
(Trinidad: Trinidad Historical Society, 1996), 6.
27
Baca, “The Guadalupita Colony of Trinidad,” 26.
28
McHendrie, “Trinidad and Its Environs,” 163.
29
Colorado Historical Society, DeBusk Memorial, 19, 36 and 56.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 14
continuing the trip across Raton Pass. As Louise Hanks noted, at the height of traffic along
the trail, there were seven general merchandise stores within three Trinidad blocks,
demonstrating the importance of the trade to the town. The local manager of the stage was
Duane D. Finch, who had requested an assignment in a location that would not be reached by
trains for many years.30
Originally, Trinidad was encompassed within huge Huerfano County, one of the territorial
counties created by the legislature in 1861. In 1866, Las Animas County was created, with
Trinidad selected as county seat. By then, Trinidad was already an important town and the
largest settlement in the new county. In 1867 county officials were elected, including:
Commissioners Lorenzo A. Abeyta, James S. Gray, and Wilford B. Witt; County Assessor
Jesus Maria Garcia; County Clerk George S. Simpson; and County Sheriff Juan N. Gutierrez,
Jr.31
Early Construction
Among the pioneers from New Mexico during Colorado’s territorial era was Casimiro
Barela, who arrived in 1867 and became one of the city’s most prominent citizens. Barela
had first come to Trinidad the previous year at the age of eighteen in order to buy corn to
transport to New Mexico. He recalled that at that time the entire area included about two
hundred persons and he later described the built environment: “I do not remember a single
shingle roof in Trinidad in 1866.”
The earliest construction in the vicinity included jacales (structures made by sticking
cottonwood posts vertically in the ground and chinking them with mud) and log cabins,
followed quickly by adobe buildings. Early photographs of the town show many of the
adobes as one-story rectangular flat or gable roof buildings with plain facades, thick walls of
adobe brick, usually covered on the front with smooth mud plaster, and tall, narrow, multilight double-hung sash windows with shutters. As described by architectural historians
Virginia and Lee McAlester, American influences on adobe architecture were seen in wood
decorative details (principally of Greek Revival style), glazed double-hung sash windows,
and shingled roofs. Frank Bloom recalled Trinidad as it was when he arrived in 1867: “The
business was chiefly done on Main street, and the buildings, dwellings and business houses
were of adobe and all on the south side of the river, none across on the north side.”32
One of the early adobe buildings in the settlement stood as a milestone in the religious history
of Trinidad. In 1866 an adobe church was erected by Felipe Baca, his workers, and members
30
Noel, Mahoney, and Stevens, Historical Atlas of Colorado, 27; Colorado Historical Society, DeBusk
Memorial, 14 and 49; Hanks, What Made Trinidad Trinidad, 6. Taylor, Trinidad, Colorado Territory, 110.
31
Taylor, Trinidad, Centennial Town, 3 and 56.
32
Hanks, What Made Trinidad Trinidad, 6; Terry Wm. Mangan, Colorado on Glass: Colorado’s First Half
Century As Seen by the Camera (Denver: Sundance, Ltd, 1975), 58; Virginia and Lee McAlester, A Field Guide
to American Houses (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994), 129-31; Trinidad Daily .ews, 2 January 1893, 1.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 15
of the other Spanish families who then lived in the area. In the same year, Santa Fe’s Bishop
Lamay had sent Rev. John Munnecom from Mora, New Mexico, to serve the community.
Although some expressed dissatisfaction with Father Munnecom’s tenure for his interest in
real estate deals and gambling, he was not replaced until 1875. Rev. Charles Pinto, S.J.,
became pastor in that year, assisted by Rev. Alexander Leone, S.J., beginning the Jesuit
tradition at Holy Trinity.33
This view of Trinidad taken in 1868 shows the predominance of adobe construction. SOURCE:
Mangin, Colorado on Glass, 58.
As with the first house built in Trinidad, there is some disagreement about who started the
first school in the community. Albert W. Archibald stated that he opened the first school in
July 1865 with about thirteen pupils. The school was taught in English and Spanish. Luis
Baca recalled that Mrs. George Simpson started what he thought was the first school, in her
home in 1867, teaching Spanish. School District No. 1 in Trinidad had been established in
1866, but creation of public schools did not come for several years. In 1869, Felipe Baca
offered to donate a tract of land and buildings for a Catholic school, the current site of Holy
Trinity Church and School, remarking that he was doing so for the benefit of all the children
in the settlement.34
The Livestock Industry
The late 1860s saw a significant increase in the stature of the livestock industry in the
Trinidad area. The Spanish had introduced sheep to the region, grazing them on San
Francisco Creek as early as 1848-49, and Juan Gutierrez and his son brought sheep to the
Purgatoire Valley in 1860. After the Civil War there was great demand for cattle in the
Midwest and a great supply of Longhorns in Texas. Potential profits were enormous for
33
34
Baca, “The Guadalupita Colony of Trinidad,” 25; Hanks, What Made Trinidad Trinidad, 8.
Colorado Historical Society, DeBusk Memorial, 33; Baca, “The Guadalupita Colony of Trinidad,” 27.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 16
those who could move the livestock north and east, but trails were necessary to prevent
problems transporting the animals. In 1866 Oliver Loving established the first trail over
Raton Pass and north to Denver. To facilitate the herding of cattle, Charles Goodnight
established the Goodnight Trail, which ran from the Pecos River to Fort Sumner, New
Mexico, where it formed several branches, including one north to Trinidad and beyond. The
Texas cattle drives continued until 1886 and lasted much longer in the western imagination.35
The cattle industry would play a major role in Trinidad’s growth during the coming years.
Early cattlemen operating in the vicinity of Trinidad included Lorenzo Abeyta, Felipe Baca,
and Daniel L. Taylor. Taylor had come to the county in 1862, having previously operated
hotels in Mora County and Fort Union, New Mexico. Together with Alex Taylor, an
employee of Barlow & Sanderson, he established a ranch on the Apishapa River in 1867.
The two men also operated the U.S. Corral in Trinidad. With wealth from his ranching and
other businesses, Taylor would erect business blocks in downtown Trinidad, including 150
East Main (5LA2179.37) and 401-07 North Commercial (5LA2179.65, original
component).36
Trinidad’s Jewish Community
The nucleus of another group important to the town’s history was also formed in the 1860s,
when Maurice Wise and Isaac Levy opened a store for H. Biernbaum in an adobe building in
1865. Wise traditionally has been cited as the first Jewish merchant in the city. Historian Ida
Libert Uchill reports that at least another six Jews arrived before 1870, when the first Jewish
family was established with the marriage of Isaac Levy. Historian Phil Goodstein discusses
Trinidad’s "sizeable” Jewish population during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: “Jews
were civic leaders, businesspeople, professionals and politicians. In addition to playing
important roles in secular Trinidad organizations, the city's Jewish community operated a
temple, a cemetery, a B'nai B'rith lodge and a religious school." Goldstein notes that most of
the Jews who came to Trinidad were German emigrants who had already been in the United
States for some time before heading to Colorado. The 1871 Directory and Gazetteer lists
two general mercantiles with a total of three Jewish employees at Trinidad: H. Biernbaum &
Co., dealers in general merchandise, with employee H.N. Jaffa; and Maurice Wise, dealer in
general merchandise, and his clerk, J. Levy. By the 1920s the Jewish population in the area
had expanded to as many as 550 people.37
35
Colorado Historical Society, DeBusk Memorial, 30.
Warren A. Beck and Ynez D. Haase, Historical Atlas of the American West (Norman: University of
Oklahoma Press, 1989), 30; Colorado Historical Society, “DeBusk Memorial,” 309-310; Taylor, Trinidad,
Colorado Territory, 57; Honora DeBusk Smith, “Early Life in Trinidad and the Purgatory Valley,” M.A. Thesis
(Boulder: University of Colorado, 1930), 77.
37
Colorado Historical Society, “DeBusk Memorial,” 308; Hanks, What Made Trinidad Trinidad, 8; S.S.
Wallihan & Co., The Rocky Mountain Directory and Colorado Gazetteer for 1871 (Denver: S.S. Wallihan &
Co., 1870), 399-403; Phil Goodstein, Exploring Jewish Colorado (Denver: Rocky Mountain Jewish Historical
Society, 1992), 86-87; Ida Libert Uchill, Pioneers, Peddlars & Tsadikim (Boulder: University Press of
Colorado, 2000), 109-111.
36
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 17
The Emporium of This Southern Country
By the end of the 1860s, Trinidad had developed to the extent that Elial Jay Rice, who spoke
nine languages and had served as president of Baker University and on the faculty of Kansas
State University, wrote glowingly about his arrival in town: “Society was better than we
hoped for and the town was beautifully situated, nestled among the Raton Mountains like a
bird nest among the boughs of the grand old forest pine. The town was one of the important
places in the Territory, and would probably become more and more important each year.”
Rice, who had come West with his family for his health and who helped organize the
Methodist church and started a school in Trinidad, reported, “… [Trinidad] was not like a
mining town which might or might not be permanent. It must, from the nature of its location,
become the emporium of all this southern country. Business would concentrate there, and
last but not least, it would probably become an important railroad town.” The Rice family
found that the settlement was growing rapidly and already included a flour mill, six stores,
three doctors, three lawyers, and “saloons in abundance” in October 1869.38
Trinidad in the 1870s: Promise of a Prosperous Future
The second decade of Trinidad’s history laid the foundations for its development as one of
the state’s most important cities. Achievements during the period included the incorporation
of the town, opening of the first public school, completion of a water system, beginning
construction of a first class hotel, and, most significantly, the arrival of the railroads. The
new transportation access resulted in the city posting its greatest historic population gain,
with the number of residents growing by an incredible 296 percent, to 2,226 people by 1880
(See Table 1).
George Simpson provided a description of Trinidad in 1870 for the Rocky Mountain
Directory and Colorado Gazetteer. Simpson noted the fertility of the river valley, the
“inexhaustible beds of coal,” and the abundant pasturage for cattle and sheep. He predicted
that the geographic position of the town would insure that it would be the commercial center
of a large district, concluding, “The town, with a population of 1,000, with its forty stores and
shops, with its numberless and slow-jogging freight wagons, with its daily and tri-weekly
mail coaches, and rapidly increasing travel, already attracts attention abroad, and gives
promise of a prosperous future.”39 Simpson may have exaggerated the town’s growth
slightly; the 1870 U.S. Census recorded 562 residents.
Hough/Baca Residence (304 E. Main St., 5LA1630)
In 1870, John S. Hough, a Trinidad merchant and owner of the town’s first brick kiln, erected
the building with the oldest documented construction date in the Corazon de Trinidad
38
39
Elial Jay Rice, “Pioneering in Southern Colorado,” Colorado Magazine 14(May 1937), 111-112, 114.
S.S. Wallihan & Co., The Rocky Mountain Directory and Colorado Gazetteer for 1871.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 18
Historic District.40 Hough built one of the finest residences in the frontier town, a two-story
adobe brick dwelling clad with adobe stucco and with a foundation composed of large blocks
of sandstone. The house had a hipped roof with central deck, flared overhanging eaves, and a
modillion course under the eaves. The façade of the residence was asymmetrical, with an
off-center projecting porch topped by a balcony. The double-hung sash windows featured
Greek Revival style pedimented lintels.41
Table 1
TRIIDAD POPULATIO TREDS, 1870-2000
CESUS
YEAR
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
TOTAL
POPULATIO
562
2,226
5,523
5,345
10,204
10,906
11,732
13,223
12,204
10,691
9,901
9,663
8,580
9,078
RAK I
STATE
8th
10th
5th
7th
4th
6th
5th
5th
9th
16th
22nd
26th
31st
38th
POPULATIO CHAGE
ABSOLUTE
PERCET
--1,664
296.1
3,297
148.1
-178
-3.2
4,859
90.9
702
6.9
826
7.6
1,491
12.7
-1,019
-7.7
-1,513
-12.4
-790
-7.4
-238
-2.4
-1,083
-11.2
498
5.8
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, for each year indicated. Rank indicates Trinidad’s population
relative to other incorporated places in Colorado.
John Hough had engaged in a variety of occupations before moving with his wife, Mary, and
their two daughters to Trinidad about 1864. There Hough became associated with John
Prowers42 and established the mercantile firm of Prowers & Hough, which reportedly carried
the largest selection of dry goods, groceries, tobacco, and liquor in Colorado. The Hough
family lived in Trinidad until 1873, when they moved to West Las Animas, Colorado. Upon
leaving Trinidad, the family sold their house to Felipe Baca for $7,000 worth of wool; Baca
purchased the furniture for $1,500 in wool. Although Felipe Baca passed away in 1874, his
40
Colorado Historical Society publications provide a construction date of 1870 although the National Register
nomination and Morris Taylor indicate 1869 as the correct year.
41
The house is preserved as part of the Trinidad History Museum complex today.
42
This appears to have been John W. Prowers, who has been described as one of the most successful and
influential cattle raisers, civic leaders, and businessmen of the state during the first two decades of Colorado’s
history. Prowers County was named in his honor.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 19
family continued to live in the house for many years.
The construction of the Grand Union (later the Columbian) Hotel (1879-82) by
John Conkie occurred a few years after the arrival of the railroad in Trinidad.
SOURCE: Courtesy of A.R. Mitchell Museum Collection, Aultman Studio.
Incorporation
Initial attempts to incorporate Trinidad were unsuccessful, in part due to clouded titles
resulting from the land grants. Morris Taylor stated that the obstacle to settlement rising
from the Mexican land grants in the Trinidad area was “removed by the mid-1870s when
neither Congress nor the courts would recognize the claim.”43 The Territorial Legislature
approved an act of incorporation for Trinidad on 1 February 1876. Elbridge Sopris had
earlier surveyed the lots and blocks to prepare a plat of the town. An appointed board of
trustees served until an election could be held.
Public School
Although small private schools operated from time to time during the first years of the
settlement, Trinidad’s first public school did not open for several years. The Sisters of
Charity had come to help establish Holy Trinity Church in 1869 from Mount St. Joseph in
Cincinnati, Ohio. Three of the sisters started the first public school in Trinidad. The Sisters
constructed a public school building in 1876 and subsequently established St. Joseph's
Academy, a boarding school, at the corner of Church and Convent streets. Until 1892 the
Sisters taught in both the public school and the boarding school. When some townspeople
requested that the sisters change their mode of dress for the public school, they ended their
43
Taylor, Trinidad, Centennial Town, 4.
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Page 20
association with it and in 1893 they opened a parochial school.
Coal Mining
The extent of coal deposits in Las Animas County was known as early as 1847, and some
small scale mining may have taken place in 1861. Large scale development of coal
resources, however, did not occur until the late 1870s, when the tracks of the Santa Fe and
Denver & Rio Grande railroads approached the region. The arrival of the railroads (the
D&RG at El Moro in 1876 and the Santa Fe at Trinidad in 1878) made possible the economic
shipment of large quantities of coal to urban and industrial markets and made Las Animas
County the most productive coal area in the state. The first major coal development in the
vicinity was at Engleville, a short distance southeast of Trinidad, where mining began in
1877.
The largest coal mine operator in the region and the state was the Colorado Coal and Iron
(later the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company). The company operated an extensive system of
coal camps in the southern coalfields, featuring company towns with company-built
standardized housing. A subsidiary, the Colorado Supply Company, operated mercantile and
grocery stores in the camps, as well as a retail store and warehouse in Trinidad. In addition to
the mining and shipment of coal, a large coke industry emerged. Coke was produced by
burning coal in large banks of ovens. The resulting coke burned at higher temperatures and
was used in smelting, foundries, and steel production. Some of the best coking coal in
Colorado was found in the coalfields around Trinidad.
Connection to Railroads
The impact of the anticipation of the railroad reaching Trinidad after the Denver & Rio
Grande arrived in Pueblo in 1872 was described by Barron Beshoar:
It was as though a wizard had walked into the little town [Pueblo] and waved
a wand. The adobe buildings started coming down and brick and stone
structures went up. The population doubled and then tripled. Soon the
railroad would start south again, and Trinidadians could hardly wait. They
didn’t care much whether it was the Rio Grande or the Santa Fe; they just
wanted a railroad and the prosperity that would accompany it. A railroad
would mean development of the rich coal lands of Las Animas County.44
The Denver & Rio Grande arrived at the railroad-created community of El Moro on the
Purgatoire River about four miles northeast of Trinidad in April 1876. The goal of the line’s
construction was to access coal mines in the area, but the larger company plan projected a
route across Raton Pass into New Mexico. A group of Trinidad citizens eager to achieve a
44
Beshoar, All About Trinidad, 145.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 21
rail connection organized a railroad company in 1876 to build a line from El Moro to
Trinidad; a plan that was never realized. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad
completed its line from La Junta southwest to Trinidad in 1878 and then proceeded over
Raton Pass, reaching the summit on 7 December. Railroad historian Tivis Wilkins noted,
“Control of the pass [by the AT&SF] was gained by locating the route and initiating
preliminary construction a few hours ahead of the arrival of a D&RG construction crew.”
The Denver & Rio Grande would complete a branch to Trinidad in July 1887, and the
Denver, Texas & Fort Worth Railroad entered into an agreement to use the D&RG tracks
between Pueblo and Trinidad in the same year.45
The achievement of Trinidad’s connection to major railroads had an immense impact on its
development. Given its geographic position as the commercial hub of southeastern Colorado,
the town immediately became a major shipping point for agricultural products and livestock
from nearby farms and ranches. Merchandise and supplies transported to the town could
supply the needs of a large area extending into northern New Mexico. In addition, the
presence of the railroads provided the impetus needed for coal mining and coke production to
become major industries. The population of the town expanded at a rapid rate, and the new
residents provided a tremendous amount of work for architects, builders, and land
speculators. For the built environment, the railroads’ presence was tremendously important,
allowing a variety of new construction and furnishing materials to be shipped to the
burgeoning town.
Trinidad Waterworks (223 W. Cedar St., 5LA2179.11)
Development of the city’s infrastructure was an important accomplishment at the end of the
1870s. The one-and-a-half-story stone building located at 223 W. Cedar represents this
effort. Erected in 1879-80 as a principal component of the Trinidad water system, the
building has been judged “one of the best preserved nineteenth century water systems in the
American Southwest.” Plans for a gravity water system for the city had been proposed as
early as 1871, but were not pursued. Instead, water was taken from the Purgatoire River and
sold from barrels transported in horse-drawn wagons. The Trinidad Water Works Company
organized in Chicago in 1879 as a private business operated by Delos A. Chappell, a
contractor who was also involved in the development of coalfields near Trinidad, through the
Gray Creek Coal and Coking Co. and the Victor Fuel Co.
The initial water system consisted of a reservoir on a mesa above town (Reservoir Hill), a
pump house on Cedar Street, and pipelines. Water was diverted from the river by a stone
filter gallery and flowed by gravity into a pump well located underneath the western part of
the pump house. Water was pumped from this building to the reservoir, from which water
flowed by gravity to system customers. Michael Beshoar described the building in 1881:
45
Tivis E. Wilkins, comp., Colorado Railroads: Chronological Development (Boulder: Pruett Publishing Co.,
1974), 21, 61, 63, passim.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 22
“The engine house is built of gray sandstone laid in uncoursed rubble or broken ashlar, with
cut stone quoins, caps and sills. It is divided into three compartments, the boiler room being
in the center and the engine and coal room on either side.”
Water rates were determined by the number of indoor and outdoor hydrants and water using
appliances, with a per gallon usage fee of $.05 per gallon for the first 8,000 gallons and $.02
per gallon thereafter. The system was controversial, with some citizens believing the
enterprise should be publicly owned, objecting to the costs, and distrusting Chappell.
Chappell had a large water storage tank in the attic of his home, which led to speculation that
he did not have confidence in his own water. In 1889-90 the water system was expanded and
converted to a gravity system, with water taken miles upstream from the Pugatoire River and
directed to a new reservoir. Thereafter, this pumping house was no longer needed but was
retained for emergency use. The water system was sold to the City of Trinidad in the 1890s.
Grand Union/Columbian Hotel (111 N. Commercial St., 5LA2179.14)
By 1879, the building that best represents the impact of the railroads’ arrival in Trinidad was
under construction at 111 N. Commercial.46 Known originally as the Grand Union Hotel and
later as the Columbian Hotel, the three-story building was erected at the northwest corner of
Trinidad’s most important commercial intersection. John Conkie and G.W. Merrill
undertook the erection of this hotel and business block.47 Trinidad historian Willard Louden
indicated that Conkie was the architect and builder, and this seems possible since he was
credited with the design of other buildings in Trinidad, including the City Hall and the
Colorado Building. Tenants of some ground floor storefronts began moving into the building
in 1881.
It took some time to get the hostelry up and running. In April 1882 it was reported that
Conkie, then mayor of Trinidad, planned to go east to make arrangements for the opening of
the hotel: “That so handsome a building should remain unoccupied for so long a time is a
great pity.”48 The Trinidad Democrat described the new building in a list of recent city
improvements published in July 1882: “The First National Bank occupies the corner room,
with the Grand Union Hotel entrance on commercial street. On Main street there are five
storerooms . . . occupied by the following business firms: Simon Sanders & Co., wholesale
and retail liquors, wines and cigars; Mr. Frankel, jeweler; Hess & Crowter, druggists;
46
The date on which construction of the building began is somewhat ambiguous. Brickwork was underway in
September 1879 and the cornerstone was laid on 24 June 1880. The Trinidad Daily .ews reported on 29
October 1881 that the hotel had been “commenced four years ago,” implying an 1877 start of construction;
however, on 8 February 1882, the newspaper stated that Mr. Conkie had put in “three years of hard labor” on the
project, implying an 1879 start of construction. Overall, the 1879 beginning date seems more persuasive.
47
Conkie bought out Merrill’s interest in the venture in 1882.
48
As the hotel building was being built, John Conkie began erection of a two-story building to the north, in
August 1881. This building is shown on the 1883 Sanborn map, and by 1890 its upper story housed hotel
rooms. A third story was added between 1901 and 1907, and the building was integrated into the main hotel
building.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 23
Goldstein & Co.’s New York Clothing Store; Forbes, Bridge & Co., wholesale and retail dry
goods, grocers and provision dealers . . . The second story is used principally for hotel
purposes. There are eighty bed-rooms in the house, with water, electric bells, gas and all the
modern improvements.”
Domestic Architecture
With the arrival of the railroads, Trinidad’s architecture quickly passed from the era of log
cabins and simple mud plastered adobes to more sophisticated buildings utilizing milled
wood, brick, and stone. One of the 1870s dwellings reflecting this transition in design was
built by one of Trinidad’s successful pioneer merchants, Jacob Goldsmith, at 112 E. 2nd
Street (5LA2179.135). The original component of the house was an adobe building covered
with pine siding. The house still displays some of the Greek Revival style pedimented lintels
common during the territorial era. The Goldsmiths, of German descent, were among the
large and prominent group of early Jewish merchants who settled in Trinidad during the
nineteenth century. The family operated the J. Goldsmith & Sons dry goods store,
established in 1878 in downtown Trinidad. Dr. Michael Beshoar's 1882 publication All
About Trinidad contained an advertisement for J. Goldsmith & Son, dealers in general
merchandise, which offered "wool, hides, peltries and country produce bought at highest
market prices."49
Although it is difficult to precisely identify the exact construction date of some of Trinidad’s
earliest houses, several may be dated by their appearance on an 1882 bird’s-eye-view drawing
of the city. Although many of these houses have been altered during more than one hundred
years since their construction, elements of their design indicate certain common features.
Most of the extant houses of the period are one story in height and most have gabled roofs,
many with intersecting gables with porches at the gables’ angle of intersection. The houses
feature tall, narrow, double-hung sash windows, some segmental arched, and many with twoover-two lights. Stone retaining walls with large, evenly-laid blocks of sandstone are
prevalent features of the landscape of these homes. Some of the houses feature porches with
elaborate ornamentation, including brackets and decoratively cut and sawn balustrades,
although some decoration may have been added at a later period. Examples of houses of this
type include 221 S. Walnut Street (5LA2179.254), 316 E. Third Street (5LA10239), and 118
E. Second Street (5LA2179.136), 302 S. Chestnut (5LA2179.185), and 201 W. Third Street
(5LA5LA2179.150).
The Metropolis of Southern Colorado: Trinidad in the 1880s
Frank Fossett’s “tourist guide” to Colorado, published in 1880, described Trinidad as a
“growing and prosperous town.” Fossett praised the fertility of the Purgatoire Valley and its
production of large crops of wheat, corn, oats, barley, and vegetables. He reported that the
49
Beshoar, All About Trinidad; U.S. Population Census, 1920; Trinidad Daily Times, 25 Mar. 1881, 1.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 24
county was one of the leading stock districts in the state and that sheep were raised in large
numbers. However, coal was described as “the main wealth of the locality surrounding the
town” and the mine near El Moro was cited as having “the best coking coal in the West.”
Trinidad’s status as a “supply depot” for New Mexico was noted, and the effects of the
completion of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad were detailed: “Large numbers of
substantial stores, warehouses, and dwellings have been erected, and the population is
increasing rapidly.”50
The 1880s were a period of tremendous growth in Trinidad’s building stock, rivaled only by
an era of great construction at the beginning of the twentieth century. Some began calling the
city “the Pittsburg of the West.” The population of the city posted its second highest historic
gain during the decade, with an increase of almost 150 percent to 5,523 persons by 1890.
The architecture of the city took a major leap forward, as substantial two-story business
blocks of brick and stone began replacing the earlier commercial houses of frame and adobe.
Residences also became more elaborate and architecturally distinguished, employing features
reflecting popular architectural styles not found on territorial period houses, such as Second
Empire and Queen Anne designs. The city gained buildings typical of much larger
communities, including an opera house, department stores, a Catholic church and a Jewish
temple, a brewery, hotels, and several elegant residences.
This early twentieth century view looks eastward on Main Street from Beech Street.
SOURCE: Courtesy of A.R. Mitchell Museum Collection: Aultman Studio.
In March 1881, the Trinidad Daily Times featured an account of the growth the town had
undergone, together with a listing of businesses and organizations. The newspaper stated
50
Frank Fossett, Colorado: Its Gold and Silver Mines, Farms and Stock Ranges and Health and Pleasure
Resorts, 2nd ed. (New York: C.G. Crawford, 1880), 101-02.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 25
what settlers in the area had believed for two decades, that Trinidad would soon be “one of
the most prosperous cities of Colorado.” The Daily Times wrote, “We cannot over-estimate
the importance of being on the Great Southern Through Line of Travel, the Atchison, Topeka
and Santa Fe Railroad, which we regard as the broad way of commerce between the Oceans .
. .” Discussion of area coal deposits followed, which were hoped to “bring people and
capital, and promote general prosperity.” Participants in the livestock business of the county
were reported to have earned profits of from thirty to fifty percent: “Our stock men as a rule
are solid and substantial, and contribute very largely to the growth and prosperity of our city
by making this the central business point for a large extent of grazing country.” Fraternal
orders in the city included the Masons, Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, Good Templars, and
the B’nai B’rith. Four churches were listed: Presbyterian, Methodist, Catholic, and Christian.
Three public schools (including that run by the Sisters of Charity) and two academies were
cited. The list of businesses was extensive, with most types of enterprises having more than
one representative.51
George A. Crofutt’s Grip-Sack Guide of Colorado, published in 1885 described Trinidad’s
built environment in some detail, stating that the city appeared
well provided with fine brick and stone business blocks, where merchandising
is carried on in all its branches: churches and schools are flourishing, secret
orders are well represented, and here we find in progressive existence, two
banks, one fine hotel, the Grand Union, five newspapers, . . . three flouring
mills, three planing mills, the Holly system of waterworks, street railway, 450
coke ovens near by, and 900 square miles of the best bituminous coal lands in
the state . . .52
The progress of the city was also examined in a local newspaper article appearing in May
1889:
Almost with the memory of the youngest inhabitant the old adobes which
formerly characterized the business houses of the city have been torn down,
and in their stead large brick and stone structures have been erected.53
The Livestock Industry
In his 1882 book about Trinidad, Dr. Michael Beshoar asserted, “Of all the various
occupations of man, none is more important, none more profitable than that of the
stockraiser.”54 While Beshoar’s statement may seem an exaggeration today, it did accurately
51
Trinidad Daily Times, 25 March 1881.
George A. Crofutt, Crofutt’s Grip-Sack Guide of Colorado, 1885, reprint (Boulder: Johnson Books, 1981),
152.
53
Trinidad Daily .ews, 1 May 1889, 1.
54
Beshoar, All About Trinidad, 21.
52
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 26
apply to Las Animas County at that time, where approximately 100,000 head of cattle and
250,000 sheep were pastured.55 An 1882 newspaper article reported that large Trinidad area
sheepraisers included Casimiro Barela, with 9,000 head, Edward West with 6,300 head, Jose
A. Salazar with 9,000 sheep, S.T. Brown with 5,000 head, R.H. Purington with 10,000, and
Maldonades [sic]& Son with 7,000. The Trinidad Daily .ews bragged, “almost all of them
[are] making more money for the labor and capital invested than the grain farmers of the
East.”56
Open range cattle raising, as practiced by such beef barons as John Wesley Iliff and John
Prowers and characterized by great round-ups and cattle drives existed for a relatively short
period of time in Colorado. The glamour generated by the individual cattle kings attracted
outside investors and others yearning to be part of the flourishing industry. Corporations
were created to operate large-scale cattle businesses in the 1880s, and many of the self-made
cowmen of the earlier era sold their operations to the new companies. During the 1880s, 226
cattle companies were founded in Colorado, and the state witnessed the largest cattle boom in
its history. English and Scottish investors were among the most prolific in forming cattle
investment companies and buying ranchlands. Money from Eastern, British, and European
investors poured into the state during the decade. The 1880s were the heyday of the large
foreign-owned cattle corporations in the West, and Trinidad was one of the headquarters of
the phenomenon. By the 1880s, cattle ranching on the plains had evolved from a frontier
operation into a major industry.57
The largest, most significant cattle corporation in Colorado and one of the most important in
the West during the era was the Prairie Land & Cattle Company. The company was
composed of mostly Scottish and English investors, and has been described as "…the
corporation that lived longest, [and] handled the largest acreage in Colorado…It is doubtful
whether any other corporation on either continent outranked it in numbers of cattle
marketed..." In 1881, the Prairie Cattle Company reported a 26 percent profit, fueling even
greater “cattle mania.” The outfit obtained ranches in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas and
had its headquarters in Trinidad. The former JJ Ranch of the Jones brothers on the Purgatory
River became the division headquarters of the company. Frances Bollacker Keck reports that
the Prairie Cattle Co. bought the Jones Ranch for $625,000, acquiring three hundred horses,
fifty-five thousand head of cattle, and grazing rights. At its peak, the company was valued at
$30 million.58
Murdo Mackenzie [or McKenzie], who lived at 200 E. Second Street (5LA2179.140), was
known as the "King of the Cattlemen." A native of Scotland, Mackenzie became the
55
Beshoar, All About Trinidad, 24.
Trinidad Daily .ews, 13 July 1882, 1-2.
57
Richard Goff and Robert McCaffree, Century in the Saddle (Denver: Colorado Cattlemen’s Centennial
Commission, 1967), 80-81, 107 and 109; Abbott, Leonard, and McComb, Colorado, 168; Ubbelohde, Benson,
and Smith, A Colorado History, 176.
58
Frances Bollacker Keck, The JJ Ranch on the Purgatory River (La Junta: Otero Press, 2001), vii and 57.
56
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 27
manager of the Prairie Land & Cattle Company and moved to Colorado in 1885. Mackenzie
served as manager of the Matador Land and Cattle Company, also one of the larger cattle
operations in Colorado. That company organized in 1882 and also had an office in Trinidad.
Its capital totaled $2 million, and the company had no less than 70,000 head of cattle and
owned 446,000 acres of land. After leaving Trinidad, Mackenzie became the manager of the
Brazil Land, Cattle, and Packing Company, one of the largest operations in the world, with
headquarters at Sao Paulo. He continued to maintain a summer home near Trinidad at
Stonewall.
Honora DeBusk Smith provided an interesting view of the impact of the cattle industry and
visiting cowboys on the city. Smith wrote: “Trinidad was the most important cattle town of
Colorado, primarily as a shipping point; and also because the cowboys…’headed in’ there to
spend their intervals of respite from long days in the saddle and nights in the open. They
often reacted from the long monotony of work days to riotous living in leisure time.”59
Many of the outside investors in the western cattle industry during the 1880s were ignorant of
the complexities of the business. Huge herds were placed on inadequate amounts of range,
resulting in overgrazing. Inferior quality cattle were raised routinely. Large sums of money
were borrowed at high interest rates. It was generally assumed that cattle could survive the
winter without any extra food or shelter, but severe winters proved the assumption wrong.
During 1885-1887 a series of dry summers and harsh winters resulted in terrible losses. So
many cattle perished that the period was thereafter referred to as “the big die-up.” Declining
cattle prices during the late 1880s reduced the value of the herds by approximately 40
percent. During this time, many outside investors abandoned the business. Cattlemen who
had attempted to control the range saw their fences on public lands torn down by
homesteaders. In this manner, the open range was steadily whittled away.60
Frank Bloom
During the late 1870s and early 1880s, several larger and more architecturally distinguished
houses were built by those who had found success in Trinidad’s lucrative commercial district
and in the cattle business. The three-story Second Empire style brick and stone residence of
Frank and Sarah Bloom, erected in 1881 at 330 E. Main Street (5LA2180), was one of the
most significant examples of domestic construction by a cattle rancher and merchant in the
city and demonstrated the variety of building materials available as a result of the railroad
reaching Trinidad. In mid-July 1881, the Trinidad Weekly .ews reported that the house was
receiving “the finishing touches,” and, in August 1881, the newspaper reported that the
Blooms would soon move into their new house, “which will be the best in the city. Mr.
Bloom has spared neither pains or expense in making a comfortable home, and has
succeeded. His house is most conveniently arranged, and supplied with all modern
59
Honora DeBusk Smith, “Early Life in Trinidad,” 77.
Edward Everett Dale, The Range Cattle Industry (Norman, Ok.: University Press, 1960), 90; Ubbelohde,
Benson, and Smith, Colorado, 178.
60
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Page 28
conveniences, the three most important being water, gas and bath.” According to a Colorado
Historical Society brochure, the house was “patterned after a Midwestern Victorian house
they [the Blooms] had admired.”
Frank Bloom, like many of Trinidad’s pioneers, seemed to find success at every turn and to
be involved in a multitude of important enterprises. In 1866 he had followed his future
brothers-in-law, John and Mahlon Thatcher, to Pueblo, where he worked for the Thatcher
Brothers General Store. In 1867 the Thatchers sent him to Trinidad to manage the family's
new mercantile business, known as Thatcher Brothers & Company. Bloom conducted a
wholesale and retail grocery business on the site later occupied by the First National Bank,
using his own ox-team to transport goods between Trinidad and St. Joseph, Missouri.
Historian Joanne Dodds reports that in operating the store Bloom accepted cattle as payment
for goods as early as 1869. He later incorporated the Bloom Cattle Company in partnership
with John and Mahlon Thatcher; the enterprise grew to become one of the largest operations
in Colorado, with ranches in several states. Bloom's store also offered basic banking
services, since he had the only safe in Trinidad at the time. Bloom began investing in real
estate and also became interested in the outcroppings of coal near Fisher's Peak, reportedly to
convince people to buy stoves he carried in his store. In 1870 he and E.F. Mitchell and other
associates created the Enterprise publishing firm and produced Trinidad's first newspaper,
The Trinidad Enterprise (which later merged with the Colorado Chronicle). He was an
officer in the First National Bank, was elected Las Animas County Treasurer in 1879, and
served on the Trinidad school board for many years.
Jewish Homeowners
Many of the larger dwellings of the era were erected by the successful Jewish merchants who
moved to Trinidad and established commercial enterprises. One of the more substantial
houses of the period before 1882 was erected at 312 S. Animas Street (5LA2179.161) by
Barney Levy, merchant and real estate developer. Levy came to Trinidad from Kansas City,
Missouri, in 1875 by ox-drawn wagon. He operated a small shop with "crates for shelves and
counters, and business was conducted informally with cowboys who made their purchases (or
more often bartered) without leaving the saddle." Abraham Rascower, Levy's brother-in-law,
took over the store in 1879. According to historian Allen Breck, "Levy himself did well in
real estate and left for Denver and eventually Colorado Springs, in 1883." However, Levy
continued to maintain a residence in Trinidad. He and his family returned to Trinidad from
the East, in December 1889, and spent a few days at the Grand Union Hotel before going "to
house keeping next week in their handsome residence on Animas street."
Sol Jaffa resided in a large two-story frame house still standing at 214 East Third Street
(5LA9914). This house was erected in the early 1880s according to an interview with Jaffa
conducted in 1934, although the Las Animas County Assessor indicates an 1878 year of
construction. The Jaffa brothers (Samuel, Henry, and Solomon) have been cited as "leaders
of both the Jewish and secular community in Trinidad." Sol Jaffa was born in 1849 near
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 29
Cassel, Germany. He and two brothers moved to the United States in the early 1860s. The
brothers lived in Iowa and Pennsylvania before Henry was employed to work for a mercantile
in Mora, New Mexico, operated by the Biernbaums. Sol was hired when the firm planned to
open a store in Trinidad. Sol and Henry later decided to go into business for themselves in
Trinidad, opening up Jaffa Brothers, a general merchandise venture with specialties in dry
goods, shoes, carpets, furnishing goods, and groceries. The firm also had branches in
Roswell, New Mexico and Starkville, Colorado. Sol Jaffa reported that he soon became
proficient in Spanish in order to conduct the business.
Temple Aaron was erected in 1889 to provide a place of worship for Trinidad's
growing Jewish population. Bulger and Rapp designed the imposing building.
SOURCE: Courtesy of A.R. Mitchell Museum Collection: Aultman Studio.
When Trinidad incorporated, Sam Jaffa served as chairman of the town council. He and his
brothers helped lead early religious services, were founders of the B'nai B'rith, and were
among the organizers of Temple Aaron. The Jaffa brothers erected the Jaffa Opera House in
1882, providing the community with a place for entertainment and business. Michael
Beshoar's 1882 book about Trinidad contained an advertisement for "Jaffa Brothers,
Wholesale and Retail Dealers in Dry Goods, Boots and Shoes, Ladies' and Gents' Furnishing
Goods, House Furnishing Goods A Specialty, Ladies', Misses' and Children's Dresses Made
to Order." Branch houses of the Jaffas' operation were in Las Vegas and Albuquerque, New
Mexico. The Jaffa Brothers sold the Opera House Block in 1895, and Sol Jaffa conducted
business in the White House (a dry goods, notions, shoes, carpet, furnishings, and grocery
business established as a branch of Jaffa Brothers in 1871) until 1919, when he relocated to
Las Vegas to live with his son.
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Trinidad Opera House (100 W. Main St., 5LA2181)
In June 1881, Jaffa Brothers received draft plans for a two-story stone front business building
with four storefronts, two on each side of a wide central entrance to the upper floor. The
building, located at 100 W. Main Street, was designed by Norval W. Wall, City Engineer,
surveyor, and architect, who had established his business in Trinidad in 1876. The project
called for the existing adobe business house used by the Jaffas abutting Commercial Street to
be incorporated into the new building: “After the balance of the building is completed, the
front of the house now occupied by them will be taken down and rebuilt to correspond with
the other portion of the front.”
By mid-June 1881, the Jaffas had decided to build an opera house on the second floor of their
new building. The Trinidad Daily .ews applauded this decision as “one that will be
exceedingly gratifying to our citizens” and congratulated the “wide-awake and energetic”
Jaffa Brothers. The building was apparently under construction by late June, with John
Conkie as the superintendent of the project. The new building was to be 104 feet wide and
100 feet deep, with a front composed of Trinidad sandstone supplied by the Chappell &
Johns stoneworks. The upper floor was to contain a theatrical hall, with the remainder of the
floor divided into offices. All of the windows were of “costly French plate glass.” In early
May 1882, the cornice was installed and the Daily .ews commented that “the main pediment
is very handsome.”
The Opera House section of the building drew particular attention in the press. The Jaffa
Brothers hired the St. Louis firm of Noxon, Halley, and Toomey to paint a number of scenic
backdrops for the stage; Mr. Toomey was in Trinidad during the May-August 1882 period.
Sol Jaffa traveled to Philadelphia to purchase seats for the theater costing $2,000. The cost of
the interior was estimated at $7,000, insuring “a dramatic temple that Trinidadians may well
be proud of.” By July 1882, the building was nearing completion and portions were being
occupied. The Jaffa Brothers dry goods store occupied the second storefront from the east
end and planned to occupy the east-most storefront as soon as it was completed. The
Trinidad Democrat opined that “this will make the finest dry goods house in Trinidad, and
the show windows are second to none in the State.”
Delos Chappell House (335 E. Main St., 5LA2179.90)
The Hough/Baca and Bloom houses had established East Main Street as a fashionable
residential area by the 1880s, called by some “Millionaires’ Row.”61 Delos A. Chappell
started construction of a magnificent new residence at 335 E. Main in 1886. The house was
part of a group of large, architecturally distinguished residences located in the 300 block of E.
Main Street that included the Bloom Mansion, Baca House, and Dr. South’s residence
(razed). Chappel’s residence has been described as an “exceptionally creative design [that]
61
Rocky Mountain .ews, 15 May 1995, 6A.
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interprets the Shingle style with more stone and fewer shingles than is usually the case.”62
Chappell was the developer of Trinidad’s water system, which had organized in Chicago in
1879 as the Trinidad Water Works Company. He was a contractor and stonemason,
developed coalfields near Trinidad, and was active in Democratic party politics. Local lore
reports that a Denver group provided Chappell with the funds to construct this mansion, in
exchange for his not bidding on the construction contract for the State Capitol (built 18861908).
The house was designed by E.S. Jennison & Co. of Chicago, a firm which also designed the
original Las Animas County Jail (razed). The turned stone pillars for the porch were
produced by William Weinbrooer of the Trinidad Stone Company. In early December 1886,
the Chappell family moved into the completed basement of the house while construction of
the remainder proceeded. The Daily Advertiser commented that the basement gave them “as
much room as an ordinary house. The upper portion of the building will be completed in a
short time.” Frank Hall, discussing the “elegant” residences of Trinidad, listed Chappell’s
“palace of stone” in his 1889 History of the State of Colorado. Chappell moved to Denver in
1899, and, in 1901, sold his house to Dr. John Espey.
New Religious Architecture
Holy Trinity Catholic Church (115 Church St., 5LA2179.16). As Morris Taylor judged, the
1880s were “a period of notable ecclesiastical architecture” for Trinidad.63 When the original
adobe church erected by the Catholics became inadequate for the growing population, plans
for a new building were formulated. "Father Pinto determined to erect an edifice not
altogether unworthy of the Most Holy Trinity." In 1883 architect Emmet Anthony of Denver
completed drawings for the new church. In March 1883 the Daily Advertiser commented,
"The new Catholic church now in course of construction on Convent Street, when completed,
will be one of the handsomest churches in Colorado. It is 108 X 44 feet, will seat 800 people
and will cost about $20,000. It will be built of stone found immediately in the vicinity of
Trinidad." Moffatt Brothers were the stonemasons for the foundation of the building.
Charles Innes reported that Cummings and Innes received the contract for the remaining
construction in 1884. Father Pinto recalled that the stone masons working on the building
were paid $4 per day for ten hours of work and ten cents a foot for range work in matching
the exterior stones. He noted there was much detail work on the window and door surrounds
and the pilasters.
The church was dedicated on the Feast of the Most Holy Trinity on 31 May 1885. The
dedication included a Solemn Pontifical Mass attended by two thousand people, with services
in English and Spanish. Church representatives from around the state participated. The
Daily Advertiser stated, "Notwithstanding the church is large and commodious, it was
62
Virginia and Lee McAlester, A Field Guide to America’s Historic .eighborhoods and Museum Houses, The
Western States (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998), 331.
63
Taylor, Trinidad, A Centennial Town, 4.
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impossible for all who were in attendance to gain admission. This is the most magnificent
Catholic church in Colorado, and will ever be an imposing monument to the zeal and
devotion of Father Pinto, and the liberality of the citizens of Trinidad."64
Temple Aaron, (407 S. Maple St., 5LA2179.12). In April 1889, the Trinidad Daily .ews
reported that an adobe building at the southwest corner of Maple and Third streets had been
torn down and the work of building a new Jewish temple would soon begin. By the 1870s
the small group of Jews in Trinidad, mostly unmarried merchants from Germany, had
gathered to celebrate holidays. In 1879 the Jewish men of Trinidad and Elizabethtown, New
Mexico, had joined together to organize a B'nai B'rith lodge to better their social, cultural,
and educational lives. On 23 July 1883, Jewish citizens had met at the home of Sam Jaffa to
celebrate the circumcision of his son, Aaron. At that time, Congregation Aaron was
organized and named after the baby. Organizers of the congregation included the Jaffas, the
Levys, A. Rascower, the Sanders brothers, David Gottlieb, and H. Biernbaum. At the time
the new temple was erected, the congregation included forty-six men and Leopold
Freudenthal served as rabbi.
Plans for the temple had been designed by C.W. Bulger and Isaac H. Rapp "of the latest style
of architecture, and when completed [it will be] one of the finest tabernacles in the West."
Frank Damascio & Co. was given the contract for completing the work. The cornerstone of
the building was laid on 18 June 1889 with a ceremony conducted by the Masonic Grand
Lodge. Dedication of the building took place on 6 December 1889, and was described by the
Daily .ews: "The audience room or temple proper, is situated on the second floor and is
beautifully finished, and properly furnished…The windows composed of stained glass of
different sizes and forms admitted a pleasing mellow light. In short everything is in the best
of style and taste..." The Daily Citizen called the building "a thing of beauty, a perfect gem."
Schneider Brewery (240 N. Convent St., 5LA2179.13)
In about 1876, Henry Schneider (1831-1907), a native of Friesenheim, Germany, came to
Trinidad from Wichita, Kansas. Schneider established a brewery on North Convent Street
the following year. Schneider's early output was eight barrels of beer per day. An 1883
Sanborn fire insurance map showed the brewery consisted of a large complex with a threestory malt mill at the southwest corner of the site (1883), with two one-story ice houses to the
north (1881) connecting to a one-and-a-half story wash house. Schneider’s residence lay
immediately to the east. The buildings of the brewery were substantially constructed of stone
and brick. A one-story stone ice house (no longer extant) was completed in 1881. A large
beer cellar and main brewery building (no longer extant) were erected in 1883. Commenting
on the latter building in August 1883, the Daily Advertiser remarked that the Schneider
brewery was “one of the finest and best furnished in the state.” The building will cost about
64
In August 1900 it was reported that William Rapp had let a contract to F.W. Pierce for construction of a "lofty
spire" on the church. The tower was completed by January 1901, and was said to give the church a "vastly
different appearance."
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$15,000, and the machinery about $10,000.”
The Schneider Brewery was established in 1877 on N. Convent Street. The early
twentieth century saw a considerable expansion of the plant. SOURCE: Courtesy
of A.R. Mitchell Museum Collection: Aultman Studio.
The expanded brewery had a capacity of one hundred barrels per day. Further enlargement
occurred in 1888, when a stock house and wash house (southern part) were built to the east,
in the former location of Schneider’s house. In 1893, the company was incorporated as the
Philip Schneider Brewing Company (named for Henry’s son). By 1903, the brewery
employed forty-six workers, boasted an annual payroll of $40,000, and had a daily capacity of
ten thousand bottles of beer.
City Hall and Firehouse No. 1 (314 N. Commercial St., 5LA2179.25)
In January 1888, it was reported that the city had decided to erect a corrugated metal building
on Commercial Street to house the Hook and Ladder Company and one hose company, with
the rear of the building to be occupied by city officials. The building was still under
construction in the following month, when it was proposed that a more central location be
secured for the city hall. By August 1888, plans had been drawn by local architects Bulger &
Rapp for a considerably more elegant building on the original site. In the same year, C.W.
Bulger and Isaac H. Rapp had established an architectural firm which specialized in public
buildings. Plans for Firehouse No. 1 included a building “two stories high, with a tower.
The first floor will be occupied by one of the hose companies, and the hook and ladder
company. The second story will be divided into two rooms [to be used as a library and a
council room]…The building is to be of brick with stone trimmings. The height to top of
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tower will be forty-eight feet."
After excavation began, the Trinidad Daily .ews suggested, "Would it not be a good plan to
build the city jail in the basement?" In December, when work on the second story began, the
Daily .ews stated somewhat diplomatically, "When completed it will be a beauty, only a
little small." The builder of the edifice, M. DeLong, was mentioned in a February 1889
article, when the paper noted that a "little muddle" had delayed construction, but "an elegant
city hall building" would be finished in the near future. The completed building cost $5,000.
Bulger and Rapp's First National Bank Building (1890-92) is
an excellent example of the Richardsonian Romanesque style.
SOURCE: Courtesy of A.R. Mitchell Museum Collection:
Aultman Studio.
In December 1889 the newspaper's suggestion regarding the jail became a reality when
workmen began installing a facility with two cells and a cage in the basement of the building.
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The Daily .ews pointed out one of the flaws of the design: "The worst fault of the new city
jail will be the narrow stairs, for it is only wide enough for one man and it would be
impossible for a policeman and a prisoner to go down together." The jail was finished in
February 1890, and a bell for the fire station was dedicated on 18 February 1890. In July
1890, several prisoners in the jail found that the stone wall of the rear of the jail had been
pieced together with loose chips of stone. The criminals dug the small pieces of stone out
and made an opening large enough to escape. The city fire department changed from
volunteer to a city-operated department in 1891.
First National Bank (100 E. Main St., 5LA2179.41)
The importance of the livestock industry in the Trinidad area is represented by the First
National Bank of Trinidad, the oldest bank in the city. The financial institution was
organized in April 1875, by “a group of local citizens interested in the livestock industry, and
it flourished from the start.” Frederick D. Wight served as the first president and the original
directors were John W. Terry, R.H. Purrington, and Samuel Brown. Wight came west after
the Civil War and became involved in cattle and sheep ranching, as well as becoming partowner in the U.S. Hotel. In 1885, the Thatcher Brothers of Pueblo bought controlling interest
in the bank.
In the spring of 1889, a proposal to erect a building for the bank at the southeast corner of
Main and Commercial streets began to be discussed. M.D. Thatcher was then president of
the institution and Delos A. Chappell served as the vice president. The architectural firm of
Charles W. Bulger and Isaac Hamilton Rapp designed the building in the Richardsonian
Romanesque style. Western Architect and Building .ews opined in 1890 that “the design is
in many respects unique and pleasing to the eye and is, by all odds, the finest piece of work
ever prepared for Trinidad and reflects great credit on the architects.” The Trinidad Daily
.ews commended the bank and Mr. Chappel for
…the public spirit they have manifested in placing at the junction of the two
principal business streets so substantial and ornamental an edifice will prove
of untold value to our city. It will give an impulse to the disposition to
construct good buildings in the future and will present an object lesson which
cannot be disregarded of a suite of business rooms beautiful in design and
convenient for use as an example for other capitalists to follow.
Final plans for the bank called for a five-story, 55’ X 104’ sandstone building, with the height
of the first story sixteen feet and upper floors ten feet each. The cost of the building
reportedly reached $120,000, and its construction included materials and craftsmen from
around Colorado and beyond. Morrison Brothers, of Pueblo, was selected as the general
contractor for the project in January 1891. The quarries of Radford and Mitchell, located
northwest of Trinidad, supplied the sandstone for the building. The red granite columns
flanking the entrance were imported from Missouri. A Texas firm provided the joists.
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Citizens’ Electrical Construction and Supply Company of Pueblo performed electrical work.
A Denver firm installed the building’s tar and gravel roof. The interior decoration of the
main banking room was completed by Levy and Abbiati of Denver, Colorado, and was
described as “ornamental raised work” of floral designs “on plaster of Paris plates, cast in
gelatine molds.” The front entrance was lined with marble and the floor was tiled, with “First
National Bank” depicted in the tiling. The main vault of the bank featured the first automatic
time lock in the state. The building was steam-heated and had an elevator powered by a
water motor. The bank began doing business in its new quarters on 12 May 1892, with
Lawrence and Bargeman making the first deposit.
Continued Growth and the Panic of 1893
Trinidad’s prosperity continued unabated at the beginning of the 1890s. In 1891, the
Colorado Building (160-64 E. Main, 5LA2179.77), the Trinidad Bottling Works (308
Church, 5LA2179.190), and the Dominguez Block (257-59 N. Commercial, 5LA2179.91)
were completed. The local Congregational congregation had purchased a parcel of land at
220 S. Animas Street (5LA2179.157) in November 1890 as the site for their new church.
Architects Bulger and Rapp prepared the plans for "a cozy edifice" that was projected to cost
$2,000. F.W. Pierce acted as the contractor for the project. Work on the building's
foundation was underway in April 1891, and the framework was raised later that month. The
May 1891 edition of Western Architect and Building .ews described the church, reporting
that "the building is a frame, Gothic style, with auditorium 28 X 48 feet, and when finished
will be a very attractive place of worship." As the building neared completion in May 1891,
the Trinidad Daily .ews observed that "this part of the city has been without a church and
this long felt want will soon be applied."
In 1892 two important buildings were added to the business district, the Turner and Ford
Building/Odd Fellows Hall (135-39 E. Main, 5LA2179.33) and the Post Hardware/Plested
Building (110 E. Main, 5LA2179. 40). The Turner and Ford/Odd Fellows Building replaced
old sheet iron clad buildings previously on the site. A two-story building was planned: “It
will be a handsome block modern style trimmed with our beautiful sandstone and be a credit
to our city. This is indeed good news and will give our people more confidence in the future
prosperity and growth of our city.” In September, the Trinidad Daily .ews reported that the
front of the building was going to be “something new and extra fine” and that “the owners are
trying to outshine the Masonic block by its side.”
At 110 E. Main Street (5LA2179.40), S.C. Snyder, secretary/treasurer of the Post Hardware
Company planned to erect a modern block “especially adapted to the hardware business.” In
November the work of clearing old buildings from the property was underway, and architect
Isaac H. Rapp began preparing plans for the new building. Snyder had originally
contemplated a three- or four-story building. The final design called for a $15,000 two-story
building in a similar style to the Bulger and Rapp designed First National Bank Building on
the parcel to the west.
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Panic of 1893
With a precipitous drop in the price of silver, the country plunged into the Panic of 1893 (also
known as the Silver Panic), which resulted in widespread bank and business failures and
unemployment. Severe drought impacting agricultural areas added to the misery. Unlike
many financial institutions across the country, Trinidad’s First National Bank weathered the
crisis. The city was fortunate in that construction did not come to a complete standstill, as it
did in many other communities around the state. For the first time, the city saw a small
decline in its population, recording a total of 5,345 residents by 1900 (a loss of 3.2 percent).
Although buildings constructed during the rest of the decade were not of the magnitude of
projects such as the First National Bank, several solid commercial buildings and a few
residences were erected during the period.
The only noteworthy building completed in 1893 was the Commercial Hotel, a three story
brick building at 309-13 N. Commercial Street (5LA2179.63). In April 1893 the Trinidad
Daily .ews reported that George Slator [or Slater], operator of the Star Restaurant at 308
Commercial Street, had purchased a lot opposite the Sipe Block for $10,000. Slator planned
to build a seventy-five-room hotel on the site. By early May the foundation was completed
and brickwork began. In November 1893 the Daily .ews noted that "George Slater now
occupies his new hotel on Commercial street and is happy to be in his own building."
Despite the economic difficulties resulting from the Silver Panic, the Daily .ews reported in
January 1894 that Slator was "doing well considering the times. He has a large three-story
building that he built, just suited to the business, having 74 rooms. He furnishes a good clean
bed for 25 cents, or a much nicer room for 50 cents."
One of the most lavishly designed houses in the city was completed during the economic
downturn. On 25 April 1894 the Trinidad Daily .ews reported that O.L. Davis, a Trinidad
lumber dealer, was building "a spacious residence" at the corner of Maple and 2nd streets
(126 E. 2nd 5LA2179.139). The article noted that workmen were then tearing down an old
house to make way for the new construction. By mid-May the stone foundation was about
completed, and H.W. King & Co. received the contract for the superstructure. On 29
September 1894 the newspaper reported, "The elegant new home of O.L. Davis, on the corner
of Second and Maple streets, is now completed, and he is busy moving in and getting things
in order." The fine Queen Anne style frame residence was an ornament to the section of the
city referred to as “Aristocracy Hill,” where some of the city’s most prominent businessmen
and civic leaders resided.
Although many firms failed following the Panic of 1893, the Dunlavy Brothers (Forest,
James, and William) managed to start a new venture and erect a new building at 443-45 N.
Commercial Street. In July 1895 the Trinidad Daily .ews announced the opening of the new
company, Dunlavy Brothers: "This firm is acknowledged to be in the lead of the grocery men
of Trinidad, and their mart of trade is a genuine hive of bustling industry. Their new store
room, built the present year, is 38 feet by 90, and contains a basement and upper story,
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besides the business room where their numerous customers are promptly and faithfully
served." The grand opening of the store included the music of Did Argo's orchestra. The
Daily .ews commented, "It is by all odds the most convenient and best prepared store room
in the city for the business it is designed for, being furnished with all the modern appliances
to abbreviate labor." In April 1902, the Dunlavy Brothers sold their business to the Colorado
Supply Company, an affiliate of the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company.
O.L. Davis, owner of a local lumber business, built this frame Queen Anne style
residence at 126 E. 2nd Street in 1894. SOURCE: Courtesy of A.R. Mitchell
Museum Collection: Aultman Studio.
The Rise of Labor Unions
The growth in the coal and coke industry during the 1880s and 1890s was accompanied by
efforts to organize unions to represent miners in the coalfields. The United Mine Workers
(UMW) union formed in 1889-90 to represent coal miners and fought against reductions in
wages during the 1890s. The coal fields experienced a major strike in 1894. In 1899, the
Colorado legislature enacted an eight-hour-day law for mine, mill, and smelter workers,
which the state Supreme Court declared unconstitutional. Although voters approved a
constitutional amendment for the eight-hour-day in 1902, coal companies persisted in
devising schemes for avoiding its mandate. In addition to long days, coal mining was a
dangerous occupation, and the history of the southern coalfields was replete with accidents,
explosions, and deaths. In 1901-02, more than three hundred workers were killed or injured
in coal mines, with most of the casualties occurring in the Las Animas and Huerfano County
coalfields.
Against the above background, the Western Federation of Miners and the UMW called a
strike in the coalfields in the fall of 1903. Historians Carl Abbot, Stephen Leonard, and
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
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David McComb observe that the union’s demands “scarcely went beyond the requirements of
state law: semimonthly pay days, definition of a ton as 2,000 rather than 2,400 pounds, and
payment of wages in U.S. currency rather than in company scrip.” In response to the strike,
martial law was declared, with the Colorado state government supporting the mining
companies. The strike ended late in 1904, having failed to gain union recognition or achieve
changes in working conditions.65
Trinidad in the 1900s: A City Making History
The first decade of the twentieth century witnessed one of Trinidad’s greatest periods of
growth, comparable to that of the 1880s after the arrival of the railroads. Between 1900 and
1910 the population of the city rose by more than 90 percent, to a total of 10,204 persons.
Trinidad was the fourth most populous municipality in Colorado in 1910. During the decade,
new business blocks, residences, a church, a library, and a theater were added to the built
environment in central Trinidad. In 1903, the Daily Advertiser produced a special Christmas
Edition of its publication which provided a glowing description of Trinidad as “a city that is
every day making history” and described some of its leading businesses. Trinidad was
boosted as “…a city of homes and churches, of important manufactures, of fine residences
and beautiful cottages. It has every advantage possessed by any other city, and many
disadvantages under which many other cities labor are conspicuous for their absence.”
Among the advantages the city garnered in the early twentieth century were streetcar service,
several substantial business structures, and a number of elegant dwellings, among them the
residence of Mayor Charles H. Nichols.
A financial crisis in 1907 resulted in a crash of the stock market and the collapse of some
banks, businesses, and railroads at the national level. Construction in Trinidad continued,
however, with the completion of several major buildings by the end of the decade, including
the Trinidad Hotel (421 N. Commercial, 5LA2179.22), the Chronicle-News Building (200
Church St., 5LA2179.7), the West Theatre (423 W. Main, 5LA2179.94), and the Colorado
Supply Company Warehouse (137 W. Cedar, 5LA2179.180). The Chronicle-.ews noted that
“the general move toward a bigger and better city is significant in that the work is not
confined to a few large projects but to numerous smaller buildings of a substantial nature,
permanent improvements of all sorts, together with new walks, pavements, etc.”66 In
addition, significant residences were completed, including those of John and Barney Tarabino
(310 E. 2nd St., 5LA2179.109), Charles H. Nichols (212 E. 2nd, 5LA2179.111), and Ben
Springer (308 S. Chestnut, 5LA2179.186). A great improvement to the city’s infrastructre
was accomplished in 1909, when Commercial Street was paved with brick. The Trinidad
Brick and Tile Works made the bricks used in the paving. The city would eventually have
more than seven miles of brick streets. The paving resulted in some inconvenience for local
businesses that were below the new grade. Property owners completed new sidewalks and
65
66
Abbott, Leonard, and McComb, 140.
Chronicle-.ews, 8 April 1909.
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other alterations to their businesses to accommodate the improvements.67
Carnegie Library (202. N. Animas St., 5LA2179.21)
More than two thousand Carnegie libraries were erected in the world during the late
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Andrew Carnegie, a Scottish immigrant who built
an industrial empire based on the manufacture of steel in the United States, used much of his
fortune to support philanthropic ventures, with the largest amounts going to establish
libraries. The first such library was built in Scotland in 1881. Local communities were
required to subsidize their libraries with an annual fund that equaled at least 10 percent of the
cost of the library building. Planning for Trinidad's Carnegie Public Library (5LA2179.21)
began in 1903. In August 1903 the library board selected a Topeka, Kansas, architect, J.G.
Haskell, to work on the building. The Chronicle-.ews reported that Haskell "is highly
recommended. Rev. T.S. Hawley knows him personally and says he was architect for the
Kansas State House, Agricultural College, Insane Asylum, and various other public
buildings, and in addition was superintendent of the handsome post office building in
Topeka." Plans for the library called for a "stack room" for storage of books, a main hall, a
delivery room, and men's, ladies', and children's reading rooms. In October Crouch and
Smith were awarded the construction contract, and work began immediately on the native
stone building, which was expected to cost $15,000.
On 15 September 1904 the newspaper reported that the finishing touches were being
completed and the building would open the following week. The Chronicle-.ews
commented, "The library is a beautiful building and will be well able to supply room for all
the books in public service here for years to come." The abundance of large windows with
stained glass transoms and stone construction were noted. Marble steps led to a tiled
entrance on the exterior. All of the furnishings and woodwork were oak. The basement was
designed for use by women's clubs of the city for their meetings and also included a room for
boys for reading or play, provided by the Women's Christian Temperance Union. Also in the
basement was an apartment for the janitor. The completed cost of the building was about
$22,000.68
67
Chronicle-.ews, 18 February 1909.
Although the new library was welcomed by Trinidad residents, it quickly encountered structural problems. A
1909 article reported that the condition of the building was causing alarm due to settling of the inside
foundation, walls, and floors. "A careful inspection of the building will verify the statement that the beautiful
public library is in bad condition…It is estimated that it will cost in the neighborhood of $2,000 to put the
building in shape. The inside walls have sagged and cracked, and have so decayed and crumbled over the
doorways that there are apertures visible large enough for one to place both hands. The roof leaks in every part
of the building and other minor defects are so noticeable that one would almost despair of the ingenuity of
mechanics being able to make the structure a safe and substantial one." John Conkie was directed to prepare
plans for the repair of the building. The newspaper judged that the location of the building ("practically in the
old river bed") had caused much of its problems. One councilman noted that the Kansas architect "knew more
about how to lay out a sunflower field than a public building."
68
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 41
The First Presbyterian Church on N. Commercial
Street was completed in 1902 and originally featured
crenellated towers. SOURCE: Courtesy of A.R.
Mitchell Museum Collection: Aultman Studio.
First Presbyterian Church (224 N. Commercial, 5LA2179.28)
The First Presbyterian Church of Trinidad had been founded on 7 September 1873 by Dr.
Sheldon Jackson, Superintendent of Missions for the western United States. A frame church
building erected at 224 N. Commercial in 1876 was removed to build the present church. On
14 February 1902 William McDonald received a contract for construction of the basement
walls. In March the church accepted a bid of $7,200 from Crouch & Smith for the
superstructure. The cornerstone laying ceremonies were held on 3 April 1904, with Rev. T.S.
Hawley and Rev. J.L. Weaver officiating. Reverend Theodore S. Hawley led the
congregation during the building of the church and was described as "the largest factor" in its
construction. The design included a basement containing a reading room, gymnasium, and
kitchen, which was intended to be open during the day and evening throughout the week.
The auditorium was to be 54' X 60,' with a raised floor and gallery, and capacity of five
hundred persons. The architect for the new building was J.B. Mason of Omaha, Nebraska.
The first service in the new auditorium was held on 28 September 1902 for a "large and
appreciative audience." The total expense of the building, including landscaping, furniture,
art glass, and furnace, was $12,655. Across the street from the church was an early saloon
which had an electric piano. At times, the piano reportedly drowned out the hymns in the
sanctuary. The saloon advertised its location "just across the street from the Presbyterian
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Church."
West Theatre (423 W. Main, 5LA2179.94)
Edward West had owned the site at 423 W. Main since the early 1880s, more than twenty
years before he erected a theater. West was a pioneer citizen who made his fortune in
sheepraising. When the Jaffa Opera House closed in 1906, Trinidad was left without an
entertainment venue. West asked for a $10,000 incentive “bonus” to proceed with the
erection of an opera house on his property. By January 1907, the businessmen of West Main
Street had oversubscribed this amount, and West gave the order to begin with the project.
The cost of the building was initially projected at $60,000 to $65,000, but when the building
opened the price had risen to $125,000.
West selected the Rapp Brothers architectural firm to design the building. The architects
visited the “leading theatrical centers” of the country and gathered information on current
trends in theater design, with a particular eye on fire safety. After the architects drafted the
plans, they were “sent to the leading theater experts in the country, who have pronounced the
Rapp Bros.’ plans the best that can be devised.” The exterior architectural style was
described as French Renaissance, while the interior followed a Rococo style.
The building had a planned seating capacity of 1,200 with raked main floor seating on the
orchestra floor for 600, a balcony (seating about 250), a gallery (seating 350), eight boxes, a
sunken orchestra pit, dressing rooms, prop storage, a 50’X75’ ballroom, and two storefronts.
The stage was 65-feet-wide (permitting “the largest companies now on tour” to perform), 35feet-deep, and 34 feet in height to the proscenium arch, with a 71-foot-high rigging loft. The
exterior was constructed of “the best red, vitrified pressed brick,” with more than two million
bricks needed in all. John A. Laughlin served as the general contractor for the theater
construction project, Charles M. Campbell was the superintendent of construction, and
William G. Rupp received the contract for the masonry work. Edward West promised: “It
will be of such substantial and artistic beauty and size that it will be a credit to this city for
twenty years to come.” He planned to travel to Chicago and Grand Rapids, Michigan, to
purchase seats and other fixtures for the theater.
Ground breaking for the construction occurred in February 1907, and the foundation was
about finished in late May 1907. The building was nearing completion in early February
1908, when workmen were busy on interior decorations. The gala opening of the theater
occurred on 16 March, with a performance of “The Bondman.” The Chronicle-.ews called
the theater “perfectly appointed,” “a spot of metropolitan splendor,” and “a superb structure
rivaling anything of the kind to be seen west of Kansas City.” The opening event was an
occasion in the social life of the city. The newspaper (in extensive coverage on 17 March)
opined that the 1,150-seat theater would positively impact the moral, educational, and
economic development of Trinidad. Edward West pledged to secure the best of attractions
for the new theater. Many of the acts which played in Denver theaters also visited Trinidad.
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Trinidad City Hall (135 N. Animas St., 5LA2179.3)
The completion of Trinidad's city hall took more than twenty years and resulted in changes in
the architect, builder, and design before the building was finished. On 21 March 1889 the
Trinidad Daily .ews had reported that the architectural firm of Bulger & Rapp had exhibited
the design and plans for the new building (originally to be two stories plus basements), of
brick and stone, with large towers and a balcony on the front. The rock for the foundation
was obtained from a local quarry ("above F. Bloom's coal mine") and the basement of the
building was nearly completed in September 1889. The Daily .ews reported that D. Henry
put in the foundation and basement.
Construction of the Trinidad City Hall on N. Animas Street extended over two
decades and faced numerous obstacles. SOURCE: Courtesy of A.R. Mitchell
Museum Collection: Aultman Studio.
The building progressed no further until 1904, when new plans were submitted for an edifice
to be erected on top of the completed foundation by "Architects Roe of Pueblo, Snell of
Denver, and Rapp and Cummings of Trinidad." On 29 March 1904 the Chronicle-.ews
stated that the plans of I.H. and W.M. Rapp had been accepted by the city council. The plans
were completed and preparations for building were underway when a big flood on 30
September 1904 occurred. The flood resulted in further delay because city funds were then
needed to replace bridges, river walls, and other structures.
In February 1907, the issue of resuming work on the building was again raised. In December
the Chronicle-.ews reported that "local architects are now busily engaged making plans and
specifications for the new city hall" on the old foundation. It was noted that the city hall
committee recommended that architect John Conkie's plans be accepted, with estimated
construction to cost not more than $35,000. The building was to be designed so that an
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additional story could be added later, if necessary. The architect submitted revised plans in
June 1908, responding to prominent local citizens who requested that the city hall be
constructed of stone rather than brick. The revised plans also moved the police department
from the first floor to the basement.
Fred W. Schnauffer (or Schnaufer) placed the lowest bid for construction of the building
($10,675 for an estimated $24,000 worth of work). Some worried that Schnauffer was not
well known in Trinidad and that he did not employ union labor. Apparently Schnauffer
received the contract, despite protests, after stating that he could complete the building by
March of the following year.69 On 1 January 1909 Masons laid the cornerstone of the
building. A drawing of the city hall, appearing much as it was built, appeared in the
Chronicle-.ews on 1 January 1909. By April work on the second story was under way. The
huge granite columns were set in place in August 1909, constructed of Quincy, Mass., granite
and placed by S. Gregory & Son of Trinidad.
On 21 July 1910 city officials moved into the completed city hall, including the city clerk,
engineer, and superintendent of the waterworks. Every department of the city was housed in
the building. The city jail was located in the basement, where the jailer's family also had
apartments. The Chronicle .ews stated, "The building is a model of construction, the interior
and exterior of the most substantial material, and Architect John Conkie has seen to it that
every stick and stone in the building has been put in a workmanlike manner. It is a building
of which Trinidad may well be proud, a good home for the best city administration this city
has ever had."
Nichols Residence (212 E. 2nd St., 5LA2179.111)
Charles H. Nichols, who served as mayor of Trinidad and an officer in the Krille-Nichols
Wool and Hide Co., erected one of the most elegant residences in the city at 212 E. 2nd Street
in 1904-05. Isaac H. and William M. Rapp designed the substantial stone and shingled
dwelling, which cost about $15,000. The dwelling was reportedly nearing completion in
early December 1904, but the Nichols family did not move in until August 1905. In
September 1905, Mr. and Mrs. Nichols staged a lavish party at the house in honor of their
son, Frederick, who was leaving to resume his studies at the Technological Institute in
Brooklyn, New York. The celebration included a full orchestra, dancing, cards, and a buffet
of refreshments. In covering the party, the Chronicle-.ews carried a lengthy description of
the house:
The Nichols' home is by far the largest and handsomest in the city and though
there were over one hundred guests present last night the rooms were not
crowded….The entire lower floor is finished in mission style, with great
rafters of Flemish oak and wainscoting [sic] of the same merging into quaint
69
Apparently Schnauffer’s work was satisfactory, as he was later hired to build the county jail.
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window nooks and square set fireplaces. The furniture of the rooms is the
heavy mission style needed to complete the effect…. The third floor belongs
entirely to the Nichols boys [Frederick and Herbert] and their den, a long low
ceiled room, was the admiration of the entire party. A quaint old red brick
Dutch fireplace fills one end of the room and the furnishings are in the same
squat Dutch style.
Sheep and wool provided the funds for erecting the C.H. Nichols Residence at
212 E. 2nd Street The building became a funeral home in the 1940s and now
houses a bed and breakfast. SOURCE: Courtesy of A.R. Mitchell Museum
Collection: Aultman Studio.
Landmarks of Other Days Gone: Change in the 1910s
The progress of the early twentieth century permanently altered the face of the city. Business
blocks and residences of the territorial era were replaced with buildings reflecting new styles
and construction technologies. In 1915 J.S. Nottingham visited Trinidad, where he had first
settled in 1872 for a year-and-a-half. Writing about his visit to S.W. DeBusk, Nottingham
stated, “After nearly 45 years absence I found about all the old landmarks of other days gone.
The only sights that looked natural to me were the old convent, Fisher’s Peak, and
Simpson’s Rest.”70
During the 1910s, Trinidad’s population growth slowed, posting an increase of 702 residents.
Labor turmoil during 1913-1914 turned the focus of the state and the nation on Trinidad and
Las Animas County and culminated in one of the most infamous tragedies in the history of
coal mining in the West. Efforts to broaden the economic base and attract tourist dollars
70
Colorado Historical Society, “DeBusk Memorial,” 272.
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were undertaken, including the erection of a lighted Trinidad sign on Simpson’s Rest in 1915.
Trinidad residents volunteered to serve in World War I at the end of the decade. Although
construction did not reach the heights achieved in the 1900s, progress continued, and several
of the city’s most significant buildings were completed, including a U.S. Post Office, a
Masonic Temple, a County Courthouse, and the Toltec Hotel.
Trinidad Post Office (301 E. Main St., 5LA2179.93)
From 1862 until 1910, when a new post office building was completed, postal operations in
the city were housed in rented facilities in downtown buildings. In early 1907 a site at the
northeast corner of East Main Street and North Chestnut Street had been selected for
construction of a post office. The donated site was reportedly chosen “on account of its
convenience to the three railway depots.” In February 1907, workmen started clearing the
site of the old Hazeldine Hotel, but construction of the new building did not begin until
January 1909. In the interim, Trinidad Postmaster D.W. Stone and Colorado Representative
Warren A. Haggott successfully persuaded Congress to increase construction funding for the
facility from $60,000 to $75,000.
The Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury, James Knox Taylor, designed the
new building, and the general contractor for the project was Dieter and Wenzel, of Wichita,
Kansas, and Joplin, Missouri. Granite for the post office came from the state of Georgia.
The facility formally opened on 22 June 1910, when postal operations were transferred from
the old location in the Bank building. An article in the Chronicle-.ews observed that the
building “is a most artistic structure…It will mark the beginning of that era of public
improvements which follows in the wake of paving and other civic betterments.” The
building was described as “a structure that may be classed as one of the finest public
buildings to be found anywhere. It has an imposing appearance, located, as it is on the
principal street, handy to the business section and conforming as it does with the direction in
which Trinidad is building.” The capacity of the building was assessed as “commodious
enough to handle the business of Uncle Sam until the city grows to a population of 50,000.”
The building’s lobby, accessed by rotating doors from entrances off Main and Chestnut,
featured a 19-foot ceiling, oak and marble walls, rows of private lock boxes, and a terrazzo
floor. The main floor also contained customer service windows, a workroom for carriers, a
private office for the postmaster, and vaults for money orders and stamps. A swing room for
carriers was located in the basement and was equipped with showers, toilets, and lockers. In
addition to postal functions, the basement also included a Civil Service examination room
and “space for the offices of inspectors and examiners and rooms for the storing of stuff and
vaults for records.”
Masonic Temple (132-36 E. Main St., 5LA2179.38)
In 1911-12 the Masonic Temple Association of Trinidad built a substantial edifice to house
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their organization and the S.H. Kress Co. Department Store. To erect the building the
Masons incorporated an association composed of members of the Las Animas Lodge No. 28,
Trinidad Lodge No. 89, the Trinidad Chapter of the Royal Arch Masons, and the Trinidad
Commandery. A committee of five representing these groups included: Sol H. Jaffa, A.L.
Branson, Robert T. Lake, Steve Burkhard, and Frank R. Wood. The decision to erect a new
temple on the site of the previous temple was reached at a joint meeting of the groups, when
it was learned that the Kress Department Store would lease the lower floor for fifteen years.
Plans for the building were drawn by the architectural firm of I.H. and W.M. Rapp & Co.,
which had its offices there for several years after its completion. It was noted that
construction was to proceed as rapidly as possible as Kress & Co. was anxious to open its
store in Trinidad. The estimated cost of the building was $60,000.
A beautiful new Masonic Temple was completed in 1910-11. The S.H. Kress
Department Store occupied the first floor. SOURCE: Courtesy of A.R.
Mitchell Museum Collection: Aultman Studio.
In February 1911, the Chronicle-.ews judged, "No expense has been spared in making the
structure one of the finest owned by Masons and affiliated lodges anywhere." The three-story
building also included a concrete-floored basement, which provided space for two furnaces
and boilers and ample storing and packing rooms for Kress. An elevator and dumb waiter, as
well as stairways, connected the basement with the first floor. The main store was to be
occupied by Kress, while another storefront was to be utilized by J. Robertson, Milliner. The
second floor was for the use of the Masons and affiliated orders, with the exception of one
office space. The largest room on the second floor was the lodge room, which was finished
in Egyptian style, with square white columns and high ceilings. A banquet hall was also on
the second floor which was said to "surpass in beauty any banquet hall in the state outside of
Denver." At the south end of the hall was a large orchestra loft. A smaller reception room
contained a fireplace and was to be filled with books and leather chairs. A large parlor for
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the Eastern Star was donated by the Masons. An armory for members of the Commandery
was included, with lockers for their uniforms. The building also contained a kitchen with
every convenience.
The Kress store held a grand opening on 24 March 1911. The newspaper judged it "ideal in
its cheerfulness; it is perfect in its convenience; it is the customers' store…The location is the
best and most convenient in the city." Departments included jewelry, house furnishings,
domestic china, and a candy counter, among others. The second floor Masonic Temple was
dedicated on 27 April 1911, with an estimated seven hundred people visiting the building.
The Trinidad Monitor remarked, "From the standpoint of exterior and interior both, the
building does appear to be ideal. The structure, stately and well built, with its handsome
façade of terra cotta and pressed brick that furnishes one of the biggest adornments to that
part of the business district cost in the close neighborhood of $60,000 and is recognized as a
distinct addition to the city's array of handsome buildings."
County Courthouse (200 E. 1st St., 5LA2179.75)
In March 1912 the Chronicle-.ews reported that the old 1881 county courthouse was being
torn down to make way for a new facility to cost approximately $220,000. The newspaper
judged that the new courthouse would be "one of the finest public buildings in the state of
Colorado" and "a thing of beauty and architectural elegance--a monument to Trinidad and
Las Animas county." Initial questions by Trinidad residents regarding the building concerned
whether it would be built of Bedford, Indiana, limestone or native sandstone from the hills
surrounding Trinidad. Local people wanted the foundation and lower exterior walls to be
built of the native stone backed with Trinidad brick. The building was designed by Trinidad
architects I.H. and W.M. Rapp. W.G. Rupp was contractor for the construction.
The Trinidad Monitor described the design for the new building in March 1912: "The general
plan has been arranged so as to afford direct light to all offices." The sub-basement was to
contain a boiler room, elevator machinery, and toilet rooms. The basement included offices
of the superintendent of schools, county surveyor, board of health, coroner, sheriff, and
janitor's apartment. The main floor included the county clerk's suite, county commissioners'
suite, county treasurer's office, assessor's office, and Chamber of Commerce rooms, which
included a large museum for exhibiting the products of the city and county. On the second
story were judiciary spaces, described as "exceptionally large and of special architectural
interest." An innovative aspect of the third floor was the inclusion of two dormitories for
jurors and rooms for the bailiff. Each floor was described as designed to have lobbies and
corridors, marble wainscot and stairways, and Terrazzo floors.
The cornerstone of the building was laid on 13 September 1912 with a Masonic ceremony.
In November 1914 the first county offices moved into the new building: the county court
clerk and the county commissioners. The first marriage in the building was performed on 16
November 1914 before the interior of the building was entirely completed. The district
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courtroom was dedicated in June 1916. By 1915 a park south of the new courthouse was
being planned. In January 1916 F.W. Schnauffer received the contract to construct a new
county jail to be attached to the courthouse. Specifications for the jail were drawn up by I.H.
and W.M. Rapp.
The Rapp Brothers were architects for the massive Las Animas County Court House
(1912-14). The Rapps designed a jail in the same style, erected a few years later.
SOURCE: Courtesy of A.R. Mitchell Museum Collection: Aultman Studio.
Toltec Hotel (118 N. Commercial St., 5LA2179.31)
Representing the change in architectural design and construction materials that marked the
new century was the Toltec Hotel, erected by Trinidad pioneer John Orlando Packer. Packer,
an attorney who had come to the city about 1870, had erected the Packer Block further north
on Commercial Street and was described as having “extensive property interests in Trinidad.”
He selected prominent Denver architect Frank Edbrooke to work on the building. The Toltec
Hotel building was constructed “by day work, not by contract and from basement to roof,
nothing but the most substantial material was used.” The total cost of the building was about
$75,000. The hotel was constructed on a steel frame clad with Trinidad bricks. The front
was faced with “gray terra cotta made in Chicago from special design furnished by the
architect.” The first story contained three store rooms, while the upper two floors held a
fifty-seven room hotel. There were three public baths on each floor and eight of the rooms
included private baths. The rooms had mahogany woodwork and matching furniture, maple
flooring, steam heat, electric lights, gas, and telephones, while the corridors were covered
with inlaid tiles with a white marble baseboard. Access to the second floor was by means of
a white marble staircase. Mr. Packer described his building as “the most modern structure
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south of Denver.”
The building was completed 1 August 1911. The Chronicle-.ews commented that the new
hotel
occupies a most prominent location from a business standpoint, and a
structure which attracts the eye and holds the attention of the stranger who
pauses to observe what Trinidad offers in the way of buildings. It has
materially enhanced the appearance of Commercial street, not so many years
ago lined on both sides by unsightly, low roofed adobe structures.
Mother Jones and the Ludlow Tragedy
The most violent clash between miners and mine owners in the Trinidad coalfields occurred
in 1913-14. Miners went on strike in September 1913, demanding company recognition of
the union, a 10 percent increase in wages, stricter enforcement of the eight-hour-day and
other health and safety laws, and the right to choose living quarters, eating places, and
doctors. John Lawson led the United Mine Workers, aided by such national organizers as
Mary Harris Jones (“Mother Jones”). Mother Jones, the legendary Irish-American labor
leader of early twentieth century America, supported the labor struggle during the coal strikes
of both 1903-04 and 1913-14. Colorado military and government officials recognized her as
a powerful union organizer and activist and attempted to exile the elderly woman from the
southern coalfields during both strikes. In 1914, once again banned from the strike zone by
state authorities, Mother Jones traveled to Trinidad, where authorities imprisoned her in San
Rafael Hospital. A protest on her behalf drew over a thousand women from all over
Colorado who marched up Commercial Street and east on Main Street, demanding the release
of Mother Jones. During the demonstration a National Guard cavalry unit charged the
women, injuring several and leading to the arrest of seven. Mother Jones was freed from the
hospital and placed on a train to Denver, but she continued her efforts to support the
strikers.71
The striking miners resisted efforts by mine owners to replace them with strikebreakers, and
the owners successfully appealed to the state government to send in the National Guard.
When the miners walked off their jobs they also were required to leave the company towns;
they responded by moving their families to tent colonies set up on the open plains by the
union. On 20 April 1914, the militia attempted to drive miners and their families from the
Ludlow tent colony fourteen miles north of Trinidad. Five miners and a National Guard
solider were killed in fighting and two women and eleven children died in a fire ignited
during the clash. The incident triggered days of murders, explosions, and burnings
throughout the southern coalfields. Unable to restore order, Governor Elias Ammons
71
Elliott J. Gorn, Mother Jones: The Most Dangerous Woman in America (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001),
199-225.
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requested assistance from President Woodrow Wilson, and federal troops arrived in Trinidad
on 30 April. The strike ended in December 1914, with the unions once again failing to
achieve recognition from the coal companies.72
Prohibition Impacts Trinidad
On 1 January 1916 the manufacture and sale of liquor was prohibited in Colorado. Trinidad
historian Cozette Henritze writes that “People who really wanted a drink in Las Animas
County were able to find one—whether it was from the illegal stills which went into
operation in dozens of canyons up river, below Fisher’s Peak, or in many basements in town,
or through ‘prescriptions’ which could be filled at several Trinidad drug stores.”73 During
prohibition, the Schneider Brewing Company began producing “near beer” and soft drinks.
Saloons in Trinidad also officially sold soft drinks.
Enforcing the ban on the production and sale of alcohol in Trinidad was a dangerous
business. On 20 March 1922, James Moore, a special undercover Prohibition enforcement
agent, was shot and killed in the house at 303 S. Animas Street while conducting an
investigation into violations of the Prohibition laws. Moore and others came to the house and
were served liquor. The agent attempted to place Leo or Eli Gembrine under arrest and was
then shot and killed. Another person was shot in the hip and arm during the incident. Before
he died, Moore identified Oreste Flor (a nephew of Mrs. Mary Gembrine) as his assailant, but
Mary Gembrine reportedly admitted to the crime; both were charged with murder. The
Chronicle-.ews stated that "numerous reports had been received by the police department of
bootlegging operations at the Gembrine house and officers had previously visited the place in
an effort to obtain evidence, but had been outwitted." No liquor was found, but there was
evidence that liquor had been dumped on a coal pile. In July 1922, a permanent injunction
was issued by a federal judge in Denver closing the residence for one year, and U.S. Marshal
Sam Burris and carpenters nailed up windows and doors of the house in August. The house
was not to be used for "any purpose whatsoever" during the year. The current owner of the
dwelling, W.M. Scott, reports that he has been told that lots of bootlegging money was made
there.
Trinidad in the 1920s
Despite an economic readjustment after the end of World War I, the early 1920s were years
of optimism and prosperity in the city. The city posted a small gain in population during the
decade, increasing to 11,732 people by 1930. Street lights were placed on several residential
streets, including along Chestnut, Maple, and Animas, and street paving was accomplished
on a large scale. The First Christian Church completed a new building at 200 S.Walnut
Street (5LA6551), adding another ecclesiastical gem to the city. Improvements were made at
72
73
Ubbelohde, Benson, and Smith, A Colorado History, 256.
Henritze, First .ational Bank.
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the facilities of the Holy Trinity Catholic convent and school at 237 Church Street
(5LA2179.189). Other new school facilities in the city were under construction, including a
high school. On 12 March 1922, the city discontinued its streetcar service as automobiles
had become prevalent enough to drive the public transportation off the streets. Interurban
transportation to the coal camps were abandoned on 15 September 1923.74 Several
residences were completed during the decade, including some in the popular Bungalow
design and some with combined business and living quarters.75
In 1925 Trinidad Junior College was founded, one of the first two junior colleges in the state.
Junior colleges were designed as two year educational institutions with training in arts,
sciences, and humanities equivalent to the classes offered at four-year colleges and
institutions. By 1926 there were thirty-seven registered full-time students at the school,
according to Cozette Henritze. The institution first offered classes at Trinidad High School,
then began operating from the former Tillotson Academy building and created a campus
along Prospect and Pine streets. The school was fully accredited in 1927.76
By the end of the 1920s an economic downturn affecting the nation was also being felt in the
Trinidad area, most notably in the closure of coal mines and the decline of agricultural prices.
Reviewing the previous year, the Chronicle-.ews noted in January 1930, “There have been
no booms. No new and greater industries have set up in this community but business has had
a good average year…” A new development that held promise for the future included the
prospecting done by the Trinidad Development Company for oil. The Chamber of
Commerce also made progress on its promise to build a modern airport for commercial and
passenger planes with the purchase of a 640-acre site known as Holloway Field. 77 Bright
spots in development included the completion of the Elks Lodge (120 S. Maple,
5LA2179.119), New Carlisle Building (201-03 E. Main, 5LA2179.232), the Montgomery
Ward/Piggly Wiggly Building (147-49 E. Main, 5LA2179.73), the Jeffreys Auto Company
Building (145 E. Plum, 5LA2179.251), and the Emerick Building (231 E. Main,
5LA2179.52).
Elks Lodge (120 S. Maple, 5LA2179.119)
The site on which Trinidad Elks Lodge 181 sits attracted much interest from various
developers during the early twentieth century. In May 1919, the Elks rejected the offer of the
Continental Oil Company, which hoped to purchase the site for an auto service station. At
that time, the Elks believed that the location on the corner that approaches the county court
house should contain “a thing of beauty” or “enhance the sightliness of the ground which is
regarded as an ideal site for a civic center.” The Elks indicated that they would approve of a
hotel project for the site, while others hoped it would become a civic center. Reportedly, one
74
Ken Fletcher, Notes on Draft Report, August 2003, in the files of Front Range Research Associates, Denver.
Chronicle-.ews, 1 January 1921 and 31 December 1922.
76
Waters, Colorado: 1956-1958, 296; Henritze, First .ational Bank.
77
Chronicle-.ews, 1 January 1930, 1.
75
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person of “considerable influence” in Trinidad blocked the civic center concept, although
many kept the idea alive, believing it would be the “biggest thing ever achieved” in the city
or county.
In October 1924, the Elks announced that they would build a new lodge (designed by Hal B.
Stewart) on the site.78 The Trinidad Elks Home Association, led by seven prominent local
Elks, incorporated to handle the building project. Despite these plans, a group of Trinidad
citizens still hoped to succeed with a last minute effort to acquire the lots for a civic center
(which had been discussed for more than a decade). The group hoped to acquire the full
block and convert it to a park of lawns and terraces to enhance the view of the courthouse
from the business district. This effort ultimately failed.
In June 1925 the Elks announced that a contract for construction of a new $55,000 two-story
plus basement building had been let to F.P. Snowbarger. The former Elks lodge had been
destroyed by fire in January 1925, motivating the group to proceed with construction. The
new building included club rooms, a reading room, a cigar stand, cloak room, secretary’s
office, serving room, and refreshment counter on the ground floor. A spacious lodge room
(48’ X 48’) and anterooms were completed on the second floor. The basement included a
dance hall (48’ X 65’) with a maple floor (also to be used as a banquet room) with adjoining
kitchen, women’s rest room, cloakroom, and toilet. The exterior walls of the lodge were
composed of tapestry brick with a decorative fresco. A large veranda was provided on the
First Street side for summer months. The style of architecture was described as “Italian.”
During the excavation, workmen found artifacts from the U.S. Hotel previously on the site
which was destroyed by fire about 1895. The Elks occupied the new building in February
1926, when it was described as “a model of convenience, comfort, and beauty."
New Carlisle Building (201-03 E. Main, 5LA2179.232)
H.K. Holloway erected the New Carlisle Building at 201-03 E. Main Street to fill a site which
for years had "been nothing but a crumbled heap of stone, brick, and mortar, an eyesore that
has brought comment from home people and visitors." The building previously on the spot
dated to the 1870s and once had been utilized by the Bank of Southern Colorado, the post
office, a city water works office, a meeting place for the city council, and a real estate firm.
H.K. Holloway, was one of the incorporators (with E.C. Holloway and C.B. Lewis) of the
Carlisle Building Company in 1904. That enterprise formed to do a general building and
realty business. Holloway was also a banker and a longtime resident of Trinidad. The
architect for the new building, Francis W. Spencer, worked for the firm of I.H. and W.M.
Rapp for twenty-one years before opening his own office in 1930. Spencer also designed the
Montgomery Ward/Piggly Wiggly building, the Holy Trinity Community Hall, and buildings
throughout southern Colorado and New Mexico. In January 1929 the New Carlisle Building
was cited as one of the important improvements underway in the city. In April 1929 Doctors
78
Chronicle-.ews, 10 February 1926 and Evening Picketwire, 11 February 1926.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 54
O.F. Adams and D.G. Thompson were in the process of moving their offices into the
"recently erected" building.
The Great Depression and Public Works Projects During the 1930s
On 1 January 1931, the Chronicle-.ews analyzed the state of the local economy: “Despite the
general business and industrial depression which has gripped the nation and the world during
1930, Trinidad kept on an even keel. There has been comparatively little new building
construction, but there has been development going on throughout the community.” The
newspaper noted that coal production had been down for three years, but that agricultural
growth was “marked.” The erection of transportation-related buildings accounted for most of
the privately-financed construction in Trinidad during the 1930s. Two U.S. highways passed
through Trinidad, U.S. 160, an east-west transcontinental route, and U.S. 85, “the most heavily
traveled north and south highway in Colorado.”79 Facilities were developed to cater to the
traveling public as well as to residents of the city and its environs. Auto-related construction
during the 1930s included: the MacLiver Brothers One-Stop Service Station (200 N.
Commercial, 5LA2179.115), the Standard Oil Service Station (200 E. Main, 5LA2179.231),
the Socolo Super Service Station (438 W. Main, 5LA2179.237), the La Concha Super
Service Station (159 E. Main, 5LA2179.230), the Fouret Brothers Garage (137 W. 1st
5LA2179.113), the Trinidad Battery Co. (419 W. Main, 5LA2179.236), and the Glaviano &
Garlutzo Garage (308-14 W. Main, 5LA2179.92). At the end of the decade, Trinidad had one
of the finest collections of automobile service stations and garages in the state.
On 27 September 1932, presidential candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt stopped at the Santa Fe
depot in Trinidad during a cross-country whistle-stop tour. Roosevelt was elected the
following November and initiated a series of programs to relieve distress caused by the
nationwide economic crisis known as the Great Depression. The economic downturn had
profound consequences in Las Animas County, which saw its coal production decline by 50
percent.80 In addition, agricultural prices had receded following World War I and continued
to be depressed throughout the 1920s and the following decade. The livestock industry,
whose fortunes were still important to Trinidad’s financial well-being, experienced a
precipitous decline. The state’s farm crop of 1930 was the largest in history, but its aggregate
value fell substantially below that of the previous year.81
President Roosevelt’s New Deal programs in response to the Great Depression emphasized
relief, recovery, and reform. Programs sponsored by agencies such as the Works Progress
Administration (WPA) helped local citizens survive the period of extreme economic
hardship. To deal with the large numbers of transients who came into Trinidad by rail, the
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) established a camp at Monument Lake,
79
Writers’ Program, WPA Guide to 1930s Colorado, 364.
Henritze, First .ational Bank.
81
Tolbert R. Ingram, Year Book of the State of Colorado, 1931 (Denver: State Board of Immigration, 1931), 61
and 90.
80
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 55
west of Trinidad, where the men were put to work raising the dam to provide a better habitat
for fish. In addition, workers for the WPA built a mountain lodge at the lake. In 1936 the
Chronicle-.ews reported that “relief projects too numerous to mention were planned,
approved, and many of them completed or started,” including work on highways. Colorado
historian Stephen Leonard reports that Trinidad had 1,253 men and 155 women employed on
WPA jobs in 1937, which constituted one of the highest allocations for such workers in the
state.82
The MacLiver Brothers One-Stop Service Station (1930), 200 N. Commercial
street, was one of many automobile-related buildings built along Commercial
and Main streets. SOURCE: Courtesy of A.R. Mitchell Museum Collection:
Aultman Studio.
Veterans’ Memorial Square (204 S. Chestnut St., 5LA2179.181)
One of the most unusual public works undertakings in the country during the Great
Depression was a WPA project which completed a group of buildings designed to honor
veterans’ groups in Trinidad. In October 1935, Las Animas County Commissioner I.B.
Rogers described a plan to build a veteran’s memorial on a vacant parcel at 204 S. Chestnut.
Trinidad veterans’ organizations supported the proposal, which included creation of a
headquarters building, a large auditorium, and separate buildings for each veterans’ group,
which would be used “to store their war relics and service memorials, records and all else
pertaining to the organizations.” Local businessman H.K. Holloway purchased the site from
Dr. John R. Espey for $300 and donated the property to the county.
82
Stephen J. Leonard, Trials and Triumphs: A Colorado Portrait of the Great Depression (Niwot: University
Press of Colorado, 1993), 52-53 and 98-99; Chronicle-.ews, 1 January 1936, 1.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 56
The original plan outlined by Commissioner Rogers (who was a World War I veteran and
commander of the Fisher’s Peak Post of the Veterans of Foreign Wars) called for buildings of
“old Spanish architecture like early frontier forts, with patio, the buildings built in line about
the courtyard, and with a wall between each. The memorial grounds would be surrounded by
a retaining wall. The buildings would be of stucco finish, and the entire premises constructed
so as to be colorful and picturesque,…” Marian Barnes, an engineer who served as Las
Animas County Surveyor, was credited with conceiving of the overall design of the complex.
In April 1936 the WPA approved $50,000 to $55,000 for the project, which was planned to
extend over five months and employ thirty-one to one hundred workers.
The West Theatre, erected by Edward West in 1907-08 and designed by the Rapps, required
more than two million bricks in its construction. This 1939 photograph shows alterations to
the entrance and marquee. SOURCE: Courtesy of A.R. Mitchell Museum Collection:
Aultman Studio.
The cornerstone of the first building was laid on 30 May 1936, with representatives of
veterans’ organizations, the city, the county, and WPA officials participating. The project
was called “a shrine of peace,” a “patriotic memorial to veterans of all the wars,” and a
“shrine of appreciation.” By mid-November, four of the six veterans’ buildings were
complete, with the remaining two and Holloway Auditorium still under construction. Rather
than stucco, the buildings and walls were built of native sandstone with projecting log
timbers. The construction took longer than anticipated, and in the days leading up to the
1937 dedication about two hundred workers were employed.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 57
Memorial Square was dedicated with great fanfare on 26-27 June 1937. The facility was
known as “Fort Wootton,” in honor of pioneer Raton Pass tollgate operator Richard “Uncle
Dick” Wootton. Colorado Governor Teller Ammons and representatives of veterans groups
attended the dedication ceremonies, as well as Adjutant General A.P, Ardourel, two units of
National Guardsmen, and three National Guard airplanes. In August 1939, the forty-ninth
reunion of the United Confederate Veterans was held at Memorial Square.
World War II and the Stimulus of Postwar Planning
Improvement in the local economy was seen in 1940, when agricultural prices began to
recover and the pace of building in the city increased slightly. Construction projects included
a new Administration Building for Trinidad Junior College, erected by the WPA, and a new
college gymnasium. Other WPA projects included improvements at the Trinidad Municipal
Golf Course and work on city streets. Elsewhere in the city most construction was confined
to small dwellings (none in the study area.) One of the most important real estate
transactions of the year was the purchase of Frank S. Grahams’ residence at 212 E. Second
Street by the Campbell-Lewis Mortuary and its conversion as a funeral home.83
The American entrance into World War II in December 1941 motivated hundreds of men and
women from Las Animas County to enlist in the military. Demand for agricultural products
and the return of coal mines to round-the-clock production for the war effort brought renewed
prosperity. Trinidad State Jr. College trained defense workers during the conflict, including
machine tool operators and provided aviation classes for mechanics and pilots. In 1943 a
German prisoner of war camp was constructed east of Trinidad, which operated for two
years.
After the conflict ended, some veterans returning to Las Animas County found difficulty in
securing jobs as coal production resumed its declined. Although CF&I opened the new Allen
Mine in 1951, several coal mines closed in the decade after the war, and the Cokedale coke
ovens were shut down altogether by 1949. As a result, many families moved out of the area
to take jobs in other locations. For only the second time in its history, Trinidad posted a
negative population growth, losing about one thousand residents by 1950. Trinidad’s
merchants suffered, due to the diminishing demand for services and supplies. Trinidad
historian Cozette Henritze observed that the big department stores on Main and Commercial
streets began to close their doors, and even many of the smaller businesses struggled to
remain open. No construction in the downtown area had occurred during the war years, due
primarily to lack of manpower and restrictions on construction materials. After the war four
new buildings in the downtown area were erected, and established businesses built additions
and updated their properties.84
83
84
Chronicle-.ews, 31 December 1940, 1.
Henritze, First .ational Bank; Chronicle-.ews, 31 December 1945, 1.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 58
Skate-Land (424 W. Main St., 5LA2179.117)
A roller skating rink, Skate-Land, opened at 424 W. Main Street on 12 March 1949. The
two-story brick building, described as a “fine modern building” and “one of the best and
latest constructed in Trinidad,” was designed by L.A. Des Jardins. A number of local
businesses were involved in the construction and in providing building materials. The
building was owned by E. Simola, who was cited as a “well-known resident and coal operator
of this city.” William R. Weideman served as the first manager of the facility. The
downstairs of the building encompassed the skating rink, a lunchroom, and restrooms. The
maple floor of the skating rink was described as “spacious” and was 57 ½’ by 119’. The first
floor was open, with no post supports or other obstructions. The upstairs was divided into
apartments for the Simola and Weideman families. Mr. and Mrs. Weideman also operated
the lunchroom, which provided service from 6:30 a.m. until midnight daily. When the
skating rink opened, the Chronicle-.ews commented that “the building itself is considerable
[sic] of an improvement to the West Main street area, and fills a gap on that street so long
unoccupied. No doubt the opening of Skate-Land will bring about a revival of roller skating
here.”
Rice Junior High (160 E. 1st St., 5LA2179.151)
Following World War II, the movement to build a modern junior high gained support, as the
1881 Rice School was considered unsuitable, unsafe, and inadequate. Trinidad voters
approved a $500,000 bond issue for improved and additional school facilities in May 1947.
Architect Walter De Mordaunt of Pueblo designed the new Rice Junior High School at 160 E.
First Street. The completion of architectural plans for the school was delayed by the
complexity of designing a building to utilize the sloping site at Maple and First streets. On
27 December 1949, ground was broken for Trinidad’s first new public school building in
about twenty-five years. The first classes met in the new school on 11 September 1950, with
an initial enrollment of 225. The International style building included nine classrooms and an
assembly/play room. The ground floor featured the principal’s office, a manual training
room, an art room, and boiler and storage rooms. The upper floor held classrooms and an
assembly room with a small stage. The cost of the building, including the architect’s fee, was
$182,000. The original program of the school was designed “to offer basic education to live
in a modern world,” and the curriculum included classes in music, crafts, homemaking, and
guidance activities.
Holy Trinity Improvements
Trinidad Catholics also updated their educational facilities after the war. In 1946 the
Chronicle-.ews published a drawing of a fourteen-room addition to the Holy Trinity School
complex. Overcrowding and growth of the parish were cited as reasons for the construction,
which fulfilled a master plan produced in the 1920s. Charles D. Strong served as architect
for the building, and James B. Kenney was the contractor; both were headquartered in
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 59
Denver. The building was to be "built of brick matching in style and color the school
building now in use." The new three-story academic building housed a Memorial Shrine
dedicated to the veterans of World War II, as well as the school offices. An ornamental
granite cornerstone was laid on 19 October 1946, and the new component of the complex was
dedicated in September 1947.
In October 1949 the Holy Trinity athletic stadium (5LA2179.152), erected by Ozzello
Construction Co. of Trinidad, was dedicated. In March 1956 the Chronicle-.ews had
reported that a model of the proposed new Holy Trinity gymnasium had been exhibited.
“The model shows the new building will be of rounded roof, Quonset style...." Construction
of the $200,000 building, now known as “Sebastiani Gymnasium,” was to be financed with
pledges. The architectural firm of Toll and Milan, Inc., of Denver, designed the facility. The
building represented significant innovation as one of the first facilities with an arched roof
consisting of pre-cast, folded plate thin shell concrete built in the country. Sixty-five
concrete segments were made for the roof, each weighing seven tons, requiring three yards of
concrete, thirty-two feet long, and ten feet in width. Five such segments formed one arc of
the arched roof, which was self-supporting. According to Construction Superintendent Don
L. Anderson and Resident Architect William Nielson, the building marked "the expansion of
the use of thin shell, pre-cast concrete." The gym formally opened in March 1958, when one
thousand spectators attended the parochial basketball league's season final game.
This 1940s view of a bustling N. Commercial Street shows the Toltec Hotel
(1911) at the right. SOURCE: Courtesy of A.R. Mitchell Museum Collection:
Aultman Studio.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 60
Conclusion
By 1959 Weld County overtook Las Animas County as the state’s leading producer of coal.
The continued loss of mining jobs created substantial economic hardship in the city. To
mitigate the effects of blows to the economy, the City of Trinidad pursued efforts to revitalize
its local commerce. Trinidad was selected as a Model City to receive funds for
redevelopment and improvement, and more than $5 million was allocated during 1969-1974
for government projects. The city received housing, infrastructure enhancements, and
improvements to the airport and city parks. The city obtained land for a new hospital, a
community center, and a park. The initiation of a major low income housing program in the
1960s and 1970s created infill construction which impacted residential areas south of
downtown. Trinidad Industrial Park on the north edge of the city began to be developed.
Trinidad State Junior College expanded its facilities, with the completion of a new library,
four dormitories, a science building, and a house for its president. In 1977, dedication
ceremonies were held for Trinidad Dam, a $55 million project to control flooding and help
farmers manage irrigation.85
Trinidad continued to serve as a service and supply center for surrounding farms, ranches,
and smaller communities in Las Animas County. In addition, tourism and recreation played
an increasing role in Trinidad’s economy, with preservation of the city’s historic buildings
serving as a key to the area’s heritage tourism. The Trinidad Historical Society and the
Colorado Historical Society became major participants in the effort to preserve the city’s
architectural treasures, resulting in the operation of the Trinidad History Museum and its
components, including the Baca House, the Bloom Mansion, and the Santa Fe Trail Museum.
In 1973 the Corazon de Trinidad Historic District was listed in the National Register, thereby
achieving recognition as one of the West’s most important collections of historic buildings.
85
Henritze, First .ational Bank.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 61
IV. RESEARCH DESIG
The objective of a survey of historic resources is the recordation of identified properties and
evaluation of their eligibility for designation (to the National, State, and Local Registers) as
individual resources and as members of historic districts. The purpose of a research design is to
provide direction for historical research and for the interpretation and evaluation of the
resources identified. Trinidad is situated within the Colorado Southern Frontier culture area, as
defined by the Colorado Historical Society Resources Planning Protection Process (RP3).
Colorado RP3 provides a framework to identify and record historic resources of the state and
direction to analyze the significance and preservation of resources. Historic resources for this
region have been documented in an RP3 report by Steven F. Mehls and Carrol Joe Carter,
Colorado Southern Frontier Historic Context (1984). That report identifies a series of
sequential themes based on socioeconomic periods of development.
Survey Objectives and Proposed Scope of the Project
The objective of the project was to complete an intensive level survey of the buildings and
structures within the Corazon de Trinidad Historic District, as well as some buildings adjacent
to the boundaries of the district.86 Colorado Historical Society Architectural Inventory Forms
were to be prepared for each primary resource surveyed, with information included about
secondary resources. To serve special local preservation needs, the standard Architectural
Inventory Form (1403) was to be modified to include: 1) an indication of Local Landmark
eligibility; 2) an assessment of significance within a potential Local Landmark District; and 3) a
brief nontechnical description of the physical condition of the property. Information about the
project results was to be disseminated through a public meeting. A final report was to be
completed (this document), explaining the purpose and results of the project.
Planned Survey Methodology
The planned survey methodology included creation of a computerized survey form and
database. The standard survey form was to be modified to include the local preservation needs
categories outlined above. The database was to be created to permit sorting, selecting, and
reporting of data. Information on the properties to be documented was to be obtained from the
County Assessor’s database and the City of Trinidad’s geographic information system. A field
survey was to be conducted to collect information necessary to describe and evaluate the
buildings. Each building was to be photographed, with multiple views taken to record all
visible sides of the buildings. The basic history of all surveyed buildings was to be compiled
utilizing a variety of sources. The appropriateness of the historic district boundary was to be
examined, as well as the contributing status of each building surveyed within the district.
86
The original scope of work contained in the request for proposals assumed that there were approximately 290
primary buildings and 70 secondary buildings to be recorded within the study area.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 62
Architectural Inventory Forms for each surveyed resource were to be prepared following the
completion of the field work, photography, and research, as well as a Final Survey Report. A
public meeting to discuss the findings and products of the survey was planned to inform the
local community about the results of the study.
File Search of Previously Recorded, Demolished, and Designated Resources
Previously Recorded Resources. According to a 4 January 2001 file search by the Colorado
Historical Society, Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (OAHP), 117 resources
within the survey area had been previously recorded in some manner (See Table 2). A variety
of different survey forms were utilized by previous projects, depending on the era in which they
were completed. A major survey effort was undertaken in the downtown area in 1970 (see
Previous Studies, below). Only a 2000 survey of buildings along the I-25 corridor utilized the
current Colorado Historical Society Architectural Inventory Form (1403).
Demolitions. Ten resources previously recorded within the survey area are no longer standing;
such resources are denoted by an asterisk in Table 2. Most of these resources were substantial
two-story brick commercial buildings; many were destroyed in fires. Among the buildings lost
since 1970 were the two-story Telephone Building on E. Main Street, the two-story Quilich
Building at N. Commercial and E. Cedar streets, the three-story Saddlerock Building at 132 N.
Commercial Street, 209 and 211-13 N. Commercial Street, the two-story Red Mill in the 600
block of W. Main Street, and the Foster Hotel and another building on N. Chestnut Street. In
addition, the historic Commercial Street Bridge was replaced with a new span.
The 1970 survey team feared that such destruction of historic resources would occur, writing:
“We emphatically do not want to see appreciable numbers of these [historic] buildings further
degraded by so-called ‘modernization,’ or mindlessly destroyed to make way for yet another
parking lot or a building of less beauty and less basic integrity than that of the existing structure
(as is so often the case in renewal projects.)”87 It is a testimony to the strength of the district
that it maintains its significance despite the removal of several important resources since 1970.
Individually Listed Resources. Within the survey area, six resources are individually listed in
the National Register (See illustrations on the following pages). Two resources associated
with the Trinidad History Museum were listed in 1970: the Hough/Baca House, 304 E. Main
Street (5LA1630) and the Frank G. Bloom House, 330 E. Main Street (5LA2180). The Jaffa
Opera House/Hausman Drug, 100 W. Main Street (5LA2181) was listed in 1972, followed by
the Trinidad Post Office, 301 E. Main Street (5LA2179.93) in 1986. The Carnegie Public
Library, 202 N. Animas Street (5LA2179.21) was listed in 1995, as was the First Christian
Church, 200 S. Walnut Street (5LA6551).
87
Willard C. Louden, “The Historic Buildings of Central Trinidad” (Trinidad: Trinidad Historical Society for
the City Demonstration Agency, 1970), 3.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 63
ational Register Individually Listed Properties
202 N. Animas St., Trinidad Carnegie Public Library, 5LA2179.21, 190304, J.G. Haskell, architect, Crouch & Smith, builders.
301 E. Main Street, U.S. Post Office, 5LA2179.93, 1910, James Knox
Taylor, Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury, architect,
Dieter & Wenzel, builders.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 64
ational Register Individually Listed Properties
304 E. Main Street, Hough/Baca Residence, 5LA1630, 1870.
330 E. Main Street, Bloom Mansion, 5LA2180, 1881.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 65
ational Register Individually Listed Properties
100 W. Main St., Jaffa Opera House/Trinidad Opera House, 5LA2181, 1882,
Norval Wall, architect.
200 S. Walnut St., First Christian Church, 5LA6551, 1920-23, Rapp, Rapp
& Hendrickson, architects, Crouch Lumber and Construction Co., builder.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 66
Table 2
CORAZO DE TRIIDAD HISTORIC BUILDIGS SURVEY, 2001-02
PREVIOUSLY SURVEYED RESOURCES
State
ID o.
5LA1630
*5LA1824
*5LA2179.1
5LA2179.2
5LA2179.3
5LA2179.4
5LA2179.5
Street
Address
304 E. Main St.
Commercial St.
600 blk. W. Main St.
125 N. Animas St.
135 N. Animas St.
331-35 W. Main St.
319 W. Main St.
5LA2179.6
5LA2179.7
5LA2179.8
5LA2179.9
5LA2179.10
301 W. Main St.
200 Church St.
137 W. Main St.
131 W. Main St.
121 W. Main St.
5LA2179.11
5LA2179.12
5LA2179.13
5LA2179.14
223 W. Cedar St.
407 S. Maple St.
240 N. Convent St.
111 N. Commercial St.
5LA2179.15
5LA2179.25
5LA2179.26
125-37 N. Commercial
St.
115 Church St.
231-45 N. Commercial
St.
301 N. Commercial St.
202 N. Animas St.
421 N. Commercial St.
401 N. Commercial St.
449-53 N. Commercial
St.
314 N. Commercial St.
300 N. Commercial St.
5LA2179.27
5LA2179.28
5LA2179.29
*5LA2179.30
5LA2179.31
5LA2179.32
5LA2179.33
5LA2179.34
234 N. Commercial St.
224 N. Commercial St.
210 N. Commercial St.
132 N. Commercial St.
118 N. Commercial St.
101 E. Main St.
135-39 E. Main St.
153-55 E. Main St.
5LA2179.16
5LA2179.17
5LA2179.19
5LA2179.21
5LA2179.22
*5LA2179.23
5LA2179.24
Historic ame/otes
Hough/Baca Residence
Commercial Street Bridge
Red Mill
Trinidad Furniture Co. Barn
Trinidad City Hall
West Block
Sopris Bldg./Jamieson House
Furnishing./McAnally & Son Furn.
Las Animas Block/Sopris Block
The Chronicle-News Building
Palace Saloon
The Famous Department Store
Levy Bldg./Golden Eagle Clo. & Shoe
House/Boston Clo. Co.
Trinidad Water Works
Temple Aaron
Henry Schneider Brewery
Union Block/Grand Union Hotel/Columbian
Hotel
Poitrey Block/Trinidad National Bank
Holy Trinity Catholic Church
Packer Block (remnant; northern three
storefronts destroyed in 1986 fire)
Henry Longnecker Building/Colonial Hotel
Trinidad Carnegie Public Library
Trinidad Hotel
Quilich Building
New Metropolitan Hotel/Adelphia Hotel
Trinidad City Building/Firehouse No. 1
Sipe Building/Jacob Sanders Bldg./Commerce
Savings Bank
Barela Building
First Presbyterian Church
Sherman Building
Saddlerock Building
Toltec Hotel
McCormick Building
Turner and Ford Building/Odd Fellows Hall
Bloom Block
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 67
State
ID o.
*5LA2179.35
5LA2179.36
5LA2179.37
Street
Address
215 E. Main St.
400 E. Main St.
150 E. Main St.
5LA2179.38
5LA2179.39
5LA2179.40
132-36 E. Main St.
114-18 E. Main St.
110 E. Main St.
5LA2179.41
5LA2179.42
100 E. Main St.
134 W. Main St.
5LA2179.43
5LA2179.44
200-210 W. Main St.
228 W. Main St.
5LA2179.45
5LA2179.46
*5LA2179.47
5LA2179.48
5LA2179.49
5LA2179.50
300 W. Main St.
402 W. Main St.
426-30 W. main St.
466 W. Main St.
500 W. Main St.
219 W. Main St.
5LA2179.51
5LA2179.52
225 W. Main St.
231 W. Main St.
5LA2179.53
309 W. Main St.
*5LA2179.54
5LA2179.55
5LA2179.56
211-13 N. Commercial
St.
601 W. Main St.
313 W. Main St.
5LA2179.57
305 W. Main St.
*5LA2179.58
5LA2179.59
209-N. Commercial St.
219-25 N. Commercial
St.
249-53 N. Commercial
St.
227 N. Commercial St.
255 N. Commercial St.
309-13 N. Commercial
St.
341 N. Commercial St.
401-07 N. Commercial
St.
5LA2179.60
5LA2179.61
5LA2179.62
5LA2179.63
5LA2179.64
5LA2179.65
Historic ame/otes
Telephone Building
Christian Church
Colorado Building/Jamieson House Furnishing
Co.
Masonic Temple/S.H. Kress & Co.
Samuel Block
Post Hardware/Plested Bldg./Branson &
Griswold/Aultman Std.
First National Bank
E.S. Bell Building/Bell Block/James M. John
Building
Lynch Block/Franch Block
Aiello Building/Toller Motor Co. (the file
search incorrectly lists this as 237 W. Main
St.)
Raizon Building
Dr. A.A. White Residence
Main Hotel
Trinidad Bottling Works
Malouff Food Store
Simon Sanders & Co./Baldwin Piano
Rooms/Beck Shoe Store
R. Hamerslough & Co./Orekar Saloon
Wise Block/Trin. Electric Transmission, Rwy.,
& Gas Co.
Wells, Fargo & Co. Express Office/Sopris
Office
Jack Jost’s Barber Shop
Trinidad Tire Shop
Sopris Block/Jamieson Home Furnishing
Co./Delmonico Café
Sopris Block/Denver & Rio Grande
Express/Warmker Millinery
Big Six Bar
Horseshoe Bar/Central Mkt./Anheuser-Busch/
Jacob Sanders
Model Barber Shop/Refatti Saloon/Davis
Barber Shop
Central Meat Market
Der Rathskeller Saloon/Helt Jewelry Store
Commercial Hotel/Vigil Hotel & Café
John Building/Eisele & Gerardi Grocery
Taylor Block/Bell Block
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 68
State
ID o.
5LA2179.66
Street
Address
443 N. Commercial St.
5LA2179.67
328 N. Commercial St.
5LA2179.68
5LA2179.69
140 N. Commercial St.
117 E. Main St.
5LA2179.70
121 E. Main St.
5LA2179.71
125 E. Main St.
5LA2179.72
131 E. Main St.
5LA2179.73
147-49 E. Main St.
5LA2179.74
5LA2179.75
5LA2179.76
5LA2179.77
312 E. Main St.
200 E. 1st St.
214-18 E. Main St.
160-64 E. Main St.
5LA2179.78
5LA2179.79
5LA2179.80
5LA2179.81
126-30 E. Main St.
120 E. Main St.
304 W. Main St.
450 W. Main St.
5LA2179.82
458 W. Main St.
5LA2179.83
5LA2179.84
5LA2179.85
5LA2179.86
5LA2179.87
5LA2179.88
5LA2179.89
5LA2179.90
5LA2179.91
5LA2179.92
5LA2179.93
5LA2179.94
5LA2179.95
5LA2179.96
510 W. Main St.
514 W. Main St.
516 W. Main St.
116 Country Club Dr.
110 Country Club Dr.
118 Country Club Dr.
124 Country Club Dr.
335 E. Main St.
257-59 N. Commercial
St.
308-14 W. Main St.
301 E. Main St.
423 W. Main St.
219 S. Convent St.
115 Elm St.
5LA2179.97
117 Elm St.
5LA2179.98
227 Elm St.
Historic ame/otes
Dunlavy Bros. Grocery/Colorado Supply Co.
Grocery
Baptist Hall/City Hotel/Crane's
Restaurant/Trinidad Creamery
Maxday Garage & Cab Service
Wood Shoe Store/Zimmerman's
Confectionery/White Front Saloon
Mulnix Saloon/Richter Liquor/RichterMcNaughton/Marketime
P & W Shoe Store/Fashion Shoe Store &
Ladies Ready-to-Wear
Gerardi Mercantile Co. Grocery/Alexander &
Son Mercantile
Montgomery Ward/Piggly Wiggly/Tarabino
Building
Dr. Davenport Residence & Office
Las Animas County Courthouse
Bell-Davis Block
Colorado Bldg./Joe Davis Block/Ideal Cash
and Carry Grocery
Nichols Building
Neat Restaurant/Hey-Patterson Meat Co.
White House Market and Grocery
Dalmacia Saloon & Hotel/Sanders Blk./Simon
Sanders & Co./Kelloff Bldg.
Simon Sanders & Co.(?)/West End Meat
Market
El Charro Café
Jennie’s Lounge
Fallen Angel Antique & Gift
Eddie Maulouff Market
Golden Nugget Lounge
Country Club Liquor Store
Moses Maulouff Building/Monte Cristo Bar
Chappell Residence
Dominguez Block/Kentucky Saloon/J.B.
Andrews & Co.
Glaviano & Garlutzo Garage
U.S. Post Office
West Theatre/Fox Theatre
Hoag Residence
Charles Barrack Grocery/Southern Motor
Company
Custom Glass Shop (appears to be addition to
115 Elm St.)
Bell Building
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 69
State
ID o.
5LA2179.100
Street
Address
125 N. Chestnut St.
5LA2179.101
*5LA2179.102
*5LA2179.103
5LA2179.105
5LA2179.106
5LA2179.107
5LA2179.108
5LA2179.109
5LA2179.111
5LA2180
5LA2181
5LA6060
301 E. 2nd St.
134 N. Chestnut St.
124 N. Chestnut St.
100 Country Club Dr.
516 Nevada Ave.
520 Nevada Ave.
118 W. Pine St.
310 E. 2nd St.
212 E. 2nd St.
330 E. Main St.
100 W. Main St.
130 W. Pine St.
Historic ame/otes
New Assoc. Garage/Sunset Gardens/Mode
O'Day/Amer. Legion
Mrs. R.H. Hamerslough Residence
Foster Hotel
Herrera residence
John and Barney Tarabino Residence
Nichols Residence/Campbell-Lewis Mortuary
Bloom Mansion
Jaffa Opera House/Trinidad Opera House
Trinidad Donut Factory (this resource is
within the boundary of the Corzon de Trinidad
Historic District)
5LA6551
200 S. Walnut St.
First Christian Church
5LA9541
N. Animas St.
Steamroller
5LA9542
N. Animas St.
C&S locomotive No. 638
5LA9543
Pine St.
Brick paving
5LA9544
N. Commercial St.
Brick paving
5LA9546
N. Animas St.
C&S railroad car No. 545
5LA9547
N. Animas St.
C&S railroad caboose No. 10507
NOTES: An asterisk (*) denotes that the resource is no longer extant. 509 W. 2nd St.
(5LA2179.104) appeared in the file search as a component of the Corazon de Trinidad Historic
District; in reality, it is not within the boundary. SOURCES: Colorado Historical Society, Office
of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, file search, 4 January 2001 and Mary W. Painter, et al.
“An Archaeological and Historical Inventory of the Interstate 25 Corridor Through Trinidad,
Las Animas County, Colorado,” prepared for the Colorado Department of Transportation (Fort
Collins, Colorado: Centennial Archaeology, April 2001).
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 70
Previous Studies
The only previous large-scale examination of historic resources in central Trinidad took place
in 1970. The project, which included a study of basic information about ninety-three
buildings of historic and/or architectural significance, was conducted by nearly fifty
volunteers (most of whom were members of the Trinidad Historical Society), under the
direction of Willard C. Louden, for the Trinidad City Demonstration Agency. Historic
American Building Survey Inventory Forms were completed for many of the buildings, and
fifty-five buildings were discussed in a subsequent report, “The Historic Buildings of Central
Trinidad,” August 1970. The survey was not comprehensive within the district boundaries,
omitting less significant buildings, nonhistoric buildings, and larger outbuildings. Using the
1970 study as a basic source of information, the Corazon de Trinidad Historic District was
listed in the National Register in 1973. The National Register nomination form for the
district discussed fifty-five buildings, but did not contain a comprehensive listing of resources
in the district (with contributing/noncontributing status), adequate architectural descriptions,
complete historical backgrounds for the buildings that were discussed, or a detailed sketch
map showing building outlines and the district boundary.
In subsequent years, a few other individual buildings within the study area were surveyed, and
five buildings within the boundaries of the district (discussed above) were listed in the National
Register.88 One resource, 509 W. 2nd Street (5LA2179.104) was recorded and evaluated as a
contributing component of the historic district, but it is actually located outside of the boundary
of the district. A multi-building survey by Centennial Archaeology of Fort Collins in 2000
recorded thirteen resources along Interstate 25 within the western edge of the Historic District.
Research Questions
Primary research questions for this project concerned the current historic physical integrity of
resources within the historic district and whether the individual resources contributed to the
district. The impact of nonhistoric development, alterations to historic buildings, and
demolition of historic resources within the district was a subject for examination. Important
questions about the resources included their dates of construction, the principal materials used
to erect downtown buildings, and the architectural styles exhibited in the district. Examination
of the ability of existing buildings to convey their historic character was a major focus of the
study. The representation of the work of professional architects in the downtown area was also
an area for investigation. The types of building functions and the principal eras of construction
within the downtown district were topics of research. Identification of prominent persons
associated with downtown buildings, significant events that were associated with the areas, and
important patterns of development.
88
The First Christian Church, listed in 1995, is outside the boundary of the district, but within the survey area
for this project.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 71
Expected Results
Based on the scope of work, file search, preliminary historical research, examination of the
National Register nomination, and discussions with local residents, it was expected that all
historic primary resources within the Corazon de Trinidad Historic District would be
documented. Some primary resources less than fifty years old within the district would also be
documented as the project budget permitted. Outbuildings associated with the primary
buildings were also expected to be photographed and briefly described. The documentation
would include photography, mapping, architectural descriptions, and historical backgrounds for
each resource, as well as an evaluation of individual eligibility for designation and of status
(contributing or noncontributing) within the district. The resources were expected to be mostly
commercial and residential in nature, with a substantial number of residences in the southern
portion of the survey area. Smaller numbers of governmental, recreational/entertainment,
religious, and educational buildings were expected, as well as small numbers of buildings
associated with other functions. The large majority of resources were expected to date from the
late nineteenth century through the first half of the twentieth century and to display a variety of
architectural styles popular during that period.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 72
V. METHODOLOGY
This section describes the type of survey used, when the survey was conducted and by whom,
and the methods employed to identify and record the resources, including the preliminary
research, project fieldwork, photography, mapping, sources for research, dating of buildings,
and the preparation of forms and report.
Type of Survey
The 2001-02 project consisted of an intensive level survey of resources in and adjacent to the
existing Corazon de Trinidad National Register Historic District. The buildings were to be
described, photographed, researched, mapped, and evaluated, with Colorado Historical Society
Architectural Inventory forms (Form 1403) completed for each property. The survey forms
were to be produced in a database format for subsequent use by the city.
The project also called for a final report (this document) explaining the survey findings and
providing an overview of the general historical development of the area encompassed by the
Corazon de Trinidad Historic District. The evaluation of the existing National Register district
and identification of any National and State Register eligible properties and potential Local
Landmarks was also to be addressed on the forms and summarized in the report. The report
was also to include USGS topographic map extracts outlining the project area and a survey map
showing the surveyed buildings' locations and the boundary of the existing historic district.
Project Participants
Front Range Research Associates, Inc., of Denver, Colorado, conducted the historic building
survey as a consultant to Corazon y Animas de Trinidad, the Main Street Group. R. Laurie
Simmons and Thomas H. Simmons of Front Range Research completed research, fieldwork,
and consultation regarding eligibility of resources and prepared the forms, maps, and the final
survey report. Roger Whitacre, Roger Whitacre Photography, Denver, took black and white
photographs of the buildings included in the survey. Trinidad resident Ken Fletcher conducted
research regarding the history of the buildings through the examination of historic Trinidad
newspapers archived in Trinidad, Denver, and Boulder and located copies of historic
photographs used in the public meeting and the survey report. He also reviewed the draft
version of the report for the Main Street Group and provided comments. Marcia Canter, Canter
Research and Business Services, copied information relating to previous surveys in the files of
the Colorado Historical Society Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation and also
entered city directory information into a project database. Elizabeth Simmons conducted
general research at Denver libraries and also performed directory research and proofreading.
Suzanne Doggett organized and labeled project photographs. Louise Kistler conducted
interviews with local residents regarding specific buildings.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 73
Main Street Group members sponsored the project and provided direction, advice, and
information. Constance La Lena, Francis Cuckow, Robin Baas, and David Rowan successively
supervised and coordinated the project, disseminated information, reviewed draft products, and
organized the November 2002 public meeting for the Corazon y Animas de Trinidad Main
Street Group. Main Street Group member Martha Fitzgerald also provided information and
coordination for the project. Holly Wilson and Dale Heckendorn, National and State Register
Historians for the Colorado Historical Society, reviewed evaluations of eligibility to the
National Register and the survey products for quality. Estella Cole of the State Historical Fund
served as the technical advisor for the project.
Public Participation and Selection of Survey Buildings
Tom and Laurie Simmons met with Constance La Lena, the first project coordinator for the
Main Street Group, on 27 March 2001 in Trinidad to review the scope of work for the project
and receive information about previous survey efforts, the boundary of the survey area, and
sources of historical information. Ms. La Lena and Mr. Simmons had previously prepared a
base map of the survey area to be used to identify buildings to survey and photograph; Ms. La
Lena identified areas bordering the district on the south and west to be included in the survey.
During the same visit, the surveyors met with Ken Fletcher, who was to provide historic
newspaper research for the project. In September 2001 in Trinidad, Tom Simmons met with
Francis Cuckow, the second project coordinator, to discuss the progress of the project. The
surveyors met with members of the Main Street Group in Trinidad on 20 February 2002 to
discuss the progress of the survey and the methodology and time frame for the project.
Members of the Main Street Group also answered questions and suggested sources of
information.
A final public meeting took place in Trinidad on the evening of 14 November 2002. The
meeting, organized by the Main Street Group and held in the A.R. Mitchell Museum, drew an
audience of more than one hundred persons. Tom Simmons presented a slide show discussing
the historical background of the survey area, with emphasis on important buildings, and utilized
display maps to illustrate the results of the survey. The methodology and findings of the survey
were discussed and questions from the audience were addressed.
Intensive Survey
The intensive level field survey was conducted during September and October 2001 and
February and March 2002. The fieldwork included the examination of buildings for
architectural features and design elements, building materials, building condition, plan, setting,
and alterations. The location of each resource was verified on a base map. Property and
business owners and other interested persons encountered or identified during the fieldwork
were interviewed for information about historic properties. A total of 278 primary buildings
and 91 associated outbuildings were recorded.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 74
Photography
Black and white photographic views of each resource surveyed were taken (principally in April
2001), with most follow-up photography performed in August 2002. All prints were four by six
inches and were produced on RC paper from thirty-five millimeter negatives. Photographs
were identified by computer labels produced from the project database. The labels indicated
Smithsonian identification number, address, photographer’s name, date, film roll and frame,
camera direction, and location of negative. Negatives were placed in archival sheets and a
photographic log (sorted by street address and by roll and frame number) was prepared. The
negatives (embracing seventy rolls of film) were archived at the Trinidad Public Library. The
Colorado Historical Society Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation received one set
of original prints; three additional sets of original prints were provided to the Main Street Group
for distribution to Trinidad repositories. Selected color slides (including slides of historic
photographs) were taken for use at the public meeting presenting the results of the survey.
Mapping and Database
Various project maps for the project were produced from the project geographic information
system (GIS). Presentation maps for public meetings, analytical maps, maps for the survey
forms, and maps for the final report were completed using the GIS. A CAD file provided by the
City of Trinidad formed the base for the project GIS; the CAD file included building outlines,
streets, hydrology, and other features. The CAD file was imported into the project GIS, and a
number of polygon layers were digitized over it in ArcView: building outlines (polygons);
National Register historic district boundary (polygon); survey area 2001-02 (polygon); street
centerlines (lines); block centroids (points); and buildings lost since the 1970 survey (points).
The acreages of the survey area and historic district were computed from the project GIS. UTM
coordinates required on the survey forms were computed for each resource by calculating the
centroid of each building polygon. However, since the CAD data were in Colorado State Plane
Coordinate-South, the centroids had to be projected into UTM (Zone 13). Length and width
statistics for each building were calculated using the GIS.
A database was created in Microsoft Access containing the information necessary to produce
the Architectural Inventory forms. Data purchased from the Las Animas County Assessor was
copied into the appropriate records in the database; items transferred included current owner
name and mailing address, subdivision, block, lot(s), and year built. A form was created in
Access permitting input of the historical background, architectural description, and other items.
Completed survey forms were printed from the database.
Sketch and USGS location maps for each surveyed resource were created using the project GIS
linked to the Access database. Sketch maps were generated with the subject resource centered
on the map and shaded darker; street address, state identification number, and linker number
were automatically placed for each map. The USGS location maps for each resource were
generated by displaying a symbol at the location of the UTM coordinates for each resource over
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 75
a digital raster graph (DRG) mosaic of the two USGS quadrangle maps covering the survey
area. The street address, state identification number, and linker number were again placed on
each map, as well as the name of the USGS map in which the displayed resource was located.
Historical Research
Historical research provided essential information regarding individual resources surveyed and
the development of the downtown district as a whole. Information was obtained from public
agencies and institutions as well as business and property owners of Trinidad and individuals
with knowledge of the city’s history. General research materials about the Trinidad area,
including primary and secondary sources, were reviewed for background and site specific
information.
Research Repositories. Research sources in Trinidad and the Denver metropolitan area were
utilized during the project. In Trinidad, the Trinidad Carnegie Library was consulted for local
newspapers, photographs and other historical sources, and city directories. The interpretive
displays and brochures produced by the Trinidad History Museum provided information on the
museum buildings as well as more general historical background. The Arthur Roy Mitchell
Museum of Western Art provided copies of selected historic photographs. In the Denver area,
the files of the Colorado Historical Society, including survey forms, reports, and National
Register nominations at the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation were accessed.
Historic newspapers, photographs, Civil Works Administration 1930s interviews (including the
DeBusk Memorial materials), and other research materials in the Stephen Hart Library of the
Colorado Historical Society were also examined. The historical materials housed at the
Western History and Genealogy Department of the Denver Public Library were also useful,
including Sanborn fire insurance maps, historic photographs, clippings files and brochures,
newspaper indexes, city directories, and books relating to Trinidad. Copies of Sanborn maps
were also acquired directly from EDR/Sanborn. Historic newspapers not available elsewhere
were examined at the University of Colorado’s Western History Department, Norlin Library,
Boulder, Colorado.
Historic .ewspapers. Historic Trinidad newspapers at the locations cited above were
particularly important sources of information about individual buildings. Articles provided data
on year of construction, architect, builder, original owner, and original uses, reports of later
“modernizations,” and sometimes included drawings or photographs of resources. Trinidad
resident Ken Fletcher, author of Centennial State Trolleys, had embarked on a project
researching historic Trinidad newspapers before this survey project began. Previously
assembled articles on building construction were acquired from Mr. Fletcher, who also was
engaged to read additional years of various local newspapers. This undertaking contributed
greatly to the accuracy and richness of the information assembled on the survey forms and in
this survey report.
Published Works. Two historic contexts deal with the broader area surrounding Trinidad:
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 76
Steven F. Mehls and Carrol Joe Carter, Colorado Southern Frontier Historic Context (1984)
and Robert A. Murray, Las Animas, Huerfano, and Custer: Three Colorado Counties on a
Cultural Frontier—A History of the Raton Basin (1979). No comprehensive history of Trinidad
has yet been written; however, a number of publications dealing with aspects or periods of the
city’s history do exist. Dr. Michael Beshoar created a starting point for the study of Trinidad in
his 1882 work All About Trinidad and Las Animas County. Morris Taylor produced a wellresearched account of the early years of the city in his Trinidad, Colorado Territory (1966). In
Trinidad, A Centennial Town, Professor Taylor offered a more general history of the city.
Taylor and Willard Louden produced summaries of aspects of the city’s history in “Historic
Buildings of Central Trinidad” (1970). A Walk Through the History of Trinidad (1986; rev.
2000) by Gerald Stokes provides historical background about many buildings in the historic
district. What Made Trinidad Trinidad (1996) by Louise LeBarre Hanks explores some of the
social aspects of the city’s history. Cozette Henritze compiled a decade by decade summary of
important events in Trinidad’s history in her First .ational Bank in Trinidad: 125th
Anniversary (2000).
Mike Hennech focuses on the history of the Schneider Brewery in Brewing in Trinidad,
Colorado (1992). Trinidad’s streetcar system is discussed in Ken Fletcher’s well-illustrated
Centennial State Trolleys (1995). A variety of magazine articles provided important
information about the early history of the city, particularly those published in the Colorado
Magazine by pioneers of the area. General histories of Colorado placed the city in statewide
context, while histories of specific groups also provided essential information. Government
documents, including the U.S Census and Colorado Year Books were a source for essential
facts and figures. The DeBusk Memorial papers contained important information derived from
pioneers about the early days. Interviews with Trinidad citizens also provided indispensable
information.
Construction Dates
Construction dates of historic buildings were determined from newspaper articles describing the
original erection of buildings, Sanborn fire insurance maps of the survey area, city directories,
historic photographs, published books, and Las Animas Assessor data. Estimated dates of
construction were expressed as a span of years in some cases. Construction dates from
Assessor's records proved to be unreliable in many cases. Assessor dates were only used in
cases where they could be verified as reasonable through other sources. Sanborn fire insurance
maps were quite helpful in estimating years of construction. Twelve Sanborn editions were
produced for Trinidad, including 1883, 1886, 1890, 1893, 1895, 1901, 1907, 1912, 1917, 1930,
1948, and 1961. An 1882 bird’s-eye-view map of the city proved useful in dating some
buildings, as did 1968 and 1991 aerial photographs. City directories list businesses and
residents beginning in 1888, although the first street address cross-reference did not appear until
the 1922 city directory. The examination of architectural styles and features, building materials,
and construction techniques also provided clues for dates of construction, as well as interviews
with Trinidad residents.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 77
Preparation and Distribution of Forms and Report
After completion of the field survey, Colorado Historical Society Architectural Inventory forms
were prepared in an output form acceptable to the Colorado Historical Society and in a database
format for analysis and mapping uses. The task required developing a report template that
replicated the appearance of the state form produced from a database structure conforming to
other project needs. The system was used for form completion and printing and analytical sorts,
listings, and queries. Sorted extracts from the database were imported into a word processing
package for use as survey report tables.
The forms included information on each property’s ownership, location, date of construction,
building materials, architectural description, style, alterations, associated buildings, historical
background, construction history, statement of significance, and sources of information. The
Colorado Historical Society assigned Smithsonian identification numbers for each property that
did not have one. The numbers were included on forms and photographs and were referenced
in the report. New identification numbers spanned the range from 5LA9905 to 5LA9914,
5LA10238 to 5LA10273, 5LA10338, and 5LA2179.112 to 5LA2179.146 and 5LA2179.148 to
5LA2179.255. The architectural styles assigned on the forms were based on those in the
Colorado Historical Society’s booklet, A Guide to Colorado Architecture, and a lexicon of
architectural styles included in the Society’s Survey Manual. For the Main Street Group, survey
forms were placed in archival storage pages; included with each survey form was a sketch map
and a USGS location map. Survey photographs associated with the forms were labeled and
stored in archival storage pages. All of the materials were placed in three-ring notebooks
organized by street. For the Colorado Historical Society, survey forms were stapled together
with photographs in an archival storage envelope.
The survey forms, together with the final report (this document), were submitted to the Corazon
y Animas de Trinidad Main Street Group and the State Historical Fund. The Main Street Group
will store one copy of the forms and report at their office and place copies at the Carnegie
Public Library and the Trinidad State Junior College library for public use. The Colorado
Historical Society Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation transfers the information
generated on the inventory forms into its statewide database and also houses an original copy of
the forms and survey report.
Acknowledgments
A number of individuals and organizations contributed to the successful outcome of the multiyear project. Members of the Corazon y Animas de Trinidad Main Street Group provided
coordination and supervision of the project, supplied information and direction, arranged and
publicized the public meeting, and reviewed draft products. Constance La Lena initiated the
project, gathered basic information necessary to get the study off the ground, spent a day with
the surveyors answering questions and providing a tour of the survey area, and also graciously
sent the surveyors detailed information about the Nichols Residence/Stone Mansion and her
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 78
own historic home. Francis Cuckow assumed the reins of project management after Ms. La
Lena and insured that progress on the project continued. Robin Baas accepted the role of
project coordinator as the study was nearing completion and provided efficient and cheerful
supervision. David Rowan served as grant coordinator for the project. Martha Fitzgerald
served as a continuous contact throughout the extended length of the project and insured that
administrative activities proceeded as required. Martha Fitzgerald and Wayne Pritchard also
met with the surveyors to convey general background information about preservation activities
in Trinidad. Mike Valentine, Engineering Technician with the City of Trinidad, provided
copies of historic city maps, aerial photographs, and CAD files of the survey area. Cathy
Ortega of the Las Animas County Assessor’s Office provided information from the files of that
office, and staff of the office helped the surveyors identify current owners in a few problematic
cases. Carl Gabrielson, Trinidad City Planner, discussed the proposed local historic
preservation ordinance with the consultants.
The staffs of the Trinidad Carnegie Library, Arthur Roy Mitchell Museum, Denver Public
Library, and the Colorado Historical Society Stephen Hart Library provided access to historical
materials and allowed historic documents to be copied. A number of Trinidad property owners
and businesspersons answered questions about historic buildings and the development of
Downtown Trinidad. Among those who generously provided extensive information about
buildings were Margaret Helms, members of the Jaffa family, Chris Huffman (vice president
and marketing officer for the First National Bank in Trinidad), Nancy Ellis, Karen Griego,
Theresa Vila, Frances Villani, W.M. Scott, and Joe Antista. Staff members of the Colorado
Historical Society provided technical advice and answered questions about the significance of
individual properties and the district. To these persons and the many others who provided
information and assistance, we offer sincere thanks.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 79
VI. RESULTS
The 2001-02 historic buildings survey of central Trinidad documented 278 primary resources
and 91 outbuildings within or adjacent to the Corazon de Trinidad National Register Historic
District. Twenty-five individual resources examined in the survey were evaluated as potentially
eligible to the National Register of Historic Places, while six other resources in the study area
are already listed in the National Register.89 Twenty buildings within the area are potentially
eligible to the State Register. Eighty buildings were found to be potentially eligible as Local
Landmarks. Appendices 1 and 2 list surveyed resources in street address order and state
identification number order, respectively, and include evaluations of National and State
Register eligibility, local eligibility, and local significance categories. Evaluations of eligibility
are based upon the status of the building during fieldwork, and any subsequent alterations made
to resources may have a positive or negative impact on a building's significance.
Types of Resources Surveyed
A wide variety of original building functions90 was documented in the survey, as expected for
the central area of what was once the fourth largest city in Colorado. The largest use category
was Domestic, comprising nearly half (138 or 49.6 percent) of surveyed resources. This
category includes such residential functions as single family dwellings (113), multiple family
dwellings such as duplexes and apartments (19), and hotels (6). The Commerce and Trade
classification was the second largest original use with 106 resources or 38.1 percent of the
total. This category includes a wide variety of commercial uses; the most numerous
subcategory was specialty stores (55), which included clothing stores, shoe stores, cigar
stores, confectioneries, notions stores, and so forth. Other subcategories represented included
department stores (7), grocery stores (7), restaurants/bars (12), gasoline stations (4),
warehouses (7), and financial institutions (2).
The remaining thirty-four resources (12.2 percent) were split among nine original use
categories. Eight resources fell into the Religion classification, including five churches, one
Jewish temple, one religious school, and one rectory. Six Government buildings were
included in the survey: the City Hall, the County Court House, two post offices, a fire station,
and a Social Security office. Five buildings, mostly housing fraternal orders such as the Elks
and Masons, fell into the Social category. Veterans Memorial Square was also placed in this
classification.
The original use categories of Recreation and Culture and Agriculture/Subsistence/Processing
each had four resources. The former category included a theater, a bowling alley, a
gymnasium, and a roller skating rink, while the latter category embraced a brewery and three
89
90
Buildings evaluated as eligible to the National Register are also eligible to the State Register.
Building use categories are those listed in the Colorado Historical Society’s Survey Manual.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 80
feed/flour mills. Three resources were categorized into the Industry/Processing/Extraction
use; these included a heating plant, a telephone switching office, and a waterworks building.
Two resources had Education as their original uses (a school and the Carnegie library), one a
Funerary use (a mortuary), and one a Health Care use (a doctor’s office).
Period of Construction
Buildings examined in the 2001-02 historic buildings survey spanned the range of years from
1870 (the Hough/Baca residence, 304 E. Main St.) to 1986 (the Knights of Columbus
building, 205 S. Commercial St.). Five of the 278 resources (1.8 percent) were estimated to
have been erected in the 1870s. The 1900-09 period had the highest number of documented
buildings in the survey, seventy-one, or 25.5 percent. The 1880s was the second highest
period for numbers of recorded buildings, with fifty-seven, or 20.5 percent. The number for
the 1880s could be somewhat higher, as an additional twenty-six resources fell into lessdefinite categories, such as pre-1882, pre-1883, pre-1890, pre-1892, and pre-1893.
Overall, somewhat more than a third of the surveyed resources (103, or 37.1 percent) were
built prior to 1893. More than half (149, or 53.6 percent) were erected between 1893 and
1939. Only twenty-six resources (9.4 percent) were constructed in 1940 or later, supporting
the impression that there has been relatively little recent in-fill construction within the
historic district.91
Architectural Styles and Architects
Architectural Styles. The architectural styles used to describe the buildings in this survey are
those contained in a lexicon developed by the Colorado Historical Society, Office of
Archaeology and Historic Preservation. Late Victorian architectural styles comprised the
largest stylistic grouping in the survey, with eighty-three buildings (29.9 percent). Within this
broad classification, the largest subcategories were Queen Anne (13), Italianate (10),
Romanesque Revival (6), Edwardian (5), and Gothic Revival (5). One residence represented
the rare Shingle style. Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century American Movements
made up the second largest category with fifty-six buildings (20.1 percent); fifty-three of the
buildings in this category represented the Commercial Style. Forty resources (14.4 percent)
were classified into the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Revivals category. There were
eighteen Classical Revival style buildings and nine Mission Revival style buildings within this
broader category. Eighteen buildings in the survey (6.5 percent) represented Modern
Movements, including one Art Deco and one International style building. Fourteen resources
(5.0 percent) accounted for a handful of other architectural styles. Sixty-seven resources (24.1
percent) were classified as “No Style,” indicating that they were designed in a vernacular
91
Since a number of resources had an estimated year of construction expressed as before a certain year (such as
“pre-1882” or “pre-1893”) or as a range of years (such as “1917-21”), it was necessary to collapse the “year
built” data into broader year ranges to produce these statistics.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 81
manner not reflecting a particular style, or that they had been so altered that they no longer
represented an architectural style.
Architects. Sixty buildings (21.6 percent) in the 2001-02 survey were attributed to an
architect(s) (See Table 3). Trinidad’s built environment may well have evolved in a quite
different, and perhaps much less interesting, manner if the architectural firms of Bulger and
Rapp and later the Rapp Brothers had not practiced in the city. The partnership of Charles
W. Bulger and Isaac Hamilton Rapp designed seven significant buildings within the survey
area within the brief 1888-91 period. Their buildings included the massive five-story stone
Richardsonian Romanesque First National Bank, the exotic Temple Aaron, the West Block,
and the three-story Barela Block, as well as the smaller scale City Hall/Fire Station on N.
Commercial Street, the Shingle style George Forbes house at 3rd and Maple, and the
Congregational Church on S. Animas Street. Born in New York City in 1854, Isaac Rapp
moved with his parents to Carbondale, Illinois, where he grew up and learned the
architectural profession. He came to Trinidad in 1888, and he and Bulger established their
firm in that year.
Charles W. Bulger left Trinidad for Galveston, Texas, in 1891,92 and William M. Rapp
joined his brother, Isaac, in an architectural company that became known as I.H. and W.M.
Rapp, or the Rapp Brothers. The firm designed many important buildings in southern
Colorado and New Mexico and maintained offices in Trinidad and Santa Fe. Among many
significant Trinidad buildings the brothers worked on were the Las Animas County Court
House, the West Theatre, parts of the Schneider Brewery, the First Christian Church, and the
Nichols Residence.
Architectural historian Carl D. Sheppard called the Rapps “the dominant firm” of the Santa
Fe and Las Vegas, New Mexico, region in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
The New Mexico Territorial Executive Mansion, the Santa Fe County Courthouse, the
Museum of Fine Arts, and La Fonda Hotel in Santa Fe were among their commissions.
Sheppard termed Isaac Hamilton Rapp “the creator of the Santa Fe style” and believes that
Isaac was the principal designer within the firm. W.M. Rapp died in 1920, and A.C.
Hendrickson (who became a member of the firm in 1909) died in 1921. When Isaac H. Rapp
passed away in March 1933, the Chronicle-.ews described him as “a builder, one who
visioned and executed big projects that have been part of the upbuilding of this community
and other communities in which his firm operated.”93
92
Ken Fletcher reports that Bulger left Trinidad in April or May 1891. Bulger went on to an apparently
successful career in Texas and adjoining states. He reportedly designed the first steel frame skyscraper in
Dallas, Texas, as well as Luckett Hall at Austin College in Sherman, Texas and the E.S. Levy Building, in
Galveston, Texas. At least three designs by Bulger are listed in the National Register: the Texas Building,
Galveston, Texas; the P.A. Chapman Residence, Waxahachie, Texas; and the Episcopal Church of the Good
Shepherd, Lake Charles, Louisiana. See, www.historicdistricts.com and Trinidad Daily .ews, 13 May 1892.
93
Carl D. Sheppard, Creator of the Santa Fe Style: Isaac Hamilton Rapp, Architect (Albuquerque, New
Mexico: University pf New Mexico Press, 1988); Chronicle-.ews, 28 March 1933, 1.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 82
While the Rapp firm dominated the Trinidad architectural scene in the late nineteenth and
early twentieth centuries (as the accompanying table demonstrates), other architects practiced
in Trinidad, and a few out of town designers were occasionally commissioned for a design
within the city. Two early 1880s buildings are credited to John Hall: the Lynch Block on W.
Main Street and the Jacob Sanders home on S. Beech Street. Norval Wall designed the 1882
Jaffa Opera House and may have had a hand in the design of the western component of the
Lynch Block. Four early twentieth century buildings in the table were attributed to George
Burnett, including the Hausman Drug Company building on W. 1st Street and the Trinidad
Hotel on N. Commercial Street. John Conkie, a developer and contractor, was identified as
the architect for six surveyed buildings, including the Trinidad City Hall, the Chronicle-News
Building, and the Colorado Building (150 E. Main St.). Conkie was the developer of the
Grand Union/Columbian Hotel and may have been its designer. A Union Civil War veteran,
Conkie later moved to Monte Vista, where he was commander of the State Soldiers’ and
Sailors’ Home. He died in 1931.
L.A. (Leo Andrew) DesJardins (1885-1967) designed Trinidad’s Skate-Land roller skating
rink in 1949. DesJardins was a native of Fort Collins and studied architecture at Cornell
University. He practiced throughout Colorado, with works including the Oriental Theater
(Denver), Holy Cross Abbey (Canon City), and the Kesner Memorial Building (Salida Junior
High). Desjardins died in Trinidad in 1967.94
Among out of town architects making successful forays into Trinidad were Frank E.
Edbrooke and Emmet Anthony. Edbrooke (1840-1921), who designed the Toltec Hotel
(1911) on N. Commercial Street, was an Illinois native who came to Denver in 1879. He has
been described as Denver’s premier nineteenth century architect. His designs include many
National Register listed commercial, public, and residential buildings, principally in Denver ,
including the Brown Palace Hotel, the Brinker Collegiate Institute, the Denver Dry Goods
Co. building, the Masonic Temple Building, Central Presbyterian Church, and numerous
residences. Edbrooke retired from practice in 1915. Emmet Anthony, an early Denver
architect, designed the 1883-85 Holy Trinity Catholic Church. Among his designs in Denver
were the Oddfellows Hall and Sacred Heart Catholic Church.
94
Denver Post, 13 August 1931, 6; Stone, History of Colorado, I:828-29.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 83
Table 3
ARCHITECTS ACTIVE I TRIIDAD:
ATTRIBUTED BUILDIGS, 1881-1958
Architect
Year
Built
1883-85
1936-37
Emmet Anthony
Ms. Marian E. Barnes
(?)
Bulger & Rapp
1888-89
Bulger & Rapp
1888-90
Bulger & Rapp
Bulger & Rapp
Bulger & Rapp
1889
1889-90
1890
Bulger & Rapp
Bulger and Rapp
1890-92
1891
George Burnett
George Burnett
(remodeling; orig.
1888-89)
George Burnett
George Burnett
John Conkie
1904
1904
Historic ame
Holy Trinity Catholic Church
Veterans' Memorial
Square/Fort Wootton
Barela Block/Bee Hive
Block/Denver Hotel
Trinidad City
Building/Firehouse No. 1
Temple Aaron
West Block
Forbes/Davis/Abrahams
Residence
First National Bank
Congregational Church/First
Congregational Church
Hausman Drug Co.
Taylor Block/Bell Block
115 Church St.
204 S. Chestnut St.
State
ID o.
5LA2179.16
5LA2179.181
267-69 N. Commercial
St.
314 N. Commercial St.
5LA2179.18
407 S. Maple St.
331-35 W. Main St.
317 S. Maple St.
5LA2179.12
5LA2179.4
5LA2179.242
100 E. Main St.
220 S. Animas St.
5LA2179.41
5LA2179.157
122 W. 1st St.
401-07 N. Commercial
St.
5LA2179.112
5LA2179.65
Anderson Terrace
Trinidad Hotel
Trinidad City Hall
201-11 S. Animas St.
421 N. Commercial St.
135 N. Animas St.
5LA10244
5LA2179.22
5LA2179.3
Colorado Building/Jamieson
House Furnishing Co.
Bell Building
Ben Springer Residence
The Chronicle-News Building
Union Block/Grand Union
Hotel/Columbian Hotel
Rice Junior High School
150 E. Main St.
5LA2179.37
227 Elm St.
308 S. Chestnut St.
200 Church St.
111 N. Commercial St.
5LA2179.98
5LA2179.186
5LA2179.7
5LA2179.14
160 E. 1st St.
5LA2179.151
424 W. Main St.
118 N. Commercial St.
125-37 N. Commercial
St.
200-210 W. Main St.
211 S. Beech St.
202 N. Animas St.
5LA2179.117
5LA2179.31
5LA2179.15
335 E. Main St.
5LA2179.90
101 E. Main St.
5LA2179.32
John Conkie
1905
1906-07
18901910
1905-06
John Conkie
John Conkie
John Conkie
John Conkie (?)
1906
1907
1907
1879-82
Walter DeMordaunt
(Pueblo)
L.A. DesJardins
Frank E. Edbrooke
Gates and Huff
1950
John Hall
John Hall
J.G. Haskell
1882
1882-83
1903-04
E.S. Jennison & Co.,
Chicago
A.C. Kennedy
1886
Skate-Land
Toltec Hotel
Poitrey Block/Trinidad
National Bank
Lynch Block/Franch Block
Jacob Sanders Residence
Trinidad Carnegie Public
Library
Chappell Residence
1881
McCormick Building
1949
1910-11
1888-89
Street Address
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
5LA2179.25
5LA2179.43
5LA2179.167
5LA2179.21
Page 84
Architect
J.B. Mason
I.H. Rapp
Year
Built
1902
1892
224 N. Commercial St.
110 E. Main St.
1902
1895,
1899
Rapp Brothers (I.H.
and W.M. Rapp &
Co.)
Rapp Brothers (I.H.
& W.M. Rapp &
Co.)-office & brew
house (orig. 1888)
Rapp Brothers (I.H.
and W.M. Rapp &
Co.)
I.H. and W.M. Rapp
Rapp Brothers (I.H.
and William Rapp &
Co.)
Rapp Brothers (I.H.
and W.M. Rapp &
Co.)
Street Address
First Presbyterian Church
Post Hardware/Plested
Bldg./Branson &
Griswold/Aultman Std.
Dunlavy Grocery/New
Metropolitan Hotel/Adelphia
Hotel
Horseshoe Bar/Central
Mkt./Anheuser-Busch/ Jacob
Sanders
Samuel Block
Rapp Brothers (I.H.
and W.M. Rapp &
Co.)
Rapp Brothers (I.H.
and W.M. Rapp &
Co.)-two-story part
Rapp Brothers (I.H.
and W.M. Rapp &
Co.)
Rapp Brothers (I.H.
& W.M. Rapp & Co.)
(?)
Rapp Brothers (I.H.
and W.M. Rapp &
Co.)
Rapp Brothers
Rapp Brothers (I.H.
and W.M. Rapp &
Co.)
W.M. Rapp
Historic ame
State
ID o.
5LA2179.28
5LA2179.40
449-53 N. Commercial
St.
5LA2179.24
219-25 N. Commercial
St.
5LA2179.59
114-18 E. Main St.
5LA2179.39
Henry Longnecker
Building/Colonial Hotel
301 N. Commercial St.
5LA2179.19
1903-04
Aiello Building/Toller Motor
Co.
228 W. Main St.
5LA2179.44
1904
458 W. Main St.
5LA2179.82
1905
Simon Sanders & Co.(?)/West
End Meat Market
Trinidad Furniture Co. Barn
125 N. Animas St.
5LA2179.2
1906-07
Henry Schneider Brewery
240 N. Convent St.
5LA2179.13
1907-08
West Theatre/Fox Theatre
423 W. Main St.
5LA2179.94
1907-09,
190911(?)
1909
Dalmacia Saloon &
Hotel/Sanders Blk./Simon
Sanders & Co./Kelloff Bldg.
Nichols Building/Ferguson's/
Maklowski Automotive
450 W. Main St.
5LA2179.81
156-60 Elm St.
5LA2179.223
1909
J.C. Coulson Fruit &
Produce/Trinidad Candy
Co/Mason Candy
Colorado Supply Company
Warehouse
401 Market St.
5LA2179.245
137 W. Cedar St.
5LA2179.180
Masonic Temple/S.H. Kress
& Co.
132-36 E. Main St.
5LA2179.38
1901
1902
1909
1910-11
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 85
Architect
Rapp Brothers (I.H.
and W.M. Rapp &
Co.)
Rapp Brothers (I.H.
and W.M. Rapp &
Co.).
Rapp Brothers (I.H.
and W.M. Rapp &
Co.)
Rapp Brothers (I.H.
and W.M. Rapp &
Co.)-second story
addition (orig. 1886)
Rapp Brothers (I.H.
and William Rapp &
Co.)
Rapp, Rapp &
Hendrickson
Rapp Bros. (I.H. &
W.M. Rapp (1921 &
1922); Charles D.
Strong, 1947 add.
Rapp Brothers
(Francis W. Spencer)
I.H. Rapp firm
(Francis W. Spencer
and/or Roy Voorhees)
I.H. Rapp
Rapp Bros./Spencer
(remodel); John Hall
(orig. in 1882)
Rev. Charles A.
Stevens
Harold B. Stewart
James Knox Taylor,
Ofc. Sup. Arch.
Henry Caldwall Toll
& John Francis
Milan, R.W.
Headstrom Associates
Norval W. Wall
Year
Built
1912-14
Historic ame
Street Address
Las Animas County
Courthouse
200 E. 1st St.
State
ID o.
5LA2179.75
1911-12
Holy Trinity Parsonage
235 N. Convent St.
5LA2179.212
1903-04
John Corich
Building/Southern Bar
429 N. Commercial St.
5LA2179.198
1904
Murdo Mackenzie Residence
200 E. 2nd St.
5LA2179.140
1904-05
Nichols Residence/CampbellLewis Mortuary
212 E. 2nd St.
5LA2179.111
1920-23
First Christian Church
200 S. Walnut St.
5LA6551
1921,19
23
Holy Trinity Catholic
Convent and School
237 Church St.
5LA2179.189
1928-29
New Carlisle Building
201-03 E. Main St.
5LA2179.232
1928
Montgomery Ward/Piggly
Wiggly/Tarabino Building
147-49 E. Main St.
5LA2179.73
1931
1935
137 W. 1st St.
218 W. Main St.
5LA2179.113
5LA2179.234
1887-90
Fouret Brothers Garage
Stevens Block/Forbes Bros.
Grocery/Burkhard/Toller
Motor Co.
Christian Church
400 E. Main St.
5LA2179.36
1925-26
1910
Elks Lodge No. 181 (BPOE)
U.S. Post Office
120 S. Maple St.
301 E. Main St.
5LA2179.119
5LA2179.93
1958
Holy Trinity School
Gymnasium
230 N. Animas St.
5LA2179.152
1881-82
Jaffa Opera House/Trinidad
100 W. Main St.
5LA2181
Opera House
NOTE: Shaded entries indicate Rapp involvement in original design or significant remodeling of a building.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 86
Corazon de Trinidad Historic District
Historic Physical Integrity. The examination of the current status of the Corazon de Trinidad
National Register Historic District and a reassessment of the existing district boundary were
primary tasks of this project. The surveyors found that the district maintained strong historic
physical integrity. This conclusion was reached despite the loss of several significant two- and
three-story buildings in the district. A few buildings have been rehabilitated since the 1970
survey, such as the Columbian Hotel at 111 N. Commercial Street, which is now a strong
contributing resource in the district and may individually qualify for the National Register. The
majority of alterations made to the buildings surveyed appear to have been completed before the
district was designated.
Period of Significance. It is recommended that the existing period of significance be revised to
extend from 1870, the date of the oldest documented building in the district to 1939, the date of
the last building erected in the 1930s. The 1973 National Register nomination for the district
did not explicitly state a period of significance. Willard Louden’s 1970 survey report (The
Historic Buildings of Central Trinidad) was appended as part of the nomination. None of the
fifty-five buildings discussed therein was constructed after 1920, and the First Christian Church
(built 1920-23 and adjacent to the district) was not included in the district’s boundary. Morris
Taylor, writing in the report, noted that many houses and commercial buildings remained in the
city from the last two decades of the nineteenth century and that “the expansion of Trinidad and
of the neighboring camps continued after the turn of the century and so the town is also rich in
architecture dating from the first two decades of the twentieth century.” Taylor saw the 1930s
as a time of “partial economic paralysis” and “a time of greatly reduced prosperity.” In the
1980s, the National Park Service reviewed the Corazon de Trinidad nomination and inferred a
period of significance ending in 1924.
While the Depression of the 1930s did have a significant impact on the area economy, Trinidad
continued to grow during the decade, from 11,732 persons in 1930 to 13,223 in 1940. This
12.7 percent increase was greater than that posted for the 1910s and 1920s. Sharp population
decreases were experienced only after 1940. Building construction also continued during the
1925-40 period, with the completion of such notable components as the Elks Lodge (1925-26,
120 S. Maple St.), the Armour and Co. warehouse (1925-26, 123 W. Cedar St.), the
Montgomery Ward Building (1928, 147-49 E. Main St.), the New Carlisle Building (1928-29,
201-03 E. Main St.), the Emerick Building (1929, 231 E. Main St.), and Veterans Memorial
Square/Fort Wootton (1936-37, 204 S. Chestnut St.). In addition, a large number of
automotive-related buildings (such as gasoline stations, garages, and auto dealerships) were
built during this period: the Jeffreys Auto Co. (1928-30, 145 E. Plum St.); the MacLiver
Brothers One-Stop Service Station (1930, 200 N. Commercial St.); the Standard Oil Service
Station (1930, 200 E. Main St.); the Socolo Super Service Station (1931, 438 W. Main St.); the
La Concha Super Service Station (1931, 159 E. Main St.); the Trinidad Battery Company
(1932-33, 419 W. Main St.); and the Glaviano & Garlutzo Garage (1935, 308-14 W. Main St.).
This era and its buildings represent a significant part of Trinidad’s history and architecture.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 87
Buildings within the district boundaries that were erected after the period of significance but
which are listed in or individually eligible to the National Register are considered contributing
to the district by National Register standards.
Boundary. The existing district boundary encompasses the bulk of Trinidad’s commercial core,
as well as some residential areas to the south. Examining original building function,
commercial uses generally lie north of 1st Street, with residential and public uses to the south.
Guidelines for establishing district boundaries today generally recommend that boundaries be
drawn between “clearly differentiated patterns of historical development, such as commercial
versus residential or industrial.”95 For this reason, if drawn today, the district boundary would
probably eliminate the mostly residential area lying south of 1st Street; further, the area on the
northwest side of the Purgatoire would not be included in the district due to a lack of historic
integrity and the presence of new construction.
In addition, the rationale for the present southwest boundary of the district (down the center of
W. Main and S. Animas streets) is difficult to understand. The historical associations,
architecture, and physical integrity of resources on opposite sides of both streets appear to be
equivalent, yet one side is in the district and the other is excluded. Although perhaps less
striking, this observation is also true for the southern boundary of the district; it is unclear what
criteria was used to draw the boundary, especially since no comprehensive survey of the area
was conducted prior to the preparation of the nomination. An intensive survey should be
undertaken in the area south of the Corazon de Trinidad Historic District to determine if the
current boundary is appropriate, whether the current district should be expanded, or if a separate
residential district may be present. While some resources outside the boundary of the historic
district were surveyed in 2001-02, a larger survey is needed before these questions can be
answered.
Contributing Status. The survey evaluated the contributing/noncontributing status of each
building within the existing National Register district. Based on National Park Service
definitions, a contributing resource adds to the historic associations and historic architectural
qualities for which the district is significant, while a noncontributing building does not add to
those associations and qualities. Contributing resources within the district are those that were
erected in the district during its Period of Significance and which retain sufficient historic
physical integrity to convey their historic character and add to the district’s significance through
their historic associations and architectural qualities. A contributing resource may have had
some alterations, but enough architectural features and historic fabric must remain to discern the
historic design and character of the property. Noncontributing resources were built after the
district’s Period of Significance or altered so that their historic fabric and design are not
apparent. Common alterations within the district include window and door alterations,
reconfiguring of storefronts, alteration of materials (most notably stuccoing of exterior
95
U.S. Dept. of Interior, National Park Service, .ational Register Bulletin 16A: Guidelines for Completing
.ational Register of Historic Places Forms, “Part A: How to Complete the National Register Registration
Form” (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991) 57.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 88
surfaces), and, for residential properties, alteration or removal of porches.
Nearly three-quarters of resources in the district surveyed in 2001-02 were evaluated as
contributing (164, or 71.3 percent), while 66 (28.7 percent) were assessed as noncontributing.
Combining those numbers with unsurveyed nonhistoric buildings and buildings surveyed by
Centennial Archaeology in 2000, the statistics for the entire Corazon de Trinidad Historic
District are as follows: 176 contributing (65.9 percent) and 91 noncontributing (34.1 percent).96
These numbers indicate that the Corazon de Trinidad remains a very strong historic district,
despite the loss of some important buildings, some in-fill construction, and some alterations to
historic buildings. Map 3 shows the contributing status for all resources within the existing
district.
Potential Individual ational Register Resources
Surveyed resources were evaluated for their individual eligibility to the National Register of
Historic Places, and twenty-five resources were found to be potentially eligible for listing (See
Table 4). As these resources are located within the Corazon de Trinidad Historic District and
are evaluated as contributing resources, such properties enjoy all of the tax advantages of
individually listed resources. Typically, there would be no advantage for a property owner to
pursue individual designation, although some commercial properties prefer to receive individual
designation for publicity purposes.
96
Twenty-one resources within the district have not been surveyed. Twenty of these are buildings erected well
after the end of the district’s period of significance (1939); one (114 W. Pine St.) is a historic building which
appears to have undergone major alterations. Six of the buildings surveyed by Centennial Archaeology were
evaluated as contributing and eleven as noncontributing. One now evaluated as contributing had been assessed
as noncontributing by Centennial because its façade was replaced in the 1930s; under the proposed extended
period of significance it would be considered contributing. Three railroad resources and a steam roller were
categorized as noncontributing at the present time, even though they were evaluated as individually eligible to
the National Register. If they are to be permanently located within the district, then they would be considered
contributing elements of the district. Six outbuildings were so substantial that they were included in the count of
resources for the district; all were evaluated as contributing resources: 212 E. 2nd St., 310 E. 2nd St., 201 W. 3rd
St., 304 E. Main St., 335 E. Main St., and 127 E. Plum St.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 89
Table 4
CORAZO DE TRIIDAD
HISTORIC BUILDIGS SURVEY, 2001-02:
BUILDIGS EVALUATED AS IDIVIDUALLY ELIGIBLE
FOR ATIOAL, STATE, AD LOCAL DESIGATIO
Address
160 E. 1st St.
200 E. 1st St.
122 W. 1st St.
137 W. 1st St.
420-26 W. 1st St.
120 E. 2nd St.
124 E. 2nd St.
126 E. 2nd St.
200 E. 2nd St.
212 E. 2nd St.
301 E. 2nd St.
310 E. 2nd St.
201 W. 3rd St.
135 N. Animas St.
202 N. Animas St.
230 N. Animas St.
201-11 S. Animas St.
220 S. Animas St.
221 S. Animas St.
311 S. Animas St.
315 S. Animas St.
316 S. Animas St.
211 S. Beech St.
305 S. Beech St.
136 W. Cedar St.
Historic
ame
Rice Junior High
School
Las Animas County
Courthouse
Hausman Drug Co.
Fouret Brothers Garage
Nelson Apartments
Bell Residence
Edward Rosenwald
Residence
O.L. Davis Residence
Mackenzie Residence
Nichols Residence/
Campbell-Lewis
Mortuary
Mrs. R.H. Hamerslough
Residence
John and Barney
Tarabino Residence
Wilson Residence
Trinidad City Hall
Trinidad Carnegie
Public Library
Holy Trinity School
Gymnasium
Anderson Terrace
Congregational
Church/First
Congregational Church
Haurin Residence
Antonio & Mary
Chresto Residence
Cupelli Residence
Kahn Residence
Jacob Sanders
Residence
Caplan/Aiello
Residence
Swift & Company
State
ID o.
5LA2179.151
ational
Elig. Crit.
Yes
A, C
In
Dist.
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.75
Yes
A, C
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.112
5LA2179.113
5LA9906
5LA2179.137
5LA2179.138
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
A, C
A, C
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.139
5LA2179.140
5LA2179.111
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.101
No
Yes
No
Yes
5LA2179.109
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.150
5LA2179.3
5LA2179.21
No
Yes
NR
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
SR
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.152
MD
Yes
MD
Yes
5LA10244
5LA2179.157
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
5LA10248
5LA10251
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
5LA10252
5LA2179.162
5LA2179.167
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.173
No
Yes
No
Yes
5LA2179.179
No
Yes
No
Yes
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
B, C
A, B,
C
A, C
A, C
C
State
Local
Page 90
Address
137 W. Cedar St.
223 W. Cedar St.
204 S. Chestnut St.
308 S. Chestnut St.
115 Church St.
237 Church St.
111 N. Commercial St.
118 N. Commercial St.
200 N. Commercial St.
210 N. Commercial St.
224 N. Commercial St.
234 N. Commercial St.
255 N. Commercial St.
267-69 N. Commercial
St.
301 N. Commercial St.
314 N. Commercial St.
401-07 N. Commercial
St.
421 N. Commercial St.
449-53 N. Commercial
St.
235 N. Convent St.
240 N. Convent St.
156-60 Elm St.
100 E. Main St.
101 E. Main St.
110 E. Main St.
Historic
ame
Colorado Supply
Company Warehouse
Trinidad Water Works
Veterans' Memorial
Square/Fort Wootton
Ben Springer Residence
Holy Trinity Catholic
Church
Holy Trinity Catholic
Convent and School
Union Block/Grand
Union Hotel/Columbian
Hotel
Toltec Hotel
MacLiver Brothers
One-Stop Service
Station
Sherman Building
First Presbyterian
Church
Barela Building
Der Rathskeller
Saloon/Helt Jewelry
Store
Barela Block/Bee Hive
Block/Denver Hotel
Henry Longnecker
Building/Colonial Hotel
Trinidad City Building/
Firehouse No. 1
Taylor Block/Bell
Block
Trinidad Hotel
New Metropolitan
Hotel/ Adelphia Hotel
Holy Trinity Parsonage
Henry Schneider
Brewery
Nichols Building/
Ferguson's/Maklowski
Automotive
First National Bank
McCormick Building
Post Hardware/Plested
Bldg./Branson &
Griswold/Aultman Std.
State
ID o.
5LA2179.180
ational
Elig. Crit.
No
In
Dist.
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.11
5LA2179.181
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.186
5LA2179.16
MD
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.189
Yes
C,
(A)
A, C
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.14
Yes
A, C
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.31
5LA2179.115
Yes
No
A, C
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.29
5LA2179.28
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.27
5LA2179.62
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.18
No
Yes
No
Yes
5LA2179.19
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.25
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.65
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.22
5LA2179.24
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.212
5LA2179.13
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.223
No
Yes
No
Yes
5LA2179.41
5LA2179.32
5LA2179.40
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
A, C
A, C
A, B,
C
A, C
State
Local
Page 91
Address
State
ID o.
5LA2179.38
ational
Elig. Crit.
No
In
Dist.
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.33
No
Yes
No
Yes
5LA2179.73
No
Yes
No
Yes
5LA2179.37
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.230
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
201-03 E. Main St.
214-18 E. Main St.
301 E. Main St.
304 E. Main St.
330 E. Main St.
Historic
ame
Masonic Temple/S.H.
Kress & Co.
Turner and Ford
Building/Odd Fellows
Hall
Montgomery
Ward/Piggly Wiggly/
Tarabino Building
Colorado
Building/Jamieson
House Furnishing Co.
La Concha Super
Service Station
New Carlisle Building
Bell-Davis Block
U.S. Post Office
Hough/Baca Residence
Bloom Mansion
5LA2179.232
5LA2179.76
5LA2179.93
5LA1630
5LA2180
No
No
NR
NR
NR
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
SR
SR
SR
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
335 E. Main St.
Chappell Residence
5LA2179.90
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
400 E. Main St.
Christian Church
5LA2179.36
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
100 W. Main St.
Jaffa Opera
House/Trinidad Opera
House
E.S. Bell Building/Bell
Block/James M. John
Building
Lynch Block/Franch
Block
Stevens Block/Forbes
Bros. Grocery/
Burkhard/Toller
Motor Co.
Raizon Building
Las Animas
Block/Sopris Block
Sopris Block/Denver &
Rio Grande Express/
Warmker Millinery
Wells, Fargo & Co.
Express Office/Sopris
Office
West Block
Shy Service
Station/Continental Oil
5LA2181
NR
Yes
SR
Yes
5LA2179.42
No
Yes
No
Yes
5LA2179.43
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.234
No
Yes
No
Yes
5LA2179.45
5LA2179.6
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.57
No
Yes
No
Yes
5LA2179.53
No
Yes
No
Yes
5LA2179.4
5LA2179.235
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
132-36 E. Main St.
135-39 E. Main St.
147-49 E. Main St.
150 E. Main St.
159 E. Main St.
134 W. Main St.
200-210 W. Main St.
218 W. Main St.
300 W. Main St.
301 W. Main St.
305 W. Main St.
309 W. Main St.
331-35 W. Main St.
401 W. Main St.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
A, C
A, C
A, C
A, B,
C
A, B,
C
C,
(A)
A, C
A, B,
C
State
Local
Page 92
Address
Historic
ame
407 S. Maple St.
Co.
Dr. A.A. White
Residence
West Theatre/Fox
Theatre
Skate-Land
Elks Lodge No. 181
(BPOE)
Forbes/Davis/Abrahams
Residence
Temple Aaron
410-16 S. Maple St.
200 S. Walnut St.
Radford Terrace
First Christian Church
402 W. Main St.
423 W. Main St.
424 W. Main St.
120 S. Maple St.
317 S. Maple St.
State
ID o.
ational
Elig. Crit.
In
Dist.
State
Local
5LA2179.46
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.94
Yes
A, C
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.117
5LA2179.119
Yes
Yes
A, C
A, C
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.242
Yes
B, C
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA2179.12
Yes
A, C,
(A)
Yes
Yes
Yes
5LA10264
5LA6551
No
NR
No
No
Yes
A, C, No
SR
Yes
(A)
NOTES: A “Yes” or “No” in the table indicates if the resource is eligible for national, state, or local
designation; an “MD” means that more data is needed. “In Dist.” indicates whether the resource is located
within the Corazon de Trinidad Historic District. The “Crit.” column lists under which National Register
criterion (or criteria), if any, the resource is eligible; a letter in parentheses indicates an applicable criteria
consideration (e.g, an “A” indicates a religious property while a “G” is a resource less than fifty years old). An
“NR” or “SR” indicates that the resource is presently listed in the National or State Register.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 93
ational Register Potential Eligibles
160 E. 1st St., Rice Junior High School, 5LA2179.151, 1950, Walter
DeMordaunt (Pueblo), architect, James B. Kenney, Inc. (Denver), builder.
200 E. 1st St., Las Animas County Courthouse, 5LA2179.75, 1912-14,
Rapp Brothers (I.H. and W.M. Rapp & Co.), architects, W.G. Rupp,
builder.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 94
ational Register Potential Eligibles
122 W. 1st St., Hausman Drug Co., 5LA2179.112,
1904, George Burnett, architect, Lewis Dennis,
builder.
137 W. 1st St., Fouret Brothers Garage, 5LA2179.113, 1931, I.H. Rapp,
architect.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 95
ational Register Potential Eligibles
212 E. 2nd St., Nichols Residence/Campbell-Lewis Mortuary,
5LA2179.111, 1904-05, Rapp Brothers (I.H. and William Rapp & Co.),
architects, Crouch & Smith, builders.
310 E. 2nd St., John and Barney Tarabino Residence, 5LA2179.109, 1907.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 96
ational Register Potential Eligibles
135 N. Animas St., Trinidad City Hall, 5LA2179.3, 1890-1910, John
Conkie, architect, W.F. Schnaufer, builder.
316 S. Animas St., Kahn Residence, 5LA2179.162, 1889,
Bogardus and Shannon, builders.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 97
ational Register Potential Eligibles
204 S. Chestnut St., Veterans' Memorial Square/Fort Wootton,
5LA2179.181, 1936-37, Ms. Marian E. Barnes (?), architect, Works
Progress Administration, builder.
115 Church St., Holy Trinity Catholic Church,
5LA2179.16, 1883-85, Emmet Anthony,
architect, Moffatt Brothers, Cummings and
Innes, builders.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 98
ational Register Potential Eligibles
237 Church St., Holy Trinity Catholic Convent and School,
5LA2179.189, 1921,1923, and 1947, Rapp Bros. (I.H. &
W.M. Rapp (1921 and 1923), Charles D. Strong (1947),
architects, James B. Kenney (1947), builder.
111 N. Commercial St., Union Block/Grand Union Hotel/Columbian
Hotel, 5LA2179.14, 1879-82, John Conkie (?), architect, M.E. Kerrigan
(brickwork), builder.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 99
ational Register Potential Eligibles
118 N. Commercial St., Toltec Hotel, 5LA2179.31,
1910-11, Frank E. Edbrooke, architect.
401-07 N. Commercial St., Taylor Block/Bell
Block, 5LA2179.65, 1888-89 (orig.), George
Burnett (remodeling, 1904), architect, John
Dawson (remodeling, 1904), builder.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 100
ational Register Potential Eligibles
240 N. Convent St., Henry Schneider Brewery, 5LA2179.13, 1888, Rapp
Brothers (I.H. & W.M. Rapp & Co.), office & brew house, architect.
100 E. Main St., First National Bank, 5LA2179.41, 1890-92,
Bulger & Rapp, architects, Morrison Brothers (Pueblo, Colo.),
builders.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 101
ational Register Potential Eligibles
159 E. Main St., La Concha Super Service Station, 5LA2179.230, 1931, Ed
Stanton, builder.
335 E. Main St., Chappell Residence, 5LA2179.90, 1886, E.S. Jennison &
Co. (Chicago), architect.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 102
ational Register Potential Eligibles
400 E. Main St., Christian Church, 5LA2179.36, 1887-90, Rev. Charles A.
Stevens, architect.
301 W. Main St., Las Animas Block/Sopris Block, 5LA2179.6, 1883-84.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 103
ational Register Potential Eligibles
423 W. Main St., West Theatre/Fox Theatre, 5LA2179.94, 1907-08, Rapp
Brothers (I.H. and W.M. Rapp & Co.), architects, John A. Laughlin,
builder.
424 W. Main St., Skate-Land, 5LA2179.117, 1949, L.A. DesJardins,
architect, Joe Naccarato & Son, builder.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 104
ational Register Potential Eligibles
120 S. Maple St., Elks Lodge No. 181 (BPOE), 5LA2179.119, 1925-26,
Harold B. Stewart, architect, F.P. Snowbarger, builder.
317 S. Maple St., Forbes/Davis/Abrahams Residence, 5LA2179.242, 1890,
Radford, builder.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 105
ational Register Potential Eligibles
407 S. Maple St., Temple Aaron, 5LA2179.12,
1889, Bulger & Rapp, architects, Frank Damascio
& Co., builder.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 106
Potential Individual State Register Resources
All of the resources noted in the preceding section as potentially individually eligible to the
National Register are also evaluated as potentially individually eligible to the State Register.
Given their historical associations and architectural significance, the following twenty
properties are evaluated as potentially eligible to the State Register (See Table 4).
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 107
State Register Potential Eligibles
420-26 W. 1st St., Nelson Apartments, 1922, 5LA9906, L.P. Nelson (?),
builder.
126 E. 2nd St., O.L. Davis Residence, 1894, 5LA2179.139, H.W. King &
Co., builder.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 108
State Register Potential Eligibles
211 S. Beech St., Jacob Sanders Residence, 1882-83,
5LA2179.167, John Hall, architect.
137 W. Cedar St., Colorado Supply Company Warehouse, 1909,
5LA2179.180, Rapp Brothers (I.H. and William Rapp & Co.), architect,
Crouch Lumber and Construction, builder.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 109
State Register Potential Eligibles
223 W. Cedar St., Trinidad Water Works, 1879, 5LA2179.11, Charles
Innes, builder.
308 S. Chestnut St., Ben Springer Residence, 1907, 5LA2179.186, John
Conkie, architect, J.J. Dallison, builder.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 110
State Register Potential Eligibles
200 N. Commercial St., MacLiver Brothers One-Stop Service Station,
1930, 5LA2179.115, E.B. Stanton, builder.
224 N. Commercial St., First Presbyterian
Church, 1902, 5LA2179.28, J.B. Mason,
architect, Crouch & Smith, builder.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 111
State Register Potential Eligibles
234 N. Commercial St., Barela
Building, 1883-84, 5LA2179.27.
301 N. Commercial St., Henry Longnecker Building/Colonial Hotel, 1902,
5LA2179.19, Rapp Brothers (I.H. & W.M. Rapp & Co.) (?), architect, F.W.
Pierce, builder.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 112
State Register Potential Eligibles
314 N. Commercial St., Trinidad City
Building/Firehouse No. 1, 1888-90,
5LA2179.25,
Bulger
&
Rapp,
architects, M. DeLong, builder.
449-53 N. Commercial St., New Metropolitan Hotel/Adelphia Hotel,
1895, 1899, 5LA2179.24, Rapp Brothers (I.H. and W.M. Rapp &
Co.), architects.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 113
State Register Potential Eligibles
235 N. Convent St., Holy Trinity Parsonage, 1911-12, 5LA2179.212, Rapp
Brothers (I.H. and W.M. Rapp & Co.), architects, Emerick & Stanton,
builders.
101 E. Main St., McCormick Building, 1881, 5LA2179.32, A.C. Kennedy,
architect and builder, Rapp Brothers (redesign), architects.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 114
State Register Potential Eligibles
132-36 E. Main St., Masonic Temple/S.H. Kress & Co., 1910-11,
5LA2179.38, Rapp Brothers (I.H. and W.M. Rapp & Co.), architects,
Crouch Lumber and Construction Co., builders.
150 E. Main St., Colorado Building/Jamieson House Furnishing Co., 190506, 5LA2179.37, John Conkie, architect, J.E. Wallace, builder.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 115
State Register Potential Eligibles
214-18 E. Main St., Bell-Davis Block, 1906, 5LA2179.76, John Conkie,
builder.
200-210 W. Main St., Lynch Block/Franch Block, 1882, 5LA2179.43, John
Hall, architect, H. Snook, builder.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 116
State Register Potential Eligibles
300 W. Main St., Raizon Building, 1904, 5LA2179.45.
402 W. Main St., Dr. A.A. White Residence, LA2179.46, 1892.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 117
Potential Local Landmarks
The City of Trinidad enacted a local historic preservation ordinance on 17 September 2002.
The ordinance contained provisions for designating local historic districts and individual
resources, established minimum maintenance standards for buildings, and created a fivemember Historic Preservation Board. City residents opposed to the ordinance collected
sufficient signatures to refer the ordinance to a vote of the people, and, in late January 2003, the
ordinance was defeated.
Although the historic preservation ordinance is no longer in place, the Scope of Work for this
project required the consultants to evaluate surveyed resources for eligibility as local landmarks
and, for resources within the Corazon de Trinidad Historic District, to rate surveyed resources
into local significance categories. To be eligible as a local landmark, a resource was required to
be at least fifty years old (unless possessing exceptional significance) and meet one or more of
the criteria for architectural, social, or geographic/environmental significance specified in the
ordinance. The five local significance categories (or ratings) for resources within historic
districts are described below:
Contributing. “’Contributing structures’ means those structures or buildings
which exist in comparatively original condition, or have been appropriately
restored and clearly contribute to the historical significance of a Historic
District.”
Supporting. “’Supporting structure’ means a structure which has original
material that has been covered, or a building which has experienced some
alteration but which still conveys some sense of history.”
Non-Contributing with Qualifications. “’Non-Contributing structure with
qualifications’ means a structure which has had substantial alteration or addition
and which, in its present condition, does not substantially contribute to the
historic character or architectural integrity of the District except regarding the
structure’s mass, scale, and relationship to adjacent properties, but which
structure could so contribute after substantial restoration.”
Non-Contributing without Qualifications. “’Non-Contributing structure without
qualifications’ means a structure that does not contribute to the historic character
of the District except for the structure’s mass, scale, and relationship to adjacent
properties, or which has been altered to such an extent that historic information
is not interpretable and restoration may not be possible.”
Non-Designated. “’Non-designated structure’ means a structure not designated
as a Local Landmark or, within a Historic District not rated as a contributing
structure, supporting structure, non-contributing structure with qualifications, or
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 118
non-contributing structure without qualifications.”97
Using the criteria and definitions in the ordinance, the surveyed properties were evaluated for
local landmark eligibility and significance category (See Table 3). Eighty surveyed properties
were assessed as potential local landmarks; seventy-three of these were within the existing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic District. Resources within the Corazon de Trinidad Historic
District were evaluated and placed in one of the categories discussed above (See the
appendices). The breakdown by category was as follows: Contributing, 90 (39.1 percent);
Supporting, 75 (32.6 percent); Non-contributing with qualifications, 24 (10.4 percent); and
Non-contributing without qualifications, 41 (17.8 percent).98 These evaluations and an
observation of general physical condition also appear on the survey forms.
Of the forty-eight surveyed resources outside the Corazon de Trinidad Historic District, seven
were evaluated as potential local landmarks and forty-one as Non-Designated. A resource not
located in a historic district and evaluated as potentially eligible to be a local landmark is
classified as a Structure of Merit.
97
City of Trinidad, “Ordinance No. 1703,” 17 September 2002, sections 14-172, 4, 16, 17, 18, and 32.
As the historic preservation ordinance had never been applied by the city to resources in a district, there were
no examples or precedents to clarify some of its language. The Non-Designated category seemed perplexing for
district resources in the current situation, where all the resources in question had been surveyed and evaluated.
It was assumed that there would be no Non-Designated resources in such a situation.
98
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 119
MAP KEY
CONTRIBUTING STATUS
Contributing
Noncontributing
Not in District
Outbuilding
NATIONAL REGISTER BOUNDARY
SURVEY AREA, 2001-02
E
LOST SINCE 1970
PINE ST.
118
520
114
516
E
#
12
I-
2
5
508
CO
ive
r
N.
re
R
449-53
ER
443
439
428
.
rg
a
431
Pu
429
416
421
E
414
M
409-17
ET
K
AR
AVE.
4__
ST
414
422
AL
CI
toi
M
#11
444
M
4__
444
223
ST
NEVADA
401-07
223
E.
123
137
.
ST
R
DA
CE
.
328
401
223
125
#
328
341
.
ST
R
W
314
323
130
#
136
2__
123
#
.
MILL ST
DA
E
. C
121-27
101-05
122
#
127
300
127
.
N
309-13
322
227
A
145
S
120
225
108-12
207-09
233
.
E
S
IN
238
304
200
304
E
.
E
B
225
H
C
301
308
300
221
301
408
308
303
220
222
213
.
TR
FE
446
446
124
SA
NT
A
116
80
#
516
215
420-26
81
#
217
303
221
69
#
S
D
R
.
3
407
410-16
112
411
400
313
112
404
404
53
#
411
415
415
410
100
201
106
410
108
322
112
322
404-08
IG
H
406-08
312
323
H
.
AT
S. R
T
S
316
316
214
410-16
E
320
317
316
309
S
4T
.
314
71
#
311
316
320
317
308
303
T.
H
.
E
210
201
306
.
S
208
70
#
308
312
516
210
T
316
108
305
221
54
#
317
309
310
516
208
304
304
222
309
215
214
124
304
300
309
213
442-44
.
ST
220
309
420-26
110
118
T
.
T
212-14
410
463
U
S
105
#
317
305-09
302-06
.
516
402-04
124
402
216
55
#
316
W
301
100
316
317
2N
106-10
T
S
210
68
#
305-09
120
207-09
H
201-11
408
.
216
C
439
445
211
212
124
112
T.
E
E
445
510
82
#
402
402
316
112
S
D
B
500-02
208
66
#
400
317
118
.
206
67
#
225
111-15
S
429
313-15
308
312
219
316
316
120
419
211
514
126
219
304-08
429
308
302
316
124
T
.
210-12
TN
ES
H
83
#
204-06
203-07
439
.
1
W
125
439
601
T
.
T
E
466
T.
S
S
T
S
S
458
212
N
E
V
120
S
230
219
104
#
450
4__
212
316
309-11
200
N
T
S
#110
C
L
230
414
52
#
414
417-19
322
311
ST.
ON
72
#
315
322
322
402
315
319
319
51
#
407
323
404
409
407
.
T
.
D
S
404
R
3
407
408-10
W
408-10
403
50
#
403
Map 3
CORAZON DE TRINIDAD
CONTRIBUTING STATUS
405
.
T
49
#
H
.
308
316
310
308
O
C
.
438
601
2N
128
.
207-09
424
LE
IA
S
216
A
IM
E
402
.
E
S
200
N
402
84
#
128
212
212
A
W
457
.
.
402
S
A
M
D
P
C
103
#
.
T
S
S.
R
300
IN
T.
A
M
E
M
308-14
419
.
M
205
122
401
423
S
85
#
O
218
102-08
304
306
310
201
102
#
228
306
301
308
137
65
#
307
122
C
319
331-35
227
301
86
#
160
200-10
300
307
200
101
#
134
.
125
403
403
221
214
220
S
.
T
S
111
#
220
227
231
309
215
221
100
.
305
313
100
#
100
137
T
S
S
A
135
112
#
219
E
IM
N
A
130
210
110
N
.
N
308
120
114-18
131
T.
113
#
C
R
U
H
C
202
121
87
#
S
126-30
.
T
S
H
215
S
1S
218
T
.
E
165
U
T
132-36
200
237
215
T.
150
111
T.
120
LN
#
230
A
114
#
S
W
214-18
160-64
H
.
117
101
237
88
#
S
204
125-37
S
A
200
121
.
99
#
214-18
131
125
403
304
A
M
135-39
#
98
#
304
T.
147-49
116
330
312
S
127
201-03
159
153-55
118
T.
T.
213
E
S
1__
E
115
.
LE
231
140
235
ST
P
.
#
T
116-24
A
T
S
227
115
#
U
400
M
T
231-45
219-25
97
#
301
.
136-44
335
T.
152
N
N
E
V
N
O
240
134
335
S
C
E
126
#
156-60
LN
.
116
#
200
117
#
T
125
249-53
A
210
200-02
115
130
U
210
E
E
TN
N
230
M
EL
212
255
1__
212
.
ST
155
P
.
W
224
S
L
ST
.
257-59
E
U
M
H
M
135
U
C
339
PL
.
S
N
10
#
224
W
E.
124
#
138
267-69
S
153
234
.
T
.
301
238
H
N
200
S
4T
W
100
0
100 200 Feet
56
#
Recommendations
A comment written by Willard Louden in 1970 in regard to historic preservation in Trinidad
still seems appropriate today: “We need vision, we need planning, we need protective and
restrictive ordinances, we need effort and we need the cooperation of our residents and of the
various governmental agencies that are vitally concerned with this sort of program.”99
Based on information and observations gathered during the survey, the following
recommendations are offered:
1. Preparation and adoption of design guidelines for the Corazon de Trinidad Historic
District should be considered at the earliest opportunity. Design guidelines provide an
analysis of the existing features of an historic area and offer recommendations regarding
appropriate considerations for changes to existing resources and for new construction.
Included in such studies are guidelines for building design, such as height, setback,
width of facades, storefronts, roof form, architectural details, and building materials. In
addition, guidelines are formulated for improvements in public areas, including
streetlights, trees, sidewalks, street furniture, planters, and parking lots. Design
guidelines can be followed on a voluntary basis or they can be made a mandatory part of
the building permit process.
2. A preservation plan should be developed for the city which formulates a vision of
what the community would like their preservation programs to include. Given the
significance of Trinidad’s historic district, the hiring of a professional preservation
planner should be considered to assist with the development of the preservation plan
and to identify funding and educational programs relevant to Trinidad, as well as to
publicize the city’s important historic resources and coordinate with community groups
attempting to conduct historic preservation activities.
3. An intensive survey should be conducted in the area adjacent to the southern
boundary of the Corazon de Trinidad Historic District to determine if there is potential
for an appropriate expansion of the district or whether a separate residential district
exists.
4. The existing National Register Historic District nomination should be amended to
extend the period of significance to 1939. The revised nomination would include a list
of all buildings identified with contributing/noncontributing status, a map showing the
boundaries of the district and locating the individual resources and their status,
photographs of representative buildings and streetscapes, and an expanded description
of the district’s architecture and its historical development. The revised document
would be more useful for planning decisions, as a general educational tool, and when
99
Louden, “The Historic Buildings of Central Trinidad.”
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 121
evaluating tax credit applications than the current form.
5. Educational programs to inform residents and property owners of the history of their
buildings and the benefits of preservation should be continued, including programs in
the schools. Greater awareness of Trinidad’s significant architectural heritage will
stimulate an appreciation of the downtown’s built environment and the desire to
preserve the historic architectural features of buildings and make appropriate changes.
Trinidad State Junior College should be encouraged to develop a program teaching
crafts and construction skills useful in historic preservation.
6. Publications such as the existing walking tour brochure of the historic district should
continue to be produced. A walking tour is a good technique for connecting history
with buildings. State Historical Fund grants have been obtained by other cities to
publish booklets with historical and architectural information about historic
neighborhoods. Events should be held to highlight the significance of historic buildings
during National Historic Preservation Week. Property owners who complete
preservation projects should be recognized with honorary awards.
7. The survey of Trinidad's historic neighborhoods should continue in order to provide
complete documentation of the City's significant historic resources. While conducting
the current survey, other areas within the city were noted that appeared to include high
numbers of historic resources with substantial integrity, as well as scattered individually
significant properties. A citywide reconnaissance survey should be completed to
identify areas or individual resources meriting intensive survey.
8. Trinidad residents should be encouraged to contribute historic photographs and other
documents that shed light on the history of the city and its buildings to the Trinidad
Carnegie Library to insure their preservation and access by the public. Oral history
interviews with persons who possess knowledge and information about historic
resources and the development of the city should be conducted. Public agencies should
also be encouraged to donate documents relevant to the city’s history to appropriate
archival repositories (for example, old property appraisal cards and building permits).
9. After examining why the 2002 local historic preservation ordinance was repealed by
the electorate, an effort should be made to enact a new ordinance to protect the city’s
architectural and historical heritage. A local historic preservation ordinance is a
necessary step to becoming a Certified Local Government, which would provide
Trinidad access to additional sources of historic preservation funding.
10. Brick streets and stone retaining walls are important character defining features of
the Corazon de Trinidad Historic District. A study of these landscape features should be
undertaken to assess their condition and formulate appropriate recommendations for
proper maintenance and preservation.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 122
11. Further research should be undertaken to identify which buildings in the city date to
the 1870s and to learn which are adobe. The study might provide valuable information
about building construction techniques used on the city’s earliest surviving buildings.
12. Given Trinidad’s exceptional architectural heritage and its historical associations
with the Santa Fe Trail, cattle ranching, coal mining, commerce and trade, and its
position on the Anglo-Hispanic frontier, the National Park Service should study whether
a portion of the city is eligible for designation as a National Historic Landmark (NHL).
NHLs are areas evaluated as nationally significant for some aspect of their history. In
Colorado, NHLs include the Georgetown-Silver Plume Historic District, the Leadville
Historic District, Bent’s Old Fort, Raton Pass, and several other resources. Relatively
few resources nationally are eligible for NHL designation.
13. While Morris Taylor’s work provides an excellent account of the early years of
Trinidad, the significance of the city and its buildings merit a comprehensive, scholarly
history of the years following the territorial period. Funding sources should be
identified that might support such an effort. Given the complexity of the city’s history, a
professional historian should undertake the project.
Steeple of Holy Trinity Catholic Church as seen
from the rear of buildings along N. Commercial
Street. SOURCE: Roger Whitacre, 2001.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 123
VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abbott, Carl, Stephen J. Leonard, and David McComb. Colorado: A History of the Centennial
State. Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1982.
Athearn, Robert. The Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad: Rebel of the Rockies.
Reprint ed. Lincoln, Ne.: University of Nebraska Press, 1962.
Baca, Luis. “The Guadalupita Colony of Trinidad.” The Colorado Magazine, 21 (January
1944): 22-27.
Beck, Warren A. and Haase, Ynez D. Historical Atlas of the American West. Norman:
University of Oklahoma Press, 1989.
Benson, Maxine. 1001 Colorado Place Names. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of
Kansas, 1994.
Benson, Maxine. From Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains: Major Stephen Long’s
Expedition, 1819-1820. Golden: Fulcrum, Inc., 1988.
Beshoar, Barron B. Hippocrates in a Red Vest: The Biography of a Frontier Doctor. Palo
Alto, California: American West Publishing Co., 1973.
Beshoar, Michael. All About Trinidad and Las Animas County. Denver: Times Steam Printing
House and Blank Book Manufactory, 1882.
Carnegie Library. Trinidad, Colorado. Photographic collection, city directories, and historical
files.
Cassells, E. Steve. The Archaeology of Colorado. Boulder: Johnson Books, 1983.
Chronicle-.ews.
Clason Map Co. “Map of Trinidad, Colorado.” Denver: Clason Map Co., 1907. Shows
additions and building footprints.
Colorado Historical Society. Stephen Hart Library. Denver, Colorado. DeBusk Memorial
in the Civil Works Administration Interview Collection.
Colorado State Planning Division. Colorado Year Book, 1962-64. Denver: Colorado State
Planning Division, 1964.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 124
Corazon de Trinidad Historic District. National Register of Historic Places Nomination
form. 5LA2179. Listed 28 February 1973. In the Files of the Colorado Historical
Society Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Denver, Colorado.
Crofutt, George A. Crofutt’s Grip-Sack Guide of Colorado, 1885.
Johnson Books, 1981.
Reprint.
Boulder:
Daily Times.
Dale, Edward E. The Range Cattle Industry. Norman, Ok.: University Press, 1960.
Denver Post.
Denver Public Library.
“Trinidad.”
Western History Department. Photographic and clipping files.
Dodds, Joanne West. The Thatchers: Hard Work Won the West. Pueblo, Colorado: My Friend,
The Printer, 2001.
First National Bank in Trinidad. First .ational Bank in Trinidad, 125th Anniversary: A
Chronicle of 125 Years. Trinidad: First National Bank in Trinidad, 2000.
Fletcher, Ken. Centennial State Trolleys. Golden, Colorado: Colorado Railroad Historical
Foundation, 1995.
Fossett, Frank. Colorado: Its Gold and Silver Mines, Farms and Stock Ranges and Health
and Pleasure Resorts. 2nd ed. New York: C.G. Crawford, 1880.
Goetzmann, William H. Army Exploration in the American West, 1803-1863. Austin: Texas
State Historical Association, 1991.
__________. Exploration & Empire: The Explorer and Scientist in the Winning of the
American West. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1966.
Goff, Richard and McCaffree, Russ. Century in the Saddle. Denver: Colorado Cattlemen’s
Centennial Commission, 1967.
Goodstein, Phil. Exploring Jewish Colorado. Denver: Rocky Mountain Jewish Historical
Society, 1992.
Gorn, Elliott J. Mother Jones: The Most Dangerous Woman in America. New York: Hill
and Wang, 2001.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 125
Hafen, LeRoy R. Colorado and Its People. vol. 1. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing
Co., 1948.
Hanks, Louise Le Barre. What Made Trinidad Trinidad. Trinidad: Trinidad Historical
Society, 1996.
Hennech, Mike. Brewing in Trinidad, Colorado. Irving, Texas: Ale Publishing Co., 1992.
Henritze, Cozette. First .ational Bank in Trinidad: 125th Anniversary. Trinidad: First
National Bank, 2000.
Historical and Descriptive Review of Colorado’s Enterprising Cities: Their Leading Business
Houses and Progressive Men. Denver: J. Lethem, 1893.
Ingram, Tolbert R. Year Book of the State of Colorado, 1931. Denver: State Board of
Immigration, 1931.
Keck, Frances Bollacker Keck. The JJ Ranch on the Purgatory River: The Jones Family and
the Prairie Cattle Company. La Junta, Colorado: Otero Press, 2001.
Koogle and Pouls Engineering. “City of Trinidad, Colorado.” Aerial photographs.
Albuquerque, New Mexico: Koogle and Pouls Engineering, 1 August 1968.
Leonard, Stephen J. Trials and Triumphs: A Colorado Portrait of the Great Depression.
Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1993.
Louden, Willard C. “The Historic Buildings of Central Trinidad.” Trinidad, Colo.: Trinidad
Historical Society for the City Demonstration Agency, 1970.
Mangan, Terry Wm. Colorado on Glass: Colorado’s First Half Century As Seen by the
Camera. Denver: Sundance, Ltd, 1975.
McAlester, Virginia and Lee.
Knopf, 1994.
A Field Guide to American Houses. New York: Alfred A.
__________. A Field Guide to America’s Historic .eighborhoods and Museum Houses,
The Western States. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998.
McHendrie, A.W. “Trinidad and Its Environs.”
1929):159-70.
Colorado Magazine. VI (September
Mehls, Steven F. and Carrol Joe Carter. Colorado Southern Frontier Historic Context .
Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1984.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 126
Mitchell, A.R. Museum. Trinidad, Colorado. Photographic Collection.
Murray, Robert A. Las Animas, Huerfano, and Custer: Three Colorado Counties on a Cultural
Frontier—A History of the Raton Basin. Cultural Resource Series no. 6. Denver: U.S.
Bureau of Land Management, Colorado State Office, 1979.
Noel, Thomas J. Noel, Paul F. Mahoney, and Richard E. Stevens. Historical Atlas of Colorado.
Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994.
Painter, Mary W., et al. “An Archaeological and Historical Inventory of the Interstate 25
Corridor Through Trinidad, Las Animas County, Colorado.” Prepared for the Colorado
Department of Transportation. Fort Collins, Colorado: Centennial Archaeology, April
2001.
Passarelli, Ronald. “Corazon de Trinidad Historic District, Trinidad, Colorado.” Map showing
district boundary, building outlines, buildings of primary and secondary importance,
buildings destroyed since 1950, and streets paved with brick. Trinidad: Trinidad
Historical Society, November 1972.
Paul, Rodman. The Far West and the Great Plains in Transition: 1859-1900. New York:
Harper & Row, 1988.
Rice, Elial Jay. “Pioneering in Southern Colorado.” The Colorado Magazine, 14(May
1937): 108-115.
Sanborn-Perris Map Company. “Trinidad, Colorado.” Fire insurance maps. Pelham, New
York: Sanborn-Perris Map Company, 1883, 1886, 1890, 1895, 1901, 1907, 1912,
1917, 1930, 1948, and 1961.
Scamehorn, H. Lee. Mill and Mine: The CF&I in the Twentieth Century. Lincoln, Ne.:
University of Nebraska Press, 1992.
__________. Pioneer Steelmaker in the West: The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 18721903. Boulder, Colorado: Pruett Publishing Co., 1976.
Sheppard, Carl D. Creator of the Santa Fe Style: Isaac Hamilton Rapp, Architect.
Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 1988.
Simpich, Frederick. “The Santa Fe Trail, Path to Empire.” .ational Geographic (August
1929):213-52.
Smith, Honora DeBusk.
“Early Life in Trinidad and the Purgatory Valley.” M.A. Thesis,
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 127
Boulder: University of Colorado, 1930.
Sopris, W.R. “My Grandmother, Mrs. Marcellin St. Vrain.” The Colorado Magazine,
22(March 1945): 63-68.
Sprague, Marshall. Greetings from Colorado.
Publishing Co., 1987.
Portland, Oregon: Graphics Arts Center
Stokes, Gerald H. A Walk Through the History of Trinidad. Trinidad: Trinidad Historical
Society, 1986, rev. 2000.
Stone, Wilbur F., ed. History of Colorado. vol. 1. Chicago: The S.J. Clarke Publishing Co.,
1918.
Taylor, Morris F. Trinidad, A Centennial Town. Trinidad: Trinidad Historical Society,
Friends of Historical Trinidad, and Trinidad State Junior College, , May 1976.
__________. Trinidad, Colorado Territory. Trinidad: Trinidad State Junior College, , May
1966.
Taylor, Ralph C. Colorado: South of the Border. Denver: Sage Books, 1963.
Trinidad City Directories.
Trinidad Daily Times.
Trinidad State Junior College. “Trinidad State Junior College, 2000-2002 Catalog.”
Trinidad: Trinidad State Junior College, 2000.
TRM. “City of Trinidad,” Aerial photography. N.p.: TRM, 6 April 1991.
Ubbelohde, Carl, Maxine Benson, and Duane Smith. A Colorado History. 6th ed. Boulder:
Pruett Publishing Co., 1988.
Uchill, Ida Libert. Pioneers, Peddlers, and Tsadikim: The Story of the Jews in Colorado.
Boulder, Colorado: University Press of Colorado, 2000.
U.S. Census Bureau. Census of Population.
County, Colorado.
1920.
Manuscript Returns, Las Animas
U.S. Department of Interior. National Park Service. .ational Register Bulletin 16A:
Guidelines for Completing .ational Register of Historic Places Forms. Washington,
D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 128
Wallihan & Co., S.S. The Rocky Mountain Directory and Colorado Gazetteer for 1871
Denver: S.S. Wallihan & Co., 1870.
Waters, Salma A., editor. Colorado: 1956-58. Denver: State Planning Commission, [1958].
Wilkins, Tivis E. comp. Colorado Railroads: Chronological Development. Boulder: Pruett
Publishing Co., 1974.
Writers’ Program. WPA Guide to 1930s Colorado. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of
Kansas, 1987. Orig. publ. as Colorado: A Guide to the Highest State, New York:
Hastings House, 1941.
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 129
APPEDICES
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 130
Nelson Apartments
Cleland Residence
Putaturo Residence
420-26 W. 1st St.
439 W. 1st St.
442-44 W. 1st St.
445 W. 1st St.
1923
1900
1922
1882-pre
1912-17
1901-07
1882-pre
1963
1962-63
1915
1887
1970
1888
1904
1931
1954
1950
1890-93
1912-14
Year
Built
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
N/A
Noncontributing
N/A
Noncontributing
N/A
N/A
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
N/A
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
5LA9910
5LA2179.133
5LA9906
5LA2179.132
5LA9908
5LA9909
5LA2179.131
Stanley Residence
Cohen Residence
Henry Residence
408 W. 1st St.
410 W. 1st St.
419 W. 1st St.
5LA2179.129
5LA2179.124
5LA2179.122
5LA9907
5LA2179.121
5LA2179.112
5LA2179.113
5LA2179.123
5LA2179.151
5LA2179.118
5LA2179.75
State
ID o.
5LA2179.130
Nash Residence
Phoenix Hotel/Trinidad
Sanitarium
Trinidad Housing Authority
Dwelling
Rosenwald Building
Hausman Drug Co.
Fouret Brothers Garage
Apodaca Residence
Rice Junior High School
Taylor Terrace
Las Animas County
Courthouse
Historic ame
316 W. 1st St.
304-08 W. 1st St.
216 W. 1st St.
230 W. 1st St.
403 E. 1st St.
102-08 W. 1st St.
122 W. 1st St.
137 W. 1st St.
212 W. 1st St.
160 E. 1st St.
165 E. 1st St.
200 E. 1st St.
Street
Address
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
Yes
No
Yes
Local
Significance
Category
Page 131
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Structure of Merit
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Non-Designated
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Non-Designated
Supporting
Contributing
Contributing
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Contributing
Supporting
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Appendix 1
CORAZO DE TRIIDAD HISTORIC BUILDIGS SURVEY, 2001-02
SURVEYED RESOURCES I STREET ADDRESS ORDER
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Local
Elig.
207-09 W. 2nd St.
309 W. 2nd St.
310 W. 2nd St.
312 W. 2nd St.
406-08 W. 2nd St.
108 E. 3rd St.
112 E. 3rd St.
210 E. 3rd St.
214 E. 3rd St.
403 E. 2nd St.
111-15 W. 2nd St.
307 E. 2nd St.
310 E. 2nd St.
301 E. 2nd St.
126 E. 2nd St.
200 E. 2nd St.
212 E. 2nd St.
516 W. 1st St.
112 E. 2nd St.
118 E. 2nd St.
120 E. 2nd St.
124 E. 2nd St.
446 W. 1st St.
463 W. 1st St.
Street
Address
5LA2179.125
5LA2179.144
5LA2179.145
5LA2179.146
5LA10338
5LA2179.148
5LA2179.149
5LA9913
5LA9914
5LA9912
5LA2179.143
5LA2179.142
5LA2179.109
5LA2179.101
5LA2179.139
5LA2179.140
5LA2179.111
5LA9911
5LA2179.135
5LA2179.136
5LA2179.137
5LA2179.138
5LA9905
5LA2179.134
State
ID o.
1911
1890-pre
1935
1925
1929
1907-12
1910
1882-pre
1880s
1981
1924
1908-09
1907
1908-09
1894
1886
1904-05
1893-pre
1870s
1882-pre
1882-pre
1881
1888
1917-22
Year
Built
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
In
Dist.
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
N/A
Contributing
Contributing
N/A
N/A
N/A
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
N/A
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
N/A
Contributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Thompson Residence
Glaviano Residence
Mansbach Residence
Sol Jaffa Residence
Bessler/Jones Residence
Johnson Residence
Marra Residence
Baratono Residence
Reddish Residence
Bullen Residence
Moses and Rosa Malouff
Residence
Malouff Residence
Goldsmith Residence
Finch/Dawe Residence
Bell Residence
Edward Rosenwald
Residence
O.L. Davis Residence
Murdo Mackenzie Residence
Nichols Residence/CampbellLewis Mortuary
Mrs. R.H. Hamerslough
Residence
Frierich Residence
John and Barney Tarabino
Residence
Historic ame
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
No
Page 132
Non-Designated
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Supporting
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Contributing
Contributing
Non-Designated
Contributing
Contributing
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Non-Designated
Contributing
Supporting
Contributing
Contributing
Local
Significance
Category
Non-Designated
Contributing
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Local
Elig.
212-14 S. Animas
St.
125 S. Animas St.
201-11 S. Animas
St.
206 S. Animas St.
208 S. Animas St.
210 S. Animas St.
120 S. Animas St.
230 N. Animas St.
202 N. Animas St.
112 W. 3rd St.
201 W. 3rd St.
409 W. 3rd St.
125 N. Animas St.
135 N. Animas St.
108 W. 3rd St.
312 E. 3rd St.
316 E. 3rd St.
100 W. 3rd St.
106 W. 3rd St.
Street
Address
5LA2179.156
5LA2179.154
5LA2179.141
5LA2179.155
5LA2179.153
5LA10244
5LA2179.114
5LA2179.152
5LA2179.21
5LA10243
5LA2179.150
5LA10272
5LA2179.2
5LA2179.3
5LA10242
5LA10238
5LA10239
5LA10240
5LA10241
State
ID o.
1903
1925
1882-90
1889
1939
1905
1956
1958
1880
1882-pre
1907-12
1905
18901910
1903-04
1924
1981
1880
1889
1892
Year
Built
No
No
No
No
No
No
More
Data
No
Listed
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
In
Dist.
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
N/A
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
N/A
Contributing
N/A
Contributing
Contributing
N/A
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Farris Residence
Jacob Miller Residence
Hamerslough
Residence/Gaffney Boarding
House
Walters Residence
Trinidad Carnegie Public
Library
Holy Trinity School
Gymnasium
Mountain States Telephone
& Telegraph Bldg.
Motter Residence
Anderson Terrace
Boarding House
Frank Dunlavy/Abercrombie
Residence.
Tessari Grocery and
Residence
Douthitt Residence
Wilson Residence
Douglas Residence
Trinidad Furniture Co. Barn
Trinidad City Hall
Historic ame
No
No
No
No
No
No
More
Data
No
Listed
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
No
No
No
Page 133
Supporting
Supporting
Supporting
Supporting
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Supporting
Structure of Merit
Contributing
Non-Designated
Contributing
Non-Designated
Contributing
Contributing
Non-Designated
Local
Significance
Category
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Local
Elig.
Franch Residence
Cushing Residence & Rooms
Packer Residence
Zanoni Residence
Laughlin Residence
322 S. Animas St.
323 S. Animas St.
403 S. Animas St.
404 S. Animas St.
405 S. Animas St.
408-10 S. Animas
St.
312 S. Animas St.
315 S. Animas St.
316 S. Animas St.
319 S. Animas St.
311 S. Animas St.
309 S. Animas St.
308 S. Animas St.
5LA2179.163
5LA10254
5LA10255
5LA10256
5LA10257
5LA10258
5LA2179.161
5LA10252
5LA2179.162
5LA10253
5LA10251
5LA10250
5LA2179.160
5LA10248
5LA2179.158
5LA10249
5LA2179.159
5LA10246
5LA10247
5LA2179.157
5LA10245
State
ID o.
1882-pre
1905
1889
19011907
1911
1901-07
1905
1917-21
1905-pre
1917-21
1907
1890
1888
1903
1935-48
1917-22
1888
1902 (see
note
below)
1909
1903
1891
Year
Built
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
In
Dist.
Contributing
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Contributing
N/A
Contributing
N/A
N/A
N/A
Noncontributing
N/A
Contributing
N/A
Noncontributing
N/A
N/A
Contributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
N/A
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Mitchell Residence
Edwards Residence
Congregational Church/First
Congregational Church
Haurin Residence
Cafarelli Residence
Gembrine Residence
Levy Rental House/Smith
Residence
Levy Rental
House/Humphreys Residence
Verdalio/Sereno/Piazza
Residence
Antonio & Mary Chresto
Residence
Barney Levy Residence
Cupelli Residence
Kahn Residence
Gysin Residence
215 S. Animas St.
217 S. Animas St.
220 S. Animas St.
221 S. Animas St.
222 S. Animas St.
303 S. Animas St.
306 S. Animas St.
Mary Loomis Residence
Historic ame
213 S. Animas St.
Street
Address
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Page 134
Contributing
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Supporting
Structure of Merit
Contributing
Non-Designated
Structure of Merit
Non-Designated
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Structure of Merit
Supporting
Non-Designated
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Contributing
Local
Significance
Category
Non-Designated
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Local
Elig.
Scavina Residence
Frederick Burkhard
Residence
Armour & Co. Warehouse
Swift & Company
Colorado Supply Company
Warehouse
Trinidad Water Works
322 S. Beech St.
407 S. Beech St.
223 W. Cedar St.
123 W. Cedar St.
136 W. Cedar St.
137 W. Cedar St.
5LA2179.11
5LA2179.211
5LA2179.179
5LA2179.180
5LA10259
5LA2179.177
5LA2179.175
5LA2179.176
5LA2179.178
5LA2179.171
5LA2179.172
5LA2179.173
5LA2179.174
5LA2179.170
1879
1925-26
1916
1909
1889
1960
1892-pre
1911
1956
1882-pre
1890-pre
1890-pre
1890-pre
1917-30
1890-pre
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
N/A
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Noncontributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Tittsworth Residence
Arthur Sanders Residence
Fernandez Residence
314 S. Beech St.
316 S. Beech St.
323 S. Beech St.
303 S. Beech St.
304 S. Beech St.
305 S. Beech St.
308 S. Beech St.
300 S. Beech St.
5LA2179.169
5LA2179.167
5LA2179.168
Jacob Sanders Residence
Rowland Residence
Vanderwort/Lehman
Residence
Edwards/Roukoutis
Residence
Keating/Amari Residence
Clark Residence
Caplan/Aiello Residence
Cushing Residence
5LA2179.166
Duplex
221 S. Beech St.
1900
5LA2179.165
18951901
1882-83
1890-pre
1962-63
Year
Built
5LA2179.164
203-07 S. Beech
St.
204-06 S. Beech
St.
210-12 S. Beech
St.
211 S. Beech St.
216 S. Beech St.
State
ID o.
Trinidad Housing Authority
Duplex
DeForesta Terrace
Historic ame
Street
Address
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Page 135
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Supporting
Supporting
Contributing
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Supporting
Contributing
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Non-Designated
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Contributing
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Supporting
Supporting
Local
Significance
Category
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Contributing
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Local
Elig.
111 N.
Commercial St.
308 Church St.
237 Church St.
204 S. Chestnut
St.
210 S. Chestnut
St.
214 S. Chestnut
St.
220 S. Chestnut
St.
302 S. Chestnut
308 S. Chestnut
St.
316 S. Chestnut
St.
317 S. Chestnut
St.
400 S. Chestnut
St.
402-04 S.
Chestnut St.
115 Church St.
200 Church St.
125 N. Chestnut
St.
Street
Address
5LA2179.187
5LA2179.188
5LA10260
5LA10261
5LA2179.16
5LA2179.7
Wise Residence
Amelia Jaffa Residence
Jandin/Bennett Residence
Betts Residence
Holy Trinity Catholic Church
The Chronicle-News
Building
Holy Trinity Catholic
Convent and School
Trinidad Bottling Works
5LA2179.14
5LA2179.190
1879-82
1921,192
3,1947
1891
1883-85
1907
1907-10
1882-pre
1910
1889
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
More
Data
No
No
No
No
Yes
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
N/A
N/A
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Noncontributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Union Block/Grand Union
Hotel/Columbian Hotel
5LA2179.185
5LA2179.186
Owen Residence
Ben Springer Residence
5LA2179.189
1905
5LA2179.184
1882-pre
1907
1879
1901-02
5LA2179.182
5LA2179.183
1936-37
1916
Year
Built
5LA2179.181
5LA2179.100
State
ID o.
Joseph Sanders/Cummings
Residence
Harlan Residence
New Assoc. Garage/Sunset
Gardens/Mode O'Day/Amer.
Legion
Veterans' Memorial
Square/Fort Wootton
Burkhard/ Gottlieb Residence
Historic ame
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Page 136
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Supporting
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Supporting
Supporting
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Supporting
Contributing
Supporting
Supporting
Contributing
Local
Significance
Category
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Local
Elig.
224 N.
Commercial St.
227 N.
Commercial St.
231-45 N.
Commercial St.
234 N.
Commercial St.
238 N.
Commercial St.
249-53 N.
Commercial St.
255 N.
Commercial St.
257-59 N.
Commercial St.
118 N.
Commercial St.
125-37 N.
Commercial St.
140 N.
Commercial St.
200 N.
Commercial St.
210 N.
Commercial St.
212 N.
Commercial St.
219-25 N.
Commercial St.
Street
Address
1894
1894
1891
5LA2179.61
5LA2179.17
5LA2179.27
5LA2179.192
5LA2179. 60
5LA2179.62
5LA2179.91
Central Meat Market
Packer Block (remnant)
Barela Building
Sonny's Poor Boy Café
Model Barber Shop/Refatti
Saloon/Davis Barber Shop
Der Rathskeller Saloon/Helt
Jewelry Store
Dominguez Block/Kentucky
Saloon/J.B. Andrews & Co.
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Contributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
1945
1883-84
1886-90
1907-10
1902
5LA2179.28
1895,
1901
5LA2179.59
1883-pre
5LA2179.29
1886-90
1930
5LA2179.115
5LA2179.191
1921
5LA2179.68
Church News/Schubert Cigar
Factory
Horseshoe Bar/Central
Mkt./Anheuser-Busch/ Jacob
Sanders
First Presbyterian Church
1888-89
5LA2179.15
Poitrey Block/Trinidad
National Bank
Maxday Garage & Cab
Service
MacLiver Brothers One-Stop
Service Station
Sherman Building
1910-11
Year
Built
5LA2179.31
State
ID o.
Toltec Hotel
Historic ame
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
Yes
Page 137
Supporting
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Contributing
Supporting
Supporting
Supporting
Contributing
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Supporting
Supporting
Contributing
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Supporting
Contributing
Local
Significance
Category
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Local
Elig.
341 N.
Commercial St.
4__ N.
Commercial St. (n.
of 416)
401-07 N.
Commercial St.
409-17 N.
Commercial St.
414 N.
Commercial St.
416 N.
Commercial St.
421 N.
Commercial St.
301 N.
Commercial St.
309-13 N.
Commercial St.
314 N.
Commercial St.
328 N.
Commercial St.
267-69 N.
Commercial St.
300 N.
Commercial St.
Street
Address
1888-89
(orig.)
1900
5LA2179.65
1886-90
5LA2179.196
5LA2179.22
Trinidad Hotel
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Contributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Contributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
1906-07
1901-07
5LA2179.193
5LA2179.195
1902,
1905
1883-pre
(cent.
part)
5LA2179.67
5LA2179.194
1888-90
5LA2179.25
1882
1893
5LA2179.63
5LA2179.64
1902
1888
5LA2179.26
5LA2179.19
1888-89
Year
Built
5LA2179.18
State
ID o.
Nuckolls Packing
Co./Colorado Cheese Co.
Quilitch Brothers Feed Mill
Barela Block/Bee Hive
Block/Denver Hotel
Sipe Building/Jacob Sanders
Bldg./Commerce Savings
Bank
Henry Longnecker
Building/Colonial Hotel
Commercial Hotel/Vigil
Hotel & Café
Trinidad City
Building/Firehouse No. 1
Baptist Hall/City
Hotel/Crane's
Restaurant/Trinidad
Creamery
John Building/Eisele &
Gerardi Grocery
Sherman-Cosner Grocery
Co./Jamison-Conger Grain &
Produce
Taylor Block/Bell Block
Historic ame
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Page 138
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Contributing
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Contributing
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Supporting
Supporting
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Contributing
Local
Significance
Category
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Local
Elig.
201 S.
Commercial St.
205 S.
Commercial St.
225 S.
Commercial St.
316 S.
Commercial St.
317 S.
Commercial St.
320 S.
Commercial St.
400 S.
Commercial St.
444 N.
Commercial St.
449-53 N.
Commercial St.
422 N.
Commercial St.
429 N.
Commercial St.
431 N.
Commercial St.
439 N.
Commercial St.
443 N.
Commercial St.
Street
Address
1917-22
1917-22
1895
5LA2179.199
5LA2179.200
5LA2179.66
1897
1905
5LA2179.203
5LA2179.128
5LA2179.204
5LA2179.205
5LA2179.206
5LA2179.207
Knights of Columbus 1072.
Commercial Garage
Gorman Residence
Cyphers Residence
Locke Boarding
House/Ruscetti Residence
Lindsay House/Jarrell
Boarding House/Blue
Boarding House
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Contributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Noncontributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
1892-pre
1892-pre
1918-19
1986
1883
1895,
1899
5LA2179.202
5LA2179.24
1917-22
1903-04
5LA2179.198
5LA2179.201
1981
Year
Built
5LA2179.197
State
ID o.
Dunlavy Grocery/New
Metropolitan Hotel/Adelphia
Hotel
S.S. Wallace Law Office
M&M Distributing Co.
Addition
John Corich
Building/Southern Bar
Elks Café/Patterson Shoe
Co./Risley Printing Co.
Weeden's Grocery &
Market/Elk's Café
Dunlavy Bros.
Grocery/Colorado Supply
Co. Grocery
Trinidad Motor Sales Co.
Historic ame
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Page 139
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Supporting
Supporting
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Supporting
Supporting
Contributing
Supporting
Supporting
Supporting
Supporting
Local
Significance
Category
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Supporting
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Local
Elig.
136-44 Elm St.
152 Elm St.
155 Elm St.
313 S. Convent St.
115 Elm St.
309 S. Convent St.
404 S.
Commercial St.
410 S.
Commercial St.
414-16 S.
Commercial St.
417-19 S.
Commercial St.
235 N. Convent
St.
240 N. Convent
St.
339 N. Convent
St.
207-09 S. Convent
St.
219 S. Convent St.
301 S. Convent St.
303 S. Convent St.
308 S. Convent St.
Street
Address
1911-12
1960s
1970
5LA10273
5LA2179.212
5LA2179.13
5LA2179.213
5LA2179.214
Trinidad Housing Authority
House
Holy Trinity Parsonage
Henry Schneider Brewery
Modica Brothers Red-E-Mix
Concrete
5LA2179.220
5LA2179.221
5LA2179.222
5LA2179.219
5LA2179.96
5LA2179.218
1909
1909
1926
1889
1912
1892-pre
1885
1889
1885
1982
1888
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Noncontributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
N/A
Noncontributing
Contributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Contributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Webb/McKee/Kuver
Residence
Cole/Franch Residence
Charles Barrack
Grocery/Southern Motor
Company
Lawler Building
Cohen Clothing Store
Continental Oil Company
Station/Dixie Drive-in
5LA2179.95
5LA2179.215
5LA2179.216
5LA2179.217
1962-63
5LA2179.210
Hall Residence
Hoag Residence
Reed Residence
Hunn Residence
1888
5LA2179.209
1907-12
1901-07
Year
Built
5LA2179.208
State
ID o.
Brighton Boarding
House/Dazzo Residence
Williams Residence
Historic ame
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Page 140
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Supporting
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Supporting
Supporting
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Supporting
Supporting
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Supporting
Contributing
Contributing
Non-Designated
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Supporting
Supporting
Local
Significance
Category
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Local
Elig.
120 E. Main St.
114-18 E. Main
St.
117 E. Main St.
227 Elm St.
1__ E. Main St.
100 E. Main St.
101 E. Main St.
110 E. Main St.
225 Elm St.
201 Elm St./200
N. Maple St.
210 Elm Street
224 Elm St.
200-02 Elm St.
156-60 Elm St.
Street
Address
5LA2179.79
5LA2179.69
5LA2179.39
5LA2179.98
5LA2179.229
5LA2179.41
5LA2179.32
5LA2179.40
18951901
1886-90
1902
1906
1912-17
1890-92
1881
1892
1917-24
1909
1909-10
5LA2179.226
5LA2179.227
5LA2179.228
1912-17
1917-22
1909
Year
Built
5LA2179.225
5LA2179.224
5LA2179.223
State
ID o.
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Contributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Wood Shoe
Store/Zimmerman's
Confectionery/White Front
Saloon
Neat Restaurant/HeyPatterson Meat Co.
Nichols
Building/Ferguson's/Maklows
ki Automotive
W.G. Hall
Garage/Studebaker Sales and
Service
Williams & Easley/Weaver &
Kuver Garage
Shaw Garage
Trinidad Novelty Works
Garage
Coombs House/Diner
Café/Independent
Creamery/Marsh Electric
Bell Building
Heating Plant
First National Bank
McCormick Building
Post Hardware/Plested
Bldg./Branson &
Griswold/Aultman Std.
Samuel Block
Historic ame
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Page 141
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Supporting
Supporting
Supporting
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Supporting
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Supporting
Supporting
Contributing
Local
Significance
Category
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Local
Elig.
200 E. Main St.
201-03 E. Main
St.
207-09 E. Main
St.
160-64 E. Main
St.
153-55 E. Main
St.
159 E. Main St.
132-36 E. Main
St.
135-39 E. Main
St.
147-49 E. Main
St.
150 E. Main St.
126-30 E. Main
St.
131 E. Main St.
125 E. Main St.
121 E. Main St.
Street
Address
1928
1905-06
5LA2179.73
5LA2179.37
5LA2179.231
5LA2179.232
5LA2179.126
Social Security Building
1961
1930
1928-29
1891
1931
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Noncontributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
5LA2179.77
5LA2179.230
1888
1891-92
5LA2179.33
5LA2179.34
1910-11
1901-07
1916
1901-07
1890
Year
Built
5LA2179.38
5LA2179.72
5LA2179.78
5LA2179.71
5LA2179.70
State
ID o.
La Concha Super Service
Station
Colorado Bldg./Joe Davis
Block/Ideal Cash and Carry
Grocery
Standard Oil Service Station
New Carlisle Building
Gerardi Mercantile Co.
Grocery/Alexander & Son
Mercantile
Masonic Temple/S.H. Kress
& Co.
Turner and Ford
Building/Odd Fellows Hall
Montgomery Ward/Piggly
Wiggly/Tarabino Building
Colorado Building/Jamieson
House Furnishing Co.
Bloom Block
Mulnix Saloon/Richter
Liquor/RichterMcNaughton/Marketime
P & W Shoe Store/Fashion
Shoe Store & Ladies Readyto-Wear
Nichols Building
Historic ame
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Page 142
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Contributing
Contributing
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Contributing
Supporting
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Contributing
Supporting
Local
Significance
Category
Non-contributing With Qualifications
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Local
Elig.
5LA2179.127
Emerick Building/Emerick
Apartments/Trinidad Nash
Central Garage/RossiCrabtree Motor Co.
U.S. Post Office
Hough/Baca Residence
Dr. Davenport Residence &
Office
Bloom Mansion
Chappell Residence
Christian Church
Jaffa Opera House/Trinidad
Opera House
Levy Bldg./Golden Eagle
Clo. & Shoe House/Boston
Clo. Co.
The Famous Department
Store
5LA2179.234
Stevens Block/Forbes Bros.
Grocery/Burkhard/Toller
Motor Co.
1882
1882 (e),
1886-90
(w)
1881-82
W, 1883
C, 1888
E
1900-01
1882
1882
1881
1886
1887-90
1881-82
1903,
1920
1910
1870
1905-06
1929
1906
Year
Built
No
No
No
No
No
No
Listed
Yes
Yes
Listed
Listed
Listed
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Contributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
5LA2179.8
5LA2179.43
Palace Saloon
Lynch Block/Franch Block
137 W. Main St.
200-210 W. Main
St.
218 W. Main St.
5LA2179.42
E.S. Bell Building/Bell
Block/James M. John
Building
5LA2179.9
5LA2179.10
5LA2180
5LA2179.90
5LA2179.36
5LA2181
5LA2179.93
5LA1630
5LA2179.74
5LA2179.233
5LA2179.76
State
ID o.
Bell-Davis Block
Historic ame
134 W. Main St.
131 W. Main St.
121 W. Main St.
330 E. Main St.
335 E. Main St.
400 E. Main St.
100 W. Main St.
301 E. Main St.
304 E. Main St.
312 E. Main St.
238 E. Main St.
214-18 E. Main
St.
231 E. Main St.
Street
Address
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Listed
Yes
Yes
Listed
Listed
Listed
No
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
Yes
Page 143
Contributing
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Supporting
Contributing
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Supporting
Supporting
Contributing
Local
Significance
Category
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Local
Elig.
331-35 W. Main
St.
319 W. Main St.
313 W. Main St.
308-14 W. Main
St.
309 W. Main St.
305 W. Main St.
304 W. Main St.
300 W. Main St.
301 W. Main St.
231 W. Main St.
228 W. Main St.
5LA2179.4
5LA2179.5
5LA2179.56
5LA2179.53
5LA2179.92
5LA2179.57
5LA2179.80
5LA2179.45
5LA2179.6
5LA2179.52
5LA2179.44
5LA2179.51
5LA2179.50
State
ID o.
1889-90
1887-88
1883
1883
1935
1883-84
1901-07
1904
1883-84
1894
1903-04
1893-95
1883-pre
Year
Built
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Noncontributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Wells, Fargo & Co. Express
Office/Sopris Office
Sopris Block/Jamieson Home
Furnishing Co./Delmonico
Café
Sopris Bldg./Jamieson House
Furnishing./McAnally & Son
Furn.
West Block
Simon Sanders &
Co./Baldwin Piano
Rooms/Beck Shoe Store
R. Hamerslough &
Co./Orekar Saloon
Aiello Building/Toller Motor
Co.
Wise Block/Trin. Electric
Transmission, Rwy., & Gas
Co.
Raizon Building
Las Animas Block/Sopris
Block
White House Market and
Grocery
Sopris Block/Denver & Rio
Grande Express/Warmker
Millinery
Glaviano & Garlutzo Garage
219 W. Main St.
225 W. Main St.
Historic ame
Street
Address
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Page 144
Contributing
Supporting
Supporting
Contributing
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Contributing
Supporting
Contributing
Contributing
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Supporting
Supporting
Local
Significance
Category
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Local
Elig.
Dalmacia Saloon &
Hotel/Sanders Blk./Simon
Sanders & Co./Kelloff Bldg.
Simon Sanders &
Co.(?)/West End Meat
Market
Trinidad Bottling Works
Erickson Furnished Rooms
and Tailoring
450 W. Main St.
402 S. Maple St.
407 S. Maple St.
410-16 S. Maple
St.
411 S. Maple St.
120 S. Maple St.
316 S. Maple St.
317 S. Maple St.
466 W. Main St.
108-12 N. Maple
St.
116-126 N. Maple
St.
134 N. Maple St.
458 W. Main St.
5LA2179.243
Collier/Richie Residence
1894
1971
1889
1903
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Noncontributing
N/A
Contributing
N/A
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Contributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
5LA10263
5LA2179.12
5LA10264
5LA2179.119
5LA2179.241
5LA2179.242
1925-26
1920
1890
1901-07,
1911
1905
5LA2179.239
5LA2179.240
1890-93
1901-07
1907-09,
190911(?)
1904
1892
1932-33
1907-08
1949
1931
1918
Year
Built
5LA2179.48
5LA2179.238
5LA2179.82
5LA2179.81
5LA2179.46
5LA2179.236
5LA2179.94
5LA2179.117
5LA2179.237
5LA2179.235
State
ID o.
Temple Aaron
Radford Terrace
Forbes/Davis/Abrahams
Residence
Wooster Brothers Blacksmith
Shop
Elks Lodge No. 181 (BPOE)
Shy Service
Station/Continental Oil Co.
Dr. A.A. White Residence
Trinidad Battery Co.
West Theatre/Fox Theatre
Skate-Land
Socolo Super Service Station
401 W. Main St.
402 W. Main St.
419 W. Main St.
423 W. Main St.
424 W. Main St.
438 W. Main St.
Historic ame
Street
Address
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Page 145
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Non-Designated
Contributing
Structure of Merit
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Supporting
Supporting
Supporting
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Contributing
Supporting
Contributing
Contributing
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Supporting
Contributing
Local
Significance
Category
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Local
Elig.
130 W. Plum St.
135 W. Plum St.
208 Raton St.
116 S. Walnut St.
200 S. Walnut St.
215 S. Walnut St.
218 S. Walnut St.
220 S. Walnut St.
221 S. Walnut St.
227 S. Walnut St.
1907-12
1911
1901-07
1890-pre
1920-23
1901-07
1883
1978
1880
1954
1917-30,
1961-68
1928-30
1912-17
1912-17
1946
1917-30
1901
1909
1892-pre
Year
Built
No
No
No
No
Listed
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Noncontributing
Contributing
N/A
N/A
N/A
Noncontributing
N/A
N/A
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Noncontributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Brown/Harlan Residence
Fisher/Dean Residence
First Christian Church
Stone Residence
Delap Residence
5LA2179.120
5LA2179.116
5LA10265
5LA10266
5LA6551
5LA2179.253
5LA10267
5LA10268
5LA2179.254
5LA2179.255
5LA2179.251
5LA2179.252
145 E. Plum St.
153 E. Plum St.
Jeffreys Auto Company
O.L. Davis Lumber
Co./Arthur Allen Autos
City Carriage Co.
Johnson Livery
5LA2179.250
5LA2179.249
5LA2179.248
5LA2179.247
5LA2179.246
5LA2179.245
5LA2179.244
State
ID o.
138 E. Plum St.
101-105 E. Plum
St.
127 E. Plum St.
328 Mill St.
Hughes Lumber Co./Trinidad
Lumber Co./O.L. Davis
Lumber
J.C. Coulson Fruit &
Produce/Trinidad Candy
Co/Mason Candy
Dunlavy Brothers Warehouse
& Stable
Bancroft Mill/Quickstep
Mill/Bancroft-Marty Feed &
Produce
401 Market St.
428 Market St.
Turner/Kahn Residence
Historic ame
415 S. Maple St.
Street
Address
No
No
No
No
Listed
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Page 146
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Supporting
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Structure of Merit
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Contributing
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Supporting
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Supporting
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Supporting
Supporting
Local
Significance
Category
Non-contributing Without
Qualifications
Supporting
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Local
Elig.
Clark Residence
Steele Residence
Boyles Residence
Hall Residence
Historic ame
5LA10269
5LA10270
5LA10271
5LA10262
State
ID o.
1890
1898
1883
1909
Year
Built
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
In
Dist.
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
No
No
No
Local
Significance
Category
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 147
NOTE: An “N/A” in the contributing status column indicates that the resource lies outside the boundary of the Corazon de Trinidad Historic District.
306 S. Walnut St.
308 S. Walnut St.
316 S. Walnut St.
402 S. Walnut St.
Street
Address
No
No
No
No
Local
Elig.
223 W. Cedar St.
407 S. Maple St.
240 N. Convent
St.
111 N.
Commercial St.
121 W. Main St.
137 W. Main St.
131 W. Main St.
200 Church St.
5LA2179.14
5LA2179.11
5LA2179.12
5LA2179.13
5LA2179.10
5LA2179.8
5LA2179.9
5LA2179.7
5LA2179.6
1879-82
1879
1889
1888
1900-01
1882 (e),
1886-90
(w)
1882
1907
1883-84
1887-88
1870
1905
18901910
1889-90
Year
Built
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
Listed
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Union Block/Grand Union
Hotel/Columbian Hotel
Levy Bldg./Golden Eagle
Clo. & Shoe House/Boston
Clo. Co.
Trinidad Water Works
Temple Aaron
Henry Schneider Brewery
5LA2179.5
Sopris Bldg./Jamieson House
Furnishing./McAnally & Son
Furn.
Las Animas Block/Sopris
Block
The Chronicle-News
Building
Palace Saloon
The Famous Department
Store
301 W. Main St.
5LA2179.4
West Block
331-35 W. Main
St.
319 W. Main St.
5LA1630
5LA2179.2
5LA2179.3
Hough/Baca Residence
Trinidad Furniture Co. Barn
Trinidad City Hall
304 E. Main St.
125 N. Animas St.
135 N. Animas St.
State
ID o.
Historic ame
Street
Address
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
Listed
No
Yes
Local
Significance
Category
Page 148
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Supporting
Contributing
Supporting
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Appendix 2
CORAZO DE TRIIDAD HISTORIC BUILDIGS SURVEY, 2001-02
SURVEYED RESOURCES I STATE IDETIFICATIO UMBER ORDER
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Local
Elig.
234 N.
Commercial St.
224 N.
Commercial St.
210 N.
Commercial St.
118 N.
Commercial St.
101 E. Main St.
135-39 E. Main
St.
153-55 E. Main
St.
421 N.
Commercial St.
449-53 N.
Commercial St.
314 N.
Commercial St.
300 N.
Commercial St.
Poitrey Block/Trinidad
National Bank
Holy Trinity Catholic Church
Packer Block (remnant)
125-37 N.
Commercial St.
115 Church St.
231-45 N.
Commercial St.
301 N.
Commercial St.
202 N. Animas St.
1881
1891-92
1888
5LA2179.28
5LA2179.29
5LA2179.31
5LA2179.32
5LA2179.33
5LA2179.34
First Presbyterian Church
Sherman Building
Toltec Hotel
McCormick Building
Turner and Ford
Building/Odd Fellows Hall
Bloom Block
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Listed
No
Yes
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Noncontributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
1910-11
1883-pre
1902
1883-84
5LA2179.27
1888
5LA2179.26
5LA2179.25
1895,
1899
1888-90
5LA2179.24
1906-07
1903-04
5LA2179.21
5LA2179.22
1902
1883-85
1886-90
5LA2179.16
5LA2179.17
5LA2179.19
1888-89
Year
Built
5LA2179.15
State
ID o.
New Metropolitan
Hotel/Adelphia Hotel
Trinidad City
Building/Firehouse No. 1
Sipe Building/Jacob Sanders
Bldg./Commerce Savings
Bank
Barela Building
Henry Longnecker
Building/Colonial Hotel
Trinidad Carnegie Public
Library
Trinidad Hotel
Historic ame
Street
Address
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Listed
Yes
Yes
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Page 149
Supporting
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Supporting
Contributing
Supporting
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Supporting
Local
Significance
Category
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Local
Elig.
231 W. Main St.
225 W. Main St.
300 W. Main St.
402 W. Main St.
466 W. Main St.
219 W. Main St.
200-210 W. Main
St.
228 W. Main St.
100 E. Main St.
134 W. Main St.
132-36 E. Main
St.
114-18 E. Main
St.
110 E. Main St.
400 E. Main St.
150 E. Main St.
Street
Address
5LA2179.44
Aiello Building/Toller Motor
Co.
Raizon Building
Dr. A.A. White Residence
Trinidad Bottling Works
Simon Sanders &
Co./Baldwin Piano
Rooms/Beck Shoe Store
R. Hamerslough &
Co./Orekar Saloon
Wise Block/Trin. Electric
Transmission, Rwy., & Gas
Co.
1894
1893-95
1904
1892
1890-93
1883-pre
1903-04
1890-92
1881-82
W, 1883
C, 1888
E
1882
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Contributing
Contributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
5LA2179.52
5LA2179.51
5LA2179.45
5LA2179.46
5LA2179.48
5LA2179.50
5LA2179.43
5LA2179.41
5LA2179.42
1892
1902
5LA2179.39
5LA2179.40
1910-11
1887-90
1905-06
Year
Built
5LA2179.38
5LA2179.36
5LA2179.37
State
ID o.
Lynch Block/Franch Block
Post Hardware/Plested
Bldg./Branson &
Griswold/Aultman Std.
First National Bank
E.S. Bell Building/Bell
Block/James M. John
Building
Christian Church
Colorado Building/Jamieson
House Furnishing Co.
Masonic Temple/S.H. Kress
& Co.
Samuel Block
Historic ame
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
State
Reg.
Elig.
Yes
Yes
Page 150
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Supporting
Contributing
Contributing
Supporting
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Supporting
Supporting
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Supporting
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Local
Significance
Category
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Local
Elig.
328 N.
Commercial St.
249-53 N.
Commercial St.
227 N.
Commercial St.
255 N.
Commercial St.
309-13 N.
Commercial St.
341 N.
Commercial St.
401-07 N.
Commercial St.
443 N.
Commercial St.
219-25 N.
Commercial St.
305 W. Main St.
1882
1888-89
(orig.)
1895
5LA2179.64
5LA2179.65
5LA2179.67
1883-pre
(cent.
part)
1893
5LA2179.63
5LA2179.66
1894
1907-10
5LA2179.61
5LA2179.62
1894
1895,
1901
1883-84
1883
1883
Year
Built
5LA2179.60
5LA2179.59
5LA2179.57
5LA2179.56
5LA2179.53
State
ID o.
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Contributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Dunlavy Bros.
Grocery/Colorado Supply
Co. Grocery
Baptist Hall/City
Hotel/Crane's
Restaurant/Trinidad
Creamery
Der Rathskeller Saloon/Helt
Jewelry Store
Commercial Hotel/Vigil
Hotel & Café
John Building/Eisele &
Gerardi Grocery
Taylor Block/Bell Block
Wells, Fargo & Co. Express
Office/Sopris Office
Sopris Block/Jamieson Home
Furnishing Co./Delmonico
Café
Sopris Block/Denver & Rio
Grande Express/Warmker
Millinery
Horseshoe Bar/Central
Mkt./Anheuser-Busch/ Jacob
Sanders
Model Barber Shop/Refatti
Saloon/Davis Barber Shop
Central Meat Market
309 W. Main St.
313 W. Main St.
Historic ame
Street
Address
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Page 151
Supporting
Supporting
Contributing
Supporting
Contributing
Contributing
Supporting
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Supporting
Contributing
Supporting
Contributing
Local
Significance
Category
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Local
Elig.
126-30 E. Main
St.
120 E. Main St.
214-18 E. Main
St.
160-64 E. Main
St.
200 E. 1st St.
147-49 E. Main
St.
312 E. Main St.
131 E. Main St.
125 E. Main St.
121 E. Main St.
140 N.
Commercial St.
117 E. Main St.
Street
Address
5LA2179.79
5LA2179.78
5LA2179.77
5LA2179.76
18951901
1916
1891
1906
1912-14
1905-06
5LA2179.74
5LA2179.75
1928
1901-07
1901-07
5LA2179.73
5LA2179.72
5LA2179.71
1890
1886-90
5LA2179.69
5LA2179.70
1921
Year
Built
5LA2179.68
State
ID o.
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Noncontributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Contributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Neat Restaurant/HeyPatterson Meat Co.
Colorado Bldg./Joe Davis
Block/Ideal Cash and Carry
Grocery
Nichols Building
Maxday Garage & Cab
Service
Wood Shoe
Store/Zimmerman's
Confectionery/White Front
Saloon
Mulnix Saloon/Richter
Liquor/RichterMcNaughton/Marketime
P & W Shoe Store/Fashion
Shoe Store & Ladies Readyto-Wear
Gerardi Mercantile Co.
Grocery/Alexander & Son
Mercantile
Montgomery Ward/Piggly
Wiggly/Tarabino Building
Dr. Davenport Residence &
Office
Las Animas County
Courthouse
Bell-Davis Block
Historic ame
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Page 152
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Contributing
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Supporting
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Supporting
Local
Significance
Category
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Local
Elig.
122 W. 1st St.
137 W. 1st St.
212 E. 2nd St.
310 E. 2nd St.
301 E. 2nd St.
227 Elm St.
125 N. Chestnut
St.
335 E. Main St.
257-59 N.
Commercial St.
308-14 W. Main
St.
301 E. Main St.
423 W. Main St.
219 S. Convent St.
115 Elm St.
458 W. Main St.
5LA2179.112
5LA2179.113
5LA2179.111
5LA2179.109
5LA2179.101
5LA2179.98
5LA2179.100
1904
1931
1904-05
1907
1908-09
1906
1916
1910
1907-08
1885
1912
1935
5LA2179.92
5LA2179.93
5LA2179.94
5LA2179.95
5LA2179.96
1886
1891
1907-09,
190911(?)
1904
1901-07
Year
Built
5LA2179.90
5LA2179.91
5LA2179.82
5LA2179.81
5LA2179.80
State
ID o.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Listed
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Contributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
U.S. Post Office
West Theatre/Fox Theatre
Hoag Residence
Charles Barrack
Grocery/Southern Motor
Company
Bell Building
New Assoc. Garage/Sunset
Gardens/Mode O'Day/Amer.
Legion
Mrs. R.H. Hamerslough
Residence
John and Barney Tarabino
Residence
Nichols Residence/CampbellLewis Mortuary
Hausman Drug Co.
Fouret Brothers Garage
White House Market and
Grocery
Dalmacia Saloon &
Hotel/Sanders Blk./Simon
Sanders & Co./Kelloff Bldg.
Simon Sanders &
Co.(?)/West End Meat
Market
Chappell Residence
Dominguez Block/Kentucky
Saloon/J.B. Andrews & Co.
Glaviano & Garlutzo Garage
304 W. Main St.
450 W. Main St.
Historic ame
Street
Address
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Listed
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Page 153
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Supporting
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Contributing
Contributing
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Supporting
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Contributing
Supporting
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Supporting
Supporting
Local
Significance
Category
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Local
Elig.
112 E. 2nd St.
118 E. 2nd St.
316 W. 1st St.
419 W. 1st St.
439 W. 1st St.
445 W. 1st St.
463 W. 1st St.
225 S.
Commercial St.
304-08 W. 1st St.
212 W. 1st St.
216 W. 1st St.
207-09 W. 2nd St.
207-09 E. Main
St.
231 E. Main St.
5LA2179.135
5LA2179.136
5LA2179.130
5LA2179.131
5LA2179.132
5LA2179.133
5LA2179.134
5LA2179.129
5LA2179.128
5LA2179.127
1870s
1882-pre
1963
1882-pre
1882-pre
1900
1917-22
1962-63
1918-19
1929
1954
1915
1911
1961
1911
1949
1890-93
1925-26
1907-12
1888
1887
5LA2179.116
5LA2179.117
5LA2179.118
5LA2179.119
5LA2179.120
5LA2179.121
5LA2179.122
5LA2179.123
5LA2179.124
5LA2179.125
5LA2179.126
1930
1956
Year
Built
5LA2179.115
5LA2179.114
State
ID o.
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Noncontributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Henry Residence
Cleland Residence
Putaturo Residence
Moses and Rosa Malouff
Residence
Goldsmith Residence
Finch/Dawe Residence
Trinidad Housing Authority
Dwelling
Emerick Building/Emerick
Apartments/Trinidad Nash
Commercial Garage
Mountain States Telephone
& Telegraph Bldg.
MacLiver Brothers One-Stop
Service Station
Johnson Livery
Skate-Land
Taylor Terrace
Elks Lodge No. 181 (BPOE)
City Carriage Co.
Rosenwald Building
Phoenix Hotel/Trinidad
Sanitarium
Apodaca Residence
Nash Residence
Bessler/Jones Residence
Social Security Building
120 S. Animas St.
200 N.
Commercial St.
135 W. Plum St.
424 W. Main St.
165 E. 1st St.
120 S. Maple St.
130 W. Plum St.
102-08 W. 1st St.
230 W. 1st St.
Historic ame
Street
Address
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Page 154
Contributing
Supporting
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Contributing
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Supporting
Supporting
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Contributing
Supporting
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Supporting
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Supporting
Supporting
Contributing
Local
Significance
Category
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Local
Elig.
308 S. Animas St.
222 S. Animas St.
306 S. Animas St.
212-14 S. Animas
St.
220 S. Animas St.
125 S. Animas St.
206 S. Animas St.
210 S. Animas St.
126 E. 2nd St.
200 E. 2nd St.
208 S. Animas St.
307 E. 2nd St.
111-15 W. 2nd St.
309 W. 2nd St.
310 W. 2nd St.
312 W. 2nd St.
108 E. 3rd St.
112 E. 3rd St.
201 W. 3rd St.
160 E. 1st St.
230 N. Animas St.
120 E. 2nd St.
124 E. 2nd St.
Street
Address
5LA2179.160
5LA2179.158
5LA2179.159
5LA2179.157
5LA2179.156
5LA2179.153
5LA2179.154
5LA2179.155
5LA2179.139
5LA2179.140
5LA2179.141
5LA2179.142
5LA2179.143
5LA2179.144
5LA2179.145
5LA2179.146
5LA2179.148
5LA2179.149
5LA2179.150
5LA2179.151
5LA2179.152
5LA2179.137
5LA2179.138
State
ID o.
1888
1935-48
1888
1891
1903
1939
1925
1889
1894
1886
1882-90
1908-09
1924
1890-pre
1935
1925
1907-12
1910
1882-pre
1950
1958
1882-pre
1881
Year
Built
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
More
Data
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Noncontributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Contributing
Contributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Congregational Church/First
Congregational Church
Cafarelli Residence
Levy Rental House/Smith
Residence
Levy Rental
House/Humphreys Residence
Bell Residence
Edward Rosenwald
Residence
O.L. Davis Residence
Murdo Mackenzie Residence
Jacob Miller Residence
Frierich Residence
Reddish Residence
Johnson Residence
Marra Residence
Baratono Residence
Thompson Residence
Glaviano Residence
Wilson Residence
Rice Junior High School
Holy Trinity School
Gymnasium
Motter Residence
Farris Residence
Hamerslough
Residence/Gaffney Boarding
House
Walters Residence
Historic ame
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
More
Data
No
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
No
Page 155
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Supporting
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Contributing
Supporting
Supporting
Supporting
Supporting
Contributing
Contributing
Supporting
Contributing
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Contributing
Contributing
Local
Significance
Category
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Local
Elig.
204 S. Chestnut
St.
303 S. Beech St.
304 S. Beech St.
305 S. Beech St.
308 S. Beech St.
314 S. Beech St.
316 S. Beech St.
322 S. Beech St.
323 S. Beech St.
136 W. Cedar St.
267-69 N.
Commercial St.
137 W. Cedar St.
300 S. Beech St.
5LA2179.166
5LA2179.167
5LA2179.168
5LA2179.169
Duplex
Jacob Sanders Residence
Rowland Residence
Vanderwort/Lehman
Residence
Edwards/Roukoutis
Residence
Keating/Amari Residence
Clark Residence
Caplan/Aiello Residence
Cushing Residence
Tittsworth Residence
Arthur Sanders Residence
Scavina Residence
Fernandez Residence
Swift & Company
Barela Block/Bee Hive
Block/Denver Hotel
Colorado Supply Company
Warehouse
Veterans' Memorial
Square/Fort Wootton
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
1936-37
1909
5LA2179.180
5LA2179.181
1882-pre
1890-pre
1890-pre
1890-pre
1892-pre
1911
1960
1956
1916
1888-89
1917-30
5LA2179.171
5LA2179.172
5LA2179.173
5LA2179.174
5LA2179.175
5LA2179.176
5LA2179.177
5LA2179.178
5LA2179.179
5LA2179.18
5LA2179.170
1900
5LA2179.165
18951901
1882-83
1890-pre
1890-pre
1882-pre
1889
1911
1962-63
Year
Built
5LA2179.161
5LA2179.162
5LA2179.163
5LA2179.164
312 S. Animas St.
316 S. Animas St.
322 S. Animas St.
203-07 S. Beech
St.
204-06 S. Beech
St.
210-12 S. Beech
St.
211 S. Beech St.
216 S. Beech St.
221 S. Beech St.
State
ID o.
Barney Levy Residence
Kahn Residence
Franch Residence
Trinidad Housing Authority
Duplex
DeForesta Terrace
Historic ame
Street
Address
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
No
No
Page 156
Contributing
Contributing
Supporting
Supporting
Contributing
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Supporting
Contributing
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Contributing
Contributing
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Contributing
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Supporting
Supporting
Contributing
Supporting
Contributing
Contributing
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Local
Significance
Category
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Local
Elig.
308 Church St.
212 N.
Commercial St.
238 N.
Commercial St.
414 N.
Commercial St.
4__ N.
Commercial St. (n.
of 416)
409-17 N.
Commercial St.
416 N.
Commercial St.
422 N.
Commercial St.
210 S. Chestnut
St.
214 S. Chestnut
St.
220 S. Chestnut
St.
302 S. Chestnut
308 S. Chestnut
St.
316 S. Chestnut
St.
317 S. Chestnut
St.
237 Church St.
Street
Address
5LA2179.185
5LA2179.186
5LA2179.187
5LA2179.188
5LA2179.189
Owen Residence
Ben Springer Residence
Wise Residence
Amelia Jaffa Residence
Holy Trinity Catholic
Convent and School
Trinidad Bottling Works
Church News/Schubert Cigar
Factory
Sonny's Poor Boy Café
1981
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
More
Data
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Contributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
5LA2179.197
M&M Distributing Co.
Addition
1900
5LA2179.195
1886-90
1902,
1905
5LA2179.194
5LA2179.196
1901-07
5LA2179.192
5LA2179.193
1945
5LA2179.190
5LA2179.191
1910
1889
1921,192
3,1947
1891
1886-90
Quilitch Brothers Feed Mill
Nuckolls Packing
Co./Colorado Cheese Co.
Sherman-Cosner Grocery
Co./Jamison-Conger Grain &
Produce
1905
5LA2179.184
1882-pre
1907
1879
5LA2179.183
Joseph Sanders/Cummings
Residence
Harlan Residence
1901-02
Year
Built
5LA2179.182
State
ID o.
Burkhard/ Gottlieb Residence
Historic ame
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Page 157
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Contributing
Supporting
Supporting
Supporting
Contributing
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Supporting
Supporting
Local
Significance
Category
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Local
Elig.
404 S.
Commercial St.
410 S.
Commercial St.
414-16 S.
Commercial St.
123 W. Cedar St.
235 N. Convent
St.
429 N.
Commercial St.
431 N.
Commercial St.
439 N.
Commercial St.
444 N.
Commercial St.
201 S.
Commercial St.
205 S.
Commercial St.
316 S.
Commercial St.
317 S.
Commercial St.
320 S.
Commercial St.
400 S.
Commercial St.
Street
Address
1917-22
1917-22
1917-22
1897
1905
5LA2179.199
5LA2179.200
5LA2179.201
5LA2179.202
5LA2179.203
5LA2179.204
5LA2179.205
5LA2179.206
5LA2179.207
S.S. Wallace Law Office
Knights of Columbus 1072.
Gorman Residence
Cyphers Residence
1888
5LA2179.209
5LA2179.210
5LA2179.211
5LA2179.212
Hall Residence
Armour & Co. Warehouse
Holy Trinity Parsonage
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Contributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
1925-26
1911-12
1907-12
1901-07
5LA2179.208
Locke Boarding
House/Ruscetti Residence
Lindsay House/Jarrell
Boarding House/Blue
Boarding House
Brighton Boarding
House/Dazzo Residence
Williams Residence
1892-pre
1892-pre
1986
1883
1903-04
Year
Built
5LA2179.198
State
ID o.
John Corich
Building/Southern Bar
Elks Café/Patterson Shoe
Co./Risley Printing Co.
Weeden's Grocery &
Market/Elk's Café
Trinidad Motor Sales Co.
Historic ame
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Page 158
Contributing
Contributing
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Supporting
Supporting
Supporting
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Supporting
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Supporting
Supporting
Supporting
Supporting
Supporting
Local
Significance
Category
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Local
Elig.
1__ E. Main St.
159 E. Main St.
225 Elm St.
201 Elm St./200
N. Maple St.
210 Elm Street
224 Elm St.
200-02 Elm St.
156-60 Elm St.
313 S. Convent St.
136-44 Elm St.
152 Elm St.
155 Elm St.
Modica Brothers Red-E-Mix
Concrete
339 N. Convent
St.
207-09 S. Convent
St.
301 S. Convent St.
303 S. Convent St.
308 S. Convent St.
309 S. Convent St.
5LA2179.229
5LA2179.230
1912-17
1931
1917-24
1909
1909-10
5LA2179.226
5LA2179.227
5LA2179.228
1912-17
1917-22
1909
1889
1909
1909
1926
5LA2179.225
5LA2179.224
5LA2179.223
5LA2179.219
5LA2179.220
5LA2179.221
5LA2179.222
1889
1885
1982
1892-pre
1970
5LA2179.214
5LA2179.215
5LA2179.216
5LA2179.217
5LA2179.218
1960s
Year
Built
5LA2179.213
State
ID o.
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Noncontributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Webb/McKee/Kuver
Residence
Cole/Franch Residence
Lawler Building
Cohen Clothing Store
Continental Oil Company
Station/Dixie Drive-in
Nichols
Building/Ferguson's/Maklows
ki Automotive
W.G. Hall
Garage/Studebaker Sales and
Service
Williams & Easley/Weaver &
Kuver Garage
Shaw Garage
Trinidad Novelty Works
Garage
Coombs House/Diner
Café/Independent
Creamery/Marsh Electric
Heating Plant
La Concha Super Service
Station
Reed Residence
Hunn Residence
Historic ame
Street
Address
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Page 159
Supporting
Contributing
Supporting
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Supporting
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Supporting
Contributing
Supporting
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Supporting
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Supporting
Supporting
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Supporting
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Local
Significance
Category
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Local
Elig.
328 Mill St.
428 Market St.
411 S. Maple St.
415 S. Maple St.
401 Market St.
316 S. Maple St.
317 S. Maple St.
419 W. Main St.
438 W. Main St.
108-12 N. Maple
St.
116-126 N. Maple
St.
134 N. Maple St.
401 W. Main St.
218 W. Main St.
200 E. Main St.
201-03 E. Main
St.
238 E. Main St.
Street
Address
5LA2179.247
5LA2179.246
5LA2179.243
5LA2179.244
5LA2179.245
5LA2179.241
5LA2179.242
1917-30
1901
1894
1892-pre
1909
1920
1890
1901-07,
1911
1905
5LA2179.239
5LA2179.240
1932-33
1931
1901-07
1918
5LA2179.236
5LA2179.237
5LA2179.238
5LA2179.235
1903,
1920
1882
1930
1928-29
Year
Built
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Contributing
Contributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Forbes/Davis/Abrahams
Residence
Collier/Richie Residence
Turner/Kahn Residence
J.C. Coulson Fruit &
Produce/Trinidad Candy
Co/Mason Candy
Dunlavy Brothers Warehouse
& Stable
Bancroft Mill/Quickstep
Mill/Bancroft-Marty Feed &
Produce
Wooster Brothers Blacksmith
Shop
5LA2179.233
Central Garage/RossiCrabtree Motor Co.
Stevens Block/Forbes Bros.
Grocery/Burkhard/Toller
Motor Co.
Shy Service
Station/Continental Oil Co.
Trinidad Battery Co.
Socolo Super Service Station
Erickson Furnished Rooms
and Tailoring
5LA2179.234
5LA2179.231
5LA2179.232
State
ID o.
Standard Oil Service Station
New Carlisle Building
Historic ame
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
No
Page 160
Supporting
Supporting
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Supporting
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Supporting
Supporting
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Supporting
Contributing
Contributing
Supporting
Contributing
Contributing
Local
Significance
Category
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Local
Elig.
200 S. Walnut St.
446 W. 1st St.
420-26 W. 1st St.
403 E. 1st St.
408 W. 1st St.
410 W. 1st St.
442-44 W. 1st St.
516 W. 1st St.
403 E. 2nd St.
210 E. 3rd St.
214 E. 3rd St.
312 E. 3rd St.
316 E. 3rd St.
100 W. 3rd St.
215 S. Walnut St.
221 S. Walnut St.
227 S. Walnut St.
330 E. Main St.
100 W. Main St.
Boarding House
5LA6551
5LA9905
5LA9906
5LA9907
5LA9908
5LA9909
5LA9910
5LA9911
5LA9912
5LA9913
5LA9914
5LA10238
5LA10239
5LA10240
1920-23
1888
1922
1970
1912-17
1901-07
1923
1893-pre
1981
1882-pre
1880s
1981
1880
1889
1901-07
1880
1954
1881
1881-82
1917-30,
1961-68
1928-30
1912-17
1912-17
1946
Year
Built
Listed
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Listed
Listed
No
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
In
Dist.
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Noncontributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
Contributing
Contributing
Noncontributing
Noncontributing
Contributing
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
Noncontributing
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Mansbach Residence
Sol Jaffa Residence
Malouff Residence
Stanley Residence
Cohen Residence
Bloom Mansion
Jaffa Opera House/Trinidad
Opera House
First Christian Church
Bullen Residence
Nelson Apartments
5LA2179.253
5LA2179.254
5LA2179.255
5LA2180
5LA2181
5LA2179.251
5LA2179.252
Jeffreys Auto Company
O.L. Davis Lumber
Co./Arthur Allen Autos
Stone Residence
Brown/Harlan Residence
145 E. Plum St.
153 E. Plum St.
5LA2179.249
5LA2179.248
State
ID o.
5LA2179.250
Hughes Lumber Co./Trinidad
Lumber Co./O.L. Davis
Lumber
Historic ame
138 E. Plum St.
101-105 E. Plum
St.
127 E. Plum St.
Street
Address
Listed
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Listed
Listed
No
No
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Page 161
Structure of Merit
Non-Designated
Structure of Merit
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Contributing
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Contributing
Contributing
Supporting
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Non-contributing Without Qualifications
Supporting
Local
Significance
Category
Non-contributing With Qualifications
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Local
Elig.
5LA10243
5LA10244
5LA10245
Mary Loomis Residence
5LA10254
5LA10255
5LA10256
5LA10257
5LA10258
5LA10259
Cushing Residence & Rooms
Packer Residence
Zanoni Residence
Laughlin Residence
Frederick Burkhard
Residence
Jandin/Bennett Residence
400 S. Chestnut
St.
1882-pre
1889
1905
19011907
1901-07
1905
1917-21
1905-pre
1917-21
1907
1902 (see
note
below)
1909
1903
1903
1917-22
1890
1880
1905
1924
1892
Year
Built
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
In
Dist.
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
N/A
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
5LA10260
5LA10252
5LA10253
5LA10251
323 S. Animas St.
403 S. Animas St.
404 S. Animas St.
405 S. Animas St.
408-10 S. Animas
St.
407 S. Beech St.
315 S. Animas St.
319 S. Animas St.
311 S. Animas St.
5LA10246
5LA10247
5LA10248
5LA10249
5LA10250
Mitchell Residence
Edwards Residence
Haurin Residence
Gembrine Residence
Verdalio/Sereno/Piazza
Residence
Antonio & Mary Chresto
Residence
Cupelli Residence
Gysin Residence
5LA10242
5LA10241
State
ID o.
Frank Dunlavy/Abercrombie
Residence.
Tessari Grocery and
Residence
Douthitt Residence
Anderson Terrace
Historic ame
215 S. Animas St.
217 S. Animas St.
221 S. Animas St.
303 S. Animas St.
309 S. Animas St.
112 W. 3rd St.
201-11 S. Animas
St.
213 S. Animas St.
108 W. 3rd St.
106 W. 3rd St.
Street
Address
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Page 162
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Structure of Merit
Non-Designated
Structure of Merit
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Structure of Merit
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Structure of Merit
Non-Designated
Local
Significance
Category
Non-Designated
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Local
Elig.
1901-07
1890-pre
1883
1978
1890
1898
1883
1907-12
1962-63
1929
5LA10265
5LA10266
5LA10267
5LA10268
5LA10269
5LA10270
5LA10271
5LA10272
5LA10273
5LA10338
Clark Residence
Steele Residence
Boyles Residence
Douglas Residence
Trinidad Housing Authority
House
Fisher/Dean Residence
Delap Residence
Radford Terrace
1909
1971
1903
5LA10262
5LA10263
5LA10264
Hall Residence
1907-10
Year
Built
5LA10261
State
ID o.
Betts Residence
Historic ame
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
at.
Reg.
Elig.
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
In
Dist.
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
at. Reg.
Contrib.
Status
N/A
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
State
Reg.
Elig.
No
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Non-Designated
Structure of Merit
Local
Significance
Category
Non-Designated
Corazon de Trinidad Historic Buildings Survey, 2001-02
Page 163
NOTE: An “N/A” in the contributing status column indicates that the resource lies outside the boundary of the Corazon de Trinidad Historic District
402-04 S.
Chestnut St.
402 S. Walnut St.
402 S. Maple St.
410-16 S. Maple
St.
208 Raton St.
116 S. Walnut St.
218 S. Walnut St.
220 S. Walnut St.
306 S. Walnut St.
308 S. Walnut St.
316 S. Walnut St.
409 W. 3rd St.
417-19 S.
Commercial St.
406-08 W. 2nd St.
Street
Address
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Local
Elig.