CONTENTS
THE CELL
Introduction: Structural organisation of a mammalian cell
2
The Nucleus
Architecture of the cell nucleus
Cytochemical detection of ribonucleoproteins
Nuclear lamina
Detection of sites of DNA replication and of interphase chromosome domains
Nucleolus
Changes of the nucleolar architecture
Detection of sites of RNA synthesis
Nuclear pore complexes
Nuclear pore complexes: Structural changes as monitored by time-lapse atomic force microscopy
Mitosis and cell division
Apoptosis
Viral inclusions
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The Cytoplasm: The Secretory System
Secretory pathway of pancreatic acinar cells
Endomembrane system of Dinoflagellates
Ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclear envelope and rough endoplasmic reticulum
Annulate lamellae
Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Site of protein translocation and initiation of protein N-glycosylation
Oligosaccharide trimming, reglucosylation, and protein quality control in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Storage site of aggregates of misfolded glycoproteins
Russell bodies and aggresomes represent different types of protein inclusion bodies
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Pre-Golgi intermediates
Pre-Golgi intermediates: Oligosaccharide trimming and protein quality control
Golgi apparatus: A main crossroads along secretory pathways
Protein secretion visualised by immunoelectron microscopy
Protein N-glycosylation: Oligosaccharide trimming in the Golgi apparatus and pre-Golgi intermediates
Golgi apparatus: Site of maturation of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides
Cell type-related variations in the topography of Golgi apparatus glycosylation reactions
Cell type-related differences in oligosaccharide structure
Topography of biosynthesis of serine/threonine-linked oligosaccharides
Golgi apparatus and TGN – Structural considerations
Golgi apparatus and TGN – Secretion and endocytosis
Golgi apparatus, TGN and trans Golgi-ER
Golgi apparatus, TGN and trans Golgi-ER: Tilt series
Structure of the TGN
Brefeldin A-induced Golgi disassembly
Brefeldin A-treatment: Tubulation of Golgi apparatus and endosomes
Brefeldin A-treatment: Effect on retrograde transport of internalised WGA
Brefeldin A-treatment: Transitional ER-elements and pre-Golgi intermediates
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XIV
Heat shock response of the Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus changes upon ATP-depletion and ATP-replenishment
Secretory granules
Secretory granule types
Goblet cell – Compound exocytosis
Contents
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The Cytoplasm: The Endocytic System
Receptor-mediated endocytosis via clathrin-coated vesicles and virus endocytosis
Endosomes and endocytic pathways
Endocytic trans Golgi network and retrograde traffic into the Golgi apparatus
Tubular pericentriolar endosomes
Langerhans cells and Birbeck granules: Antigen presenting dendritic cells of epidermis
Caveolae
Fluid phase endocytosis and phagocytosis
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The Cytoplasm: Lysosomes and Lysosomal Disorders
Lysosomes
Lysosomes: Localisation of acid phosphatase, LAMP and polylactosamine
I-cell disease
Gaucher’s disease
Fabry’s disease
GM2 gangliosidoses
Farber’s disease
Wolman’s disease
Glycogenosis type II
Cystinosis
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The Cytoplasm: Autophagy
Autophagy: Limited self-digestion
Pexophagy: Autophagy of peroxisomes
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The Cytoplasm: Mitochondria and Structural Abnormalities
Mitochondria: Crista and tubulus types
Abnormalities of mitochondria
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The Cytoplasm: Peroxisomes and Peroxisomal Diseases
Peroxisomes: Multitalented organelles
Peroxisome biogenesis
Peroxisomes: Adaptive changes
Peroxisomal disorders
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The Cytoplasm: Cytosolic Particles
Glycogen
Glycogenosis type I
Erythropoietic protoporphyria
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The Cytoplasm: Cytoskeleton
Cytocentre, centrosome, and microtubules
Effects of microtubule disruption
Actin filaments
Intermediate filaments
Mallory bodies
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Contents
XV
The Plasma Membrane and Cell Surface Specialisations
The plasma membrane
Cells in culture
Brush cell
Glycocalyx (cell coat)
Glycocalyx: Cell type specificity and domains
Glycocalyx changes in tumours
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Cell-Cell and Cell-Matrix Contacts and Disorders
Junctional complex
Tight junctions and gap junctions
Tunneling nanotubes
Spot desmosomes
Selectin – ligand-mediated cell-cell interaction
Cellular interdigitations
Basal labyrinth
Basement membrane
Glomerular basement membrane
Alport’s syndrome (hereditary nephritis)
Descemet’s membrane
Skin basement membrane and keratinocyte hemidesmosomes: An epithel-connective tissue junctional complex
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
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PRINCIPLES OF TISSUE ORGANISATION
Secretory Epithelia
Pancreatic acinus
Acinar centre: Acinar and centroacinar cells
Pancreatic intercalated duct
Submandibular gland
Goblet cells – Unicellular glands
Parietal cells of stomach: Secretion of acid
Intercalated cells of kidney: Important regulators of acid-base balance
Endocrine secretion: Insulin-producing beta cells of islets of Langerhans
Impaired insulin processing in human insulinoma
Cells of the disseminated endocrine system
Liver
Liver: Hepatocytes, Kupffer cell, cell of Ito
Liver epithelium: Bile canaliculi
Liver epithelium: Pathway of secretory lipoprotein particles
Congenital hepatic fibrosis
Choroid plexus ependyma
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Resorptive Epithelia
Small intestine: Absorptive cells
Small intestine: Pathway of lipids
Renal proximal tubule: A reabsorption plant
Parathyroid hormone response of renal proximal tubules
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XVI
Contents
Sensory Epithelia
Photoreceptor cells of the retina: Signalling of light
Photoreceptor cells of the retina: Light-induced apoptosis
Olfactory epithelium
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Stratified Epithelia
Corneal epithelium
Epidermis
Differentiation of keratinocytes and formation of the epidermal fluid barrier
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Respiratory Epithelium and Ciliary Dyskinesia
The treacheo-bronchial epithelium
Ciliary pathology: Immotile cilia syndrome and Kartagener syndrome
Alveoli: Gas exchange and host defense
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Urothelium
Umbrella cell – Surface specialisations
Umbrella cell – Fusiform vesicles
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Endothelia
Continuous capillary, Weibel-Palade bodies
Hyaline arteriolosclerosis
Fenestrated capillary
Endothelio-pericyte and endothelio-smooth muscle cell interactions
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Glomerulus and Disorders
Glomerulus: A specialised device for filtering
Pathology of the glomerular filter: Minimal change glomerulopathy and congenital nephrotic syndromes
Pathology of the glomerulus: Membranous glomerulonephritis
Pathology of the glomerulus: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Pathology of the glomerulus: IgA glomerulopathy (Berger’s disease)
Pathology of the glomerulus: Chronic allograft glomerulopathy
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Connective Tissue
Loose connective tissue
Fibroblast, fibrocyte, macrophage
Collagen und elastic fibres
Eosinophilic granulocyte, plasma cell, macrophage, mast cell
Dense connective tissue: Collagen bundles in the cornea
Bowman’s layer
Amyloidosis of kidney
Amyloid fibrils: Growth as seen by time-lapse atomic force microscopy
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Adipose Tissue
White adipose tissue
Brown adipose tissue
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Cartilage
Articular cartilage
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Contents
XVII
Bone
Osteoblasts and osteocytes
Osteoclast
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Skeletal Muscle and Disorders
Myofibrils and sarcomere
Sarcoplasmic reticulum, triad, satellite cell
Neuromuscular junction
Muscular dystrophies
Glycogenosis type II (Pompe)
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Cardiac Muscle
Myofibrils, intercalated disk
310
Smooth Muscle
Smooth muscle cells, synapse á distance
CADASIL
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Nerve Tissue and Disorders
Central nervous system: Neuron, glial cells
Blood-brain barrier, synapses
Structure of the synaptic terminal
Unmyelinated nerve fibre
Peripheral nerve, connective tissue components
Myelinated nerve fibre, myelin
Node of Ranvier
Axonal degeneration
Neuroaxonal dystrophy
Neuropathies associated with dysproteinaemias
Metachromatic leukodystrophy
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
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Blood
Red blood cells and cells of the erythroid lineage
Neutrophilic granulocyte
Eosinophilic granulocyte
Basophilic granulocyte
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Megakaryocyte and thrombocyte
Thrombocytes
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Subject Index
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