Possible Test Questions:
Leaves
There is much _________________ in leaves
o ___________, ______________, Texture, etc.
Parts of Leaves

______________ - The large green portion of the leaf

______________ – Attaches the blade to the stem.
o
(_____________ Leaves – Leaves that have no
___________. Found in _________ and certain other
_______________.)

_____________ – Pipelines that carry ___________ and
_______ through the blade

______________ – The main vein that runs down the center
of the leaf.

______________ – The edge of the blade
o
____________ – The name of the margin when it is
_______________
o
____________ – The name of the margin when it has a
___________ edge or “teeth”
o
____________ – The name of the margin when it has
_______________ sticking out
o
________________ – Where there is _____ leaf on a
______________ leaf
Near the Leaf

_______________ – ____________-like structures that
helped __________ the leaf when it was ___________.

___________ – Contain developing _________ or
_____________ structures

_________--scale ___________ – Marking on the branch
where a _______ existed.

_________ Scars - Marking on the ___________ where a
leaf existed
Things I Don’t Understand:
Summary in my own words:
Practice Quiz: Label Simple Leaf External Anatomy
Blade, Petiole, Midrib, Vein, Stem
Possible Test Questions:
Things I Don’t Understand:
Plant Leaf Shapes

_____________ flat leaves (Deciduous trees)

Long _______________ leaves (Grasses)

_______________-like or ____________-like ( Pines, firs,
cedars)
Types of Leaves

_______________ – A leaf that has _______ blade per
petiole

_______________ – A leaf that has _________ blades
(leaflets) per petiole
o
________________ - Each small blade on a compound leaf.

NOTE: You can tell the beginning of a __________ because
it has a __________ at the base of the ____________. The
leaflets ___ _____ have a bud at the base of them.
Summary in my own words:
Possible Test Questions:
Leaf Arrangement
 ______________ – ___________ at which the leaves
__________ from the stem.
 ______________ – _________ leaves grow from each
___________.
 ______________ – Only __________ leaf grows from each
____________.
 _______________ – ___________ or more leaves grow from
each ___________.

______________ (Basal) – ____________ of leaves growing
at the __________ of the plant
Quick Quiz
_____ Opposite
_____ Alternate
_____Whorled_____ Rosette
Leaf Venation
 ______________ –
Almost all veins run in
the same direction.
 ______________ – One
major vein with smaller
veins coming off of it
 ______________ – Two or more veins extending out from
one point
Things I Don’t Understand:
Summary in my own words:
LEAF ANATOMY From: http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/leaf_coloring.html
The leaf is the primary photosynthetic organ of the plant. It consists of a flattened portion, called
the blade, that is attached to the plant by a structure called the petiole. Sometimes leaves are
divided into two or more sections called leaflets. Leaves with a single undivided blade are called
simple, those with two or more leaflets are called compound.
The outer surface of the leaf has a thin waxy covering called the cuticle (A), this layer's primary
function is to prevent water loss within the leaf. (Plants that leave entirely within water do not have
a cuticle). Directly underneath the cuticle is a layer of cells called the epidermis (B). The vascular
tissue, xylem and phloem are found within the veins of the leaf. Veins are actually extensions that
run from to tips of the roots all the way up to the edges of the leaves. The outer layer of the vein is
made of cells called bundle sheath cells (E), and they create a circle around the xylem and the
phloem. One the picture, xylem is the upper layer of cells (G) and is shaded a little lighter than the
lower layer of cells - phloem (H). Recall that xylem transports water and phloem transports sugar
(food).
Within the leaf, there is a layer of cells called the mesophyll. The word mesophyll is greek and
means "middle" (meso) "leaf" (phyllon). Mesophyll can then be divided into two layers, the
palisade layer (D) and the spongy layer (F). Palisade cells are more column-like, and lie just
under the epidermis, the spongy cells are more loosely packed and lie between the palisade layer
and the lower epidermis. The air spaces between the spongy cells allow for gas exchange.
Mesophyll cells (both palisade and spongy) are packed with chloroplasts, and this is where
photosynthesis actually occurs.
Epidermis also lines the lower area of the leaf (as does the cuticle). The leaf also has tiny holes
within the epidermis called stomata. Specialized cells, called guard cells (C) surround the
stomata and are shaped like two cupped hands. Changes within water pressure cause the stoma
(singular of stomata) to open or close. If the guard cells are full of water, they swell up and bend
away from each other which opens the stoma. During dry times, the guard cells close.
Color the structures underlined above. Make sure that the entire picture is colored and that the
color matches the words. For simplicity only part of the picture is labeled.
Questions:
1. What two tissues are found within a vein?
2. What does the word "mesophyll" mean?
3. What two layers of the plant contain chloroplasts?
4. The outermost layer of cells: _________________________
5. The waxy covering of the leaf.: _______________________
6. These cells function to open and close stomata. _____________________
7. Outer layer of the vein: ________________________
8. Column like cells that lie just under the epidermis. ___________________
9. Openings that allow for gas exchange. _________________________
10. The stalk that connects the leaf to the stem. ______________________
Cuticle (light blue)
Epidermis (yellow)
Guard cells (pink)
Palisade Mesophyll
(dark green)
Phloem (purple)
Xylem (orange)
Spongy Mesophyll
(light green)
Bundle Sheath
(dark blue)
Possible Test Questions:
 __________________ – The loss of
water ____________
Things I Don’t Understand:
Summary in my own words:
The Study of Living Things
 ________________ – The study of living things
Possible Test Questions:
o Bios – “______________”
o -_________ – “Science of” or “study of”
Three Major Fields of Biology
o _______________ –The study of animals
o Botany – The study of _____________
o Human ________________ and _____________________ –
The study of physical structure and function of the body
 _________________ – The study of the physical structure of
the body. (The ____________)
 __________________ – the study of the function of the parts
of the body. (_________ _________ ______)
Why do we study biology?
Psalm 19:1-4 The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies
proclaim the work of his hands. Day after day they pour forth
speech; night after night they display knowledge. There is no
speech or language where their voice is not heard. Their voice
goes out into all the earth, their words to the ends of the world.
Romans 1:20 For since the creation of the world God’s invisible
qualities –his eternal power and divine nature have been
clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so
that men are without excuse.
Psalm 8: 3-4 When I consider your heavens, the work of your
fingers, the moon and the stars, which you have set in place,
what is man that you are mindful of him, the son of man that
you care for him?
Things I Don’t Understand:
Summary in my own words:
Hierarchy of Living Things
Possible Test Questions:
__________ – The basic structural unit of all _______________
things

____________ – A group of similar ___________ that work
together
 ________________ Tissue – Elongated _____________ cells
that transport ___________, minerals, and ______________
o _____________ – Transports water and minerals ______ the
plant
o ______________ – Transports Food ______________ the
plant

_____________ – A group of _______________ that work
together

(________, ________, leaf, and ________________)
_____________ – A group of _______________ that work
together
(_________ and ___________)
 ____________ system - Underground part of the plant used for
_______________ and ___________________
 ____________ system – ________________ part of plant
provides for production of ______________, ____________,
________________, and seeds.

______________ – Living things (not just ___________ and
animals)
The Importance of Botany
 _____________ produced through photosynthesis.
 ______________ – Many drugs and _______________ are
produced from plants
 _______________ – Plants produce many important products
such as ___________, paper, and _______________
______________.
Things I Don’t Understand:
Summary in my own words:
Practice Quiz: Internal Structures of the Leaf
Palisade Mesophyll
Spongy Mesophyll
Lower Epidermis Mesophyll Upper
Epidermis
Veins
Possible Test Questions:
Parts of the Plant

Flowers – _______ ______________________
_______________ _______ _____ ________________. (Most
produce fruit and seeds)

Leaves – Most of the plants ___________ is
__________________ in the leaves.

Stems – Holds up the ___________ and flowers, a
____________________ structure for food, and sometimes a
__________________ food.

Roots – ______________ the plant, absorbs ____________
and ______________, and stores _______________.
o
_______ Root – One __________/primary root grows straight
down and is _______________ than the rest.
o
__________________ Root – The main/primary root is
______________ and the _____________________ roots are
just as big as the primary root.
The Plant Cell
 _________________ – Little ____________ that make up the
cell
Things I Don’t Understand:
Summary in my own words:
Three Organelles of All Cells
Possible Test Questions:
 Cell _________________ – Separates inside from outside.
Regulates movement of __________________ in and out of
____________.
 __________________ – Spherical body that
_______________ the cell’s activities.
 ________________ – The ____________-like substance in the
cell.
Two Organelles Only Found in Plant Cells
 Cell _____________ – Found outside the ______________
made of cellulose. Gives the plant its _______________.
 ____________________ – Organelle that contains
__________________ and produce ________________ for the
plant.
o _____________________ – green ____________ of plants,
which is key in ________________.
Organelle important to Plant Cells
 __________________ – Storage structures in the cell.
Photosynthesis
 ________________________ – Process where the plant’s
___________________ capture _______________ energy
from sunlight and change into ______________ energy
 6 ______+6 ______ + LIGHT  _________+ 6 _____
 ___________ Reaction – Light reacts with water to separate
__________ and _______________ (Needs __________ for
the reaction)
 NADPH – Carries ____________ atoms to the ___________
Reaction
 _________ Reaction – _____________ reacts with Carbon
Dioxide and _________ to produce ______________ (Does
_______ need light to occur)
Things I Don’t Understand:
Summary in my own words:
Possible Test Questions:
Products of Photosynthesis
 _____________ – Simple Sugar (C6H12O6)
 _____________ – Another simple sugar, __________ sugar,
Plants convert Glucose into sucrose, which is, pretty much
_____ _______________ molecules.
 ___________ – Many simple sugars ___________ together for
_____________
Glucose
Starch
Sucrose
Why We Need Energy
 _______________ Respiration – The process where
____________ and ___________ are combined to release
____________ and Carbon Dioxide. Happens in both
___________ and _____________.
Things I Don’t Understand:
Summary in my own words:
Possible Test Questions:
Factors that Influence Photosynthesis
 _____________ –
o Directly – It is one of the _________________ of
Photosynthesis
o Indirectly - When water is scarce, _____________ close and
do not allow _____________ _____________ to come into the
plant
 Carbon Dioxide – It is another one of the ________________.
Studies have shown that _________________ CO2 increases
the rate of _________________________
 ____________ – Photosynthesis does not work ____________
in cold temperatures
 _______________ – Need the sunlight for the
_________________, but there is a huge ______________ in
how much is _____________ by ______________ plants
Life Cycles of Plants

______________ – A plant whose entire life cycle is
__________ year.
o Example: __________, beans, __________

______________ – A plant whose entire life cycle is
_________ years
o Example: _____________, cabbage, turnips, ______________

______________ – Plants that live from ________ to year and
bloom each season
o Example: _______________, peonies, _________________
Types of Trees
 __________________ Trees – Trees that loose their leaves
each fall.
 __________________ Trees – Trees that retain their leaves
throughout the year.
Things I Don’t Understand:
Summary in my own words:
Possible Test Questions:
Things I Don’t Understand:
Fall Coloration
 ________________ Layer – A
special layer of ________ that forms
at the base of the __________ and
the stem _____________ the
connection between the two
Where did the green go?
 When the ________________ layer
forms this cuts the _____________
of materials into the __________,
slowing the formation of ________
chlorophyll. Old chlorophyll cannot
___________ any longer leaving
behind other less noticeable
_______________ (Which are also
present in ___________, fruits, and __________ of some
plants)
 Pigments
o ___________________ – Produces yellowish colors
o ___________________ – Produces yellowish-orange colors
o ___________________ – Produces a bright red, blue, and
purple colors
Summary in my own words:
Possible Test Questions:
Monocots

Has _____ (__) seed leaf/Cotyledon

Has ______________ Veins

Has flower parts in multiples of __

Has _________________ root system
Dicots

Has ____ (__) seed leaves/Cotyledons

Has _______________ veins

Has flower parts in multiples of __ or __

Has ______ root system
Growth Response

______________________ – The growth response of the plant to
light.

______________________ – The growth response of the plant to
the earth (gravity).

______________________ - movement or growth in response to
chemicals

______________________ - movement or growth in response to
moisture or water

______________________ - movement or growth in response to
temperature

______________________ - movement or growth in response to
touch or contact
Things I Don’t Understand:
Summary in my own words:
Possible Test Questions:
Symmetry

________________ – To be able to cut an object and have both
halves exactly alike.

_________________ symmetry – To have more than
__________ line of symmetry going through the ___________
_______________.


Things I Don’t Understand:
________________ symmetry – To have only _______ line of
symmetry go through an ___________.
________________ - To have ________ lines of symmetry.
Summary in my own words:
Plants and Leaves Questions
Leaves Questions
1. Draw and label all the parts of the leaf. (You have a quiz on this tomorrow)
2. What are the three basic leaf shapes?
3. In a paragraph, explain how to tell the difference between simple leaves and compound leaves
4. Tell or show the difference between opposite, alternate, whorled, and rosette leaf arrangements.
5. Describe parallel, pinnate, and palmate venation.
Define: blade, petiole, midrib, margin, sessile leaf, vein, stipule, bud, bud scale scar
*****Study parts of the leaf for quiz.*****
Internal Leaf Structure Questions
1. What is the difference between xylem and phloem?
2. Draw and label the cross section of a leaf. (You will have a quiz on this tomorrow)
Define: epidermis, transpiration, stoma, guard cells, palisade cells
*****Study the structure of the leaf for a quiz *****
Biology and Botany Questions
1. Explain the origin of the word biology.
2. What are three major fields of biology as presented in the notes?
3. List the hierarchy of living things from largest to smallest.
4. Name three reasons the study of botany is important.
5. If grass has a fibrous root system and dandelions have a tap root system, explain why planting grass
should prevent soil erosion.
Define: biology, botany, zoology, anatomy, physiology
Plant Cell Questions
1. What are the three main parts of every cell?
2. What are the two parts found in only plant cells?
Photosynthesis Questions
1. Write the formula for photosynthesis.
2. What product of photosynthesis is usually transported throughout the plant?
3. What product of photosynthesis stores food?
4. Why is photosynthesis important to life on earth?
5. How do the guard cells affect the rate of photosynthesis?
6. How does the similar composition of cells of plants, animals, and people show the great forethought
and provident care of the Creator? (Hint: What would the problem be if plant and animal cells were
completely different?)
Define: chlorophyll, chloroplast, cellular respiration, glucose, photosynthesis, starch, sucrose
Life Cycles of Plants Questions
1. Would a pine tree be classified as an annual, a biennial, or a perennial?
2. What is the difference between a deciduous tree and an evergreen tree?
3. List the names and colors of the three common leaf pigments normally hidden by chlorophyll.
4. Explain why the formation of the abscission layer causes sugar to accumulate in the leaf.
5. Explain why it would be detrimental to desert plants to have a large amount of stomata on their
leaves.
Define: annual, biennial, perennial, evergreen, deciduous, abscission layer
Special Plants and Symmetry Questions
1. What are four differences between dicots and monocots?
2. Pick your 3 favorite “-tropisms” and define them.
3. What kind of symmetry does your body have?
4. What kind of symmetry does the ceiling fan have?
5. Using what you have learned so far, describe as many characteristics of plants as you can think of
that give evidence of their being designed by a person with intelligence, imagination, creativity, and
an interest in variety. Otherwise, how do you see God’s workmanship in plants?
Define: bilateral symmetry, radial symmetry, dicot, and monocot
Name_____________________________________ Date_________ Per___
Bill Nye “Plants”
1. Without plants there would be no ________________ on Earth.
2. Bill makes a mistake when he calls us ________________.
3. Plants make all the ____________ we breathe and all the ______________ we eat.
4. Different types of plants make different types of _______________.
5. When sugar burns, it produces ____________ which produces the gas _____________
_____________.
6. Plants take in the gas _____________ and give off the gas _____________.
7. The process where plants make food is ____________________.
8. _______________ is the green chemical needed for photosynthesis.
9. What gas did the lettuce release to form the bubbles? _______________
10. Plants produce ________________ so animals will eat it.
11. Plants can use _______________ and _______________ to move seeds.
12. Cacti ___________________ water during the rainy season.
13. Spines are used to protect cacti from ___________________.
14. Name three means plants use to defend themselves.
a. .
b. .
c. .
15. Not all plants need _________________.
16. Some plants don’t use ____________________ to transport materials.
17. Name four plants with medicinal uses.
a. .
b. .
c. .
d. .
18. Insectivorous plants eat insects because they can’t get enough ______________ from the soil.
19. Pitcher plants attract insects with ______________ ______________.
20. A _____________ ____________ will close on a fly and digest it.
21. The main chemical insectivorous plants need is ________________.
22. When the days get ___________, trees stop making __________________.
23. Xanthophyll is a _____________ pigment.
24. Carotene is a _______________ pigment.