Unit #5 - Implicit Differentiation, Related Rates
Some problems and solutions selected or adapted from Hughes-Hallett Calculus.
Implicit Differentiation
1. Consider the graph implied by the equation xy 2 = 1.
What is the equation of the line through ( 41 , 2) which
is also tangent to the graph?
2. Consider the circle defined by x2 + y 2 = 25
(a) Find the equations of the tangent lines to the circle
where x = 4.
(b) Find the equations of the normal lines to this
circle at the same points. (The normal line is perpendicular to the tangent line.)
(c) At what point do the two normal lines intersect?
(The devil’s curve)
3. Calculate the derivative of y with respect to x, given
that
x4 y + 4xy 4 = x + y
11. Use implicit differentiation to find the (x, y) points
where the circle defined by
4. Calculate the derivative of y with respect to x, given
that
xey = 4xy + 5y 4
x2 + y 2 − 2x − 4y = −1
5. Use implicit differentiation to find the equation of the
tangent line to the curve xy 3 + xy = 14 at the point
(7, 1).
has horizontal and vertical tangent lines.
(a) Find the points where the curve has a horizontal
tangent line.
6. Find dy/dx by implicit differentiation.
√
x + y = 9 + x2 y 2
(b) Find the points where the curve has a vertical tangent line.
7. Find all the x-coordinates of the points on the curve
x2 y 2 + xy = 2 where the slope of the tangent line is
−1.
12. The relation
x2 − 2xy + y 2 + 6x − 10y + 29 = 0
8. Where does the normal line to the ellipse
x2 − xy + y 2 = 3
defines a parabola.
at the point (−1, 1) intersect the ellipse for the second
time?
(a) Find the points where the curve has a horizontal
tangent line.
9. The curve with equation 2y 3 +y 2 −y 5 = x4 −2x3 +x2 has
been likened to a bouncing wagon (graph it to see why).
Find the x-coordinates of the points on this curve that
have horizontal tangents.
(b) Find the points where the curve has a vertical tangent line.
10. Use implicit differentiation to find an equation of the
tangent line to the curve
13. The graph of the equation
x2 + xy + y 2 = 9
y 2 (y 2 − 4) = x2 (x2 − 5)
at the point (x, y) = (0, −2).
is a slanted ellipse illustrated in this figure:
1
Think of y as a function of x.
(a) Differentiating implicitly, find a formula for the
slopes of this shape. (Your answer will depend on
x and y.)
(b) The ellipse has two horizontal tangents. The upper
one has the equation characterized by y 0 = 0. To
find the vertical tangent use symmetry, or think of
x as a function of y, differentiate implicitly, solve
for x0 and then set x0 = 0.
Related Rates
her shadow moving when she is 45 ft from the base of
the pole?
14. Gravel is being dumped from a conveyor belt at a rate
of 30 cubic feet per minute. It forms a pile in the shape
of a right circular cone whose base diameter and height
are always equal. How fast is the height of the pile increasing when the pile is 17 feet high? (Recall that the
volume of a right circular cone with height h and radius
of the base r is given by V = 13 πr2 h.)
19. A boat is pulled into a dock by a rope attached to the
bow of the boat and passing through a pulley on the
dock that is 1 m higher than the bow of the boat.
If the rope is pulled in at a rate of 1.2 m/s, how fast is
the boat approaching the dock when it is 9 m from the
dock?
15. When air expands adiabatically (without gaining or
losing heat), its pressure P and volume V are related
by the equation P V 1.4 = C where C is a constant.
Suppose that at a certain instant the volume is 550
cubic centimeters, and the pressure is 91 kPa and is
decreasing at a rate of 7 kPa/minute. At what rate in
cubic centimeters per minute is the volume increasing
at this instant?
Rope
Dock
Water
(Pa stands for Pascal – it is equivalent to one Newton/(meter squared); kPa is a kiloPascal or 1000 Pascals. )
20. A plane flying with a constant speed of 4 km/min
passes over a ground radar station at an altitude of
16 km and climbs at an angle of 45 degrees. At what
rate, in km/min, is the distance from the plane to the
radar station increasing 1 minute later?
16. At noon, ship A is 40 nautical miles due west of ship B.
Ship A is sailing west at 23 knots and ship B is sailing
north at 23 knots. How fast (in knots) is the distance
between the ships changing at 6 PM? (Note: 1 knot is
a speed of 1 nautical mile per hour.)
Recall the cosine law,
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos(θ)
where θ is the angle between the sides of length a and
b.
17. The altitude of a triangle is increasing at a rate of
1 cm/min while the area of the triangle is increasing
at a rate of 3 cm2 /min.
21. Water is leaking out of an inverted conical tank at a
rate of 12000.0 cubic centimeters per min at the same
time that water is being pumped into the tank at a
constant rate.
At what rate is the base of the triangle changing when
the altitude is 10 cm and the area is 105 cm2 ?
18. A street light is at the top of a 11 ft tall pole. A
woman 6 ft tall walks away from the pole with a speed
of 5 ft/sec along a straight path. How fast is the tip of
• The tank has height 8.0 meters and the diameter
at the top is 5.0 meters.
2
dh
dV
related to
if r is constant and h
(b) How is
dt
dt
varies with time?
dV
dh
dr
(c) How is
related to
and
if both h and r
dt
dt
dt
vary with time?
• The depth of the water is increasing at 28.0 centimeters per minute when the height of the water
is 4.0 meters.
Find the rate at which water is being pumped into the
tank, in cubic centimeters per minute.
22. A spherical snowball is melting in such a way that its
diameter is decreasing at rate of 0.4 cm/min. At what
rate is the volume of the snowball decreasing when the
diameter is 17 cm? (Note the answer is a positive number).
27. A hot air balloon rising vertically is tracked by an observer located 2 miles from the lift-off point. At a certain moment, the angle between the observer’s line-ofsight and the horizontal is π6 , and it is changing at a
rate of 0.1 rad/min. How fast is the balloon rising at
this moment?
23. The gas law for an ideal gas at absolute temperature T
(in kelvins), pressure P (in atmospheres), and volume
V is P V = nRT , where n is the number of moles of the
gas and R = .0821 is the gas constant. Suppose that,
at a certain instant, P = 8 atm and is increasing at a
rate of 0.10 atm/min and V = 10 L and is decreasing
at a rate of 0.15 L/min. Find the rate of change of T
with respect to time at that instant if n = 10 moles.
28. A road perpendicular to a highway leads to a farmhouse
located 5 mile away. An car traveling on the highway
passes through this intersection at a speed of 55mph.
How fast is the distance between the car and the farmhouse increasing when the car is 7 miles past the intersection of the highway and the road?
24. The frequency of vibrations
of a vibrating violin string
s
T
1
, where L is the length of the
is given by f =
2L ρ
string, T is the tension, and ρ is its linear density.
29. Assume that the radius r of a sphere is expanding at a
rate of 6in./min. The volume of a sphere is V = 34 πr3 .
Determine the rate at which the volume is changing
with respect to time when r = 11in.
Find the rate of change of the frequency with respect
to:
30. The radius of a circular oil slick expands at a rate of 7
m/min.
(a) the length (when T and ρ are constant)
(b) the tension (when L and ρ are constant)
(c) the linear density (when L and T are constant)
The pitch of a note is determined by the frequency
f . (The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch.)
Use the signs of the derivatives in (a) through (c)
to determine what happens to the pitch of a note:
(d) when the effective length of a string is decreased by
placing a finger on the string so a shorter portion
of the string vibrates.
(e) when the tension is increased by turning a tuning
peg.
(f) when the linear density is increased by switching
to another string.
(a) How fast is the area of the oil slick increasing when
the radius is 26 m?
(b) If the radius is 0 at time t = 0, how fast is the area
increasing after 2 mins?
31. A searchlight rotates at a rate of 2 revolutions per
minute. The beam hits a wall located 10 miles away
and produces a dot of light that moves horizontally
along the wall. How fast (in miles per hour) is this dot
moving when the angle θ between the beam and the
line through the searchlight perpendicular to the wall
is π6 ? Note that dθ/dt = 2(2π) = 4π.
32. A kite 100 f t above the ground moves horizontally at
a speed of 8 f t/s. At what rate is the angle between
the string and the horizontal decreasing when 200 f t of
string have been let out?
25. A potter forms a piece of clay into a right circular
cylinder. As she rolls it, the height h of the cylinder increases and the radius r decreases. Assume that
no clay is lost in the process. Suppose the height of
the cylinder is increasing by 0.4 centimeters per second. What is the rate at which the radius is changing
when the radius is 3 centimeters and the height is 12
centimeters?
33. If two resistors with resistances R1 and R2 are connected in parallel, as in the figure, then the total resistance R, measured in Ohms (Ω), is given by:
1
1
1
=
+
R
R1
R2
26. The volume V of a right circular cylinder of radius r
and height h is V = πr2 h.
If R1 and R2 are increasing at rates of .3 Ω/s and
.2 Ω/s, respectively, how fast is R increasing when
R1 = 80 Ω and R2 = 100 Ω?
dV
dr
(a) How is
related to
if h is constant and r
dt
dt
varies with time?
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34. A water trough is 10 m long and a cross-section has the
shape of an isosceles trapezoid that is 30 cm wide at
the bottom, 80 cm wide at the top, and has height 50
cm. If the trough is being filled with water at a rate of
0.2 m3 /min, how fast is the water level rising when the
water is 30 cm deep?
35. A voltage V across a resistance R generates a current
I = V /R. If a constant voltage of 4 volts is put across
a resistance that is increasing at a rate of 0.7 ohms per
second when the resistance is 7 ohms, at what rate is
the current changing?
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