// Issue 12
MOST Informative
MOST
CONNECTIVITY
WORLDWIDE
MOST Highlights
Highlight announcements by the MOST Cooperation
MOST News
Recent news from member companies
MOST Cooperation
Update on car models with MOST inside
MOST Forum Papers
Technical papers about MOST Forum presentations by FZI, K2L,
Microchip Technology, MOSTCO, and Ruetz System Solutions
2 // MOST Informative // April 2016 // Issue 12
Contents
Editorial
MOST Highlights
MOST Stream Transmission Specification Released
5
Linux Includes MOST Technology
5
MOST News
Optical Communication for More than Mobility
6
Flexibility Meets Innovation 6
MOST Tester Cable Model
7
New Data Loggers for MOST150 cPhy
7
MOST Cooperation
New MOST Car Models
8
About the MOST Cooperation
9
MOST Forum Papers
Physical Layer
MOST150 Coax Physical Layer EMC Test Results, Microchip Technology
10
Compliance and Quality
Testing the MOST150 Coax Physical Layer, Ruetz System Solutions
12
Network and System Architecture
Constraint-based Platform Variant Specification
for Early System Verification, FZI
15
MOST Design Time Configuration, MOST Cooperation
19
Model-Driven Engineering of Infotainment Networks, K2L
23
Outlook
Implementing MOSTCO's Roadmap, Microchip Technology 27
Issue 12 // April 2016 // MOST Informative // 3
Seamless Connectivity Worldwide
protected content using Digital
that focuses on the simple scenarios
Transmission Content Protection
and allows implementation of MOST
(DTCP), in addition to DTCP and
systems with smaller footprint. The
HDCP. The Linux Mainline Kernel
design time configuration approach
starting with Version 4.3 will include a
reduces complexity and cost, as
MOST Linux driver. The driver enables
well as test and verification efforts,
access to all MOST data types and
and provides easy access to MOST
supports the USB, MediaLB and I2C
functionality. The Model-Driven
interfaces of MOST network interface
Engineering (MDE) offers a promising
controllers.
approach to effectively support
design and development of network-
Another focus is on the new coaxial
based infotainment systems. Another
physical layer. Part of its qualification is
topic is the future of packet-based
the verification of its EMC performance.
communications on MOST. An outlook
In addition, compliance testing of
into the future of MOST Technology
The MOST Cooperation is pleased
MOST150 coax-based devices as
covers diverse aspects such as MOST
to present this extended MOST
defined in MOST150 cPhy Automotive
connecting to Linux ecosystem,
Informative by adding many of the
Physical Layer Sub-Specification is
implementing MOSTCO's roadmap by
technical papers from this year's
introduced. Clean test processes for
Microchip, and the transfer of MOST
MOST Forum presentations. MOST
MOST and multi-bus scenarios cover
Technology to ISO.
has made its way around the globe
the complete development process
and 201 car models worldwide have
from early design phase to end-of-line
Please enjoy the news and technical
MOST implemented.
testing in one solution for all major
contributions
networks in vehicles including MOST.
Cooperation, our member companies,
This year, the conference contributions
by
the
MOST
and presenters at the MOST Forum.
illustrate how MOST architecture
Regarding network and system
We welcome your feedback and
easily connects to global networking
architecture, design reuse causes
contributions to future editions of this
standards such as CI Plus and the
new challenges during design and
newsletter.
open-source platform Linux. MOSTCO
verification, based on the variety
has released its latest MOST Stream
of component characteristics.
Transmission Specification that
Therefore, a verification approach
includes support for the MOST CI+
for the determination of a suitable
Interim License Agreement issued
component selection, architecture,
by the CI Plus LLP. CI+ now allows
and parametrization is discussed.
a MOST network to transport CI+
Design time configuration is a concept
4 // MOST Informative // April 2016 // Issue 12
Henry Muyshondt
Administrator of the MOST Cooperation
MOST Highlights
MOST Stream Transmission Specification Released
The MOSTCO has released its
local Pay TV Provider. This agreement
optimized the MOST network for high
latest MOST Stream Transmission
with the CI Plus LLP enables the
quality video streaming. MOST150
Specification that includes support
transmission of the latest digital
enables direct isochronous transport
for the MOST CI+ Interim License
video broadcasts to be transported
of, for example, MPEG video streams
Agreement issued by the CI Plus
between vehicle components over
without bit-stuffing or transcoding.
LLP. CI+ now allows a MOST network
the widely used MOST network.
In addition to the approved content
to transport CI+ protected content
MOST Technology has been at
protection schemes for Digital
using Digital Transmission Content
the forefront of supporting digital
Transmission Content Protection
Protection (DTCP). "We are happy
content protection since it became
(DTCP) and HDCP, MOST allows to
to work together with the MOST
the first high speed network to be
transport CI+ protected content.
Cooperation to enable the adoption
able to transport DVD content back
of CI+ in the dynamic automotive
in 2003. The MOST Cooperation has
world,"
said
Laurent
www.mostcooperation.com
Molac,
Spokesman of CI Plus LLP, Guildford,
UK. CI+ is a technical specification
that adds additional security and
features to the proven DVB Common
Interface Standard. CI+ compatible
consumer electronic devices, such
as Integrated Digital Televisions
and Set Top Boxes, can access a
wide range of Pay TV Services via
plug-in CI+ Modules wherever the
CI+ Technology is supported by the
Linux Includes MOST Technology
(IVI) market with a 41.3 percent
automotive-industry-proven MOST
share, taking 53.7 million units.
networking technology. A fast and
Linux adoption is growing because
reliable network infrastructure is
it provides automotive designers
necessary to achieve the promise of
The Linux Mainline Kernel starting with
with an open-source platform that
the connected car. Integrating this into
Version 4.3 will include a MOST Linux
allows them to maximize the reuse
the architecture for an open, common
driver. The driver enables access to
of existing work, while making their
automotive platform will benefit the
all MOST data types and supports the
own incremental improvements.
global car market. Inclusion of this
USB, MediaLB and I2C interfaces of
Additionally, Automotive Grade Linux
driver in the Linux Mainline Kernel
MOST network interface controllers.
(AGL) was built on top of a well-tested
simplifies the task of making all
The driver supports standard Linux
and stable Linux stack that is already
the components in an infotainment
interfaces like ALSA (Audio), V4L2
being used in embedded and mobile
system of a car seamlessly work
(Video) and IP-based communication
devices. The combination of MOST
together.
over the standard Linux Networking
and Linux provides a solution for
Stack. IHS projects that by 2020,
the increasing complexity of IVI and
Linux will lead the estimated 130
ADAS, accelerating development
million-unit in-vehicle-infotainment
via open-source software and the
www.mostcooperation.com
Issue 12 // April 2016 // MOST Informative // 5
Optical Communication for More than Mobility
kinds of connectivity applications.
wireless, for all kinds of data protocols
Broadband communication, also
to suit the individual needs of each
called the ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT)
application. Photonics is “A Key
via fiber or free air, will connect any
Enabling Technology for Europe,” said
devices, vehicles and buildings in the
Photonics21, an association of the
future. Cars and infrastructure will
European Commission and part of the
communicate for improved safety
EU Horizon2020 program. Photonic
and traffic management. Consumer,
solutions will enable new ways of
household and security devices at
living. In the transport sector, this will
The optical MOST150 network is long
home, production robots, and other
particularly affect (semi-)autonomous
established. Hamamatsu Photonics
machines will connect to CPUs or
vehicles and smart cities.
has delivered millions of fiber optical
mobile devices. Mobile healthcare,
transceivers into the field, receiving
fitness devices, and food analyzers
outstanding supplier rankings
are other examples. In addition to
with zero failures in several years.
MOST, Hamamatsu Photonics is also
With the exception of automotive
developing new optical transceivers
applications, the MOST network
for high and low data rates and for
is also a very good option for all
long and short distances, with fiber or
www.hamamatsu.com/automotive
Flexibility Meets Innovation
by providing the automotive market
with one single solution. In addition
to supporting all major automotive
buses such as MOST, CAN, CAN-FD,
LIN, and FlexRay, the .NET-based
tool leverages cost-effective open
technologies that allow customized
extensions. The OptoLyzer Studio
GUI assures powerful monitoring
capabilities in traces as well as in
Automotive engineers are grappling
addresses the aforementioned
graphs next to an activity section
with challenges such as shorter
issues and performs as needed,
where users can create own tasks
development cycles and higher
every time and for all applications.
by generating messages and setting
design complexity. The engineers
With its latest release of the V1.1, the
bookmarks. The new software
need to develop and test reliable
software offers full MOST support
generation serves the need of
systems and devices by using a set
for analysis and verification use
designers, developers, testers, and
of tools that require less effort and
cases. The idea behind K2L´s new
system integrators required to bring
still guarantee high quality. The new
and state-of-the-art OptoLyzer
sophisticated automotive systems to
software generation OptoLyzer®
Studio is to reduce the number of
market in a timely manner.
Studio provides a comprehensive
hardware and software for different
and easy-to-use tool chain that
customer use cases and networks
6 // MOST Informative // April 2016 // Issue 12
www.k2l.de
MOST News
MOST Tester Cable Model
a transfer function,
the DUT into a path for oscilloscope
which represents a
measurements and a return path to the
coax interconnect on
PhLSTT. One of the advantages of the
a MOST150 stress
cPhy technology, in terms of measuring
pattern. The MOST150
MOST signals, is the fact that the
patter n is created
transmission system is terminated by
by the PhLSTT and
50 Ohms and therefore can be directly
feeds the DUT. Three
attached to an oscilloscope without an
different cable models
additional probe. The MCTM is able
are defined in order to
to provide a test solution for simplex
simulate a transmission
as well as for duplex operations. For
channel, which covers
duplex operations, an additional noise
Ruetz System Solutions introduces
typical use cases in the car. A
adder option is available when an
the MOST Tester Cable Model MTCM
transmitter with adjustable rise and
external signal source is connected
for coaxial physical layer testing. It
fall times drives these cable models,
to the MTCM.
is an extension of the Physical Layer
which represent a short, mid and
Stress Test Tool (PhLSTT). The main
long transmission line. An integrated
purpose of the MTCM is to emulate
coupler splits the incoming signal from
ww.ruetz-system-solutions.com
New Data Loggers for MOST150 cPhy
Telemotive AG launches two data
are compatible with Telemotive’s
configuration of the connected data
loggers for MOST150 cPhy. Instead
overall architecture of custom-
loggers. Telemotive is a renowned
of the optical line, they record
made software solutions, such as
automotive supplier for engineering
the MOST150 protocol via an
Telemotive System Link, Live View,
services and technology products
electrical coax line. Customers can
and Download Terminal. The central
and MOSTCO member since 2006.
choose between a simplex and a
client software Telemotive System
duplex variant. The blue PiraT Mini
Client ensures easy operation and
www.telemotive.de/en
MOST150 cPhy is a new model of
the smallest data logger in its class.
Next to the MOST150 cPhy simplex
interface, it offers four Ethernet
ports, two CAN, serial as well as
analog and digital inputs. The blue
PiraT2 5E MOST150 cPhy is based
on Telemotive’s most versatile data
logger. With one MOST150 cPhy
duplex interface, 14 CAN, eight LIN,
two Flexray, five Ethernet ports as
well as analog, digital and serial
inputs, the logger is ready for all
kinds of requirements. Both devices
Issue 12 // April 2016 // MOST Informative // 7
MOST Inside
New Car Models Running with MOST Infotainment Networks
Audi A4
Audi Q7
Audi R8
Buick Excelle
Chevrolet Bolt
Chevrolet Camaro
Chevrolet Malibu
Kia K900
Lexus RX
8 // MOST Informative // April 2016 // Issue 12
MOST Cooperation
MB GLC-Class
MB GLS-Class
Opel Astra
Porsche Macan
Skoda Superb
Toyota Alphard
Toyota Vellfire
Volvo S90
MB E-Class
About the MOST Cooperation
The MOST Cooperation (MOSTCO) is the organization through which MOST Technology is standardized and refined so
that it continues to stay abreast of the latest industry requirements. It consists of international carmakers and key
component suppliers. They have joined together to work with MOST Technology and to contribute to its innovation. The
MOST Cooperation is prepared to embrace efforts to further develop and standardize technology for other industries
and to establish corresponding work structures. The MOST Cooperation was founded in 1998 to standardize MOST
Technology as a global standard for multimedia networking. Audi, BMW, Daimler, HARMAN and Microchip Technology
as core partners form its Steering Committee.
Issue 12 // April 2016 // MOST Informative // 9
MOST Forum Papers
Physical Layer
» MOST150 Coax Physical Layer EMC Test Results
• 22 AWG (22 mm2) / 7 strand
• Length per twist < 45 mm
For Radiated Emissions, the test is
derived from CISPR25. Radiated
emissions measurements from 20 to 200
MHz are recorded utilizing a bi-conical
antenna, whereas a log periodic antenna
is used for the measurements from 200
to 1000 MHz. A horn antenna is used to
measure from 1000 to 2500 MHz. Vertical
and horizontal antenna polarizations
are used for all frequency ranges. The
antenna is located 1.0 m away from the
coax network cable and the total coax
cable length for this test is 1.7 m.
The following grounding schemes
MOST150 coax is a new physical layer
The equipment under test (EUT) is
are tested for each antenna at both
that was co-developed by Microchip
configured as a slave node, while
polarities:
and MOSTCO. The following report will
the stimulus node (another AIS14016
• Stimulus Grounded, EUT Floating
cover MOST150 coax physical layer test
module) is configured as the master
• Stimulus Grounded, EUT Grounded
results for electromagnetic compliance.
node. The following module pairs are
“Grounded” refers to attaching
tested in this report: AIS14016 simplex
conductive copper tape between the
Electromagnetic Compliance (EMC)
default configuration.
enclosure of the module and the table
testing is done in Austin, Texas, at the
The default configuration is the EMC
ground plane. Floating completely
Microchip Technology EMC lab. This is
improved connection of the coaxial
isolates the module from the table
a pre-compliance lab and is mainly used
cable shield to chassis ground by
ground plane.
for indication purposes only. Radiated
means of an RC combination.
Emissions (RE), Bulk Current Injection
(BCI) and Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
For wiring, an automotive grade coaxial
are the main tests that are performed in
cable was used for the network data
the lab. It is understood that the testing
cable. This cable has the following
requirements and limits vary by car
specifications:
manufacturer; Microchip Technology
• Coax cable - RTK 031 (Gebauer &
will work with each customer to help
Griller: 102969-Koax-B(105)-50-2,
meet their specific EMC requirements.
1-3,3)
• Connectors - SMBA Fakra (Tyco
For the MOST150 coax testing an
Electronics: 1-1452728-1)
MOST150 coax physical layer testing for
electromagnetic compliance.
The radiated emission testing shows
that the EUT is well below the CISPR25
AIS14016 evaluation board from
Microchip is tested for EMC and ESD
The power cable used for these tests
limits lines. A few plots are shown in
compliance. The printed circuit board
has the following specifications:
the MOST Forum presentation and
(PCB) is placed inside of an aluminum
• Unshielded twisted pair - UL 1569/
complete test report is available from
enclosure to simulate an in-car device.
1007
Microchip Technology.
10 // MOST Informative // April 2016 // Issue 12
Physical Layer
MOST Forum
MOSTPapers
News
For Bulk Current Injection (BCI), the test
Both Continuous Wave and Amplitude
2) Operational Test: the EUT is tested
is based on ISO 11452-4:2001. The BCI
Modulation were used for the BCI
in two configurations, one Grounded
conducted immunity measurements
tests. The stimulus module is always
to the table ground plane and the
are recorded from 1 to 400 MHz at a
grounded while the EUT is tested in
other isolated from the ground
level of 200 mA. The signal generator,
two configurations, grounded and
plane (Floating). The ESD simulator
forward, reverse and net power
floating. “Grounded” refers to attaching
is triggered for a single discharge
levels are recorded during the initial
conductive copper tape between the
and repeated ten times for each test
calibration. A current probe is used
enclosure of the module and the table
location. The audio is monitored and
to monitor the immunity level during
ground plane. “Floating” completely
the corresponding response level
the test. The EMC software limits the
isolates the module from the table
is noted for each discharge. The
forward power up to four times (6 dB)
ground plane.
Network Error output is connected
more than the value measured during
by a plastic optical fiber cable to
calibration. For automated BCI testing,
A Pass is defined as INICs Error/
a receiver and a buzzer to monitor
the EUT INIC’s Error/Boot pin is tied to
Boot pin always low and no physical
network unlocks. A discharge network
an optical transmitter and connected
damage. A complete test report and
of 330 pF / 330 Ohms is used for all
by a plastic optical fiber cable to a
the test results can be requested from
operational ESD tests. When testing
receiver outside of the chamber. The
Microchip Technology. The complete
the enclosure, a one meter coaxial
coax network cable length for this test
test setup is shown in the figure
network cable is used. When testing
is 1.3 m.
below.
the inline connector, the total coaxial
Electrostatic Discharge is based
network cable length is two meters
on the ISO 10605:2008 standard.
and the inline connector is located in
Three types of tests are performed:
the middle (at one meter).
1) Handling Test: the EUT is isolated
3) Indirect and Direct test: The ISO
from the ground plane by floating it on an
10605 Annex F ESD tests utilize a test
insulating support. The ESD simulator
fixture to replicate the vehicle chassis.
is held perpendicular to the test point.
The harness (coax network cable and
The ESD simulator is triggered for a
EUT power cable) is placed upon the
single discharge and repeated three
chassis for 1.5 m and the total length
times for each test location. A pass
of the coaxial network cable is 1.7 m.
for each voltage level is verified by
The EUT is attached to a copper sheet,
connecting a stimulus module and
which is tied to the table ground plane
routing audio over the MOST network.
using copper tape. For the indirect ESD
A discharge network of 150 pF / 330
tests, the test points are located every
Ohms is used for all handling ESD
50 cm along the chassis. For the direct
tests. Also, a discharge cable (470
ESD tests, various locations at the
kOhm at each end) is used between
EUT enclosure are tested. A discharge
the test location and the ground to
network of 330 pF / 330 Ohms is used
ensure that there is no residual charge.
for all ISO 10605 Annex F tests.
Mazen Allawi
Sr. Manager Application,
Physical Layer has
over twenty years
of experience in the
semiconductor industry.
Cesar Rodriguez
Engineer I – Application,
has over ten years of
automotive EMC test
experience.
BCI Test Setup
Issue 12 // April 2016 // MOST Informative // 11
MOST Forum Papers
Compliance and Quality
»Testing the MOST150 Coax Physical Layer
New challenges and demands for
During the last few years, this test
Compliance Verification Procedure
physical layer testing occur with the
concept was successfully used to
[1], the PhLSTT is able to generate
introduction of an additional Physical
perform MOST150 limited optical
additional stress for the DUT by
Layer for MOST150, based on 50 Ohm
physical layer test, and therefore, it is
changing the duty cycle of the
coax connections for simplex and
a feasible starting point for developing
MOST150 pattern. Different optical
duplex transmission.
a test setup that covers the demands
transmission channels are simulated
for the MOST150 cPhy Technology.
by using a 2m fiber for a high
A sophisticated concept for physical
bandwidth channel and a 15m fiber in
layer testing on ECU level was
Requirements for MOST150 Test
combination with a mode scrambler
already created for the MOST150
Setups
for a low bandwidth channel. An
optical physical layer. The test usually
integrated optical attenuator enables
establishes a running network and
Figure 1 shows the different test setups
different input power levels. An optical
enables access to the transmitter
for simplex and duplex cPhy testing and
splitter in the TX path of the DUT
output, thereby verifying the majority of
the cPhy test setup for comparison. A
provides access to the SP2 interface
parameters, which were defined at the
MOST Tester device (Physical Layer
and also a return path to the PhLSTT.
specification point of the transmitter
Stress Test Tool - PhLSTT) is used to
output, SP2. In addition, a consistency
build up an operating ring network,
The test setup for MOST150 limited
test of received bit information is
acts as a stress test generator, checks
cPhy, described in MOST150 cPhy
performed while the receiver input
for data consistency, and reads stored
Compliance Verification Procedure [2],
is provided by a stress test pattern
failures from the ECU memory of the
utilizes some of the functions of the
via different transmission channels
device under test (DUT). In the test
PhLSTT but requires some additional
representing the limits of the MOST
setup for MOST150 limited cPhy,
features that have to be realized by
Physical Layer Specification.
which is described in MOST150 cPhy
an external extension to the PhLSTT.
12 // MOST Informative // April 2016 // Issue 12
MOST Forum Papers
Compliance and Quality
MOST150
Limited Optical Physical Layer
Automation
MOST150
Limited Coax Physical Layer Duplex
Automation
Physical Layer
Stress Test Tool Oscilloscope
Fiber Channel
Low/High BW
oPhy
DUT
Optical
Probe
Optical
Splitter
Automation
Feedback
DUT
attached to a separate signal shaper
to provide seamless integration.
Design requirements for each cable
Feedback
MOST Tester
Cabel Model
MOST Tester
Cabel Model
cPhy
Duplex
of the three different cable models is
Physical Layer
Stress Test Tool
Physical Layer
Stress Test Tool
Feedback
Optical
Attenuator
MOST150
Limited Coax Physical Layer Simplex
Signal
Generator
model are shown in the table. Cable
model “Low” describes a short test
cPhy
Simplex
cable with fast rise and fall times and
DUT
Oscilloscope
Oscilloscope
maximum steady-state amplitude.
Cable model “Mid” is intended to
Figure 1: MOST150 Limited Physical Layer Setups
cover a typical cable connection and
cable model “High” is built to simulate
This extension is called MTCM and is
external signal source is connected
the worst-case channel with slow rise
described in MOST150 Tester Cable
to the MTCM.
and fall times of 1400ps and minimum
Model [3].
steady-state amplitude of 300mV.
Inside the MTCM
Figure 3 displays a comparison of the
MTCM for cPhy – Extension Tool for
Physical Layer Stress Test Tool
three implemented cable models.
Figure 2 shows the block diagram of
the MTCM. The MTCM is designed to
The outgoing signal of the particular
The main purpose of the MTCM is
work with various input signals, either
cable models is routed to the output
to emulate a transfer function, which
single-ended or differential signals, as
connection of the MTCM (In-Out
represents a coax interconnect on
provided by SMA or HSD connectors.
Duplex, Out Simplex) via a directional
a MOST150 stress pattern. The
(HSD allow direct connection to
coupler element. In a duplex operation,
MOST150 pattern is created by the
the PhLSTT.) Element Switch Input
signals are distributed over one single
PhLSTT and feeds the DUT. Three
Selection in the block diagram selects
cable in both directions. Therefore, the
different cable models are defined
a dedicated input and routes the signal
directional coupler is used to split the
in order to simulate a transmission
to the required cable model channel.
incoming from the outgoing signal.
channel, which covers typical use
Each cable model channel consists of
The incoming signal is forwarded
cases in the car. A transmitter with
a signal shaper element and the cable
to a measurement amplifier which
adjustable rise and fall times drives
model itself. The signal shaper is based
generates an output signal for analysis
these cable models, which represent
on a 50 Ohm transmitter that can be
by an oscilloscope and, simultaneously,
a short, mid and long transmission
adjusted for different predefined rise
providing the needed return signal for
line. An integrated coupler splits the
and fall times from 700ps, 1000ps
the PhLSTT to close the ring network
incoming signal from the DUT into a
and 1400ps. The shaper also allows
for data consistency testing. The gain
path for oscilloscope measurements
setting the steady-state amplitude in a
of the measurement amplifier can be
and a return path to the PhLSTT.
range from 300mV up to 420mV. Each
turned to low or high amplification to
One of the advantages of the cPhy
technology, in terms of measuring
MOST signals, is the fact that the
Noise Adder
IN Noise
transmission system is terminated by
50 Ohms and therefore can be directly
attached to an oscilloscope without an
additional probe. The MCTM is able
to provide a test solution for simplex
IN Differential
IN Singel Ended
IN HSD PhLSTT
Switch
Input
Selection
as well as for duplex operations. For
duplex operations, an additional noise
Signal
Shaper 1
Cable
Model Max
Signal
Shaper 2
Cable
Model Mid
Signal
Shaper 3
Cable
Model Low
Directional
Coupler
IN/OUT Duplex
OUT Simplex
IN Simplex
Measurement
Amplifier
OUT Oscilloscope
OUT MTCM
adder option is available when an
Figure 2: Block Diagram of MTCM
Issue 12 // April 2016 // MOST Informative // 13
MOST Forum Papers
Compliance and Quality
Cable model
DC Loss [dB]
FSkin [Hz/dB2]
Attenuation
Conformance
Corridor [dB]
Input Vss [mV]
Cable model
Low
low loss
test cable
low loss
test cable
±1
420 (-30)
Mid
0.1 (+0.1; - 0 )
15x106 (±1x106)
±1
360 (±15)
High
0.5 (+0; - 0.1)
9.2x106 (+1x106; -0)
±1
300 (+30)
Automation of MOST150 cPhy Test
Setup
The internal microcontroller regulates
all functions of the MOST tester cable,
which can be accessed by a serial
interface. A documented applicationprogramming interface is provided. A
fully automated solution, which controls
the complete MOST150 limited cPhy
Table: Design Requirements
test setup, will be available, consisting
compensate the loss of the internal
can be supplied by an external signal
of the Physical Layer Stress Test Tool,
directional coupler.
generator connected to input noise
the MOST Tester Cable Model, a power
In. An additional trigger output and
supply, and an optional temperature
For the simplex setup, the directional
a bypass function for the directional
chamber.
coupler is still part of the outgoing
coupler enables start up and shutdown
The MTCM provides a highly integrated
channel to maintain identical channel
testing.
solution to implement an MOST150
characteristics for both simplex and
limited cPhy test setup. All requirements
specified in the MOST150 cPhy
Compliance Verification Procedure
2
[2] can be met. MTCM allows easy
migration to a MOST150 limited cPhy
0
Attenuation [dB]
test setup for those already using an
existing MOST150 limited oPhy test
-2
setup with a Physical Layer Stress
Test Tool.
-4
References
-6
[1]MOST150 oPhy Compliance
-8
-10
1
10 1001000
––Cabel Model Low Frequency [MHz]
––Cabel Model Mid ––Cabel Model Max
Figure 3: Comparison of the three implemented Cable Models
Verification Procedure Revision
1.1-00 from 07/2010
[2]MOST150 cPhy Compliance
Verification Procedure Revision
1.0-00 from 11/2015
[3]MOST150 Tester Cable Model
Revision 1.0 from 07/2015
duplex. However, the return path is
established by an additional input
connector (IN Simplex) and uses
the measurement amplifier to create
signals for oscilloscope and PhLSTT.
For duplex, an additional noise adder
element is implemented to simulate the
worst case noise that can be created
by the return loss of coax interconnect
Dipl.-Ing. (FH)
Jörg Angstenberger
is Head of Test Laboratory and Technology
Assessment of RUETZ
SYSTEM SOLUTIONS.
He has been assessing
and improving the
functionality and reliability of devices in the
area of automotive electronics for more than
15 years.
and tested device. The noise adder
14 // MOST Informative // April 2016 // Issue 12
Dipl.-Ing. (TU)
Frederic Garraud
is a Test Engineer
at RUETZ SYSTEM
SOLUTIONS. He is responsible for advanced
development of MOST
Network System.
Network and System Architecture
MOST Forum Papers
»Constraint-based Platform Variant Specification
for Early System Verification
Copyright: Sunny Studio/Fotolia
Design reuse causes new challenges
development is characterized by
a methodology addressing these
during design and verification, based on
design reuse and integration of external
challenges by providing:
the variety of component characteristics.
Intellectual Property (IP)[1]. IPs often
This article presents a verification
provide a broad range of parameters,
• a highly flexible and precise
approach for the determination of
which enable the adaption to different
specification of the valid and feasible
a suitable component selection,
use cases, thereby fostering a wide
variant space,
architecture and parametrization. The
applicability. Throughout the design
• a complete generation of the required
approach consists of a novel specification
process, system developers face the
variants for verification, exploration
language defining the component variant
challenge of determining and verifying a
and test, and
space, an automated procedure to
suitable IP selection, system architecture
• a tooling environment, which supports
determine valid instances with regard
and, finally, the best IP parameterization.
the user in specification and
to complex design constraints as well as
Therefore, the relevance of the
verification, based on virtual
an integration into a model-based design
verification of a comprehensive variant
prototypes.
flow. An experimental evaluation verifying
space, e.g. with different topologies,
a MOST protocol with virtual prototypes
parameterizations
different
Figure 1 highlights the extensive frame-
demonstrates the applicability of the
component versions, is constantly
work, which is divided into three parts:
approach.
growing. Hence the verification of IP
a template-based platform variant
blocks in different platform variants
specification, an automated constraint
Driven by the steadily growing number
and the verification of the interaction
formalization for a SMT/SAT-solver and a
and complexity of electronic-based
between multiple IP blocks are gaining
simulation framework for the generated
embedded systems, the system
importance. This article presents
design instances.
or
Issue 12 // April 2016 // MOST Informative // 15
MOST Forum Papers
Network and System Architecture
template>, where the vector width is
equal to the independent alternatives
within the template. The function conv()
maps a natural number to a bit vector
conv:N Bn with N = [0,2n–1] and conv(b):
∑
∑bi 2 i
Rule 1.1: The Set VT contains all
Figure 1: Structure of the platform variant generation framework
<vp_template> and <vp_alternative_
template> of a variant specification
Platform Variant Specification
are provided mainly for the structural
MVM. The mapping of the template T
specification of different variants.
VT to quantifier-free bit vector logic can
The platform variant specification
The main profile extensions are:
be expressed as follows: T
covers two areas of variability. First, it
<vp_entitiy>, <vp_template> and <vp_
where the vector width bw corresponds
enables the user to specify structural
alternative_template>. A <vp_entitiy>
to the independent alternatives G of
variability, i.e. the selection of different
is a platform module described by a
the template T, that implies bw=|G| and
components, topologies or component
class instance; it correlates to a module
conv(|G|+1)>x ≥conv(0).
amounts. Second, it enables the user
within the system simulation. A platform
to specify a variety of constrained
template (<vp_template>) abstracts a
One variant alternative is selected
parameters for different components.
part of a system for simplicity, variability
if the corresponding bit is set. The
The available components, the basic
or structural reasons. It consists of
selection of the alternatives can be
design architecture and the parameters
several platform modules or templates,
referred within a constraint by the
provided are specified with an UML-
which are described in a composition
active() operator. The active operator is
based specification. The degrees of
structure diagram. The <vp_alternative_
used to specify constraints dependent
freedom of the design are annotated
template> represents alternatives for
on the template/module selection in
to the UML diagrams. The features of
specific platform components. The
the generated platform variant. For
the UML provided and the integrated
alternative templates consist of two or
example, the Exclusive_Constraint1 in
Object Constraint Language (OCL) [2]
more unrelated platform templates or
Figure 3 ensures that, if the netBlckApp
are not enough for modelling complex
modules. A valid platform variant must
is selected in the altCCEvalNetBlckApp0
interdependencies between different IPs
contain exactly one of them.
template, the cCEvalApp must be
and platform components. Therefore,
an extended subset of the OCL is
x
Bbw
selected in the second instance
Constraint Formalization and Solving
proposed, enabling the user to specify
(altCCEvalNetBlckApp1). Similar to the
template selection, there are rules for
complex interdependencies between
After the user has specified the structural
mapping parameter selections, bounded
parameters and structure. The Object
and parametric constraints, they are
parameters or probability distributions
Variant Constraint Language (OVCL)
formalized into SMT/SAT expressions,
to quantifier-free bit vector logic. After
extends the OCL with such features as
and a SMT/SAT-solver determines valid
transformation, all constraints are
assignments (assign()), step sizes for
design variants. The SMT/SAT-solver
encoded as an SMT-instance and solved
parameter ranges (OrderedSetExt{}),
computes solutions incrementally. After
by the Z3 [3] solver. The solver outputs
probability distributions (gaussian(),
a valid design instance is identified,
occupancy of the bit vectors in regard
invGaussian(), poisson()) and support
this instance is removed from the
to the specified constraints. In a final
for the structural templates (active()).
variant space, and the SMT/SAT-solver
step, the bit vectors are remapped to the
These OVCL constraints are attached
continues, identifying all valid instances.
parameter values or template instances.
to the corresponding platform elements
The following rule demonstrates
which are specified with UML diagrams.
exemplarily the formalization of an OVCL
Dynamically changing the structure of
In addition to the UML standard profile,
constraint in an SMT/SAT-expression. A
the generated platform requires the
e.g. for Primitive Types, user profiles,
bit vector expresses the <vp_alternative_
adjustment of the modules’ linkage.
16 // MOST Informative // April 2016 // Issue 12
Network and System Architecture
MOST Forum Papers
Use Case
The template linkage takes place,
to T1. And T1 is connected to the target
once the SMT-solver determines a
platform modules/templates S1 and
solution. This solution identifies the
S2. In the ring topology example, the
The use case presented simulates the
number of newly generated platform
target port instance of connector C2
protocol of a central network evaluation.
module/template instances. Then, the
has a cardinality of 1. Therefore, every
A centralized device requests the status
instances are connected due to specific
newly generated instance of T1 must be
of all nodes within a MOST network
linkage requirements, which, in turn, are
connected to the next newly generated
and calculates the global status of the
based on template constraints, UML
instance. The bus topology is generated
network. The device amount, the ring
port cardinalities and UML connectors.
because the cardinality of the target
location of the central application and
Every newly generated platform module/
port at S1 of C1 is unlimited 1.*. Hence,
the reported status of each node are
template instance can be linked to its
every newly generated instance of T1 is
modeled within constrained ranges.
target platform modules/templates
connected to S1.
Parameters, such as timer settings or
as long as the target cardinality is not
exceeded. If the target cardinality is
buffer sizes, are not regarded in this use
Virtual Platform
case. The status is transferred over the
exceeded, the newly generated platform
MOST control channel; using e.g. the
module/template instance will be
The implementation of a simulation
MOST Ethernet Channel, the variant
connected to the previously generated
framework, providing a pre-compiled
space can additionally take MediaLB or
instance of the same type. Platform
library of parameterizable components,
TCP/IP parameters into account.
modules/templates, specified variably
enables the verification of the generated
by constraints, may only connect to non-
system instances. This component
Figure 3 presents the modeled top
variable platform modules/templates.
library corresponds to the platform
layer with the OVCL-constraints. The
This means that all variability expanding
module library. During runtime, the
SSOCU_Constraint assigns one of three
over template boundaries must be
framework parses a configuration
different status values: sudden signal off
combined into one template.
file specifying which components to
(03), critical unlock (02) or no fault saved
instantiate, how to parameterize them
(01). The DeviceAmount_Constraint
Figure 2 demonstrates the linkage
and, finally, how to link them together.
generates a set of network architectures
process for two examples as regards
The simulation infrastructure is presented
with varying device amount. In this
the above-defined linkage requirements.
more closely in [4]. The configuration file
setting, the MOST ring consists of at
In both cases template T1 has to be
acts as generic ‘top module’. A single
least three devices. The variable device
integrated three times in the final
solution of the Z3 is transferred into a
can be instantiated between four and
platform variant. This can be enforced
simulation configuration file, enabling
62 times, generating networks up to
by the constraint (Bag{3} includes(self.
the user to verify this system instance
64 devices. The alternative templates
allInstances() size()), whereby self refers
by simulation.
allow the assignment of the central
Figure 2: Linking process for two platform variants specifications
Figure 3: Structural view of the central component example
Issue 12 // April 2016 // MOST Informative // 17
MOST Forum Papers
Network and System Architecture
evaluation application either to the
enables precise, plausible and
[3] DE MOURA, Leonardo; BJØRNER,
timing master or to the first timing slave.
comprehensible specification and
Nikolaj., “Z3: An efficient SMT
The altCCEvalNetBlckApp0 alternative
generation of valid platform variants.
solver. In: Tools and Algorithms
template groups only the application
Distribution constraints enable the user
for the Construction and Analysis of
that provides the polled status or
to focus on relevant variants.
S y s t e m s ” .
nBAppDeviceSlave0 contains both the
Springer
Berlin
Heidelberg, 2008. S. 337-340.
the central evaluation, whereas the
References
application and the MOST slave device.
[4] S. Reiter; A. Burger; A. Viehl; O.
This is necessary because if the device is
[1] Wilson Research Group, “The 2010
Bringmann; W. Rosenstiel., “Virtual
instantiated multiple times it is required
Wilson Research Group Functional
Prototyping Evaluation Framework
to constrain the device addresses
Verification Study,“ Mentor Graphics,
for Automotive Embedded Systems
dependent on the ring position. All
2010. [Online]. Available:
Engineering,” in Proceedings of
constraints are translated into a SMT/
http://goo.gl/rIyYu.
the
SAT-problem and the solver generates
[2] ISO, “Object Constraint Language
Conference on Simulation Tools and
different system instantiations, which
(OCL)“, ISO Release, January 2012.
Techniques 2014.
can be simulated with the proposed
[Online]. Available: http://www.omg.
simulation framework. The use case
org/spec/OCL/ISO/19507/PDF.
7th
Inter national
ICST
presented applies a Gaussian distribution
to generate more solutions with an
average node amount. Figure 4 presents
the amount of generated instances. This
enables the user to verify more relevant
system variants first, instead of verifying
the complete variant space.
FZI proposes a novel, constraint-based
specification approach to cope with
the increasing variability. Applying this
methodology for verification, exploration
and test with virtual prototype platforms
Figure 4: Amount of generated instances
Dr. rer. nat. Andreas Burger
is a former research
scientist in the department
Microelectronic System
Design (SiM) at the FZI
Research Center for
Information Technology in
Karlsruhe, Germany and
scientist at the ABB Corporate Research Center
in Germany in Ladenburg, Germany.
Dipl.-Inform.
Sebastian Reiter
is a research scientist in the
department SiM at the FZI in
Karlsruhe, Germany.
Prof. Dr. Oliver
Bringmann
is a professor at the WilhelmSchickard-Institute for
Computer Science at the
University of Tuebingen and
scientific director at the FZI
in Karlsruhe, Germany.
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang
Rosenstiel
is a professor at the WilhelmSchickard-Institute for
Computer Science at the
University of Tuebingen and
scientific director at the FZI in
Karlsruhe, Germany.
18 // MOST Informative // April 2016 // Issue 12
Dr. rer. nat. Alexander Viehl
is department manager of the
department SiM at the FZI in
Karlsruhe, Germany.
Network and System Architecture
MOST Forum Papers
»MOST Design Time Configuration
Copyright: Veer
There’s a Choice: Trading Flexibility
implemented. An example is a head unit
There are three main areas to look at when
for Simplicity
with cameras for surround view attached
establishing potential simplifications
to MOST remote controlled nodes. In
based on MOST Specification Rev. 3.1
MOST is very flexible. However,
this use case, static instead of dynamic
[1]: Network startup and shutdown,
some carmakers do not require all of
addressing greatly simplifies system
network management, and connection
the flexibility available for all of their
design. Here, we provide a concept
management. The current approach—
models. The design time configuration
that focuses on the simple scenarios
called the “traditional approach” here—
approach reduces complexity and cost
and allows implementation of MOST
is laid out and potential issues are
as well as test and verification efforts,
systems using a smaller footprint.
named.
and it provides easy access to MOST
functionality.
NetInterface
Normal
Operation
Automotive applications range in scale
from highly complex to quite simple. By
providing abundant flexibility in system
design, configuration, and changes
during runtime, MOST handles the
NetworkSlave
2
NetInterface
Normal
Operation
NetInterface
Normal
Operation
NetworkSlave
1
NetworkSlave
3
highly complex scenarios very well.
Simple use cases do not need all the
NetworkMaster
flexibility available. Such is the case
when the system is preconfigured and
never changes, when lower hardware or
PowerMaster
TimingMaster
NetInterface
Normal
Operation
Connection
Connectio
Manager
performance requirements are targeted,
or when very specific solutions are
Figure 1: Overview of a MOST system example
Issue 12 // April 2016 // MOST Informative // 19
MOST Forum Papers
Network and System Architecture
Network Startup and Shutdown
NetInterface Normal Operation, the
reports back the result. When the
NetworkMaster
connection is no longer required, the
Switching on the MOST signal initiates
• collects FBlockIDs.Status messages
initiator requests that the Connection
network startup in the NetInterface
from NetworkSlaves,
Manager destroy the connection.
Off state—in many cases—by the
• detects and resolves conflicts
Again, the Connection Manager
PowerMaster. The nodes in the
by assigning valid FBlockID/InstID
executes the corresponding actions
MOST network detect the presence
combinations,
and reports back. The issue at hand
of the MOST signal and proceed
• builds the Central Registry,
is that a lot of communication is
to the NetInterface Init state. The
• eventually announces System State OK,
necessary to complete the process
nodes lock onto the TimingMaster’s
• carefully monitors NetworkSlaves
and that there is no guarantee of
MOST signal, and eventually, the
dropping out of and entering the
success, e.g., in the case that another
TimingMaster distributes the System
network,
component has already claimed the
Lock Flag, resulting in a transition to the
• answers to Central Registry requests
requested resources.
NetInterface Normal Operation state.
by NetworkSlaves.
This sequence of events is sufficiently
simple and, therefore, not subject to
NetInterface
Normal
Operation
changes by design time configuration.
When the network—or an individual
NetworkSlave
2
NetInterface
Normal
Operation
part of it—is no longer required, the
PowerMaster
NetInterface
Normal
Operation
NetBlock . x .
FBlockIDs . Status
NetworkSlave
3
• initiates network shutdown by
invoking
NetworkSlave
1
NetBlock.Shutdown.Start(Query),
Central
Registry
• performs the multi-phase shutdown
NetworkMaster
procedure, ending in NetBlock.
NetInterface
Normal
Operation
Shutdown.Start(Execute),
• initiates and terminates Device
PowerMaster
TimingMaster
Shutdown,
• monitors temperature shutdown,
Figure 2: NetworkSlaves report their FBlocks to the NetworkMaster
• hands over the final phase of the
shutdown to the NetInterface, which
The traditional approach requires
sets the Shutdown Flag.
very complex interaction between
Design Time Approach
NetworkMaster and NetworkSlave.
The design time configuration approach
Here, several procedures are carried
Error handling and corner cases
is based on the assumption that
out before the network can shut down.
further increase complexity. At the
in several cases the configuration
Extensive verification and testing is
same time, verification and testing are
of the nodes in the MOST network
necessary, in order to ascertain that
quite challenging. The nodes in the
does not change over the lifetime of
the network shuts down in a controlled
network require extra effort, in order to
a vehicle, i.e., the contained FBlocks
manner, despite the potential existence
be properly registered in the network.
and the necessary connections remain
of any combination of adverse
constant. If there are no configuration
conditions.
Connection Management
Network Management
An initiator instructs the Connection
of the MOST system. The table provides
changes, components that manage
such changes are not required as part
Manager to set up a connection, when
an overview of the key aspects of the
The NetworkMaster is the primary
required. The Connection Manager
design time configuration approach as
actor in network management. In
performs the necessary steps and
compared to the traditional approach.
20 // MOST Informative // April 2016 // Issue 12
Network and System Architecture
MOST Forum Papers
When the Central Registry does not
Issue/Item
Traditional approach
Design time configuration
Network startup
Static or dynamic logical node
addresses
Only static logical node
addresses
Network management
NetworkMaster maintains
Central Registry
Every node has a copy of the
FBlock Registry
Reset detection
NetworkMaster announces
changes
Where necessary, implicit
notification on a designated
property is used
Network shutdown
PowerMaster interacts using
the NetBlock.Shutdown
function
PowerMaster sets the
Shutdown Flag
have to be maintained, no transition
between System States OK and NotOK
in NetInterface Normal Operation
has to be triggered. Without System
States, there is no further distinction
between system communication and
application communication: All FBlocks
Connection management
may communicate after entering
the NetInterface Normal Operation
state. In summary, when the network
configuration is defined at design time,
the NetworkMaster, monitoring network
The Connection Manager builds
Initiators request connections
connections based on the
from the Connection Manager
connection list
configuration changes in the traditional
approach, can be removed entirely. As
a result, the System Scan, the Central
Table: Comparison between the traditional approach and design time configuration
Registry, System States, and “own
Network Startup
combinations that exist in the network.
configuration invalid” behavior are no
With those fixed, no correction by the
longer necessary.
The traditional and the simplified network
NetworkMaster needs to be performed.
startup are functionally identical until the
This is reinforced by removing the
NetInterface Normal Operation state is
distinction between Central and
entered. There is a structural difference;
Decentral Registry and instead, by
The removal of the NetworkMaster
the NetworkMaster is no longer present
keeping a static local copy, called the
results in one issue: it may increase
and, consequently, NetworkSlaves are
FBlock Registry, in every node. To
the difficulty in detecting the reset of
simply called nodes. Dynamic logical
announce the presence or absence
an application. Traditionally, a large
node addresses are not used anymore;
of certain FBlocks, nodes no longer
part of the NetworkMaster functionality
all logical node addresses are static.
send FBlockIDs.Status messages to
focuses on that aspect. Without the
In the NetInterface Normal Operation
the NetworkMaster, but to the blocking
ability to detect if an FBlock has
state, the nodes in the MOST system
broadcast address, thereby informing
performed a reset, a controller might
communicate freely. When a controller
every node in the network and allowing
incorrectly assume that its notification
addresses a service— or FBlock, in
the recipients to act upon the information.
requests are still being serviced.
Reset Detection
MOST terminology — the request may
succeed or fail, depending on the current
availability of the FBlock. In comparison
FBlock
Registry 2
to building and distributing a Central
Node
2
Registry, potentially duplicate requests
do not increase the overall network traffic.
To prevent failed requests from occurring
immediately after network startup, the
system integrator may rely on a timer-
FBlock
Registry 1
FBlock
Registry 3
Node
3
NetBlock . 1 .
FBlockIDs . Status (...)
Node
1
based delay.
Network Management
FBlock
Registry 0
PowerMaster
TimingMaster
Reduced volatility is achieved by
predefining the FBlockID/InstID
Figure 3: FBlock registries and FBlockIDs.Status broadcast
Issue 12 // April 2016 // MOST Informative // 21
MOST Forum Papers
Network and System Architecture
A simple and elegant way of
To cover different audio scenarios,
invalidating this drawback is by using
multiple connection lists can be
implicit notification on a property that
maintained and the Connection
is designated for reset detection,
Manager activates and deactivates
e.g., a property of function class
those, depending on the triggers
Switch, named ApplicationStarted.
defined by the system integrator.
ApplicationStarted.Status is sent
Subsequently, the Connection
when the node enters the network.
Master Flock’s BuildConnection and
This message informs controllers
RemoveConnection functions are no
when the FBlock (re-)appears in the
longer necessary.
MOST network. Controllers use this
as a trigger to verify and update
End-of-line Setup
notifications. Whenever a controller
receives ApplicationStarted.Status,
To allow end-of-line setup in the
it can conclude that the FBlock went
context of design time configuration,
through reset. This simple mechanism
every node initially has one Diagnosis
solves a number of recurring issues
FBlock. After the devices are deployed
with reset detection and notification.
in the car during production, the
TimingMaster node is connected to
Network Shutdown
a diagnostic test tool and is provided
with the system configuration. The
The NetBlock.Shutdown function is
TimingMaster distributes the FBlock
no longer used, removing a multitude
Registry, implicit notification settings,
of optional and mandatory actions
and the connection list through the
that have to be considered by the
Diagnosis FBlock. The Diagnosis
PowerMaster. In the design time
FBlock is addressed by a wildcard,
approach, the PowerMaster initiates
which returns the requested FBlock
normal shutdown by handing an Off
independent of the actual InstID. This
Request to the NetInterface, which
ensures that the successful provision
sets the Shutdown Flag on the MOST
of configuration data does not depend
network as a result. In the traditional
upon which InstID was preconfigured.
approach, the Off Request is the final
phase of the shutdown procedure.
In static scenarios, design time
Device shutdown and temperature
configuration offers a great opportunity
shutdown are no longer initiated by
for cost reduction and simplification by
the PowerMaster but are started and
removing those parts required by the
terminated according to the design
traditional MOST system configuration
specification of the system integrator.
to monitor configuration changes.
Connection Management
References
In the design time approach,
[1] MOST Specification Rev. 3.1. MOST
the Connection Manger has a
Cooperation, 2015.
predefined list of connections. After
[2] Grzemba, A.: MOST – The Automotive
system startup, the Connection
Multimedia Network – From MOST25
Manager autonomously creates
to MOST150. Franzis Verlag, Poing,
connections according to that list.
2011, ISBN 978-3-645-65061-8.
22 // MOST Informative // April 2016 // Issue 12
Renato Machelett
is the founder of Machelett
Software & Consulting.
Involved with MOST
Technology since 2000,
he has been providing
specification support for
the MOST Cooperation
since 2006. He is the coordinator of the MOST
Working Group FCat Exchange Formats.
[email protected]
Network and System Architecture
MOST Forum Papers
»Model-Driven Engineering of Infotainment Networks
Copyright: K2L
An in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) is a
The design complexity of an infotain-
A model that specifies an infotainment
distributed embedded system, which
ment network is a challenging task.
network at a high level of abstraction
contains hardware and software
The ability to perform the duty of
paves the way to overcome the
components, interacting through
creating, maintaining and modifying
complexity of the design. Model-driven
networks. The networking supports
the design of an infotainment network
engineering (MDE) is the well-known
the infotainment system’s extensibility
must be supported by both the
methodology used to create and exploit
and flexibility.
computer science knowledge (soft-
domain models as a basis to implement
ware and hardware engineering, general
specified systems. A set of models
An infotainment network is a network
and specific technologies and platforms
introduces the unified terminology to
designed to transfer data, audio and
etc.) and non-technical knowledge (for
promote communication between the
video content between the embedded
example, industry’s best practices,
project participants, such as business
systems of the IVI system. A node is an
project management and knowledge
analysts, system designers and domain
embedded system that is connected
of the most relevant domains) and
experts. The models also help to
to the infotainment network. The node
organizational and communication
increase productivity by reusing design
has at least one network interface
skills. The system that implements the
patterns and applying best practices.
controller to communicate with
designed infotainment network must
other nodes through the network.
be aligned with business requirements
The models encapsulate technical
and the overall costs of the design and
aspects of the underlying technology
development must be acceptable.
and represent an initial abstraction
Issue 12 // April 2016 // MOST Informative // 23
MOST Forum Papers
Physical Layer
view. Furthermore, those models can
questionable, because CIM contains
language. These methods and
be used as input data for automation
no technical details and may include
attributes may have additional marks
tools to simplify subsequent activities
informal requirements. Nevertheless,
(annotations) that specify an underlying
of the software development process,
the CIM requirements should be
message exchange pattern (MEP)
such as prototyping and simulation,
traceable through the PIM to the PSM
such as request-reply, fire-and-forget,
implementation and testing, etc.
constructs. The PIM, which abstracts
etc. In other words, the UML model
out the technical aspects, may be
specifies the application programming
The Unified Modeling Language (UML)
effectively transformed into several
interface (API) of the RPC. It is the
is the widespread standard used to
platform-specific models.
easy-to-read and compact notation
model various systems. UML supports
that simplifies the use of other UML
a generic extension mechanism for
The design of an infotainment network
models, such as sequence diagrams
building domain-specific models,
specifies, among other things, the
and component diagrams. On the other
called UML profiles. UML is one of
physical deployment of software
hand, the API presentation can lead to
the key standards related to model-
components on nodes, the inter-
misinterpretations because it hides the
driven architecture (MDA™). MDA is
communication protocol (data exchange)
network nature of the RPC.
the approach to implement MDE, as
between those components, and a
provided by the Object Management
configuration of bandwidth allocations
The message-oriented model contains
Group (OMG).
to transfer data, audio and video
the definition of the messages that
contents between nodes (connection
are used to transfer the data between
MDA specifies three default models of
management). It is essential to note, that
software components. This allows the
a system: Computation Independent
each node cannot be considered as an
creation of complex models of message
Model (CIM), Platform Independent
isolated device, but must be designed
processing flows, but the maintenance
Model (PIM) and Platform Specific
as part of an infotainment network.
of such models may require additional
Model (PSM). A CIM is a business or
The UML deployment diagram depicts
effort.
domain model that defines exactly what
a physical deployment of the software
the system is expected to do. A PIM
components on nodes and can be used
There are several other decisions that
is an abstract model used to create a
as specified in the UML standard. An
must be made when designing a UML
Platform Specific Model (PSM), which in
UML model of a data exchange may
profile of the data exchange model. Data
turn is a model of the concrete system
be specified in several ways. The best
exchange in an infotainment network
that implements the PIM upon the
known are the remote procedure call
can be achieved using standard TCP/
specific technology.
(RPC) and the message-oriented styles.
IP standards or proprietary protocols,
such as the MOST application protocol.
MDA has the capability to define
When the RPC style of the data
In case of the MOST protocol, it may
transformations
the
exchange model is used, the methods
not be necessary to create the UML
models. A transformation from CIM
and the attributes (properties) of the
profile of the PSM because the standard
to PIM is technically possible, but the
communication interfaces must be
MOST XML format, which defines the
efficiency of such a transformation is
defined as interfaces of the programming
MOST messages, already exists. So,
that
map
cmp MDA
Computation Independent
Model
« flow »
Platform Independent
Model
Figure 1: Abstraction Levels of MDA models
24 // MOST Informative // April 2016 // Issue 12
Implemention model
(Code/Configuration)
Platform Specific Model
« flow »
« flow »
Compliance and Quality
MOST Forum Papers
the standard MOST XML format can
management (DRM) technologies, such
Video and Data stereotypes or from the
be used instead of the PSM model to
as DTCP or HDCP.
number of channels and the sample
size for Synchronous Audio stereotype.
generate the MOST application code.
The node, which sends the data, is a
The original streams’ connectors must
The discussion about all variations of
source UML element of the Communi-
be cloned for the MOST stream.
the data exchange architecture exceeds
cation Path connector, and the node,
Furthermore, the implementation
the scope of this paper.
which receives the data, is the destination
connector may be used to depict the
object of the same connector. For
link between the MOST stream and the
The UML PIM of the connection
example, “Head Unit” is the source of the
stream of the PIM, as shown on the
management is an extension of the
Main Stream, and “Amplifier” is its sink
Connection Management Diagram.
deployment model. It specifies new
in the diagam below.
Media_Network Streaming
« Synchronous Audio »
Main Stream
« Video »
Rear Camera Stream
Chanels = 8
Bits = 16
Protected = yes
Bit Rate = 12 Mbps
Protected = no
Amplifier
Rear Camera
Head Unit
« realize »
« realize »
Legend
« Synchronous »
Main Audio
PMI
BlockWidth = 16
« A/V Packetized »
Rear Camera Video
BlockWidth = 36
PSM
Figure 2 Connection Management Diagram
UML constructions, representing
The MOST specific connection
A MOST topology diagram may be used
allocations and defining the direction
management model defines the
to specify the MOST network type and
of the data transfer. The UML profile of
stereotypes according to the types of
the topology of the MOST network. It
the PIM contains four UML stereotypes:
the MOST streams: Synchronous, MDP
depicts the physical topology of the
Synchronous Audio, Audio, Video
(MOST Data Packets), MEP (MOST
MOST network and shows the nodes
and Data. The Synchronous Audio
Ethernet Packets), QoS IP (Quality of
and the layout of the connections: ring,
stereotype is used to identify an audio
Service IP), and Audio/Video Packetized
daisy chain, etc. This diagram can be
stream that includes several channels
(A/V Packetized). The block width in
very helpful by specifying the type of
with identically sized patterns that
bytes for each of the MOST specific
the interface (USB, MLB etc.) chosen
are transferred synchronously. The
streams must be specified.
to connect the microcontroller (EHC)
and INIC. This information may affect
Audio, Video and Data stereotypes
are used to annotate the content of
The transformation from the PIM of
the generation of the configuration file
the stream with the specified bitrate.
an infotainment network to the PSM
if MLB is used.
The Synchronous Audio, Audio and
of the MOST network creates a new
Video UML elements can be defined
UML element for each stream of the
The specification of the connection
as protected. That means that the
PIM. That element represents the
management in the form of the UML
content of the corresponding streams
MOST specific stream with the block
model can be used to generate source
will be protected using digital rights
width calculated from bitrate for Audio,
code or the configuration file. The
Issue 12 // April 2016 // MOST Informative // 25
MOST Forum Papers
Compliance and Quality
source code is a part of the code used to
annotations refining the MOST-specific
solid methodology and powerful set of
accomplish the MOST application, but,
aspects of the platform-independent
standards to cover the most important
in this case, the configuration cannot be
XML elements. The standard XML
aspects of efficiently simplifying the
modified without recompilation. Using
ID/IDREF types are used to link such
design of the infotainment network.
the configuration file is more flexible.
elements as nodes, streams and
However, additional effort is needed
software components.
to implement the parsing engine of the
configuration file.
References
[1] 3.0E2 MOST Specification, MOST
This new XML format provides all
Cooperation
information needed for development
[2] Morgan & Claypool, 2012, Model-
To simplify the implementation of
tools and allows designers, developers
Driven Software Engineering in
development tools, such as code
and testers to configure, monitor and
Practice, Marco Brambilla, Jordi
Canot, Manuel Wimmer
[3] Addison-Wesley Professional, 2013,
Software Architecture in Practice, Len
Bass, Paul Clements, Rick Kazman
[4] IEEE, 2014, Obtaining Behavioral
Model of PIM from the CIM,
Abdelouahed Kriouile, Ahmed El
Khadimi
[5] Development and Testing of
Automotive, Ethernet-Networks
together in one Tool - OMNeT++,
Patrick Wunner, Stefan May, Kristian
Trenkel, Sebastian Dengler
[6] Model-Driven Design of Network
Aspects of Distributed Embedded
Systems (IEEE Transactions on
Computer-Aided Design of Integrated
Circuits and Systems, vol. 34, no. 4,
April 2015), Emad Ebeid, Franco
Fummi, Davide Quaglia
[7] Rev. 2.0, ormsc/2014-06-01, Model
Driven Architecture (MDA), MDA
Guide, Object Management Group
Figure 3: Structure of XML Exchange Format
generators, network monitors and
analyze not only the data exchange in
testing scripts, an XML exchange
the infotainment network, but also the
format is necessary. This format has
connections.
been proposed as a MOST Cooperation
The platform-independent model of
standard. Its XML schema includes
the infotainment network may be used
the types representing the abstract
to specify the system built upon any
platform-independent
objects
dedicated technology for infotainment
and optional XML elements called
networking. However, MOST provides a
26 // MOST Informative // April 2016 // Issue 12
Yury Asheshov
has served as Principal
Engineer for K2L GmbH
& Co. KG since December
2015. Mr. Asheshov holds
a Master of Science and
a Bachelor of Science
degree in Information
Systems and Technologies from Saint Petersburg Electro-Technical University "LETI", Russia.
Compliance and Quality
MOST Forum Papers
» Implementing MOSTCO's Roadmap
The MOST Cooperation disclosed the
Promote MOST for global Deployment
mid-term roadmap of MOST at the
MOST150 continues to grow, fueled by
the migration from MOST25 optical to
MOST Forum in 2014 and reiterated
As of today, MOST Technology has
MOST150 optical at Audi, Daimler, and
its goals in 2015.
been deployed in over 200 car models
Volvo. New carmakers have evaluated
worldwide and more than 200 million
MOST50 UTP as well as MOST150
• Promote MOST for global deployment
nodes have been installed at OEMs.
cPhy (coaxial cable). One new major
• Maintain and sustain the existing
In the past 12 months, many more car
OEM adopting MOST150 coax is
technology MOST25/50/150
models were released to the market
slated for production in 2016, with
• Drive cost reduction measures
and Microchip’s annual shipment rate
more production starts expected to
• Focus on roll out of MOST150
of INIC has continuously grown. The
follow throughout 2018 and at another
• Cooperate with other organizations
majority of the production volume
OEM. MOST50 UTP continues to grow
moved from MOST25 to MOST50.
in volume both through additional
This article addresses some aspects
Volume car makers GM and Toyota
models from existing users, new OEM
of the above goals, the status and the
are driving the growth of MOST50
adopters and new application use
outlook from Microchip perspective.
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) quantity.
cases. The MOST Cooperation Steering
Issue 12 // April 2016 // MOST Informative // 27
MOST Forum Papers
Compliance and Quality
Committee, namely Audi, BMW,
committed year-over-year productivity
reveals that the lion’s share of the costs
Daimler, Harman and Microchip
for existing INICs, new products
is associated with wiring harness, the
Technology have supported a series of
are under development which offer
FOT and the connector costs; external
events in Europe and Asia. Several other
significant system cost reduction
components required to meet emissions
MOST Cooperation OEM members like
potential on the other hand, in the future.
and robustness specifications, SOC
GM, Hyundai Kia Motor Company, Toyota
The ability of customers to optimize
and software add additional factors.
and Volvo Cars assist MOST Technology
system costs will come multifaceted.
global deployment through their
For example, pin-compatible interface
In an optical MOST150 solution, about
contributions in events, PR and press
products will be manufactured in more
two-thirds of the networking costs
releases, thus enabling about 20 Microchip
efficient semiconductor technology.
are related to connector, POF, FOT
Technology news releases since the
In addition, new INICs will be more
and cable. An optical MOST solution
previous MOST Forum in April 2015.
specifically tailored for the application
seems expensive. However, it delivers
use case. The successful introduction
an unrivaled emissions and robustness
Hanser Automotive recently published
of USB in the OS81118/OS81119
performance, as has been proven more
the results of a survey conducted
MOST150 INICs encourages the
than 100 million times in the market.
among car manufacturers, Tier1s and
proliferation of this interface technology
Nevertheless, customers have asked for
semiconductor vendors in 2015. OEMs
to other INIC products. USB interfaces
more options to address this topic. With
rated standardization and multivendor
are available on a broad range of
the acquisition of EqcoLogic, Microchip
support as most important for the
infotainment, communication and driver
acquired crucial coaxial technology. In
deployment of an in-vehicle network
assist SOCs, allowing customers to
2014, Microchip introduced the MOST150
technology. MOST Cooperation has
choose the most appropriate one for
coaxial transceiver OS82150. This coaxial
successfully established MOST as
the intended use case. Other industry
transceiver offers an exciting new
the de facto standard for infotainment
standard interfaces like PCI and xMII are
option allowing customers to implement
networking since its introduction in
under consideration for future products.
efficient infotainment networks, and to
easily migrate from optical to coaxial
2001. Further steps to accomplish
wider proliferation have been initiated.
Drive Cost Reduction Measures
In 2014, Microchip made MOST150
cabling. The design-in of the OS82150
is straightforward, and total system costs
DLL specification available under
Automotive technology analysts and
are optimized. By seamlessly interfacing
RAND conditions, thus conforming
automotive network reports often show
with MOST150 INICs, such as OS81110,
to the prerequisites of multivendor
MOST as an expensive networking
the OS82150 can be easily integrated
support. Improved conditions for global
solution. The reference points for
into existing designs. Customers benefit
deployment and a multivendor landscape
these statements are MOST25 optical
from a circa 15 percent cost reduction
are available once MOST specifications
and MOST150 optical. What are the
while keeping system redesign efforts
move to ISO is completed. Microchip
contributing factors? A closer look
low. Further networking system cost
assists the MOST Cooperation in paving
the way to make MOST an ISO standard.
Maintain and Sustain the Existing
Technology MOST25/50/150
Microchip supports MOST25 as it
continues rolling out in new car models.
Major efforts expanding the INIC product
portfolio have gone into 50Mbps and
150Mbps speed grades. While on the
one hand continuous improvement in
manufacturing is ongoing to deliver the
Figure 1: Application Specific MOST Network Interface IC Solutions
28 // MOST Informative // April 2016 // Issue 12
Compliance and Quality
MOST Forum Papers
reduction is achieved by using the highly
UNICENS is a new approach to configure
use of microcontrollers and memory
integrated OS81118AF, which includes
and control a MOST network including
in peripheral nodes such as cameras,
the coaxial transceiver on-chip. With the
the connections from one centralized
displays, amplifiers, and microphones.
migration of the network architecture
software stack. The configuration of
For example, the remote control
from dual simplex to full duplex, a close to
the parameters and the connections
feature supports a control port that
40% cost reduction can be achieved, in
of a MOST network are done at design
implements an I2C bus master. The I2C
comparison to the optical system, cutting
time and stored in a configuration file
bus master manages, reads and writes
the “cost in half”.
(system descriptor). The centralized
to the microphone. The I2C reads and
writes are remotely handled through the
MOST control channel. Also, GPIOs are
remotely handled through the MOST
control channel. GPIO events are
automatically reported over the MOST
network. Existing processing power in the
main ECU is used to run the controlling
software for all remote controlled
nodes. Centralizing all controlling
software in the main ECU simplifies the
development process considerably, as
Silicon cost
only one software instance needs to be
Remaining cost
developed and deployed. Therefore, only
Figure 2: Impact of Harness and Architecture on MOST150 Network Costs
the software stack in the central node
Beyond these aspects, MOST Co-
software stack uses the information
requires knowledge of MOST; no other
operation and Microchip have carefully
in the configuration file to generate all
MOST node requires this knowledge.
analyzed customers’ current and future
connections in the MOST network, in
The developer is not required to know as
MOST use cases. One outcome is that
the local INIC and configures all the
much in order to create a MOST network;
a streamlined software architecture will
other INICs in the network remotely
the developer only has to configure the
not only help customers to develop
over MOST. UNICENS supports remote
system descriptor. This kind of device
MOST systems faster but also enable
control functionality. The remote control
architecture helps to optimize system
a unified and centralized software
feature is a new feature that has been
partitioning, board space and even
stack (UNICENS) approach, to further
added to the MOST specification. It
power dissipation in the remote device.
optimize the customer’s system costs
allows the reduction of the software
Therefore, memory and an additional
significantly.
stack, which typically demands the
microcontroller are not required to run the
application. In comparison to Ethernet,
this is a major benefit. Microphones and
amplifiers demonstrate this very well.
UNICENS is not intended to replace MOST
NetServices, but is an option enabling
customers to develop devices and
design a networked system much faster.
MOST NetServices continues to coexist
with UNICENS. In 2015, the UNICENS
approach was validated, developing a
proof-of-concept infotainment system
in about three months for an European
car maker in close collaboration with two
Tier1s and Microchip.
Figure 3: Centralized Network Management
Issue 12 // April 2016 // MOST Informative // 29
MOST Forum Papers
Compliance and Quality
Simplification of MOST system
Cooperation working group, chaired
However, cooperation with other
development was introduced in
by Honda and with contributions
automotive, industrial and consumer
previous MOST Forums and at
from Daimler, TE Connectivity, and
bodies is required to achieve wider
Interconnectivity Asia Conference,
Microchip. Microchip released an
acceptance in the market. Users of
such as the MOST ToGo three-node-
EMC reference design compliant
MOST Technology will benefit from
reference design for MOST50 and
with the MOST cPhy Physical Layer
wider acceptance as this would yield
MOST150 speed grades. Additional
Specification in 2015. This reference
in faster time-to-market, higher quality
options simplifying the design are
design features OS82150, OS81110,
and larger volumes, hence in an even
available now. A number of plug-
OS85650, and MPM85000. To further
more competitive MOST Technology
and-play hardware demonstration
enable development and accelerate
solution.
devices are available utilizing the
time to market, the OS82150 is
UNICENS software concept. They
supported by K2L’s OS81110 cPhy
In 2015, MOST Cooperation presented
encapsulate MOST specific functions
Evaluation Board and K2L’s OptoLyzer
®
the integration of AUTOSAR within the
and central configuration. “Slim
MOCCA Bundles. The OS81110 cPhy
MOST network. A MOST/AUTOSAR
devices” have no MOST specific
Evaluation Board encapsulates an
gateway demonstrator connected
software; some operate even without
entire MOST150 network device. An
the vehicle network with a MOST
an application microcontroller. In an
integrated OS85650 I/O Companion
network using AUTOSAR mechanisms
available Microchip demonstration
Chip provides I/O port expansion
and tunneling of communication of
system, the MOST Ethernet Packet
for additional application flexibility.
two AUTOSAR applications through
Channel is used for device control
The OptoLyzer MOCCA Bundle
a MOST network, either through the
over IP. The use of the Linux device
combines the capabilities of the
MOST Control Channel or over the
drivers make MOST channels look like
popular OptoLyzer Suite graphical
MOST Ethernet Packet Channel.
Ethernet ports or audio devices. For
user interface with the advantages
Both scenarios provide for a partial
the physical layer, frontend reference
of the OptoLyzer MOCCA multi-bus
integration of a MOST network into the
designs have been devised which
hardware interface. The first car model
AUTOSAR standard. In the solution
meet OEMs’ emissions and immunity
with MOST150 cPhy dual simplex in a
presented by ETAS, existing SWCs
requirements. They are available for
multi-node infotainment system is on
of the AUTOSAR stack, as well as the
MOST50 UTP and MOST150 coax.
track for production in 2016. The first
configuration mechanisms provided
adopter of MOST150 cPHY full duplex
by AUTOSAR and the corresponding
in an infotainment network starts
tools, may be reused as far as
Focus on Roll-out of MOST150
production in few years. Evaluation
possible. With some extensions, for
The deployment and roll-out of
of MOST150 cPhy at additional car
example for handling the dynamic
MOST150 optical runs smoothly at
makers in Europe and Asia is currently
MOST network management, the
Audi, Daimler, Kia and Volvo. New car
ongoing. Microchip performs complete
integration of MOST mechanisms into
flagship models were released to the
system test and validation, works
the AUTOSAR standard can be done
market, such as Audi’s A4, Daimler’s
directly with customers to improve
in a quite straight-forward manner.
E-class, Kia’s K900 and Volvo’s XC90.
system and EMC performance,
Further deployment of MOST150
offering schematics and layout reviews
One additional example is the
optical in new models is ongoing.
(MOSTCheck) and EMC debugging.
collaborative approach of MOST
Cooperation, CI+ and Microchip to
In order to facilitate the introduction
Cooperate with Other Organizations
offer customers a complete, easy-
of MOST150 coaxial in the market,
to Accelerate Standardization and
to-use, and cost-efficient solution
MOST150
Growth
to transport the latest CI+ protected
cPhy
Measurement
digital video inside automobiles. MOST
Guideline and MOST150 cPhy
Compliance Verification Procedure-
MOST Cooperation as a stand-
Cooperation released its latest MOST
Physical Layer were released in
ardization body has been instrumental
Stream Transmission Specification
2015. This was achieved in a MOST
for the success of MOST Technology.
that includes support for the MOST
30 // MOST Informative // April 2016 // Issue 12
Compliance and Quality
MOST Forum Papers
CI+ Interim License Agreement issued
MediaLB and I2C interfaces of
MOST Technology a global and open
by the CI Plus LLP (www.ci-plus.com).
MOST network interface controllers.
standard. The current objectives of
CI+ now allows a MOST network
The driver supports standard Linux
MOST Cooperation are important
to transport CI+ protected content
interfaces like ALSA (Audio), V4L2
measures for MOST Technology
using Digital Transmission Content
(Video) and IP-based communication
to maintain its long-term market
Protection (DTCP). This agreement
over the standard Linux Networking
leadership in high-speed in-vehicle
with the CI Plus LLP enables the
Stack. During the 2016 Consumer
networking
transmission of the latest digital video
Electronics Show in Las Vegas, the
customers to develop innovative,
broadcasts to be transported between
Automotive Grade Linux project
cost-competitive solutions. As
vehicle components over a MOST
showed a demonstration of the new
the requirements for high speed
network. MOST150 enables direct
Unified Code Base distribution. This
networking continue to change,
isochronous transport of, for example,
demonstration was the collaboration
Microchip is prepared to adapt to
MPEG video streams, without bit
of many companies including
these challenges and opportunities
stuffing or transcoding. In addition
Microchip’s Automotive Divisions,
and to solve them. Microchip looks
to the approved content protection
Pioneer, Panasonic, Renesas, and
forward to working with the MOST
schemes for Digital Transmission
K2L. All these companies contributed
community as they move into the
Content Protection (DTCP) and HDCP,
code, helped integrate the software,
future.
MOST allows the transportation of
and built the hardware.
and
enabling
its
CI+ protected content. Microchip’s
free DTCP software stack supports
cost-efficient, content-protected
communication on MOST.
Another example is Microchip’s work
with the Linux Foundation. When
Microchip joined the Linux Foundation
in December 2014, Microchip became
part of the Technical Advisory Board
mentoring program and thereby,
gained the opportunity to have
Microchip’s MOST Linux Driver code
reviewed by Greg Kroah-Hartman,
as a mentor. This pushed the driver
upstream to the mainline kernel.
This one-on-one mentoring process
helped put Microchip’s code on
Figure 4: MOST Linux Driver Architecture
the fast track toward acceptance.
Microchip is committed to Automotive
Microchip Technology is fully com-
Grade Linux (AGL) and is prepared
mitted to support the agenda of
to address the needs in terms of the
the MOST Cooperation. Various
quality of its contributed code and in
initiatives have been presented in
its role as the automotive subsystem
this article.
maintainer. Linux Mainline Kernel
has been made. Transferring current
starting with Version 4.3 includes a
MOST specifications to ISO standard
Microchip MOST Linux driver. The
could be a major next step and is a
driver enables access to all MOST
recognition of MOST Cooperation’s
data types and supports the USB,
work over the past years in making
Significant progress
Johann Stelzer
is a Senior Marketing
Manager with Microchip
Technology. He started in
Microchip Technology’s
Automotive Product
Group in 2000 and joined
Microchip’s Automotive
Information System Division in 2013.
Issue 12 // April 2016 // MOST Informative // 31
Publisher
MOST Cooperation
Emmy-Noether-Straße 14
76131 Karlsruhe
Germany
Conception and Editorial Office
ahlendorf communication
Schiffbauerweg 5F
82319 Starnberg
Germany
Design and Layout
Saleaway Marketing & Design GmbH
Bürgerstraße 6
4020 Linz
Austria
[email protected]
http://www.mostcooperation.com
Mandy Ahlendorf
Phone +49 8151 9739098
[email protected]
Phone +43 732 665728
[email protected]
http://www.saleaway.at
The MOST Cooperation is not responsible for the members’ contributions in this newsletter and distances itself expressly from the
contents of all third parties’ websites. Neither the MOST Cooperation nor any of its members shall be held responsible or liable for any
of the contents in the links to non-MOST Cooperation web pages.
32 // MOST Informative // April 2016 // Issue 12