Caseload Characteristics
For additional information, please contact
Jeanette Janota, Surveys & Analysis Team
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
Rockville, MD 20850
800-498-2071, ext. 8738
[email protected]
ASHA SLP Health Care Survey 2013: Caseload Characteristics Report
Contents
Executive Summary....................................................................................................................1
Activities ......................................................................................................................................2
Facility ............................................................................................................................................. 2
Populations Served ....................................................................................................................3
Facility ............................................................................................................................................ 3
Population Density........................................................................................................................... 3
Years of Experience......................................................................................................................... 3
Adult Services .............................................................................................................................4
Facility ............................................................................................................................................. 4
Population Density........................................................................................................................... 5
Years of Experience......................................................................................................................... 5
Pediatric Services .......................................................................................................................6
Facility ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Population Density........................................................................................................................... 7
Autism..........................................................................................................................................7
Facility ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Population Density........................................................................................................................... 7
Swallowing ..................................................................................................................................8
Population Density........................................................................................................................... 8
Survey Notes and Methodology ................................................................................................ 8
Response Rate.................................................................................................................................. 8
Other Reports ................................................................................................................................... 8
Suggested Citation .....................................................................................................................9
Supplemental Sources ...............................................................................................................9
Additional Information................................................................................................................9
Thank You....................................................................................................................................9
Appendix: State Listings and Data Tables ............................................................................. 10
Regions of the Country .................................................................................................................. 11
Table 1:
Populations Served by Type of Facility ..................................................................... 12
Table 2:
Adult Patients, Areas of Intervention ......................................................................... 13
Table 3:
Pediatric Patients, Areas of Intervention .................................................................... 15
Table 4:
Swallowing Services by Type of Facility................................................................... 17
Figures
Figure 1:
Figure 2:
Figure 3:
Activities ...................................................................................................................... 2
Populations Served ....................................................................................................... 3
Adult Areas of Intervention.......................................................................................... 4
i
ASHA SLP Health Care Survey 2013: Caseload Characteristics Report
Figure 4:
Pediatric Areas of Intervention..................................................................................... 6
Table 1:
Pediatric Areas of Intervention by Population Density ................................................ 7
Table
ii
ASHA SLP Health Care Survey 2013: Caseload Characteristics Report
Executive
Summary
The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) conducted a survey
of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) in the spring of 2013. The survey was
designed to provide information about health care–based service delivery and to
update and expand information gathered during previous SLP Health Care Surveys.
The results are presented in a series of reports.
This report addresses only questions on the survey pertaining to caseload. Data are
drawn from all six types of health care facilities: general medical and long-term
acute care (LTAC) hospitals, rehabilitation (rehab) hospitals, pediatric hospitals,
skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), home health agencies and clients’ homes, and
outpatient clinics and offices.
Highlights:
Š
73% of SLPs’ time was spent in individual treatment.
Š
60% of services were to adults.
Š
In adult settings, 41% of services were in the area of
swallowing.
Š
Time spent on swallowing was highest in general medical
and LTAC hospitals (59%).
Š
Times spent on aphasia (23%) and traumatic brain injury
(TBI; 19%) in adults were highest in rehabilitation
hospitals.
Š
In pediatric settings, 38% of services were in the area of
language.
Š
SLPs who provided pediatric services in outpatient
clinics spent more time on articulation and phonology
(28%) and fluency (5%) than did SLPs in other types of
facilities.
Š
22% of the average (mean) pediatric caseload was
children with autism.
Š
12% of respondents said professionals other than SLPs
provided primary swallowing services in their facilities.
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ASHA SLP Health Care Survey 2013: Caseload Characteristics Report
Activities
SLPs in health care facilities spent the overwhelming majority of their time
providing direct treatment: 73% to individuals and 1% in group settings. They also
spent 20% of their time providing clinical documentation.
Figure 1. Activities
Documentation
20%
Other
6%
Group
treatment
1%
Individual
treatment
73%
n = 1,663
Facility
The activities performed by SLPs who were clinical service providers varied by the
type of facility in which they worked:
x Individual treatment ranged from 67% in pediatric hospitals to 77% in
SNFs (p = .000).
x Group treatment ranged from less than 1% in SNFs and home health
agencies or clients’ homes to 3% in rehabilitation hospitals (p = .000).
x Clinical documentation accounted for 17% of the time of SLPs in SNFs but
23% in general medical and LTAC and pediatric hospitals (p = .000).
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ASHA SLP Health Care Survey 2013: Caseload Characteristics Report
Populations
Served
The clinical service providers in the survey provided, on average (mean), 60% of
their services to adults (see Figure 2). Remaining services were fairly evenly
distributed among infants and toddlers, preschoolers, and school-age children.
Figure 2. Populations Served
Infants/
toddlers
15%
Preschoolers
13%
Adults
60%
School-age
children
11%
n = 1,686
Facility
The range of clients’ ages varied widely by type of facility (p = .000; see
Appendix, Table 1):
x Not surprisingly, a large majority of services in SNFs (99%), rehabilitation
hospitals (89%), and general medical and LTAC hospitals (89%) were
provided to adults.
x In pediatric hospitals, services were distributed between infants and
toddlers (42%), preschoolers (32%), and school-age children (25%).
x In home health agencies and clients’ homes, most services were provided
to infants and toddlers (43%) and adults (33%), with the remainder to
preschoolers (16%) and school-age children (8%).
x Outpatient clinics and offices had the most even distribution by age: 30%
to preschoolers, 29% to school-age children, 26% to adults, and 15% to
infants and toddlers.
Population
Density
Only services to school-age children varied significantly by population density.
Clinical service providers identified the type of area where they worked (rural,
suburban, metropolitan/urban) and the time spent serving school-age children.
Those in rural areas spent 7% of their time with school-age children; those in
metropolitan/urban areas, 11%; those in suburban areas, 12% (p = .004).
Years of
Experience
Two age groups varied by years of experience:
x Time spent with infants and toddlers ranged from 10% for clinicians with
22 to 24 years or 31 or more years of experience to 22% for those with 13
to 15 years of experience (p = .011).
x Time with preschoolers varied between 10% (clinicians with 22 to 24 years
of experience) and 19% (those with 13 to 15 years; p = .031).
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ASHA SLP Health Care Survey 2013: Caseload Characteristics Report
Adult
Services
More adult service time was in the area of swallowing (42%) than in any other area
of intervention (see Figure 3). This was true overall and for each type of facility
(see Appendix, Table 2).
Figure 3. Adult Areas of Intervention
Voice/
resonance
6%
Other
2%
AAC
3%
Accent
modification
1%
Aphasia
16%
Dementia
15%
Swallowing
42%
TBI
8%
Motor speech
7%
Other cognitive
2%
n = 1,148
AAC = augmentative and alternative communication
TBI = traumatic brain injury
Facility
All 10 areas of intervention were affected by the type of facility where the SLPs
worked (see Appendix, Table 2):
x SLPs in clinics spent more time on augmentative and alternative
communication (7%), other cognitive communication disorders (5%),
voice/resonance (15%), and other services (8%) than did SLPs in other
types of facilities (p = .000).
x More time was spent addressing motor speech disorders in home health
and clients’ homes than in other environments (10%; p = .000).
x Time spent on dementia services was highest in SNFs (27%; p = .000).
x Time spent on aphasia (23%) and traumatic brain injury (TBI; 19%) was
highest in rehabilitation hospitals (p = .000).
x No more than 1% of time in any type of facility was spent on accent
modification/communication effectiveness (p = .023).
x Time spent on swallowing was highest in general medical and LTAC
hospitals (59%; p = .000).
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ASHA SLP Health Care Survey 2013: Caseload Characteristics Report
Population
Density
Only four adult services varied by population density (not shown in any table):
x SLPs in rural areas spent more time on dementia services (21%) than did
SLPs in suburban (15%) or SLPs in metropolitan (12%) areas (p = .000).
x Approximately 6% of SLPs’ time in rural areas was spent on TBI compared
with 7% of SLPs’ time in suburban and 9% of SLPs’ time in metropolitan
areas (p = .032).
x Time spent on voice/resonance depended on locale and accounted for 4%
of SLPs’ time in rural areas, 5% of SLPs’ time in suburban areas, and 7%
of SLPs’ time in metropolitan/urban areas (p = .026).
x A small amount of time was spent by SLPs on other communication
disorders, with a range from less than 1% for SLPs in rural areas to 2% for
those in suburban areas and 3% for those in metropolitan/urban areas (p =
.031).
Years of
Experience
Half of the areas of adult services (i.e., aphasia, motor speech, swallowing,
voice/resonance, and other services) were affected by years of experience, but not
in a linear fashion. That is, the percentage of time that clinicians spent with
individuals with a specific disorder did not increase or decrease in a straight line as
the number of years of experience increased.
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ASHA SLP Health Care Survey 2013: Caseload Characteristics Report
Pediatric
Services
SLPs who worked with pediatric patients spent a greater percentage of their time
on language (38%) than on any other area of intervention. Additionally, nearly one
quarter of their time was spent on articulation and phonology (see Figure 4).
Facility
The type of facility in which SLPs worked had an effect on 7 of the 10 areas of
intervention included in the survey:
x SLPs in home health agencies and clients’ homes (47%) spent more time
on language than did SLPs in other types of facilities (p = .000).
x SLPs in general medical and LTAC hospitals (36%) spent more time on
swallowing and feeding than did SLPs in other facility types (p = .000).
x SLPs in pediatric hospitals spent more time on resonance (3%) than did
SLPs elsewhere (p = .011), and those in outpatient clinics and offices spent
more time on voice (4%) than did SLPs in other types of facilities (p =
.002).
x SLPs in outpatient clinics spent more time on articulation and phonology
(28%) and on fluency (5%) than did other SLPs (p = .000).
x SLPs in rehabilitation hospitals spent considerably more time on cognitive
communication (28%) than did other SLPs (p = .000; see Appendix,
Table 3).
Figure 4. Pediatric Areas of Intervention
Voice
Swallowing 2%
15%
Resonance
1%
Other
2%
Articulation/
phonology
24%
Prevention/
wellness
1%
Language
38%
AAC
5%
Cognitive
communication
8%
Fluency
3%
n = 818
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ASHA SLP Health Care Survey 2013: Caseload Characteristics Report
Population
Density
Half of the areas of intervention differed by population density (p < .05). The
largest was a 9% difference between the amount of time spent by urban and rural
SLPs in the area of articulation and phonology (see Table 1).
Table 1. Pediatric Areas of Intervention by Population Density
Area of Intervention
Urban
Suburban
Rural
p
(n = 345)
(n = 338)
(n = 121)
Articulation–phonology
Augmentative and
alternative communication
(AAC)
Cognitive
communication
Fluency
20.1
26.0
28.9
.000
5.0
5.2
8.0
.038
8.6
7.8
7.1
.605
3.3
2.9
2.8
.805
Language
35.7
41.4
37.1
.008
0.8
0.8
1.9
.033
19.5
11.9
11.2
.000
Voice
2.7
1.3
2.0
.142
Resonance
2.0
0.8
0.7
.081
Other
2.4
2.0
0.4
.157
Prevention/wellness
Swallowing and feeding
Autism
Children with autism accounted for an average (mean) of 22% of the caseload of
SLPs in health care facilities. The median was 15%.
Facility
Both medians and means varied by type of facility. Medians were 0% in general
medical and LTAC hospitals, 1% in rehabilitation hospitals, 10% in pediatric
hospitals, 15% in home health agencies or clients’ homes, and 25% in outpatient
clinics or offices.
Means were 11% in general medical and LTAC hospitals, 17% in rehabilitation
hospitals, 20% in home health agencies or clients’ homes, 21% in pediatric
hospitals, and 28% in outpatient clinics or offices (p = .000; not shown in any
table).
Population
Density
Population density had an impact on the proportion of children with autism in
SLPs’ caseloads: 20% of the caseload of clinicians in metropolitan/urban and rural
areas and 24% of the caseload of SLPs in suburban areas (p = .047; not shown in
any table).
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ASHA SLP Health Care Survey 2013: Caseload Characteristics Report
Swallowing
In response to a question asking whether professionals other than SLPs provided
primary swallowing services in their facilities, an average of 12% said yes. This
varied from 2% in SNFs to 47% in pediatric hospitals (see Appendix, Table 4).
There was no effect based on years of experience (p = .537).
Population
Density
Population density had an impact on the proportion of SLPs who reported that
other professionals provided primary swallowing services (p = .000; not shown in
any table). This response was made by:
x 5% of SLPs in rural areas
x 10% of SLPs in suburban areas
x 15% of SLPs in metropolitan or urban areas.
Survey
Notes and
The SLP Health Care Survey has been fielded in odd-numbered years since 2005 to
gather information of interest to the profession. Members, volunteer leaders, and
staff rely on data from the survey to better understand the priorities and needs of
SLPs.
Methodology
Response Rate
The survey was mailed in February 2013 to a random sample of 4,000
ASHA-certified SLPs who were employed in health care settings in the
United States. An e-mail reminder was sent a week later. Second (March) and
third (April) mailings followed, at approximately 3- or 4-week intervals, to
individuals who had not responded to earlier mailings.
The sample was a random sample, stratified by type of facility and by private
practice. Small groups, such as pediatric hospitals, were oversampled.
Therefore, weighting was used when presenting data to reflect the actual
distribution of SLPs in each type of facility within ASHA.
Of the original 4,000 SLPs in the sample, 1 was deceased, 10 were retired, 4
had bad addresses, 133 were employed in other types of facilities, 20 were not
employed in the field, and 5 were ineligible for other reasons, leaving 3,827
possible respondents. The actual number of respondents was 2,048, resulting
in a 53.5% response rate. The results presented in this report are based on
responses from those 2,048 individuals.
Other Reports
Results from the 2013 SLP Health Care Survey are presented in a series of reports
at www.asha.org:
x Survey Summary Report
x Caseload Characteristics
x Workforce and Practice Issues
x Annual Salary Report
x Hourly and Per Visit Wage Report
x Private Practice Owners
x Survey Methodology, Respondent Demographics, and Glossary
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ASHA SLP Health Care Survey 2013: Caseload Characteristics Report
Suggested
Citation
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2013). ASHA SLP Health Care
Survey 2013: Caseload characteristics. Available from www.asha.org.
Supplemental
Resources
Practice Portal. www.asha.org/practice-portal.
Information for Speech-Language Pathologists. www.asha.org/slp/.
Multicultural Affairs and Resources. www.asha.org/practice/multicultural/.
Additional
Information
For additional information regarding the 2013 SLP Health Care Survey, please
contact Gennith Johnson, associate director of Health Care Services, at 800-4982071, ext. 5681, or [email protected]; Monica Sampson, associate director of
Health Care Services, at ext. 5686, or [email protected]; or Janet Brown,
director of Health Care Services, at ext. 5679, or [email protected]. To learn more
about resources for ASHA members working in health care, visit ASHA’s website
at www.asha.org/slp/healthcare.
Thank You
ASHA would like to thank the SLPs who completed the 2013 Health Care Survey.
Reports like this one are only possible because people like you participate.
Is this information valuable to you? If so, please accept invitations to participate
in other ASHA-sponsored surveys and focus groups. You are the experts, and we
rely on you to provide data to share with your fellow members. ASHA surveys
benefit you.
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ASHA SLP Health Care Survey 2013: Caseload Characteristics Report
Appendix:
State Listings and
Data Tables
10
ASHA SLP Health Care Survey 2013: Caseload Characteristics Report
Regions of the
Country
Northeast
i Middle Atlantic
o
New Jersey
o
New York
o
Pennsylvania
i New England
o
Connecticut
o
Maine
o
Massachusetts
o
New Hampshire
o
Rhode Island
o
Vermont
South
i East South Central
o
Alabama
o
Kentucky
o
Mississippi
o
Tennessee
i South Atlantic
o
Delaware
o
District of Columbia
o
Florida
o
Georgia
o
Maryland
o
North Carolina
o
South Carolina
o
Virginia
o
West Virginia
i West South Central
o
Arkansas
o
Louisiana
o
Oklahoma
o
Texas
Midwest
i East North Central
o
Illinois
o
Indiana
o
Michigan
o
Ohio
o
Wisconsin
i West North Central
o
Iowa
o
Kansas
o
Minnesota
o
Missouri
o
Nebraska
o
North Dakota
o
South Dakota
West
i Mountain
o
Arizona
o
Colorado
o
Idaho
o
Montana
o
Nevada
o
New Mexico
o
Utah
o
Wyoming
i Pacific
o
Alaska
o
California
o
Hawaii
o
Oregon
o
Washington
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ASHA SLP Health Care Survey 2013: Caseload Characteristics Report
Table 1: Populations Served by Type of Facility
18.
Of the time that you spend providing clinical services, approximately what percentage is spent with the following age groups? Total must
equal 100%. (Percentages)
Analyses limited to respondents who met the following criteria:
™
CCC-SLP
™
Clinical service provider
™
Employed full-time or part-time
General
Home Health/
Medical/
Rehab
Pediatric
Outpatient
Age Groups
Total
SNF
Client’s
LTAC
Hospital
Hospital
Clinic/ Office
Home
Hospital
(n = 1,686)
(n = 280)
(n = 135)
(n = 68)
(n = 413)
(n = 351)
(n = 413)
Infant-toddlers
Mean
15.4
Statistical significance
4.1
2.7
F = 176.3, df = 5, 1653, p = .000
42.2
0.2
42.6
15.2
31.8
0.3
16.4
30.2
24.5
0.6
8.4
28.9
1.4
98.9
32.7
25.8
Preschool
Mean
13.3
Statistical significance
4.1
3.8
F = 146.3, df = 5, 1653, p = .000
School age
Mean
11.0
Statistical significance
3.3
4.1
F = 159.1, df = 5, 1653, p = .000
Adults
Mean
60.2
Statistical significance
88.5
89.4
F = 405.8, df = 5, 1653, p = .000
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ASHA SLP Health Care Survey 2013: Caseload Characteristics Report
Table 2: Adult Patients, Areas of Intervention
21.
Of the time that you spend providing ADULT services, approximately what percentage is spent in the following areas? Total must equal
100%. (Mean percentages)
Analyses limited to respondents who met the following criteria:
™
CCC-SLP
™
Clinical service provider
™
Employed full-time or part-time
General
Home Health/
Medical/
Rehab
Pediatric
Outpatient
Adult Services
Total
SNF
Client’s
LTAC
Hospital
Hospital
Clinic/ Office
Home
Hospital
(n = 1,148)
(n = 263)
(n = 119)
(n = 7)
(n = 396)
(n = 145)
(n = 199)
AAC
Mean
3.1
Statistical significance
1.1
2.8
F = 20.0, df = 5, 1122, p = .000
(n < 25)
1.4
5.8
6.6
(n < 25)
0.1
1.3
1.4
(n < 25)
12.5
19.3
17.3
27.3
14.0
5.1
3.1
5.4
12.4
Accent modification/communication effectiveness
Mean
0.5
Statistical significance
0.1
0.2
F = 2.6, df = 5, 1122, p = .023
Aphasia
Mean
15.6
Statistical significance
13.9
23.3
F = 14.6, df = 5, 1122, p = .000
Cognitive communication: Dementia
Mean
14.7
Statistical significance
5.5
8.7
F = 113.1, df = 5, 1122, p = .000
(n < 25)
Cognitive communication: TBI
Mean
7.6
Statistical significance
6.7
19.2
F = 43.9, df = 5, 1122, p = .000
(n < 25)
(Table 2 continues on next page.)
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ASHA SLP Health Care Survey 2013: Caseload Characteristics Report
Table 2 (Continued): Adult Patients, Areas of Intervention
21.
Of the time that you spend providing ADULT services, approximately what percentage is spent in the following areas? Total must equal
100%. (Mean percentages)
Analyses limited to respondents who met the following criteria:
™
CCC-SLP
™
Clinical service provider
™
Employed full-time or part-time
General
Home Health/
Medical/
Rehab
Pediatric
Outpatient
Adult Services
Total
SNF
Client’s
LTAC
Hospital
Hospital
Clinic/ Office
Home
Hospital
(n = 1,148)
(n = 263)
(n = 119)
(n = 7)
(n = 396)
(n = 145)
(n = 199)
Cognitive communication: Other
Mean
2.4
Statistical significance
1.5
3.3
F = 5.4, df = 5, 1122, p = .000
(n < 25)
1.5
2.2
5.2
(n < 25)
4.8
9.5
9.1
(n < 25)
46.4
35.1
20.2
(n < 25)
2.6
5.2
14.9
(n < 25)
0.3
2.2
7.9
Motor speech
Mean
6.8
Statistical significance
6.3
8.3
F = 9.2, df = 5, 1122, p = .000
Swallowing
Mean
41.5
Statistical significance
59.2
29.7
F = 97.4, df = 5, 1122, p = .000
Voice/resonance
Mean
5.8
Statistical significance
5.2
4.1
F = 26.1, df = 5, 1122, p = .000
Other
Mean
2.0
Statistical significance
0.5
0.4
F = 14.2, df = 5, 1122, p = .000
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ASHA SLP Health Care Survey 2013: Caseload Characteristics Report
Table 3: Pediatric Patients, Areas of Intervention
19.
Of the time that you spend providing PEDIATRIC services, approximately what percentage is spent in the following areas? Total must
equal 100%. (Percentages)
Analyses limited to respondents who met the following criteria:
™
CCC-SLP
™
Clinical service provider
™
Employed full-time or part-time
General
Home Health/
Medical/
Rehab
Pediatric
Outpatient
Pediatric Services
Total
SNF
Client’s
LTAC
Hospital
Hospital
Clinic/ Office
Home
Hospital
(n = 818)
(n = 87)
(n = 31)
(n = 67)
(n = 18)
(n = 254)
(n = 353)
Articulation-phonology
Mean
24.0
Statistical significance
18.9
13.4
F = 10.6, df = 5, 802, p = .000
15.0
(n < 25)
22.6
28.1
9.1
(n < 25)
5.5
5.3
7.4
(n < 25)
7.8
6.8
2.2
(n < 25)
1.1
4.5
30.1
(n < 25)
46.8
39.1
Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)
Mean
5.5
Statistical significance
3.7
5.5
F = 1.9, df = 5, 802, p = .085
Cognitive communication
Mean
7.9
Statistical significance
7.1
28.2
F = 12.3, df = 5, 802, p = .000
Fluency
Mean
3.0
Statistical significance
2.6
1.1
F = 5.6, df = 5, 802, p = .000
Language
Mean
38.4
Statistical significance
24.0
23.9
F = 17.8, df = 5, 802, p = .000
(Table 3 continues on next page.)
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ASHA SLP Health Care Survey 2013: Caseload Characteristics Report
Table 3 (Continued): Pediatric Patients, Areas of Intervention
19.
Of the time that you spend providing PEDIATRIC services, approximately what percentage is spent in the following areas? Total must
equal 100%. (Percentages)
Analyses limited to respondents who met the following criteria:
™
CCC-SLP
™
Clinical service provider
™
Employed full-time or part-time
General
Home Health/
Medical/
Rehab
Pediatric
Outpatient
Pediatric Services
Total
SNF
Client’s
LTAC
Hospital
Hospital
Clinic/ Office
Home
Hospital
(n = 818)
(n = 87)
(n = 31)
(n = 67)
(n = 18)
(n = 254)
(n = 353)
Prevention/wellness
Mean
1.0
Statistical significance
0.1
0.5
F = 0.9, df = 5, 802, p = .457
0.8
(n < 25)
1.0
1.1
29.6
(n < 25)
12.7
8.4
0.8
(n < 25)
0.3
3.6
3.4
(n < 25)
0.3
1.4
1.6
(n < 25)
1.8
1.8
Swallowing and feeding
Mean
15.0
Statistical significance
36.3
22.9
F = 28.3, df = 5, 802, p = .000
Voice
Mean
2.0
Statistical significance
1.4
3.2
F = 3.8, df = 5, 802, p = .002
Resonance
Mean
1.3
Statistical significance
2.5
0.4
F = 3.0, df = 5, 802, p = .011
Other
Mean
1.9
Statistical significance
3.6
0.9
F = 0.7, df = 5, 802, p = .655
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ASHA SLP Health Care Survey 2013: Caseload Characteristics Report
Table 4: Swallowing Services by Type of Facility
25.
In your facility, do any professionals other than SLPs provide primary swallowing services (e.g., assessment, treatment, instrumental
studies)? (Percentages)
Analyses limited to respondents who met the following criteria:
™
CCC-SLP
™
Employed full-time or part-time
General
Home Health/
Medical/
Rehab
Pediatric
Responses
Total
SNF
Client’s
Clinic/ Office
LTAC
Hospital
Hospital
Home
Hospital
(n = 1,896)
(n = 298)
(n = 150)
(n = 79)
(n = 493)
(n = 362)
(n = 483)
Yes
11.6
11.1
5.3
46.8
1.6
17.1
14.1
No
88.4
88.9
94.7
53.2
98.4
82.9
85.9
Statistical significance
Ȥ2(5) = 163.2, p = .000, Cramer’s V = .296
7/29/13
17