Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus
Also known as Desderius Erasmus of Rotterdam
Born October 28, 1466 and Died July 12, 1536
Erasmus was a Dutch Renaissance Humanist and a Catholic priest and theologian. Erasmus was a classical scholar
who wrote in pure latin style and his scholar name was Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus. In some cases he has
been called "The crowning glory of the Christian Humanists." He lived through the Reformation period and
constantly criticized some of the contemporary Christian believes. Erasmus used Humanist techniques for text
works and he also prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament. He also wrote "The
Praise of Folly" in 1509, which was the most famous book he wrote. In spite of his criticism to some of the
contemporary Christian believes and in relation to the clerical abuses in the church, he still committed himself to
reforming the church from within. Erasmus died in Basel in 1536 and was buried in a former Catholic Cathedrel.
Erasmus was a deeply religious monk that was a firm believer that his religion (Christianity), should be reformed.
He was a reformer that was not afraid to criticize and even poke fun at the traditional religious beliefs that were
held by some at the time. He worked to translate and revising the New Testament. He also rejected some of the
ideas that the church had held, like predestination, which was subject to controversy. He addressed issues such as
the vanity of the church leaders and the amount of superstition within the religion of the day. He left a lasting
impact on that time period and the church, even influencing Martin Luther. He is largely accepted as one of the most
influential Christian humanists
Group Discussion- Our group mainly talked about how he was a scholar and wasn't afraid to stand up for his
beliefs. He didn't care who he made mad because he was a strong believer in the Christainity reform. Some of the
group focused more on facts such as when he was born/died and what he wrote. My input was more detailed with
his beliefs in keeping God and religion in the reform and how he worked on revising the New Testament.
In our group discussion i learned some more things about Erasmus. One of the things i learned is that he joined a
Monastary at the age of 25 and retired after six years. He then became a humanist and travled all over Europe and
ended up becoming one of the most famous Christian Humanists.
Machiavelli
Summary and key points
It is best to be feared then loved, but no hated. One must not be cruel to his people for cruelty may lead to hatred
and the loose of his people's support. To be feared means you maintain the order of the land by taking care of
murders and robbers. THe over all safety of the state is more important then being loved by everyone. It becomes
safer to be feared because long as you take care of the nation the people that reside there will protect their country
with their blood no matter how they feel about you personally. Friendships are fickle things amongst men according
to Machiavelli. He proclaims that the only friendship that is valuable is on obtain because one is that great and is
respected for what he has done. Do not try to take away another man's property nor his women, but between the
two never take away his property for he values it more then his death father. In times of war cruelty is needed to
maintain order and conquest. Overall a prince should still aim to not be hated.
The Baptistery Competition
The Baptistry is at the religious center of Florence. The building was dedicated to St. John the Baptist, the patron
saint of Florence.
Lorenzo Ghiberti won the competition and worked a quarter of a century on the North Doors, completing 20 panels
of the Florence Baptistrey.
When Ghiberti finished the North Doors, he was commissioned to create more panels for the East Doors of the
Florence Baptistry. The East Doors occupied the next quarter century of Ghibertis' life.
Brunelleschi and Ghiberti both forged panels of Abraham's Sacrafice, but Brunelleschi's panel was good, but was too
busy looking. And some figures in the panel were popping out while others were two dimensional. Ghiberti's panel
showed true dimension and less busy to look at. Which led to Ghiberti winning the competition.
Lorenzo Ghiberti's bronze doors were so beautiful and so well received that they were called the Gates of Paradise.
They were called, "the most important event in the history of Florentine art in the first quarter of the 15th century"
by Antonio Paolucci. 20 of the 28 panels depict the life of Christ from the New Testament.
The Florence Cathedral begun in 1296 in the Gothic style to the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed
structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi. The ancient building, founded in the early
5th century, and having undergone many repairs, was crumbling with age as attested in the 14th century Nuova
Cronica of Giovanni Villani, and was no longer large enough to serve the growing population of the city.
The Florence Cathedral
September 8, 1296- Is when construction began by Arnolfo Di Cambio and it took around 140 years to complete
- The Cathedral is made up of three buildings and is the 4th largest cathedral in the world
1310-Cambio died after Christ
1334-Famous Florence architect/painter Giotto is thought for the main inspiration for all cathedral Campaniles
1367-The work that was left undone by Cambio was taken over by four architects and four painters
1378-The middle nave of the church is achieved
Early 15th century –
-nave completed, but not the entire church due to no one figuring out how to bridge the immense buttresses on the
outside and the supporting armatures on the inside
1417-1420-Brunelleschi tried to solve this problem as well as simultaneously trying to convince skeptical cathedral overseers
that the technical aspect of a dome shape could be achieved
1420-When the cathedral stood unfinished with no dome, Filippo Brunelleshi built and finished the dome
March 25, 1436-The cathedral of Florence was consecrated (blessed) by Pope Eugene IV
-Also dedicated to Santa Maria del Fiore in tribute to the city of Florence
April 15, 1446-Brunelleshi died, he was buried in the Florence Cathedral
The plague ended de Medici rule, 100 years war ends, 1494 de Medici exiled, 1503 Mona Lisa,
Savonarola (p. 286) conservative reaction in Florence. Trading denigrated. Savonarola
executed.
The guilds ran their government
>Semi representative government
> The seven senior guilds Protected
> Florence was the economic backbone of Italy
>Central Banking system
> Wool trade
> Florence was the first people to set up a monetary banking system
>Florin was standard coin currency
>First stock market
Gentile Da Fabriano
> He combined the international with the gothic style
>Used same cramp spacing
Masaccio
> Very spirital and open style
> realisatic
The Medici Era
o Governed by the Florentine Republic
Represented wealth and power
1434-1492
Their prosperity in the 15th century was in banks
Under control by one family
• The Medici
oJan van Eyck
The sandals in the lower left hand corner of the painting represents a sacred event
The dog is a symbol of fidelity (Latin word for “Faithful”) and domestic peace
o Cosimo de’ Medici
De facto ruler of Florence from 1434-1464
Died August 1, 1464
His Son Piero De Medici, also known as “The Gouty”, took his place
An astute banker and highly cultivated man of letters
Closest friends were professional Humanists, collectors of books, and patrons of the Arts
Spent vas sums on collecting and copying ancient manuscripts
Had his copyists work in neat cursive that we call in modern days italic
Cosimo never mastered Greek in any degree but still loved Greek Philosophy and literature
He financed the chair of Greek at the Stadium of Florence
Cosimo asked Michelozzo (1396-1472), the architect who designed the Medici palace in
Florence,to rebuild the convent for the friars
The Platonic Academy
• Cosimo’s most significant contribution to the advancement of Greek studies
o Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi
Known as Donatello
1386-1466
o Paolo Uccello
Another painter who enjoyed the Medici largesse
1397-1475
Created three paintings 34 feet of the wall space
He a made panoramic view showing the battle running across the wall.
Sandro Botticelli
wrote-He was very close to the Medici family, they treated him like family.
-One of his most famous paintings was the Adoration of the Magi (1475)
-The painting was commissioned for the Floretine Church of Santa Maria Novella
-The painting icluded three generations of the Medici family, and also showed Piero’s sons Lorenzo and Guiliano.
-He gave the painting to the church to thank it for the safety of the Medici family during 1466 because of all the
political turmoil during that year.
A word originating from Castiglione's book The Book of the Coutier, where the author defined it as," a certain
nonchalance, so as to conceal all art and make whatever one does or says appear to be without effort and almost
without any thought about it."
An Italian word that means to do an impossible task and make is seam almost effortlessly. Also means the ability to
disguise what one really desires, feels, thinks, and means or intends behind a mask of apparent reticence and
nonchalance.
Sprezzatura-defensive irony: ability to disguise what one really desires, feels, thinks, and means or intends behind a
mask of apparent reticence and nonchalance.
Also sprezzatura is elegant carelessness: elegant unstudied carelessness in attitude and personal behavior
Sprezzatura when translated into english means effortless mastery . During this timeframe ( The later time of the
Renaisance) image is everything, doing everything with grace in style was what most desired and what was known
to be a perfect gentleman amongst diginitaries of the court. Anyone who did anything with a boisterious attitude or
drew too much attention to themselves were looked down upon.
It's an Italian word that means, the art of doing a difficult task so gracefully, that it looks effortless
Castiglione says that a "well-rounded person" should do all things with spezzatura, "effortless mastery".
Sprezzatura, originated from Castiglione's book The Book of Courtier, and was defined as ―a certain nonchalance, so
as to conceal all art and make whatever one does or says appear to be without effort and almost without any
thought about it.‖ It also can be explained as "a form of defensive irony: the ability to disguise what one really
desires, feels, thinks, and means or intends behind a mask of apparent reticence and nonchalance.‖
Sprezzatura originates from Castiglione's book, The Book of the Coutier. This is a book which discusses a range of
topics from chivalry, virtues, and character. He uses a term sprezzatura which means nonchalance, or to make
something seem effortless.
Who Is Castiglione?
Born-Dec 6 1478
Died-Feb 2 1529
Lived-Spain
In 1494, at the age of sixteen, Castiglione began his humanist studies in Milan, which would eventually inform his
future writings. However, in 1499, after the death of his father, Castiglione left his studies and Milan to succeed his
father as the head of their noble family. Soon his duties seem to have included representative offices for the
Gonzaga court; for instance, he accompanied his marquis for the Royal entry at Milan of Louis XII. For the Gonzaga
he traveled quite often; during one of his missions to Rome, he met Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino, and
in 1504 a reluctant Francesco Gonzaga allowed him to leave and take up residence in that court.
His greatest and last work:
In 1528, the year before his death, the book by which he is most famous, The Book of the Courtier, was published in
Venice by the Aldine press run by Andrea d'Asolo, father-in-law of Aldus Manutius. The book is based on a nostalgic
recreation of Castiglione's experience at the court of Duke Guidobaldo da Montefeltro of Urbino at the turn of the
sixteenth century. It describes the ideal court and courtier, going into great detail about the philosophical and
cultured and lively conversations that occurred at Urbino, presided over by Elisabetta Gonzaga. Castiglione himself
does not contribute to the discussion, the book is his tribute to his friendship with the participants of the discussion,
all of whom went on to have important positions.
The term sprezzatura was coined by Baldassare Castiglione in 1528 in his Book of the Courtier. Sprezzatura is
closely related to grace and is ―the art of acting deviously.‖ It is a disguised art because ―it is an art which does not
seem to be an art.‖ A painting may not look like an art, but if you really look at the piece close enough and really
break down the piece of art, you might be able to see the greatness of the picture that it has to offer. Castiglione
was educated in Latin and Greek, and by age 16 he began his humanist’s studies in Milan. Just a year before
Castiglione died in 1528; The Book of the Courtier was published in Venice. He is most famous for that book, which
was a tribute to his friendships and to everyone else that went on to have similar important positions. The Book of
the Courtier is the ―spirit of the times.‖
Sprezzatura is an Italian word originating from Castiglione’s The Book of the Courtier, where it is defined by the
author as ―a certain nonchalance, so as to conceal all art and make whatever one does or says appear to be without
effort and almost without any thought about it. . ." - wiki definitions
Castiglione
An Italian humanist, courier, and diplomat, famous for "IL LIBRO DEL CORTEGIANO" (The Book of the Courtier,
1528), advocated the idea that one should practice Sprezzatura, which is described above as a sort of effortless
grace, or at least the appearance thereof. He was educated in both Latin and Greek, and made a knight by Henry VII
of England in 1505. Despite beoming a knight, Castiglione's idea of court life and social culture differed much from
medieval chivalry. "Everything that men can understand, can also be understood by women" - Castiglione.
Castiglione also described the perfect man as versatilite; developing spiritual, mental, and physical attributes
(which also reflects his own education in some repects).
Other works of Castiglione:
OPERE E VOLGARI LATINE, 1733
LETTERE, 1769-71
OPERE, 1937
OPERE, 1960
TUTTE LE OPERE, 1978
Bibliography:
Wiki definitions
http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/castigli.htm
Graves Sprezzature is a word that originates from Castiglione. It means to hide conscious effort and apprear to
accomplish difficult actions with casual nonchalance.(silvers.org) Castiglione was a courtier, diplomat, and soldier.
(wiki)
Wilson Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione
The word has an Italian origin meaning "perfect conduct or preformance of something in an artistic endeavor
without apprent effort," or "to do something gracefully and allow it to be effortless." The word was coined in the
The Book of the Courtier I.26 by Castigilione.
Sprezzatura is this Italian word that came from Castiglione's Book of the Courtier and is said to be described as a
form of defensive irony. It also means rehearsed naturalness and studied carelessness and the ability to disguise
what one really desires, feels, thinks, and means.
Sprezzatura means so show no tell towards wanting anything. Behing able to hide one's desires behind a mask. An
absolute must for any moderen day poker player.
(Baldassare Castiglione) In 1528, the year before his death, the book by which he is most famous, The Book of the
Courtier (Il libro del Cortegiano), was published in Venice by the Aldine press. The Book of the Courtier caught the
"spirit of the times" and was soon translated into Spanish, German, French, and English. One hundred and eight
editions were published between 1528 and 1616 alone.
Castiglione's minor works are less known, yet still interesting, including love sonnets and four Amorose canzoni
which he wrote about his Platonic love for Elisabetta Gonzaga, in the style of Francesco Petrarca's and Pietro
Bembo's.
Castiglione was born in Casatic in the year 1478. At the age of 18 he went to the court of Lodovico at Milan. He was
a soldier for a short period of time until a broken ankle ended his career as a soldier. He then became a diplomat
and spent an extended period of time in the court of Urbino where he wrote, The Book Of The Courtier. Through his
writing he changed the Renaissance by the way people should behave. In this book he created the word
―Sprezzatura‖ meaning doing difficult things gracefully and without showing effort. Castiglione describes the
meaning of this word as ―a certain nonchalance, so as to conceal all art and make whatever one does or says appear
to be without effort and almost without any thought about it.‖
The lord of the manor - The lord's land
The land owned by the lord of the manor varied in size but were typically between 1200 - 1800 acres. The land
belonging to the 'Lord of the Manor' was called his "demesne," or domain which he required to support himself and
his retinue. The rest of the land of the Manors were allotted to the peasants who were his tenants. A manor would
typically include farming land, forests, common pasture land, a village, a mill, a church and a Manor House. The
Manor House was the place of residence of the lord of the manor and his family which was built apart from the
village where the peasants lived. The lord of the manor was all powerful over the peasants, holding privileges
including Hunting and Judicial rights.
Duchy Info.
Map.
http://mapsof.net/germany/static-maps/png/duchy-of-anhalt-1863-1918
The larger is about 120 square kilometers or roughly 74 square miles.
The smaller is only abou 25-30 square kilometers or roughly 18 square miles
They appear to vary in size, I assume there is a correlation to the socioeconomic status of the individual in charge of
the duchy as well as to the socioeconomic status of the country/province that the individual belongs to.
William Shakespeare
* 1564-1616
* One of the first to use Soliloquy- kind of speech in which characters utter their thoughts aloud, without
addressing them to anyone else.
* Shakespeare's works fall under the Religious and Nationalistic Unrest which is a period between 1575-1620.
Hamlet represents the mid period of the growth of Shakespeare's genius, when comedy and history ceased to be
adequate for the expression of his deeper thoughts and sadder feelings about life, and when he was entering upon
his great series of tragic writings.
Quick Summary: Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is a tragedy. A tragedy is a dignified work in which the main character
undergoes a struggle and suffers a downfall. In Shakespeare's plays, the main character of a tragedy is usually a
person of noble heritage. A flaw in his personality, sometimes abetted by fate, brings about his downfall. Hamlet,
Prince of Denmark is also sometimes characterized as a revenge play in the tradition of the Roman playwright
Seneca (4 B.C.-65 A.D.)
Shakespeare wrote Hamlet in 1600. Publication Dates: (1) 1603 as part of the First Quarto, a pirated, unreliable
version; (2) 1604-1605 as part of the Second Quarto; (3) 1623 as part of the First Folio, an authorized collection of
all of Shakespeare's plays except those of questionable authorship.
Main Character: Hamlet- Son of a murdered Danish king (who was also named Hamlet) and nephew of the present
king, Claudius. Hamlet suffers great mental anguish over the death of his father, the marriage of his mother to the
suspected murderer (Claudius), and the clash between his moral sense and his desire for revenge against his
father's murderer. To ensnare the killer, Hamlet pretends madness. Some Shakespeare interpreters contend that he
really does suffer a mental breakdown. Hamlet is highly intelligent and well liked by the citizens, although at times
he can be petty and cruel.
Raves about Hamlet
* "Probably none of Shakespeare's works has been discussed more than Hamlet."
* "Presents problems that intrigue at so many different levels that justifies its reputation as the most famous play
ever written."
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCVc5TaPpe8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rGEbCemKatY&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_GqWC_uIfs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXixlEy5Gfc&feature=related
this is part two you choose
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-JD6gOrARk4
from his Autobiography.
Describe his personality.
Graves Benvenuto Cellini , 1500-1571, Italian sculptor, metalsmith, and author. His autobiography was one of the
most important documents of the 16th century. He talks about his escapades with the egoism characteristic of the
renaisance man. He was born in Florence. He is the son of a musician. He was banished from Florence after getting
into a fight and later worked for a goldsmiths. He became known as one of the most skillful workers of metals in his
day. Imprisoned on false charges, he worked at the court of Francis I at Paris after his release. He returned to
Florence. So his personality would be short tempered (maybe) and talented and smart.
Excerpt from the introductory note from his auotibiography"This man who tells here the story of his life was a murderer and a braggart, insolent, sensual, inordinately proud
and passionate; but he was also a worker in gold and silver, rejoicing in delicate chasing and subtle modelling of
precious surfaces; a sculptor and a musician; and, as all who read his book must testify, a great master of
narrative."
Cellini was an important figure in the Italian Renaissance era. He was a celebrated sculptor, goldsmith, authorand
soldier, but is also described as a hooligan and a revenge killer.
http://www.boglewood.com/cornaro/xcellini.html
Cellini is known to have taken some of his female models as mistresses, having an illegitimate daughter in 1544
with one of them while living in France, whom he named Costanza.[9] After briefly attempting a clerical career, in
1562, he married a servant, Piera Parigi, with whom he claimed he had five children, of which only a son and two
daughters survived him.
Outside his marriage, Cellini was officially charged or accused three times with homosexual sodomy and once with
heterosexual.
14 January 1523 he was sentenced to pay 12 staia of flour for relations with a boy named Domenico di ser Giuliano
da Ripa.[10]
While in Paris, a former model and lover brought charges against him of using her "after the Italian fashion."
In Florence in 1548, Cellini was accused by a woman named Margherita, for having certain familiarities with her
son, Vincenzo.
26 February 1556, his apprentice Fernando di Giovanni di Montepulciano accused his mentor of having sodomised
him many times. This time the penalty was a hefty fifty golden scudi fine, and four years of prison, remitted to four
years of house arrest thanks to the intercession of the Medicis.
Towards the end of his life during a public altercation before Duke Cosimo, Bandinelli had called out to him Sta
cheto, soddomitaccio! (Shut up, you filthy sodomite!) Cellini qualified it an "atrocious insult."
Cellini was a man that loved sex and viloence. He had several baby mama's, killed a man in rome, and then fought
to defend the pope in 1527.
Cellini was born in Florence, Italy. His father was a musician whom also built musical instruments. Against his
fathers wishes, Cellini became apprenticed in goldsmithing and metal working. He became famous for such works
as: Perseus with the Head of Medusa, and Saliera.
Benvenuto Cellini (1500-1571)
His life was full of controversy and conflict. He had two careers; his first career was being a goldsmith and a
sculptor, and his second career as a writer. He was working one morning and got a steel splinter in his eye, the
workshop caught on fire and did some damage. In 1523 Cellini was sentenced for having relations with a boy
named Domenico di ser Giuliano da Ripa. He had mistresses, and had relationships with his models as well. He
ended up having a daughter in 1544 with one of his models while living in France. He stabbed his wife, and liked
both men and women.
Bentenuto Cellini lived as an italian goldsmith, painter, soldier and musican kind of a jacks of all trade. This first
things he did during his career was a silver casket, silver candlesticks and a vase for the Bishop. Years later Cellini
stabbed his wife because of her betrayal but was saved from arrest only because of the Pope.
Born in Florence, Italy on November 3, 1500. At the age of 16 he moved to Bologna, where he became a more
accomplished flute-player and made progress as a goldsmith. His first works in Rome were a silver casket, silver
candlesticks, and a vase for the bishop of Salamanca, which won him the approval of Pope Clement VII. He stabbed
his wife and had 5 children (that he claimed) with different women such as models and mistresses.
Cellini was born in florence to a family that had been landowners in the Val d'Ambra for three generations.Cellini's
father asked him to join him in instrument making, and endeavoured to thwart his inclination for metalwork. Cellini
is known to have taken some of his female models as mistresses, having an illegitimate daughter in 1544 with one
of them while living in France, whom he named Costanza. After briefly attempting a clerical career, in 1562, he
married a servant, Piera Parigi, with whom he claimed he had five children, of which only a son and two daughters
survived him.
Outside his marriage, Cellini was officially charged or accused three times with homosexual sodomy and once with
heterosexual.
Cellini was a sculptor and master goldsmith as well as a writer. He was a guard captain for Julius Caesar and he said
that Caesar names Florence after his captain to honor him. Many important people such as kings, dukes and popes
wanted some of his works.
Benvenuto Cellini made the bronze Perseus for Cosimo I in the Loggia dei Lanzi in Florence.He began his career
making coins, medallions, seals, and vessels. In 1540 he created his most famous work of gold sculptures, a gold
saltcellar encrusted with enamel for Francis I at Fontainebleau. For a while Cellini started and continually worked
on his autobiography and then he stopped in 1558 and then in 1728 a famous poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
published it and wrote the frist of many translated versions. From 1540-1545 Cellini was in France serving Francis I
as a sculptor, decorator, and designer of architectural projects for the royal chateau of Fontainebleau.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ESC4bygtp2M/Ry8dNW7lpZI/AAAAAAAAB44/0npy8O2Cp5c/s400/Cellini+Salt+Cellar+
of+Francis+I+1540.jpg
It's of a gold man(Posideon) holding a trident. and a woman sitting across from him. I think that its a symbol of
wealth and power, and beauty.
observations from The Saltcellar of Francis 1
The man looks alittle angry and the woman looks alittle worried or scared. their legs are both interlaced. The man
represents more of the water and the female is the land. the bowl behind the people is salt bowl or Saltcellar.
The Saltcellar of Francis I:
It is a gold figurine which depicts two god like characters sitting intertwined. The male is holding a pitch fork and
the female is grasping her left breast. Below them are two mythological sea horse creatures and several
architectural pieces.
It's gold, You see a main focus with a lot of little add ons, you see horses propping up the guy and th women and
the guy at opposite side yet together. YOu see alot of symbolism through out the peice.
posideon holding his trident in a forceful manner. Gold lots and lots of gold. The human structure is very well
displayed from the hair to the various muscles. Two horses grace the side of the greek god. He's holding not only a
trident, but something that appears to be kind of like seaweed maybe. A bowl sits next to the two people.
This sculpture is very ornate. It is interesting to me how the two sides are almost symmetrical in the way they are
leaning back. It is also intesting how the legs are interlaced like where the ocean hugs the shore
the sculpture is of a man and a woman who appear to be god and goddess who rule the earth. made of gold, a
church under woman, horses under man, man holding trident, maybe poseidon. looks like the bottom is suppose to
be representing the underworld with floating human bodies.
Celini's photo:
There are 2 people sitting across from each other.
There are multiple little models of people throughout the structure.
The man is holding a trident and has horses sitting next to him, almost signifying power where as the woman has
her hands free but sits next to a palace.
The structure is made of gold.
The Saltcellar of Francis I:
A gold man and woman,possibly symbolism for wealth. A building that reflects the architecture from that time
period, with a man laying on top of it. Two water horses coming up from the base. People laying around the base of
the sculpture.
The figure on the right is Poseidon which represents the sea. The figure on the left is Gaia the figure that
represents land. Poseidon is sitting on his sea horses chillen talk with Gia who sits beside one of her temples. They
meet at the shore and talk about their day. How Their children are annoying and smelly in Poseidon's case. It shows
that the sea is more aggressive and land is more of a calm collect women.
Cellini Salt Cellar of Francis I
Gold plated nude people, two large ones, one male, one female – seem to be the focus. Circular base. There is a tiny
gold nude person on the building. Near the man are two golden horses, or one two-headed golden horse creature.
The building with the smaller nude person is near the woman. The man is holding what appears to be snakes, and a
trident. The woman appears to be holding ―herself‖, and what I guess is supposed to be plant life due to the green
color. The base is lined with other figures (human).
Neptune, god of the sea, and Ceres, goddess of the earth, symbolizing their unity in producing salt mined from the
earth. Its made of On May 11, 2003, the Saliera was stolen from the Kunsthistorisches Museum, which was covered
by a scaffolding at that time due to reconstruction works. currently worth an estimated $60 million. Cellini's only
work of gold.
The Salt cellar of Francis I
I see representation of the ocean, an building of an empire, at the base I see people that were possiblily enslaved or
from the underworld and most important the man and women combined the women representing land and the man
representing water and they are join together.
Cellini's photo:
There are two people sitting face to face
A man and women
The man is holding a trident and the women is holding her breast, the man is being very masculent and the women
is being very feminine
The Saltcellar of Francis
In this sculpture I can see a man and a woman made of gold. The man with a pitch fork maybe symbolizing a god.
He is also with a horse made for water. A lot of blue around the man and green around the woman. Both are nude.
Next to each of them is a bowl that looks as if they are sharing.
It is a painted gold, there is a man and a women sitting a cross from each other, but the man looks stern and on
his side he is on top of what seems like water and the women is ontop of land. There is a two headed animal to his
left and the women has like a castle to her right. they are on a round platform which has many different carvings
around.
On one side of the sculpture you can see 2 horses that look like they might be drowning and a
man holding a pitch fork. On the other side there is a women and it looks like she is holding
jewelry with a building next to her.
Bosch and Bruegel
http://www.vincesear.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/bosch_garden_right-detail.JPG
http://www.follydiddledah.com/images/hieronymus_bosch.jpg
http://madamepickwickartblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/bosch2.jpg
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_O0ch3ABb3L4/TCR1LZIry5I/AAAAAAAABqY/iYAdE_u3lqE/s1600/hieronymus_jerome_
bosch_sculpture_picture_5.jpg
http://www.wmofa.com/gallery/Bosch,_Hieronymus/Hieronymus_Bosch_Ecce_Homo_1485-1490.jpg
http://www.topofart.com/images/artists/Pieter_the_Elder_Bruegel/paintings/bruegel003.jpg
http://www.jim3dlong.com/1563_Pieter_Bruegel_the_elder_The_Tower_of_Babel-wl400.jpg
http://bad-penny.gr/bosch/paintings.php?lang=en
http://www.artchive.com/artchive/b/bosch/judge_c.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_or_the_Seven_Vices_-_Gluttony.JPG
bosch: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Hieronymus_Bosch_003.jpg
bruegel: http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/bruegel/icarus.jpg
http://www.artunframed.com/images/1bosch/bosch164.jpg
The garden of earthly delights looks chaotic. It looks to me like a ―Where’s Waldo‖ but uglier to look at. It is not
clear where to even start looking at it or if it has a coherent story to theme that is going on.
Garden of Earthly Delights: very colorful, lots of earthy colors from greens to browns. There is a circle of horses
moving around a pond. Lots of human interaction with animals. Everyone appears to be naked it seems...LSD? The
different lands are either divided by water or bushes. Strange sphereical structures that a few people are sitting in.
I noticed that there's a guy doing a handstand in the water with, what appears to be, a strawberry on his crotch?
It is a giant orgy filled with the world's greatest delights according to Bosch. Just a bunch of naked people enjoy the
bizarre world has created in this painting. detailed figure and other worldly creatures. A blend of mythical creatures
and normal naked christian men and women.The far right panel seems to depict a end of worlds scene. The
background is in ruins and people no longer look happy. There are figures scrapped to harps and others being eaten
by unknown beast.
This is a very busy photo. Multiple horses and people are roaming around within this image. There is no main focus
within this photo. There are two people sitting in a bubble...there are birds bigger than people...there are 2 blue
globe looking things, one sitting in water and one on land. It is a very strange photo .
The Garden of Delights
A bunch of bare unclothed people, many birds, people in balls or objects that are shaped like circles or spheres.
Many people eating strawberries and grapes. The far right picture is alot of musical instruments and is more of a
dark "torture" picture. The far left picture is alot of animals walking around and only 3 people. More animals than
people in the left picture.
The Garden of Earthly Delights
The left panel depicts God presenting Adam to Eve. The Central panel is a broad panorama of sexually engaged nude
figures, fantastical animals, oversized fruit and hybrid stone formations. The right panel describes hell and shows
the torments of damnation. Triptychs from this period were generally intended to be read sequentially, the left and
right panels often portraying Eden and the Last Judgment respectively. The middle and right panel's make it look
like it was made to be used inside of a church or monastery
Garden of Earthly Delights reminds me of some mythical fantasy land that has all kind of activity of good and evil.
It's a very cluttered peice with not alot of main focus at all. It seems to be a clutter cluster meaning alot of
clusters of group in the picture that are similar, but at the same time there just groups of add ons. He uses lots of
vivid colors.
Hieronymus Bosch and the Garden of Earthly Delights:
The first thing I notice is all the people are naked and having an orgy. Several others are riding animals, sleeping
inside a clam, swimming, and numerous other fun activities. There is also lots of fruit depicted in this picture. At the
time, fresh fruit was a highly sought after commodity and often grouped with pleasurable activities.
A bunch of people having an orgy with animals and fruit. A lot of vibrant colors. There is no main focus,
everything is scattered and unorganized. Some are grasping fish and others are on horses, pigs, and birds. There are
water pools and streams with random things happening in them.
garden of earthly delights- very colorful lots of naked people, partying maybe, people riding cat, deer, goats, pigs,
camels
The painting is very busy and very crowded. It has 3 panels to it. One of the panels is in the night. All of the people
are naked. There is a couple in a bubble. In one of the panels there is a person being torn apart and something
eating its leg. There are lots of animals. On the left panel towards the bottom it kind of looks like a scene from the
Garden of Eden.
The Garden of Earthly Delights
It seems like a very pretty luscous garden, there are many people having a good time. The are all naked which I am
not sure what it symbolizes and there are many people grouped with each other.
There is a lot going on in this painting, there are a lot of people and animals, there is also people inside of
something that looks like a bubble and someone else inside of a oyster or clam. It looks like there are 5 weird
shaped buildings or sculptures in the back ground.
"normal naked christian men and women" - the assumption that they are Christian men and women seems so
arbitrary, what makes you think they are Christian?
Miguel de Cervantes
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (29 September 1547 – 23 April 1616)
Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright.
"Magnum opus Don Quixote", often considered the first modern novel and also a classic of western literature.
His work is often considered amongst the most important works in all of Western literature.
His influence on the Spanish language has been so great that Spanish is often called la lengua de Cervantes,
Spanish for the language of Cervantes.
He was born in Alcalá de Henares, in modern day Madrid, Spain.
In 1569, Cervantes moved to Italy, where he served as a valet (male servants who serve as personal attendants to
their employer) to Giulio Acquaviva, a wealthy priest who was elevated to cardinal the next year.
By that time Cervantes had enlisted as a soldier in a Spanish Navy infantry regiment and continued his military life
until 1575, when he was captured by Algerian corsairs.
During this time in captivity it helped fuel him with information and ideas that helped give him subject matter for
several of his literary works, notably the Captive's tale in Don Quixote.
He was then released on ransom from his captors by his parents and the Trinitarians, a Catholic religious order. He
subsequently returned to his family in Madrid.
Jefferson loved 3 things: bacon, locks and newtons.
John Locke was an Oxford scholar, medical researcher and physician, political operative, economist and idealogue
for a revolutionary movement, as well as being one of the great philosophers of the late seventeenth and early
eighteenth century. His monumental Essay Concerning Human Understanding aims to determine the limits of
human understanding. Earlier writers such as Chillingworth had argued that human understanding was limited,
Locke tries to determine what those limits are. We can, he thinks, know with certainty that God exists. We can also
know about morality with the same precision we know about mathematics, because we are the creators of moral
and political ideas. In regard to natural substances we can know only the appearances and not the underlying
realities which produce those appearances. Still, the atomic hypothesis with its attendant distinction between
primary and secondary qualities is the most plausible available hypothesis.
Locke's Two Treatises of Civil Government were published after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 brought William of
Orange and Mary to the throne, but they were written in the throes of the Whig revolutionary plots against Charles
II in the early 1680s. In this work Locke gives us a theory of natural law and natural rights which he uses to
distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate civil governments, and to argue for the legitimacy of revolt against
tyrannical governments.
Locke wrote on a variety of other topics Among the most important of these is toleration. Henry VIII had created a
Church of England when he broke with Rome. This Church was the official religion of England. Catholics and
dissenting Protestants, e.g Quakers, Unitarians and so forth, were subject to legal prosecution. During much of the
Restoration period there was debate, negotiation and manuevering to include dissenting Protestants within the
Church of England. In a "Letter Concerning Toleration" and several defenses of that letter Locke argues for a
separation between church and state.
Thomas Hobbes
Lived from 1588-1679
He was an English philosopher
Lived through the turbulent English civil war
Published his definition of his political philosophy in 1651 in Leviathan
“All that is real is material, and what is not material is not real”
“Humans are far from being capable of the highest intellectual achievements, and that humans
are dangerous, aggressive creatures that need to be saved from themselves
Materialism
First modern proponent of materialism
He was interested in solving political problems rather than physiological problems
Hobbes believed that the truth laid only in material thing
His beliefs had little in common with his contemporaries
He was a revolutionary for his time.
Hobbes’ dilemma was that if he denied the existence of God he would risk outraging the public.
Hobbes totally denied the existence in the universe of any divinity established morality.
He never directly denies the existence of a God (but he might as well have)
According to Hobbes laws are created by humans to protect themselves from one another.
Which he thinks is necessary as a precaution because of the human nature of greed and
violence.
He says that organized society a consequence when individuals give up their personal liberty.
He says that the ideal result of society is when there is the greatest security, which is achieved
when there is an absolute ruler.
His book Leviathan instantly created scandal and it is still subject to continual attack
He offended everyone from intellectuals to theologians to rationalists.
He deemed their doctrine irrelevant and of “insignificant sound”
Hobbes said “humans are far from being capable of the highest intellectual achievements, and
that humans are dangerous, aggressive creatures that need to be saved from themselves
As the book states (and I agree) if people in modern times take a step back and look at their
own experience and observations of society, you cant help but see the truth (even if just a
kernel) in his beliefs.
Donne was born in London to a prominent Roman Catholic family but converted to Anglicanism during the 1590s.
was an English poet, preacher and a major representative of the metaphysical poets of the period
His poetry is noted for its vibrancy of language and inventiveness of metaphor
he lived in poverty for several years, relying heavily on wealthy friends
His satires dealt with common Elizabethan topics, such as corruption in the legal system, mediocre poets, and
pompous courtiers.
Donne's early career was also notable for his erotic poetry, especially his elegies, in which he employed
unconventional metaphors, such as a flea biting two lovers being compared to sex.
He earned a reputation as an eloquent preacher
Obsessed with the idea of death, Donne preached what was called his own funeral sermon, "Death's Duel" just a
few weeks before he died in London on March 31, 1631.
Whatever the subject, Donne's poems reveal the same characteristics that typified the work of the metaphysical
poets: dazzling wordplay, often explicitly sexual; paradox; subtle argumentation; surprising contrasts; intricate
psychological analysis; and striking imagery selected from nontraditional areas such as law, physiology, scholastic
philosophy, and mathematics.
The Flea:
"MARK but this flea, and mark in this,
How little that which thou deniest me is ;
It suck'd me first, and now sucks thee,
And in this flea our two bloods mingled be.
Thou know'st that this cannot be said
A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead ;
Yet this enjoys before it woo,
And pamper'd swells with one blood made of two ;
And this, alas ! is more than we would do.
O stay, three lives in one flea spare,
Where we almost, yea, more than married are.
This flea is you and I, and this
Our marriage bed, and marriage temple is.
Though parents grudge, and you, we're met,
And cloister'd in these living walls of jet.
Though use make you apt to kill me,
Let not to that self-murder added be,
And sacrilege, three sins in killing three.
Cruel and sudden, hast thou since
Purpled thy nail in blood of innocence?
Wherein could this flea guilty be,
Except in that drop which it suck'd from thee?
Yet thou triumph'st, and say'st that thou
Find'st not thyself nor me the weaker now.
'Tis true ; then learn how false fears be ;
Just so much honour, when thou yield'st to me,
Will waste, as this flea's death took life from thee."
He died on 31 March 1631 having written many poems, most only in manuscript. Donne is buried in St Paul's
Cathedral, where a memorial statue of him was erected (carved from a drawing of him in his shroud), with a Latin
epigraph probably composed by himself.
Group 1- Martyrdom of Saint Muarice and the Theban Legion
Bright colors, Angels, weapons, liquid skyline, angels have music intruments, offering scarifices or killing people,
important people are on a higher plane than the other people(above the masses),the people up close have a lighter
contrast than the people further back, a well dressed person is present, squire holding a knights helmet, there's a
decapitated body, a snake holding a piece of paper, and there is also a red flag.
The subject of the painting is the refusal of the worship of the pagan gods, which was appropiate for the church it
was painted for because they were the real center of the cruasades for the faith. Expreses the conviction of the faith
that inspired the crusades.
http://www.lib-art.com/imgpainting/3/1/11613-the-martyrdom-of-st-maurice-el-greco.jpg
Group 2
Resurrection by Matthias Grunewald is a depiction of the resurrection of Christ. He uses the resurrection as a stark
contrast to the tumbling soldiers below. The medium Grunewald used was oil paint on a wood plank. The dominant
colors are yellow and red. A majority of the work is very dark, while Christ is a harsh contrast with very bright
colors along with a burst of light behind him. Grunewald kept very abstract lines to keep a disorienting perspective.
The Calling of Saint Matthew:
Jesus is in the right corner pointing/calling to Matthew. Realistic painting, oil on canvas. It is supopse to look like a
photograph. Caravaggio uses lighting to create realistic shadows, and the one light source coming from the top
right puts emphasis to where he wants it. The light is a symbol of Jesus pointing to Matthew. The light shines
directly towards Matthews direction. Doesn't use many colors, only brown and black. Uses some color like red and
green to draw your eye to that location.
http://www.kmkz.com/jonesj/gallery/Calling%20of%20St.%20Matthew.jpg
Size of The Calling of Saint Matthew 11'1" x 11'5"
Link to Matthias Grunewald: Ressurection
http://www.abcgallery.com/G/grunewald/grunewald5.html
The Calling of Saint Matthew:
Jesus is in the right corner pointing/calling to Matthew. Realistic painting, oil on canvas. It is
supose to look like a photograph. Caravaggio uses lighting to creat realistic shadows, and the
one light source coming from the top right puts emphasis to where he wants it. The light is a
symbol of Jesus pointing to Matthew. The light shines directly towards Matthews direction.
Doesn't use many colors, only brown and black. Uses some color like red and green to draw
your eye to that location.
John Milton was born on December 9, 1608, in London, as the second child of John and Sara (neé Jeffrey) and lived
on Bread Street in Cheapside, near St. Paul's Cathedral.
John Milton Sr. worked as a scrivener, a legal secretary whose duties included preparation and notarization of
documents , as well as real estate transactions and money lending and The family's financial prosperity afforded
Milton to be educated.
In April 1637, Milton was nearing the end of his studies when his mother died and was buried at Horton.
Only a few months later, in August, Milton's friend Edward King died as well, by drowning. In November, upon his
memory, Milton composed the beautiful elegy, Lycidas. It was published in a memorial volume at Cambridge in
1638.
In the spring of 1642, Milton married Mary Powell, 17 years old to his 34, but the relationship was an unhappy one.
It is probable that Milton witnessed the public execution of Charles I on January 30, 1649.
The year 1652 was one of many personal losses for Milton. In February, Milton lost his sight.
For his propaganda writings, Milton had to go into hiding, for fear of retribution from the followers of King Charles
II.
Milton was arrested and thrown in prison, to be released by order of Parliament before Christmas.
He also remarried twice in his life and had children.
His Education:
Classical languages, first by private tutors at home, followed by entrance to St. Paul's School at age twelve, in 1620.
In 1625, Milton was admitted to Christ's College, Cambridge but was suspended for a dispute with his teacher
(William Chappel).
In 1632, Milton took his M.A. cum laude at Cambridge.
He later retired to the family homes in London and Horton, Buckinghamshire, for years of private study and literary
composition.
His works:
At Cambridge that he composed "On the Morning of Christ's Nativity" on December 25, 1629.
In 1632 he wrote the poem ―On Shakespeare‖.
He wrote ―L'Allegro" and "Il Penseroso."
Lycidas – 1638.
Paradise Lost - 1667. - His greatest work (most well known)
In 1643, Milton published the Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce, which had its second, longer edition in early 1644.
In 1644, Milton also published The Judgement of Martin Bucer Concerning Divorce.
In 1645, Milton published Tetrachordon and Colasterion, and registered Poems of Mr. John Milton, Both English and
Latin.
In 1654, Milton published Defensio Secund.
In 1655, Defensio Pro Se ("Defense of Himself") was published.
In early 1659, Milton published A Treatise of Civil Power and Ready and Easy Way To Establish a Free
Commonwealth.
In June, 1659, both Defensio pro populo Anglicano and Eikonoklastes were publicly burned.
http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/milton/ - for more information.
http://www.sparknotes.com/poetry/paradiselost
- In case you want to educate yourself on paradise lost. -
For the midterm be prepared for passage identification from Paradise Lost.
Characteristics of artistic change
•
• Gentile da Fabriano (c. 1385-1427)
– Adoration of the Magi (1423)
– Conservative International Gothic style
•
• Tommaso Guidi, aka Masaccio (1401-1428)
– The Holy Trinity (c. 1428)
– Clarity of line, perspective, realism, psychology
•
• Masaccio
– Realistic depiction of human beings
• The Tribute Money (c. 1427)
– Profound sense of emotion
• Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden (c. 1425)
– ―…brought into existence the modern style‖
•
• Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378-1455)
– Florence Baptistery, North Door competition
– Sentiment, mathematical perspective
– East Doors = ―Gates of Paradise‖
•
• Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1466)
– Renaissance architecture
– Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore
– Gothic + Classical Roman influences
•
• Foundling Hospital, Pazzi Chapel
– Classical order
– Intricate mathematical proportions
– Serenity
•
• Florentine Renaissance style
– Space, ancient models, human realism
– Reaffirmation of Classical ideals
•
• Medici rule of Florence: 1434-1492
• Immense banking fortune
– Branch banks throughout Western Europe
•
• Extensive geographic, sociological influence
– Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride (1434)
Compare the paintings of Caravaggio and Rembrandt with regard to subject matter and use of contrasts in light.
Their use of high amounts of contrasts makes their works very similar. Both used dark backgrounds while keeping
the subject matter almost glowing in brightness. Rembrandt did a lot of single person portraits, while Caravaggio
painted groups of people doing something. Rembrandts’ subject seemed to have a flat affect and Caravaggio
painted expressions into his subject’s faces. Caravaggio’s painting seem morbid in comparison to Rembrandt. Both
painters were masters of chiaroscuro, the use of dramatic contrasts of light and shadow to describe form.
What culture are you covering in the early renaissance?
The Renaissance in France Descirbe the birth and early develpoment of opera.
Opera was one of the most important innovations in the 17th century. This consisted of a play in which the text was
sung whether than spoken. It attracted aristocratic and middle class listeners. The first opera was preformed in
1600 in Florence, Florence being the birth place of the opera. Throughout Europe, opera houses became a form of
art. The first great composer of the operas was the Italian Monteverdi, whose L'Orfeo is the earliest opera that is
still preformed to this day. One of the later musicians of the period were German George Frideric Handel whose
operas were preformed in England and written in Italian.
Within our research we found that the Sabine people are a tribe. According to legend, Romulus—having settled
Rome with his warrior followers—attempted to negotiate marriages for them with the neighboring Sabine
tribe.When this failed he organized a festival as a ruse and invited the Sabines to attend. He is shown at the left
raising the hem on his cloak in a pre-arranged signal to his men, each of whom will carry off one of the Sabine
maidens, bringing her back to Rome to provide the great city with future generations. The story is told by Plutarch
("Life of Romulus, XIV") as well as Livy and Virgil.
This is a very busy painting that includes people and a horse. The men are very muscular in this painting meaning
that they are the dominant figure compared to the woman. While the women are suffering and on the ground being
torn away from their families. There is a male ruler present, directing his men on how to abduct the women. The
whole mood of the painting depicts violence, thus meaning everything from the yellow-gray clouds in the sky to the
magnled group of people.
The buildings present depicts Roman Architecture, including the coloums behind the ruler and the arched doorway
at the etreme right side of the painting.
The painting is oil on canvas.
Its dmensions are:
60 7/8 x 82 5/8 in. (154.6 x 209.9 cm)
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/images/h2/h2_46.160.jpg
Literature about the painting:
http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/european_paintings/the_abduction_of_the_sabi
ne_women_nicolas_poussin/objectview.aspx?collID=11&OID=110001777
Page Number in Textbook: 367
How are you all dividing up this topic?
What are the important aspects of the French Renaissance that you all are going to highlight?
We do have it divided amongst our 6 members, and we are all aware of what our individual topics. Our apologies
for it not being on the paper you were given. Thank you for your input.
Page 391- Question # 1 What characteristics are common to all the arts in the baroque period?
known as golden age of spanish painting, church was going through a new stage like a rebirth
and they wanted an art to match the greatness of the new shirt. Expresses strong emotions,
either religious or personal. this in turn led to an interest in exploring human behavior from a
psychological point of view.
Question #4 Pg.383-386
Thomas Hobbes was based on materialism and more interested in solving political problems
rather than philosophical.
John Locke thought that government should be eliminated, and thought that people knew what
was right and wrong and could be the judge for themselves. Renaissance was said to have
marked the birth of modern philosophy. Galileo had set forth a new way of approaching
scientific problems. Rene Descartes refuse to believe anything that could not be proven. He was
also the father of modern philosophy. Descartes said "who could ever have imagined God
unless God existed."
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Spent much of an unhappy and restless life writing philosophical treatises and novels that expressed his political
convictions.
Rousseau believed that the natural goodness of the human race had been corrupted by the growth of civilization
and that the freedom of the individual had been destroyed by the growth of society. For Rousseau, humans were
good and society was bad.
Although Rousseau’s writings express a complex political philosophy, most of his readers were more interested in
his emphasis on spontaneous feeling than in his political theories.
Jonathan Swift (1667-1745), Irish cleric, political pamphleteer, satirist, and author wrote Gulliver's Travels (1726).
Jonathan Swift was born on 30 November 1667 in Dublin, Ireland. Young Jonathan was a sickly child, and it is said
he later developed Meniere's Disease, which affects the inner ear and causes dizziness, vertigo, nausea, and hearing
loss. At the age of fourteen, in 1682 Swift entered Trinity College in Dublin, earning a B.A. four years later. Swift
wrote on many ecclesiastical. In his years as a cleric he wrote many works about how to inprove the lives of the
poor in Ireland. One of the poems he wrote, "A Modest Proposal", Talked on how using the babys of the poor for
food for the english upper class to better the lives of the Irerish population. This well known work of his is still
today read and descust in schools all around the globe. On 19 October 1745 Jonathan Swift died. He had written his
own epitaph, which Irish author William Butler Yeats loosely translated from the Latin as Swift has sailed into his
rest. Savage indignation there cannot lacerate his breast. Imitate him if you dare, world-besotted traveller. He
served human liberty.
Jonathan Swift was a famous satirist writer that was very famous for his outrageous and sarcastic arguments.
One of his most famous works came in the story often referred to as ―A Modest Proposal. ‖ In ―A Modest Proposal‖
Swift proposes that the Irish can achieve financial gain if they would simply sell their children as food to the rich
nobles. Swifts intention was to mock the authority of the British officials.
Swift goes through great lengths to defend and support his argument. He even addresses the possible objections to
his outrageous ideas. This has long been called one of the greatest examples of iron in the English language.
Personally I thought that this piece shows great wit and a very twisted yet smart sense of humor. It was funny to
me that someone could be able to throw together facts to be able to make a decent argument for an incredible
indecent idea. While his proposal is certainly nothing that anyone would seriously present as a solution to the
problem, from a strictly persuasive writing standpoint Swift did have the facts and ideas to back up his argument. I
found it pretty funny and interesting to read.
born in Dublin, Ireland on November 30 1667
"Satire is a sort of glass wherein beholders do generally discover everybody's face but their own; which is the chief
reason for that kind reception it meets with in the world, and that so very few are offended with it. But, if it should
happen otherwise, the danger is not great; and I have learned from long experience never to apprehend mischief
from those understandings I have been able to provoke: for anger and fury, though they add strength to the sinews
of the body, yet are found to relax those of the mind, and to render all its efforts feeble and impotent. .... Wit
without knowledge being a sort of cream, which gathers in a night to the top, and by a skilful hand may be soon
whipped into froth; but once scummed away, what appears underneath will be fit for nothing but to be thrown to
the hogs."
Johnathan Swift is a brilliant writer whom some may judge as a cretion. His works were of the satirical kind, and
thus people miss took his writings as god awful acts in which he practices(i.e. eating babies).Swift has been
labelled as a hater of mankind. "Principally I hate and detest that animal called man; although I heartily love John,
Peter, Thomas, and so forth, " Swift wrote in a letter to Alexander Pope. However, Swift defended ordinary Irish
people against England's economic oppression and he was known as a prankster. His works had a realism to them
that many people believed him to be crazy, such as one of his works none as Gulliver's Travels. He was a very
intelligent man, using grand metaphors and his satrical wit to try and make everyone see beyond the looking glass,
to see the big picture within the big picture.
Jonathan Swift was a very interesting man who most is known for his writings, A Modest Proposal, and Gulliver’s
Travels.
A Modest Proposal is a satirical essay written by Swift and it was his idea to cutting down on the population. He
believed that there were too many people crowding the streets and becoming beggars because they could not
afford to pay for their families. Therefore he suggested that people, should either sell themselves to Barbados as
slaves or children/people should be ate to cut down on the population. Swift’s ideas towards the benefits were that
one would not have to worry about food and that they could gain money in the end buy loosing the burden of the
children.
Also, Swift wrote Gulliver’s Travels, about a man who was in search of a town. When coming across a town he
realizes that he is the hugest thing around. The village people take him down and tie him up. This work by Swift is
very comical and interesting because he wrote about a man that was a giant who didn’t fit into the little world what
so ever.
Jonathan Swift was a satirist, essayist and a poet. When reading about Swift I remember his most famous work A
Modest Proposal and Gulliver’s Travels. A Modest Proposal was mainly about a Juvenalian satirical essay and
Gulliver’s Travels is about satire on human nature. Also when reading about Swift I noticed he has two different
styles of satire the Horatian and Juvenalian styles. When publishing his work he would normally do his work under
pseudonyms or anonymously.
In A Modest Proposal, Swift appears to suggest in his essay that the impoverished Irish might ease their economic
troubles by selling children as food for rich gentlemen and ladies. Swift was being satirical in his extreme proposal
for eating children, the proposal targets reformers who ―regard people as commodities.‖ Swifts target in A Modest
proposal was not the conditions in Ireland but the can do spirit of the times that led people to devise a number of
illogical schemes that would supposedly solve social and economic ills. And he adopts the ―technique of a political
arithmetician‖ to show the ridiculousness of trying to prove any proposal with dispassionate statistics.
Jonathan Swift is known for his literature masterpiece "Gulliver Travels" , where he takes his experiences from
active years as part of the whig and then Tories party and gives a timeless illustration of the pettiness of politics,
people, and the games people play. I believe alot of his work reflects the bitterness he experience from not being
raised by his mother ( he was raised by his uncle who provided him with a very good education, even though he
didn't excel) and not knowing his father who passed away seven months before he was born. Another quote we
may be familiar with that Jonathan Swift is known for is " Every dog has it's Day"
Random Swift Facts.
He was ordained an Anglican priest in 1695. His first major work, A Tale of a Tub (1704), comprises three satiric
sketches on religion and learning; he also became known for religious and political essays and impish pamphlets
written under the name "Isaac Bickerstaff." Many of his works were under false names. Swift was very close with a
childless woman named Esther Johnson who became his ward at a very young age. While some believe the two
were married later in life, no conclusive evidence has been found. Swift was a member of the Martinus Scriblerus
Club, a society of writers that included Swift’s friends Alexander Pope and John Gay. With most of his close friends
dead, Swift bequeathed much of his fortune to the founding of what was then known as St. Patrick’s Hospital for
Imbeciles.
Jonathan Swift was born on November 30, 1667 and died October 19, 1745. He lived as a child in Dublin, Ireland
where he attended college at a fairly young age. He graduated with a B.A. in 1686 but two years later during the
Glorious Revolution he was forced to relocate to England. In 1690 he went back to Ireland due to his health, but
then moved back to England a year later. He was diagnosed with Vertigo, now known to be Ménière's disease. This
disease would stay with him until his death in 1745.
As a writer, he received his Doctor of Divinity degree from Trinity College in Dublin in 1702. After this he began
writing stories that built his reputation quickly. He was recruited by the Tory leadership to be a editor of the
examiner.
Throughout all this he managed to hold secret relationships with different women. Most relationships not lasting
very long.
Later, near 1720, he would go back to Ireland and support their causes, writing a number of different pamphlets.
Then, on October 19, 1745, Swift died. After being laid out in public view for the people of Dublin to pay their last
respects, he was buried in his own cathedral by Esther Johnson's side, in accordance with his wishes.
Voltaire was an French enlightenment writer and philosopher who was born in 1694. His intellegence and humor
made him popular among others. He defended religion and political freedom. He wrote poems, novels, plays and
historical works. His famous book was Candide, which was focused on philosophical optimism. The novel Candide
was fantastical and a very fast moving story plot. Voltaire was a humorous person and he viewed the world with
more of a skeptical approach. Famous for his quotes such as
"Business is the salt of life."
"All men are born with a nose and ten fingers, but no one was born with a knowledge of God."
In the same era and compared to Rousseau's rebelliousness and idealism, Voltaire's world view was more skeptical,
but both of their ideas influenced the French Revolution. Voltaire disliked Rousseau and wrote to him in 1761
saying, "One feels like crawling on all fours after reading your work." So he obviously disliked Rousseau’s writings.
They were compared to each other, but Voltaire thought he was much better and that Rousseau’s writings were
stupid.
Voltaire had troubles with the authorities, but he energetically attacked the government and the Catholic church.
These activities led to numerous imprisonments and exiles. In his early twenties he spent eleven months in the
Bastille for writing satiric verses about the aristocracy. He was a non-conformer and got noticed for it, if everyone is
going along one path with politics and Catholicism then the best way to get noticed is to go the opposite direction.
He broke from the tradition of narrating diplomatic and military events, and religion, and emphasized customs,
social history and achievements in the arts and sciences. Influenced by Bossuet's Discourse on the Universal history
(1682), he was the first scholar to make a serious attempt to write the history of the world, eliminating theological
frameworks, and emphasizing economics, culture and political history.
http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/voltaire.htm
François Marie Arouet was born in Paris, the youngest of the five children
By the time he left school, Voltaire had decided he wanted to be a writer, against the wishes of his father who
wanted him to become a notary.
Most of Voltaire's early life revolved around Paris. From early on, Voltaire had trouble with the authorities for even
mild critiques of the government and the Catholic Church. These activities were to result in numerous
imprisonments and exiles
The young man was intrigued by Britain's constitutional monarchy in contrast to the French absolute monarchy, as
well as the country's relative support of the freedoms of speech and religion.
After almost three years in exile, Voltaire returned to Paris and published his views on British attitudes towards
government, literature, and religion in a collection of essays in letter form entitled the Lettres philosophiques sur
les Anglais (Philosophical Letters on the English). Because he regarded the British constitutional monarchy as more
developed and more respectful of human rights (particularly religious tolerance) than its French counterpart, these
letters met great controversy in France, to the point where the book was burnt and Voltaire was forced again to
flee.
Voltaire's next destination was the Château de Cirey, located on the borders of Champagne and Lorraine. The
building was renovated with his money, and here he began a relationship with the Marquise du Châtelet, Gabrielle
Émilie le Tonnelier de Breteuil
Together, they studied these books and performed experiments in the "natural sciences" in his laboratory. Voltaire's
experiments included an attempt to determine the elements of fire.
They studied, translated, and spread the works of Isaac Newton. i.e. gravity, and optics
He moved around a lot. Everywhere he went, it seemed that he was either persecuted for his ideologies and beliefs,
or welcomed as a hero.
In February 1778, Voltaire returned for the first time in 20 years to Paris, among other reasons to see the opening
of his latest tragedy, Irene. The 5-day journey was too much for the 83-year old, and he believed he was about to
die on February 28, writing "I die adoring God, loving my friends, not hating my enemies, and detesting
superstition.
Voltaire did not believe that any single religious text or tradition of revelation was needed to believe in God.
His real name is François-Marie Arouet. He adopted the name Voltaire in 1718, to seperate himself from his family
and his past. His father hated the fact that his son wanted to be a writer. He pretended to be working in Paris as an
assistant to a notary, but was actually writing poetry. His father found out and sent him to study law. He is known
for using at least 178 different names in his lifetime. He wrote two book-long epic poems including the first ever
written in French, the Henriade, and then, The Maid of Orleans. Voltaire also had many private conversations in
writing more than 20,000 letters.Voltaire did not believe that any single religious tradition of revelation was needed
to believe in God. Like other key thinkers during the European Enlightenment, Voltaire considered himself a deist,
expressing the idea: "What is faith? Is it to believe that which is evident?
Alexander Pope was born in London. His father, Alexander Pope, was a Roman Catholic linen-merchant. His mother,
Edith (Turner) Pope, was forty-four years old when she had her only child, Alexander. When Alexander's family
moved to Binfield in Windsor Forest, Alexander developed tuberculosis through infected milk. Researchers believe it
was Pott's disease, a tubercular disease in the bones. he also suffered from headaches, asthma, and his humpback
made him a prime target for people to criticize and in his middle ages he was 4 ft 6 in tall and had to wear a
stiffened canvas bodice to support his back. When pope moed to London his publish his first major work, "An Essay
on Criticism". the book was based on derived standards of taste from the order of nature and neoclassical
doctrines.In 1712 Pope publishes an early version of "The Rape of the Lock", an elegant satire about the follies of a
young woman with her "puffs, powwders, Bibles, and billet-doux" and the battle between the sexes. Pope admired
Vergilius and Horace and he also valued them as models for poetry. Pope's greatest achievements were the
translations of Iliad and Odyssey into English, the success of these translations enabled him to move to
Twickenham from anti-Catholic pressure of Jacobites. Pope, however, remained Catholic until the passing of his
mother and father.
Before Pope passed away it was said that he was dillusional for a short period of time and he claimed that he
saw an arm coming through the wall and his last epic poem, Brutus, was left unfinished.
1.The term that is used to describe a painting that has extreme contrast between light and dark
a. Cantata
b. Concerto
c. Chiaroscuro***
d. Kantor
2. Who was the first leading proponent of materialism
a. Thomas Hobbs*****
b. John Locke
c. Machiavelli
d. Van Eyke
3. Caravaggio’s paintings are an important example of what era?
a. Baroque****
b. High renaissance
c. Romantic
d. Reformation
4.Who commissioned what is largely considered the most important translation of the Bible?
a. Henery XIII
b. Louis XIV
c. Fredrick the Great
d. James I****
5. Who wrote the book the Leviathan?
a. Locke
b. Descartes
c. Milton
d. Hobbes****
1) This Italian city is most famous for its oil paintings (not frescoes).
a. Venice
b. Pisa
c. Genoa
d. Naples
2) Used by Castiglione, this term means "effortless mastery."
a. terribilità
b. cappella Giulia
c. uomo
d. sprezzatura
3) This term identifies music sung without instrumental accompaniment.
a. fresco
b. sprezzatura
c. tocotta
d. a capella
4) This artist and creator of a bronze statue of Perseus also was imprisoned for assault, was banished from
Florence, and fled Rome after murdering a man.
a. Cellini
b. Giorgione
c. Castiglione
d. Titian
5) In a manner similar to that used by Caravaggio, this artist incorporated chiaroscuro techniques in her paintings.
a. Pontormo
b. Anguissola
c. Tintoretto
d. Titian
Which restoration was the Northern Renaissance linked to?
The Protestant Reformation.
In what country did the Reformation start in?
Germany
What did the Roman Catholic doctrine consist of?
Indulgences
Which sculptor sculpted the Saltcellar of Francis I?
Cellini
1)Who won the baptistery competition to decorate the doors for the cathedral of Florence?
A)
B)
C) Ghiberti!!!!
D)
2) Which Republic was the banking center of Italy?
A) Rome
B) Venice
C) Bologna
D) Florence!!!!!
3) Which Family ruled Florence?
A) Medici!!!!!!
B) Borgia
C)Strozzi
D) Gondi
4) Who invented movable printing press?
A)
B) Gutenberg!!!!
C)
D)
5) Who painted the Mona Lisa?
A)Raphael
B)Leonardo !!!!!
C)Michelangelo
D)Donatello
E) Splinter
1) A
2) D
3) D
4) A
5) B
chp 16:
Who wrote A Modest Proposal?
A) Swift *
B) Pope
C) Voltaire
D) Paine
Recognized as the "Father of Archaeology," this man encouraged contemporaries to admire ancient masterpieces
and to imitate them.
a. Winckelmann
b. Tiepolo
c. Bouchard
d. Fragonard
Answer: A - Winckelmann
Ch. 16
Who painted Love Letters?
A.) Thomas Gainsborough
B.) Jean Honore Fragonard
C.) Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
D.) Francois Bouche
Answer: B
What does Voltaires Candide represent?
The Cruelty and Stupidity of the human race.