01041409 ‫ מבחן בכימיה כללית ופיזיקלית‬- ‫דף נוסחאות‬
Constants:
r = reaction rate
u = velocity
V = volume
M = molar mass
ν = frequency
-34
h = 6.62610 Js
c = 2.998108 ms-1
NA = 6.021023 (mol-1)
qe = 1.60210-19 C
m (electron) = 9.1110-31kg
a0 = 0.0529 nm
b =2.8978×10-3 m×K
RH = 2.179x10-18 J = 13.6 eV
A = 1.097107 m-1
0 = 8.85410-12 CJ-1m-1
g = 9.807 ms-2
R = 8.31 m3Pamol-1K-1 = 8.31 Jmol-1K-1 = 1.987 calmol-1K-1 = 0.082 Latmmol-1K
Units conversion:
1 Å = 10-10 m
1 nm = 10-9 m
1 pm = 10-12 m
1 D = 3.3410-30 Cm
1 J = 1Nm = 1 kgm2s-2
1 J = 6.241018eV=9.86910-3 Latm
1 cal = 4.184 J
1 eV = 1.60217646210-19 J
1 erg = 10-7 J
1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325105 Pa = 1.01325105 N·m-2
1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mmHg
1 torr = 133.3 Pa
1 mL=1 cm3
t(°C) = T(K) – 273.15
Stoichiometry:
Density, Mass and concentration:
Elemental abundance:
M
n
m
m
n

V
M
V
 isotope mass  % abundance
N  n NA
C
100
Bonds:
Effective charge formulas:
Bond Order:
2
z eff
R H 𝑍𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑍 − 𝑆
n2
B.O.=1/2 (bonding elec. - anti-bonding elec.)
Dipole moment:
% Ionic bond:
E

qe
   d
 100
‫בחינה כימיה כללית ופיסיקלית‬
1
Waves, Bohr Model:
Photon energy and electromagnetic radiation: E  h
Bohr Model:
E
C  
z 2e2
z2


RH
8 0 a 0 n 2
n2
p  mu
rn  a 0 n 2
Rydberg formula:
1
1
1
𝑖
𝑓

Δ𝐸 = 𝐸𝑓 − 𝐸𝑖 = 𝑅𝐻 𝑍 2 (𝑛 2 − 𝑛 2 )
 AZ 2 (
1
1
 2)
2
n1 n2
De-Broglie formula:
p
h

Gases:
Gas laws:
PiVi  Pf V f ;
Ti T f

; 1 mol  22.4 L (1atm;273.15K ) ; PV  nRT
Vi V f
STP conditions: 0ºC, 1atm.
Ideal gas mixture:
ptot  p A  pB  ...
Kinetic theory of gases:
;
i 
p
1
3
pi
n
V
 i  i
ptot ntot Vtot
N
mu 2
V
urms 
;
x A  xB  ...  1
3RT
M
Ek 
3 RT
2 NA
8𝑅𝑇
<𝑢 >=√
𝜋𝑀
2𝑅𝑇
𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = √
𝑀
Van der Waals equation:

n2 a 
P


 V  nb   nRT
V2 

Effusion Law:
rA (urms ) A

rB (urms ) B
At constant temp:
rA
MB

rB
MA
‫בחינה כימיה כללית ופיסיקלית‬
2
Chemical Kinetics:
For the reaction: aA + bB → gG + hH
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘 ∗ [𝐴]0 𝑚 ∗ [𝐵]0 𝑛
m,n = reaction order for each reactant
0 order
Integrated rate [ A]t  kt  [ A]0
law
1st order
2nd order
ln[ A]t  kt  ln[ A]0
1
1
 kt 
[ A]t
[ A]0
[ A]t  [ A]0 e kt
K units
[k ]  M sec 1
t 1/2 =
t1 
2
[k ]  sec 1
[ A]0
2k
t1 
2
ln 2
k
[k ]  M 1 sec 1
1
t1 
2
k  [ A]0
 Ea 1
 ln A
R T
 k   Ea  1 1 
  
ln 2  
R  T2 T1 
 k1 
ln k 
Michaelis-Menten
𝑣=
𝑘2 [𝐸]0 [𝑆]
1
𝑘𝑚 +[𝑆]
𝑣
=
𝑘𝑚
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 [𝑆]
+
1
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
Chemical Equilibrium:
c
KP 
d
PC PD
n
 K c ( RT ) gas
a
b
PA PB
Acids and Bases:
Henderson-Hasselbalch
𝑝𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾𝑎 + log (
[𝐴− ]
)
[𝐻𝐴]
𝑝𝑂𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾𝑏 + log (
[𝐵𝐻 + ]
)
[𝐵]
‫בחינה כימיה כללית ופיסיקלית‬
3
Quadratic equation
ax 2  bx  c  0
X 1, 2
 b  b 2  4ac
2a
Logarithms:
x  ay
y  log a x 
log a (b) 
ln( x)  log e ( x)
n  log a x   log a x n
log x (b)
log x (a)
 
log a x  y   log a x   log a  y 
x
log a    log a x   log a  y 
 y
Prefixes:
Prefix
deci (d)
centi (c)
milli (m)
micro (μ)
nano (n)
pico (p)
femto (f)
atto (a)
Multiple
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
10-18
Prefix
deca (da)
hecto (h)
kilo (k)
mega(M)
giga (G)
tera (T)
peta (P)
exa (E)
‫בחינה כימיה כללית ופיסיקלית‬
Multiple
101
102
103
106
109
1012
1015
1018
4
‫‪5‬‬
‫בחינה כימיה כללית ופיסיקלית‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫בחינה כימיה כללית ופיסיקלית‬
‫‪Electronegativity Values‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫בחינה כימיה כללית ופיסיקלית‬