avtoris stili daculia
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
amerikismcodneobis instituti
qeTevan anTelava
amerikel mecenat qalTa moRvaweoba
1830 - 1930-ian wlebSi: ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
amerikismcodneobis doqtoris (PhD) akademiuri xarisxis
Mmosapoveblad warmodgenili
d i s e r t a c i a
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
asoc. prof. elene meZmariaSvili
Tbilisi
2015
,
Sinaarsi
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Tavi 1
amerikel mecenat qalTa moRvaweoba (zogadi debulebebi)
1.1 amerikeli qali qalTa istoriis WrilSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.2 „gamijnuli sferoebis~ koncefcia
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
1.3 qalTa klubebis roli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Tavi 2
me-19 saukunis amerikel qalTa samecenato saqmianobis Casaxva
da misi Taviseburebani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.1 me-19 saukunis qali, rogorc
miTi Tu realoba
„WeSmariti qalurobis~ etaloni –
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.2 qvelmoqmedebidan dekoratiuli xelovnebis propagandisken . . .
2.3 koleqcioneri qalebis pirveli nabijebi
58
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Tavi 3
qalTa saqmianoba xelovnebis propagandisa da mfarvelobis
sferoSi 1890-1930-ian wlebSi
3.1 „axali tipis qalis~ gamoCena aspareze
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.2 avangardi amerikaSi da qalTa wvlili mis popularizaciaSi . . 89
3.3 qalTa mecenatobis institucionalizaciis etapebi . . . . . . . . 116
3.4
samuzeumo moZraobis gafarToebuli geografia da
mravalferovneba aSS-Si
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
gamoyenebuli literaturis sia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
2
,
Sesavali
problemis zogadi mimoxilvaF
Tu
`google~-is
saZiebo
sistemaSi
CavwerT:
„cnobili
amerikeli
qalebi,~ erT-erTi wyaros saxiT igi mogvawvdis veb-gverds http://www.u-shistory.com, sadacQqronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT, 1500 wlidan moyolebuli
dRemde,
mocemulia
informacia
im
qalbatonebis
Sesaxeb,
romlebmac
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules amerikis istoriis, ganviTarebisa da
dRevandeli
faseulobebis
socialuri
da
damkvidrebis
politikuri
saqmeSi.
reformebisTvis
am
siaSi
mebrZoli,
iricxebian
ganaTlebis
sferoSi moRvawe da xelovnebasa da gasarTob industriaSi warmatebuli
qalbatonebi. gansakuTrebuli SriftiT gamoyofilni arian sufraJistebi,
abolicionistebi da religiuri TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolni da arc
erTi sityva ar aris naTqvami, magaliTad, ebi rokefelerze, izabela
stiuart gardnersa an gertrud uiTnize.
qarTulenovan saZiebo sistemebSi analogiuri moTxovnis pasuxad
kidev
ufro
mZime
suraTi
ixateba:
aq
mxolod
pop-varskvlavebis,
modelebisa da plastikuri qirurgiis warmatebuli obieqtebis fotoebis
naxvaa SesaZlebeli. am erTferovani siis boloSi Tu mohkravT Tvals
kondoliza raissa da mkvidr amerikel qals. es viTareba saxaliso
sferoSi darCeboda, rom ara istoriuli procesebis fonze sxvadasxva
sferoSi
moRvawe
qalTa
rolis
kvlevisadmi
gazrdili
interesi
da
dRevandel saqarTveloSi zogadad amerikis istoriis, faseulobebisa da
gamocdilebis
xelovnebis
safuZvliani
mecenatobis,
gaazrebis
saWiroeba.
propagandisa
da
1830-1930-ian
popularizaciis
wlebSi
sferoSi
moRvawe qalbatonebis – sara uorTington piteris, qendis uileris, ebi
rokefeleris,
lili
blisis,
meri
quin
salivanis, izabela
stiuart
gardneris, gertrud vanderbilT uiTnis, juliana forsisa da sxvaTa
moRvaweoba seriozul Seswavlas imsaxurebs da, erTdroulad, ramodenime
mizezis gamo aris mniSvnelovani:
a) am
qalbatonebis
gabeduli
saqmianobis
Sedegad,
xeli
Seewyo
qalTa srulfasovan damkvidrebas amerikis xelovnebis mecenatobisa
3
,
da samuzeumo moZraobis ganviTarebis saqmeSi; metic - maTma naRvawma
meoce saukunis 40-ian wlebSi kulturuli dedaqalaqis parizidan
niu-iorkSi
gadatana
ganapiroba
da, amdenad,
kulturis
sferoSi
qalTa nayofieri saqmianobis dasturi gaxda.
b) 1830 wels amerikeli qalebi, faqtobrivad, mTlianad moklebuli
iyvnen raime gavlenas saxelovnebo sferoSi, erTi saukunis Semdeg ki
maTi saqmianobis masStabi ganuzomlad gaizarda da es xangrZlivi,
winaaRmdegobebiT
aRsavse
da
evoluciuri
kanonzomierebebiT
mimdinare procesis Sedegi iyo. am kanonzomierebebis Seswavla srul
suraTs iZleva ara mxolod qalTa moZraobaze, aramed am periodSi
mimdinare
istoriul,
socialur-politikur
da
kulturul
movlenebze da maTSi qalTa rolze.
g) am qalbatonebis cxovreba da moRvaweoba, aRniSnuli periodis da,
zogadad, amerikeli qalis Sesaxeb warmodgenas afarToebs da CvenSi
gavrcelebul stereotipul saxes amsxvrevs. ase magaliTad, saukunis
dasawyisis gavrcelebul saxeebs - sufraJist, e.w. kekluc lamazman
(the Flappers) da feminist qalebTan erTad, kidev erTi, e.w. axali tipis
qali warmogvidgeba, romelTa rigebSi xelovnebis qomag qalbatonebs
sruliad gansakuTrebuli adgili ekavaT. sayuradReboa, rom yvela am
tips
Tavisi
amerikuli
gamgrZelebeli
Semdeg
mravalferovnebis
aTwleulebSic
kidev
erT
hyavda,
magaliTad
rac
SeiZleba
miviCnioT.
d) aRniSnuli sakiTxebis Seswavla Tavad qalTa moZraobas axleburi
rakursiT warmoaCens. xelovnebis sferos propagandiT dakavebuli
qalbatonebi,
erTis
mxriv,
qalTa
moZraobis
samarTlebriv-
politikuri miRwevebiT sargeblobdnen, xolo, meore mxriv, udides
rols
TamaSobdnen
faseulobebis
asrulebda
ganaTlebis,
Camoyalibebis
qalTa
maRali
saqmeSi;
moZraobis
es
ki
Semdgom
gemovnebis,
swori
mniSvnelovan
rols
ganviTarebaSi
da
uzrunvelyofda amerikuli sazogadoebis winsvlas.
istoriul kvlevebSi amerikeli qalis, rogorc kulturis qomagis
saxe erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulia da, rogorc wesi, is mamakacis,
4
,
rogorc praqtikuli meurvis, finansuri uzrunvelmyofisa da qveynis
amTviseblis
sapirwoned
gvevlineba.
anTropologi
margaret
midi
aRniSnavs, rom zogierT sazogadoebaSi rogoric, magaliTad, amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebia, xelovneba qalTa kuTvnilebaa maSin, rodesac sxva
sazogadoebebSi is srulad mamakacTa prerogativaa (Mead, 1952:23). am
mosazrebas,
mciredi
saxecvlilebebiT,
uamravi
mkvlevari
iziarebs
(Douglas, 1977; Filene, 1974; Baxter, 1980). miuxedavad amisa, cneba „kulturis
qomagi amerikeli qalebi~ araerTgvarovani da zogjer winaaRmdegobrivic
ki aris.
maSin rodesac samoqalaqo omamdeli periodis qalebi aqtiurad
iyvnen
CarTuli
saqvelmoqmedo
da
reformatorul
saqmianobaSi,
xelovnebis mimarTulebiT maTi wvlili umniSvnelo iyo. sailustraciod
sakmarisia
isic, rom am periodis msxvili muzeumebis1
SeqmnaSi maT
monawileoba praqtikulad ar miuRiaT. istorikosisa da qalTa sakiTxebis
mkvlevris, qeTlin maqarTis mosazrebis Tanaxmad, miuxedavad imisa, rom
amerikis
pirveli
msxvili
muzeumebis,
galereebisa
da
saxelovnebo
kavSirebis Seqmna am sferodan qalTa praqtikulad sruli gamoTiSvis
fonze moxda, meoce saukunis dasawyisSi qalebma aRniSnul sferoSi
seriozuli sityva Tqves. maT Zala ise moikribes, rom im droisTvis
reaqciul mimdinareobad miCneuli mimarTulebis - avangardis amerikaSi
damkvidreba da Semdgomi popularizaciac ki moaxerxes. (McCarthy, 1991: xi).
amdenad, sainteresoa, ra etapebi gaiares qalebma xelovnebis sferoSi
gavlenis mopovebis rTul gzaze.
saarCevno
xmis
uflebis
mopovebamde
saqvelmoqmedo
saqmianoba
saSualo da maRali klasis qalbatonebisTvis sazogadoebriv asparezze
gamosvlis
erT-erTi
usafrTxo
gza
iyo.
mogvianebiT,
sufraJistuli
moZraobisa da TavSesafrebis epoqaSi, aqcenti socialur reformebsa da
dasaqmebis axal perspeqtivebze keTdeboda. is garemoeba,
rom qalebi am
sferoebSi warmatebebs saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobis dros SeZenili didi
gamocdilebis wyalobiT aRwevdnen, ignorirebulia, an jerovnad ar aris
1
metropolitenis muzeumi, niu-iorki (The Metropolitan Museum, NY); xelovnebis instituti,
Cikago (The Art Institute, Chicago).
5
,
Seswavlili.
xelovnebis
sferoSi
maTi
saqmianoba
(literaturuli
saqmianobis gamoklebiT) kidev ufro naklebad Seswavlili sferoa; arada
- maTi saqmianobis swored am sferos kvleva iZleva pasuxs Semdeg
kiTxvebze:
rogor
iyenebdnen
isini
finansur
saSualebebsa
da
moxaliseobriv sawyisebs TavianTi miswrafebebis institucionalizaciisTvis; ra saSualebebiT axerxebdnen TviTdamkvidrebas, damoukidebeli
gadawyvetilebebis
gaviTvaliswinebT,
miRebasa
ra
gza
da
miznebis
ganvles
qalebma
xorcSesxmas.
mkacri
Tu
patriarqaluri
CarCoebis daZlevidan sakuTari survilebisa da miswrafebebis srul
realizaciamde, am mimarTulebiT Catarebuli kvlevebis saWiroeba da
maTi aqtualoba kidev ufro met Rirebulebas iZens.
sainteresoa isic, rom xelovnebis mecenatoba izidavda rogorc
sufraJist da reformator, aseve apolitikur qalebs, rac am moZraobas
ufro masStaburs xdida. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom monobis gauqmebisTvis,
an
samoqalaqo
xelovnebis
uflebebisTvis
mecenat
qalTa
mebrZoli
amocanebi
qalebisgan
sasurveli
gansxvavebiT,
sakanonmdeblo
cvlilebis miRweviT ar amoiwureboda da amdenad, droSi Semofargluli
ar iyo. swored amis gamo, mecenati qalebis saqmianobis kvleva naTlad
gviCvenebs
xangrZlivi
strategiebis
drois
evolucias,
manZilze
romelic
mimdinare
procesebs
winaaRmdegobebis
da
im
daZlevas
uzrunvelyofda.
xSir
SemTxvevaSi
mecenatoba
da
koleqcioneroba
paraleluri
procesebi iyo, romlebic Cvens mier kvlevis sagnad gamoyofili saSualo
da maRali klasis SeZlebuli qalebisTvis erTgvar ganmaTavisuflebel
funqcias
asrulebda
samoqalaqo
omis
Semdgomi
periodidan,
progresivizmis xanis CaTvliT. xelovnebis nimuSebiT ubralod tkbobiTa
da saxlis dekorirebiT dawyebuli procesi qalebma amerikuli kulturis
sferos tendenciebis CamoyalibebiT daagvirgvines.
Cveni kvleva qronologiur princips efuZneba da Tumca mecenat
qalTa saqmianoba piks 1890-1930-ian wlebSi aRwevs, am dros mimdinare
procesebi saTaves gacilebiT ufro adreul periodSi iRebs. amdenad,
interesis sferoSi TiTqmis aswliani periodia moqceuli. samoqalaqo
6
,
omis
wina
da
uSualod
Semdgomi
periodebis
mimoxilvis
gareSe
SeuZlebelia saukuneebis mijnaze mimdinare procesebis srulad gaazreba.
Cveni kvlevis sagani - „qalebi~ amerikel qalTa erT konkretul
segments
warmoadgens:
saSualo
da
maRali
klasis,
TeTrkaniani,
xarisxiani, xSir SemTxvevaSi, umaRles ganaTleba miRebuli qalbatonebi,
romlebic
did
qalaqebSi
cxovrobdnen.
ufro
metic,
Cveni
kvleva
fokusirebulia niu-iorksa da amerikis Sua dasavleTisa da CrdiloaRmosavleTis msxvil qalaqebSi moRvawe mecenatebis saqmianobaze, radgan
am
`segmentis~
samxreTSi
saqmianobis
moRvawe,
warmomadgeneli
kanonzomierebebi
afro-amerikeli
mecenatebis
gansxvavdeba,
an
interesebis,
eTnikuri
miznebisa
magaliTad,
umciresobis
da
saqmianobisgan.
Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom am erTma konkretulma „segmentmac~ ki
ganuzomeli roli iTamaSa amerikuli faseulobebis, aseve amerikisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli mravalferovnebis ganviTarebasa da damkvidrebaSi.
gamoyenebuli
kvlevis
SeiZleba
meTodi
daxasiaTdes,
rogorc
magaliTis analizi (case study), rac konkretuli moRvaweebis biografiisa
da
saqmianobis
aRniSnavs,
rom
Secvlilia,
is
detalur
Seswavlas
biografiisadmi
bevrad
ufro
gulisxmobs.
Tanamedrove
moqnilia
da
araerTi
midgoma
mkvlevari
radikalurad
istoriul
konteqstzea
orientirebuli (Booth, 2004:10-11; Epstein,1991; Cowman, 2011). mimaCnia, rom sxva
komponentebTan erTad, istoriuli konteqstisa da biografiis sinTezi
uaRresad
efeqturi gza aris qalTa mecenatobis gasaazreblad. frangi
mkvlevari
qali
gaTvaliswinebiT
Jo
margadanti
dawerili
konceptualurad
biografiuli
axali
narkvevebis
midgomebis
winasityvaobaSi
wers:
„
…
istoriuli
Tanmimdevruli,
romlis
subieqti
aramed
sxvadasxva
gaxlavT
erTgvari
gamovlineba
ara
raime
mravalsaxovani
asaxavs
TavisTavad
individualoba,
drois
svlas
da
gansxvavebul garemoebebSi warmoqmnil variantebs.~ (Margadant, 2000:10)
rogorc
joan
interdisciplinaruli
keli-geidoli
xasiaTi
qalTa
aRniSnavs,
istoriis
„kvlevebis
Seswavlis
umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtia~ (Kelly-Gadol, 1976: 806). amdenad, amerikel qalTa
7
,
mecenetobis
srulfasovani
kvleva
mxolod
sxvadasxva
disciplinis
gadakveTazea SesaZlebeli. amerikis istoria, xelovnebis istoria da
qalTa
istoria
aucilebloba
is
eWvs
dargebia,
ar
iwvevs.
romelTa
kvlevaSi
istorikosi
qeTlin
CarTulobis
maqarTi
qalTa
mecenatobis Seswavlisas mkvlevrebs feministur da genderul aspeqtebze
yuradRebis
gamaxvilebas
urCevs.
igi
xazgasmiT
aRniSnavs,
rom
mniSvnelovania gaverkveT, Tu rogor iyenebdnen mecenati qalebi droisa
da
finansur
resurss
xelSewyobisTvis
propagandiT
sxva
(McCarthy,
dawyebuli,
qalebis
1991:
profesiuli
realizaciis
dekoratiuli
xii-xii).
koleqcionirebiTa
da
xelovnebis
muzeumebis
daarsebiT
damTavrebuli, mecenati qalebi mudmivad orientirebuli iyvnen qalTa
waxalisebasa da TviTrealizebaSi daxmarebaze. es xazi Cvens kvlevasac
istoriuli ganviTarebis yvela etapze gasdevs.
rac Seexeba genderul aspeqts, mkvlevarTa mTeli jgufi (Scott,
1986; Smith-Rosenberg, 1975; Lebsock, 1985) xazgasmiT aRniSnavs orive sqesis
warmomadgenelTa
miRwevebis
SedarebiTi
da
paraleluri
kvlevis
aucileblobas. isini miiCneven, rom kvlevebis umetesoba, izolirebulad
qalTa saqmianobas exeba. qalTa mecenatobis kvlevisas gansakuTrebulad
mniSvnelovania
axleburi midgoma,
radgan swored
Sedarebisas
xdeba
SesaZlebeli imis danaxva, Tu riT gansxvavdeboda maTi xedva da gzebi
institucionalizaciis
procesSi
sazogadoebriv
da
Seqmnili
rolsa
principiT
ra
statusze.
mravalprofiluri
korporaciebis
da
ase
muzeumebi
iyo
zegavlenas
magaliTad,
ZiriTadad
Seqmnili
axdenda
da
im
es
mamakacTa
drois
marTuli,
maT
mier
biznes-
qalTa
mier
daarsebuli muzeumebi ki xangrZlivi evoluciuri procesis Sedegi iyo,
romelic
saxlis
kamerul
principebs
efuZneboda,
mwiri
finansuri
danaxarjiT xorcieldeboda da mamakacTa mier ignorirebuli Janrebis
popularizaciiT iwyeboda. ar unda warmovidginoT, rom sqesTa Sedareba
mxolod
dapirispireba-gansxvavebis
kuTxiT
unda
iwarmoebodes.
xelovnebis istoriis mkvlevari daian maqleodi kvlevis „genderizacias~
ormxriv
procesad
moiazrebs
da
axdendnen mamakacebis koleqcionirebis
8
aRniSnavs,
rom
qalebi
gavlenas
modelsa da obieqtebze da aseve
,
ganicdidnen
maTi
faseulobebis
gavlenas,
rac
magaliTad,
molaparakebebisa da vaWrobis agresiul formebSi vlindeboda (Macleod,
2008: 5). mxolod amgvari paralelebis analizis gziT aris SesaZlebeli
qalTa
kulturis
parametrebisa
da
kulturis
ganviTarebaSi
maTi
realuri rolis danaxva. yovelives TavidaTavi ki mainc isaa, rom qalTa
emansipacia
da
SeuZlebelia
sxvadasxva
iseT
sferoSi
sazogadoebaSi,
mowinave
sadac
poziciebze
Tavad
damkvidreba
mamakaci
ar
aris
emansipirebuli.
qalTa
mecenatobis
kvlevis
es
principebi
swored
amerikismcodneobis, rogor interdisciplinaruli dargis qolgis qveS
Tanaarsebobs harmoniulad da uzrunvelyofs, erTi mxriv, problemis
sruli suraTis asaxvas da meore mxriv, TiToeuli komponentis rolis
jerovan Sefasebas.
sakiTxis winaistoria da mis garSemo arsebuli literaturis mimoxilva
naSromis Temas uSualod exmaureba cnobili mkvlevrebis - qeTlin
maqarTisa da daian maqleodis monografiebi (McCarthy, 1991; Macleod, 2008)
romelTa
masalebma
da
daskvnebma
imTaviTve
ganapiroba
interesi
winamdebare naSromSi arCeuli Tematikisadmi. es iyo pirveli naSromebi,
romelTa saSualebiTac gavecani winamdebare disertaciaSi ganxilul
problemebs.
qeTlin maqarTi eWvqveS ayenebs sxvadasxva wyaroSi gamoTqmul
mosazrebas (Hofstadter, 1962:186-189; Filene, 1974:8, 70;. Rubenstein, 1982: ix, 150) imis
Sesaxeb,
rom
amerikel
qals
kulturis
sferos
meurveoba
ebara
da
istoriis, genderuli kvlevebisa da qalTa istoriis Tanamedrove xedvis
gaTvaliswinebiT aRwers im gzas, romelic qalebma kulturis sferos
qomagis realuri statusis mosapoveblad gaiares.
daian maqleodi (Macleod, 2008) amosaval wertilad koleqcionirebas
irCevs da amtkicebs, rom me-19 saukunis dasawyisis erTferovani da
limitirebuli
cxovrebis
gasamravalferovneblad
9
dawyebuli
,
koleqcioneroba,
perspeqtivaSi
SeZlebuli
kulturis
klasis
sferoSi
qalbatonebma
soliduri
grZelvadian
wvlilis
Setanis
tramplinad aqcies. am postulats avtori fsiqologiuri, sociologiuri
da
xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi
problematikis
fonze
ganixilavs,
rac
monografias sruliad unikalur JReradobas sZens.
kulturis propagandisa da samuzeumo sferoSi qalTa moRvaweobis
Sesaxeb
literaturis
gacnobam
cxadyo,
rom
adreul
naSromebs
kompleqsuri midgoma aklda da isini kulturis ganviTarebaSi qalTa
rols, romelime erTi rakursiT ganixilavdnen. kvlevebis erTi didi
nawili
wminda
biografiuli
xasiaTisaa,
rac
TavisTavad
saWiro
da
saintereso segmentia, magram Janrobrivi Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare,
kompleqsuri midgoma aklia. aseTia, magaliTisTvis, ebi rokefeleris,
gertrud
uiTnis,
cxovrebis
izabela
amsaxveli
stiuart
monografiebi,
gardneris,
romelTa
an
edit
halpertis
da
faseuloba
xarisxi
Janrobrivi Taviseburebebis gamo ar unda davakninoT (Kert,2003; Biddle, 1991;
Tharp,1965; Shand-Tucci, 1997; Pollock,2006).
biografiuli
Janris
monografiebis
aRsawerad
hermion
li
anatomiuri gakveTisa da portretis metaforebs iyenebs da amtkicebs,
rom biografia Seucvleli saSualebaa, radgan mas gakveTis msgavsad,
yvela
gaugebari
da
dafaruli
Strixi
gamoaqvs
saaSkaraoze
da,
portretis msgavsad, detalebsa da maT sxvadasxva gamovlinebaze akeTebs
aqcents (Lee,2009: 1-2)..
igive maxasiaTeblebi aqvs xelovani qalebis Sesaxeb dawerili
naSromebis umetesobas (Harris 1976; Greer, 1979; Lisle, 1980; Bohan, 1982). Seron
o’braienis mosazrebas daveTanxmebiT da vityviT, rom aseTi biografiebi
individualuri miRwevebisa da istoriulad miviwyebuli figurebisTvis
pativis
migebis
istoriuli,
miuxedavad
funqcias
ufro
asrulebs
xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi
maT
aklia
am
da
(O’Brian,
1991:
informaciuli
figurebis
123-133).
Rirebulebis
rolis
analizi
institucionalizaciis ufro farTomasStabian procesSi, an maTi rolis
analizi qalTa TviTdamkvidrebisa da TviTrealizaciis gzaze.
10
,
eilin saarinenis fundamenturi gamokvleva amerikeli xelovnebis
mecenatebis Sesaxeb, mecenat qalebsac exeba (Saarienen,1958), Tumca avtors
maTi saqmianobis roli da gavlena ojaxis gareT, e.Qw. sazogadoebriv
sferoSi damkvidrebis gzaze jerovnad ar aqvs warmoCenili.
calke jgufad SeiZleba gamoiyos naSromebi, romlebic muzeumebis
istoriasa
da
samuzeumo
kvlevebs
eZRvneba.
daveTanxmebiT
mkvlevar
albertis mosazrebas, rom muzeumebis aRweris Zveli modeli, romelic
qarizmatuli kuratoris, an adamianTa jgufis xotbas ufro hgavda, vidre
kritikul
da
analitikur
msjelobas,
Cvens
saWiroebebs
ver
daakmayofilebs, Tumca damxmare wyaros rols asrulebs (Alberti, 2009).
erTgvar
Sualedur
rgolad,
an
gnebavT,
gardamaval
jgufad
SeiZleba miviCnioT kvlevebi, romlebSic muzeumebisa da biografiebis
kombinirebis Teoriuli principebic aris mimoxiluli da is naSromebic,
romlebic am principebs eyrdnoba (Hill, 2012).
ana uaiTlo (Whitelaw, 2012) kanadaSi arsebuli muzeumis albertas
xelovnebis
galereis
(Art Gallery of Alberta) muSaobis
gaanalizebisas
aRniSnavs, rom 1924 wels igi qalma daaarsa, riTac kulturis kera Seqmna
am patara qalaqSi. magram biografiis CarCoebSi am movlenis ganxilva
didi instituciuri struqturidan izolirebulad amoRebuli figuris
analizs hgavs.
„biografiis viwro da SezRuduli xasiaTi gansakuTrebiT maSin iCens
Tavs, rodesac samuzeumo saqmeSi qalTa rols ganvixilavT. bolo 150
wlis manZilze muzeumebisa da samxatvro galereebis
daarsebasa da
marTvis saqmeSi qali wamyvani figuraa da me vamtkiceb, rom am
figurebis
Sesaxeb
mxolod
biografiul
WrilSi
Txroba
friad
akninebs xsenebul qalebs, romlebsac am sferoSi aSkarad wamyvani
adgili uWiravT; amiT Cven ugulvebelvyofT im jgufebis uxilav,
uxmauro
Sromas,
romlebic
upiratesad
qalebisagan
Sedgeboda.~
(Whitelaw, 2012:76)
daveTanxmebiT
xelovnebis
srulfasovan
muzeumis
am
mosazrebas
istoria
warmodgenas
ver
da
da
ebi
Seuqmnis
11
vityviT,
rom
rokefeleris
qalTa
mxridan
Tanamedrove
biografia
xelovnebis
,
sferoSi
gavlenis
mopovebisa
da
samuzeumo
moZraobis
Seswavlis
msurvels.
qeTlin maqarTisa da daian maqleodis monografiebis Tanamedrove
JReradobisa
da
kompleqsuri
midgomis
erT-erTi
komponenti
istoriis principebis gaTvaliswinebaa, amitom, SemdgomSi
qalTa
gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas davuTmob am TemasTan dakavSirebul diskurss, mosazrebebsa
da arsebuli literaturis analizs.
Tanamedrove
etapis
aranakleb
rTuli
da
sakamaTo
sakiTxia
tradiciuli periodizaciis gadaxedvis saWiroeba. am sakiTxs araerTi
kvleva mieZRvna (Kelly-Gadol, 1976: 809-823; Marylin, Bridenthal, Kelly-Gadol, Lerner,
1975). qalTa istoriis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili qresTomatiuli wignebis
sarCevze
Tvalis
gadavlebac
ki
sakmarisia
am
problemis
simZafris
aRsaqmelad.
am mimarTulebiT cvlilebebis momxre mkvlevrebi Tvlian, rom
rogorc
wesi,
politikur
am
mizniT
istorias
administracia
Tu
gamoiyenebოდa
efuZneboda,
omebi,
dayofa,
romelic
iqneboda
romelic
es
yovelTvis
ZiriTadad
saprezidento
mamakacze
iyo
orientirebuli: jeqsonis prezidentobis xana, samoqalaqo omis periodi,
eizenhaueris
mmarTveloba
da
a.S.
aseT
dayofaSi
praqtikulad
ugulvebelyofilia qalTa roli mimdinare sazogadoebriv procesebSi da
aseve, am procesebis gavlena Tavad maT saqmianobaze.
linda kerberi tradiciuli periodizaciis gadaxedvis saWiroebas
imiT asabuTebs, rom tradiciul istoriografiaSi sakvanZo movlenebi,
romlebic
periodizaciis
safuZveli
xdeboda,
umetes
SemTxvevaSi
ar
emTxveva niSandobliv movlenebs amerikel qalTa istoriaSi (Kerber, 2004:
3).
Tumca,
tradiciul
kerberiseuli
dayofasTan,
periodizacia
masSi
ZiriTadad
aqcentirebulia
TanxvedraSia
qalTa
istoriuli
gamocdilebisTvis mniSvnelovani movlenebi:
1) 1820 - wyalgamyofi tradiciul da industriul amerikas Soris.
agraruli
saojaxo
meurneobebis
TandaTanobiTma
moSlam
yofisa da, Sesabamisad, azrovnebis Secvlas Cauyara safuZveli.
12
qalTa
,
2)
1820-1880
-
saqmianobaSi,
qalTa
rasac
masiuri
CarTuloba
logikurad
mohyva
msxvili
sawarmoebis
sufraJizmisTvis
aqtiuri
brZola.
3) 1900-iani wlebi - qalTa emansipaciis niSniT xasiaTdeboda.
4) 1900-1945 wlebi– qalTa rolis zrda saxelmwifo struqturebSi.
5) 1945-2000 - usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg galaSqreba, romelic, ra Tqma
unda, amerikaSi warimarTa, magram ukve saerTaSoriso
sivrcesac
moicavda (Kerber, 2004: 4).
miuxedavad imisa, rom es wmindad istoriuli naSromi ar aris,
Cveni kvleva qalTa istoriis Tanamedrove tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebis
mokrZalebul
mcdelobas
warmoadgens.
zemoTqmulis
gaTvaliswinebiT,
Rrmad var darwmunebuli, rom qalTa mecenatobis kvleva mxolod qalTa
saqmianobis
analiziT
calmxrivi
iqneba,
imis
miuxedavad,
rom
am
procesebis ganviTareba sawyis etapze separatizmis mkveTri gamovlineba
iyo. saqme isaa, rom es separatistuli tendencia da gamijnuli sferoebi
swored genderuli, anu qalisa da mamakacis urTierTkavSiris rakursSi
unda iqnas ganxiluli.
rac Seexeba periodizacias, Cveni xedva yvelaze ufro axlos aris
istorikosis,
feministuri
kvlevebis
sauniversiteto
programis
Tanadamaarseblis estel fridmanis xedvasTan. fridmani kulturuli da
politikuri separatizmis 3 etaps gamoyofs da ase axasiaTebs maT:
a) am procesebis istoriuli fesvebi 1870 wlamde;
b) instituciuri struqturebis Seqmna me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi;
g) 1920 wlis sufraJizmis gamarjvebis Semdgomi periodi (Freedman,
1979: 514-515).
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom qalTa mecenatoba Tavisi ganviTarebis
adreul
etapze
viTardeboda
qalisa
da,
da
mamakacis
mogvinebiT,
amis
gamijnuli
Sedegad
sferoebis
fonze
Seqmnili
qalTa
organizaciebis roli da maTive evolucia am procesebisTvis uaRresad
mniSvnelovani iyo, aseTi qronologiuri dayofa yvelaze mizanSewonilad
migvaCnia.
13
,
mocemuli
xelovnebis
naSromis
ganviTarebas
farglebSi
da
mecenati
ganvixilavT
qalebis
a)
dekoratiuli
rols
am
procesSi,
romelic samoqalaqo omamdel da uSualod mis Semdgom periods moicavs;
b) 1870-1890-ian wlebSi asparezze e.w. axali tipis qalis gamoCenas da mis
wvlils mecenatobisa da xelovnebis mfarvelobis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi;
g) uSualod qalTa mecenatobis institucionalizaciis process.
siaxle, aqtualoba, praqtikuli mniSvneloba da struqtura
naSromissiaxle, aqtualoba da praqtikuli mniSvneloba SemdegSi
mdgomareobs:
• qarTulenovan
propagandisti
akademiur
amerikeli
sivrceSi
xelovnebis
qalebis
saqmianoba
mfarveli
da
praqtikulad
Seuswavlilia. erTis mxriv, amerikisadmi da, meore mxriv, qalTa
sakiTxebisadmi mzardi interesis konteqstSi es Tematika sul ufro
met aqtualobasa da mniSvnelobas iZens, rogorc samecniero vakuumis
Sevsebis,
aseve,
farTo
sazogadoebis
moTxovnis
dakmayofilebis
TvalsazrisiT.
• Cveni kvlevis sagani - qalebis cxovrebis, saqmianobisa da qveynis
ganviTarebaSi maTi rolis analizi angrevs qarTul sazogadoebaSi
gavrcelebul da damkvidrebul stereotipebs da naTlad warmoaCens
xelovnebis
sferoSi,
gemovnebisa
da
kulturuli
faseulobebis
CamoyalibebaSi amerikeli qalebis moRvaweobis mniSvnelobas.
• amerikel
amerikul
qalTa
mecenatobis
paralelebze
saintereso
mignebad
safuZvliani
dafiqrebis
migvaCnia
me-19
Seswavla
qarTul-
masalas
iZleva.
erT-erT
saukunis
meore
naxevarSi
amerikel da qarTvel qalTa saqvelmoqmedo da saganmanaTleblo
saqmianobis garkveuli saerTo veqtoris arseboba, romelic amerikaSi
sorosis
tipis
klubebis
SeqmniT,
xelovnebis
mfarvelobiTa
da
kulturis sferoSi poziciebis gamyarebiT gagrZelda. saqarTveloSi
14
,
igive
logikiT
mimdinare
procesebis
sabWoTa
realobiT
ganpirobebul mravalwlian wyvetas hqonda adgili.
• xelovnebis mecenatobis sferoSi amerikeli qalebis moRvaweobis
Seswavlam cxadyo, rom qalTa moZraoba da genderuli Tanasworoba
mxolod sufraJizmTan, samoqalaqo da socialuri TanasworobisTvis
brZolasTan ar unda iyos gaigivebuli. xelovnebis propagandisa da
popularizaciis sferoSi qalTa saqmianoba am moZraobis erT-erT
srulfasovan Semadgenel nawilad unda iyos miCneuli. saqarTveloSi
genderuli kvlevebisa da genderuli Tanasworobis araerTi kampania
mimdinareobs. am konteqstSi Cvenma daskvnebma, SesaZloa, biZgi misces
kulturis
sferoSi
moRvawe
qarTveli
qalebis
saqmianobis
kompleqsur Seswavlas, rac samomavlod siRrmiseuli paralelebis
gavlebis saSualebas mogvcems.
• amerikel qalTa sakiTxebisadmi gazrdili interesi TvalSisacemia
rogorc amerikis SeswavliT dainteresebulTa Soris, aseve farTo
auditoriis mxridan. amdenad, did interess iwvevs am Temaze rogorc
saleqcio kursebi, aseve sajaro leqciebi. amave dros, Tu genderuli
kvlevebisa
da
feminizmis
zogad
sakiTxebze
sajaro
leqciebi
sakmarisi raodenobiT ikiTxeba,L xelovnebis sferoSi moRvawe qalTa
saqmianoba, Cveni azriT, met yuradRebas imsaxurebs. amerikel mecenat
qalTa
misabaZi
saqmianobis
magaliTic
qalTaTvis
propaganda
da
SeiZleba
popularizacia
aRmoCndes
sazogadoebrivi
mniSvnelovani
saqarTveloSi
asparezis
swored
mcxovreb
am
sferoSi
moZraoba,
romelic
gaaqtiurebisTvis.
• xelovnebis
mecenatoba
ganaTlebisadmi
gaziarebasa
mniSvnelovania
da
interess,
da
samuzeumo
gemovnebis
ganviTarebas,
urTierTTanamSromlobas
grZelvadian
perspeqtivaSi
gamocdilebis
gulisxmobs,
qveynis
metad
kulturuli,
saganmanaTleblo da swori faseulobebis CamoyalibebisTvis. 18901930-ian wlebSi amerikaSi qalTa mier daarsebuli yvela muzeumi
inarCunebs aqtualobas da dRemde rCeba kulturis, ganaTlebisa da
progresuli ideebis kerad.
15
,
naSromi Sedgeba Sesavlis, sami Tavisa da daskvnebisgan. daskvniT
nawilSi mocemulia kvlevis ZiriTadi Sedegebi. darTuli aqvs
gamoyenebuli literaturis sia, sul 161 dasaxeleba.
16
,
Tavi 1
amerikel mecenat qalTa moRvaweoba (zogadi debulebebi)
1.1
amerikeli qali qalTa istoriis WrilSi
Tu
istorikos
alen
deiviss
davesesxebiT,
bolo
ramdenime
aTwleulis manZilze arafers ise ar Seucvlia istoriuli kvlevebis
rakursi,
rogorc
mecenatobis
qalTa
istorias
kvlevisTvis,
pirvel
(Davis, 1989: xxiii). amdenad,
rigSi,
saWiroa
zogadad
qalTa
qalTa
sakiTxebis kvlevisadmi midgoma gaviazroT da davadginoT, ra adgili
ukavia qalTa sakiTxebis kvlevas amerikis istoriis kvlevis sferoSi da
ra
adgili
uWiravT
konkretulad
xelovnebis
propagandist
qalebs
rogorc qveynis istoriul ganviTarebaSi, aseve qalTa moZraobaSi.
ingliseli mwerlis, jein ostinis romanis, norTengeris saabatos
personaJi qali ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom istoriul
wignebs movaleobis moxdis mizniT kiTxulobs da ara interesiTa da
siamovnebiT; mizezi ki is aris, rom am romanebSi moTxrobili ambebi
papebisa da mefeebis uTanxmoebebs, omebsa da Sav Wirs exeba da TiTqmis
araferia naTqvami qalebze (Austen, 1971). analogiuri viTareba iyo amave
periodis
amerikaSi
istorikosebi
gamoyenebis
istoriul
tradiciulad
sakiTxebiT
naSromebSi
Zalauflebis
interesdebodnen,
qalis
asaxvis
mopovebis,
amitomac
kuTxiT:
gadacemisa
bunebrivia,
maTi interesis sagans ar warmoadgendnen. aqedan gamomdinare,
informacia
amerikeli
qalebis
Sesaxeb
politikur,
da
qalebi
mwiria
diplomatiur
Tu
samxedro wyaroebSi, radgan mosaxleobis es „jgufi~ yvelaze didi xnis
manZilze iyo gamoTiSuli qveynis mmarTvelobidan. mogvianebiT, rodesac
gaZlierda
interesi
adre
ignorirebuli
jgufebis
mimarT,
qalebi
yuradRebis centrSi moeqcnen, magram amis Semdegac, didi xnis manZilze,
aqcenti
mxolod
keTdeboda.
am
ojaxSi
etapze
maT
rolsa
Tematurad
da
sazogadoebriv
SezRuduli
iyo
da
statusze
jerovani
interpretaciis naklebobas ganicdida is literatura, romelic qalis
rols exeboda.
17
,
martinikaze
dabadebuli
frangi
mwerlis,
filosofosisa
da
revolucioneris franc feinonis cnobil naSromSi vkiTxulobT:
„kolonializmi adamianebis marwuxebSi moqceviT ar kmayofildeba . .
.
igi
misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
raRac
ukuRmarTuli
logikiT
ubrundeba daCagruli xalxis warsuls; amaxinjebs da angrevs mas.
dabali
ixreba
TviTSefasebis
gamo,
im daskvnisken, rom
kolonizirebuli
mis
Cagrul
eri
Zalauneburad
mdgomareobas
araviTari
alternativa ar gaaCnia.~ (Fanon, 1963:170)
kolonializmze
gamoTqmuli
es
mosazreba
SeiZleba
iolad
mivusadagoT qalTa istoriis kvlevebis motivacias. sakuTari istoriis,
ganviTarebis etapebis, miRwevebisa da warumateblobebis gacnobierebisa
da analizis gareSe, yovelTvis iarsebebs SiSi, rom SezRudvebi da Cagvra
dauZlevelia.
Tu
qalTa
istorias
am
mojadoebuli
wris
garRvevis
mcdelobad warmovidgenT, Semdegi qronologiurad sakvanZo momentebi
SeiZleba gamovyoT:
a)
istoriis
manZilze
qalebs
araerTi
mcdeloba
hqondaT
gansxvavebuli narativebis saxiT warmoedginaT es azri2, Tumca pirveli
gabeduli
da
sistematizirebuli
nabiji
me-19
saukunis
Sua
wlebSi
2
1776 wlis 31 martiT daTariRebul werilSi ebigeil adamsi Tavis meuRles, jon adamss,
imxanad kongresis wevrsa da momaval presidents, werda: „erTi suli maqvs, rodis
Sevityob, rom Tqven damoukidebloba gamoacxadeT. sxvaTa Soris, imasac guliT
visurvebdi, rom kanonTa axal krebulSi, romelic, me Tu mkiTxavT, Tqvenve unda
SeqmnaT, aramc da aramc ar daiviwyoT qali; iyaviT mis mimarT ufro sulgrZelni da
keTilganwyobilni, vidre Tqveni winaprebi iyvnen.
nu CaugdebT ganusazRvrel
Zalauflebas xelSi mamakacebs. gaxsovdeT: yvela mamakaci tirani gaxdeba, rom SeeZlos.
Tu qalebs Cveni wili yuradReba da mzrunveloba mogvaklda, gadawyvetili gvaqvs
wamoviwyoT namdvili amboxi da ar davmorCildeT iseT kanonebs, romlebic Cvens xmas
yurad ar iRebs da arad Cagvagdebs.” (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/adams/filmmore/ps_ladies.html).
ebigeil adamsis am sayovelTaod cnobil werils qmediTi Sedegi ar mohyolia. metic,
jon adamss es „sasacilodac ar eyo”. amerikis ganmaTavisuflebeli omis dros qalTa
rolisa da mxardaWeris miuxedavad, revoluciis Semdeg arc mona qalebis
gaTavisuflebas hqonia adgili, arc mkvidri amerikeli qalebis ojaxebisa da saxlebis
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofasa da arc TeTrkaniani qalebis mamakacebTan Tanasworobis
aRdgenas. sruliad bunebrivad, Cndeba kiTxva, ratom eniWeba ebigeil adamsis am werils
aseTi mniSvneloba? am qalbatonis roli mxolod istoriul
perspeqtivaSi Cans da
naTeli xdeba, rom meuRlisadmi miwerili es piradi werili im jaWvis pirveli bmulia,
romelic 1920 wlis 18 agvistos konstituciis me-19 Sesworebis miRebiT dagvirgvinda.
18
,
sufraJistma da feministma qalebma gadadges, rodesac Seqmnes Tanaswori
uflebebisTvis mebrZoli qalebis saqmianobis arqivi (Stanton, 1881-1922) da
am
nabijiT,
marTalia,
Soreul
perspeqtivaSi,
magram
mainc
umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrules samomavlod, qalTa istoriis, rogorc
damoukidebeli dargis ganviTarebaSi.
b) meoce saukunis pirveli naxevris revoluciurma cvlilebebma
teqnologiis, moralis, ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis sferoSi sruliad
Secvala qalis roli da stაtusi da es radikaluri cvlilebebi asaxvas
da interpretacias saWiroebda. feministebma aRweres qalTa saqmianoba,
magram rogorc gerda lerneri wers Tavis statiaSi, maTi Sefasebis
kriteriumebi
arqauli
da
usargeblo
iyo
da
axali
konceptualuri
CarCoebis Seqmnas saWiroebda (Lerner, 1969: 56).
am
periodis
kvlevebidan
unda
aRiniSnos
dRes
ukve
qresTomatiulad aRiarebuli naSromi, romelic 1946 wels meri bierdma
gamoaqveyna, saxelwodebiT qali, rogorc istoriis mamoZravebeli Zala
(Beard, 1971). mas gamosvlisTanave araerTgvarovani gamoxmaureba mohyva:
zogadi
mowonebisa
istorikosebi
da
mas
damokidebulebiT
interesis
sifrTxiliT
Sexvdnen.
am
paralelurad,
da
zogjer
wignis
realuri
profesionali
mkveTrad
mtruli
faseuloba,
rogorc
gairkva, momavalSi gamoCnda, rodesac qalTa istoriis Seswavlisadmi
interesi gaRrmavda da gaizarda.
meri
kiTxvebs,
bierdis
rogoricaa:
damoukidebeli
istoria?
ugulvebelyofa
masStabisaa
kritikosebis
hqondaT
cvlis
istoriuli
Sedegad
azriT,
Tu
Tu
ara
ara
procesebis
miRebuli
man
ar
gasca
qalebs
realur
asaxvisas?
cdomilebebi?
pasuxi
iseT
mamakacebisagan
suraTs
qalebis
konkretulad,
amis
ra
miuxedavad,
daveTanxmebi karl degleris mosazrebas, romelic man meri bierdis
wignze
daweril
recenziaSi
gamoTqva,
rom
mkvlevris
damsaxurebad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos is faqti, rom man es fundamenturi kiTxvebi dasva da
maTze pasuxis gasacemad swori mimarTuleba airCia (Degler, 1974:70). Tumca
am periodSi jer kidev ar gacemula amomwuravi pasuxi qalTa istoriis
kvlevebSi arsebul problemebze.
19
,
g) qalTa istoriis damoukidebel dargad damkvidrebis procesi
arc martivi yofila da arc umtkivneulo. amerikaSi qalTa istoriis
mkvlevari linda kerberi amis Sesaxeb wers:
„rodesac
1970-iani
dakavSirebul
wlebis
erT-erT
dasawyisSi
pirvel
eses
qalTa
istoriasTan
vaqveynebdi,
kolegam
gamafrTxila: „qalTa istoria aris Tema da ara sagani.~
imTaviTve
vicodi, rom is cdeboda: Cvens Taroebs ukve amSvenebda meri bierdis
qali,
rogorc
istoriis
mamoZravebeli
Zala
(1946)
da
elinor
fleqsneris brZolis saukune (1959); garda amisa, 1969 wels gerda
lernerma ukve daiwyo Tavisi ganmartebiTi eseebis mTeli seria.
magram me ukve vicodi, rom Cemi kolega marTali iyo: genderi jer
kidev
ar
aRiqmeboda
-
joan
skotis
enamoswrebul
naTqvams
Tu
gavimeorebT - „istoriuli analizis marjve iaraRad.~ (Kerber, 1997: 1)
1970-iani wlebidan qalTa istoriis sakiTxebiT dainteresebulma
mkvlevrebma ara mxolod qalTa saqmianobis „dakarguli ganzomileba~
aRadgines,
aramed
am
axladaRmoCenil
realobaSi
qalTa
saqmianobis
kvlevebis monacemTa axali baza, axali xedvebi da axali perspeqtivebi
Seqmnes.
amerikis istoriis mkvlevrebma oTxze meti aTwleulia, rac qalTa
sakiTxebis
Seswavla
dRevandeli
damoukidebel
gamowveva
axali
sferod
daamkvidres,
meTodologiisa
da
xolo
konceptualuri
CarCoebis SemuSavebis aucileblobas qmnis.
ukanaskneli
aTwleulebis
manZilze
qalTa
istoriis
sferoSi
dagrovili kvlevebi sistematizaciis saSualebas iZleva. gerda lerneris
Tanaxmad, es procesi oTx etapad SeiZleba daiyos (Lerner, 1975: 5-14).
rogorc mkvlevari aRniSnavs, yoveli nabiji ufro srulyofilი da
daxvewili analizis Sedegi iyo da Sesabamisad, ufro Rrma daskvnebis
gakeTebis saSualebasac iZleoda.
1)
pirveli
istorikosebma
nabiji,
gadadges
romelic
istoriul
20
e.w.
kvlevebSi
tradiciuli
qalTa
skolis
komponentis
,
CasarTavad, qalTa miRwevebis aRwera da am saxiT e.w. „sakompensacio~3
istoriis Seqmna iyo. sayuradReboa, rom amerikis istoriaSi qalis rolis
sistematizirebuli Seswavla feministma mweralma qalebma (Stanton, 1881-1922;
Grimke, 1944) iTaves da ara profesionalma istorikosebma. imis gamo, rom es
pirveli nabiji iyo am gzaze, aRniSnuli xasiaTis naSromebSi igrZnoboda
tendencia yvela im qalis saqmianobis aRwerisa da Rvawlis gandidebisa,
visac sazogadoebis mciredi yuradReba mainc daumsaxurebia. am avtorebis
naSromebis
mimarT
kritikuli
damokidebulebis
miuxedavad,
maTi
saqmianoba uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo, radgan maTi mcdeloba gzas
uxsnida sxva mkvlevrebs TavianTi sityva eTqvaT am sferoSi.
feminist
mweral
qalebs
ori
principuli
faqtori
uqmnida
safrTxes: isini klasobrivi da moralisturi principiT aviwroebdnen
maTi interesis sferoSi myof qalTa wres da uyuradRebod tovebdnen,
maTi azriT, zedmetad radikalur moRvaweebs. da kidev: maTi azriT,
qalTa saqmianoba faseuli iyo imdenad, ramdenadac isini „daCagrulebad~
iTvlebodnen,
radgan
interess
maTi
Cagvris
winaaRmdeg
brZola
qalebis
Rvawlis
warmoadgenda (Lerner, 1969: 54).
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
aseTi
midgoma
srulfasovan suraTs ar iZleoda, momavalSi istorikosebisTvis feminist
mweralTa krebulebi ZiriTad wyarod iqca imis gamo, rom maT naSromebSi
qalTa saqmianobis Sesaxeb uxvi informacia iyo Tavmoyrili. aRniSnuli
dadebiTi rolis paralelurad, am naSromebis xarvezi iyo is, rom am
wyaroebze dayrdnobiT profesionali istorikosebic, ZiriTadad, mxolod
qalTa
uflebebisTvis
brZolis
politikur
da
samarTlebriv
mxares
uTmobdnen yuradRebas. meri bierdi pirveli iyo, vinc daupirispirda
feministur
xedvas
da,
Tumca,
zogjer
mkvlevris
polemika
mkafiod
Camoyalibebuli ar iyo, misi naSromebidan aSkaraa, rom qali interesis
sagani unda iyos ara „daCagrulobis~ gamo, aramed mTeli istoriis
3
termini ”compensatory history” pirvelad gamoyenebuli iyo statiaSi: Mari Jo Buhle, Ann G.
Gordon, Nancy Schrom, “Women in American Society: A Historical Contribution,” Radical America l5, No. 4
(July-August1971) :33-36.
21
,
manZilze gaweuli Rvawlisa da miRweuli warmatebebis gamo (Beard, 1934;
Beard, 1931).
2)
qalTa
safexuri
istoriis,
Rvawlis
e.w.
rogorc
dargis
istoria4
amsaxveli
ganxorcielebul
kvlevebSi
ganxorcielebis,
progresivizmis,
Camoyalibebis
monobis
iyo.
am
gauqmebis,
leiboristuli
Semdegi
periodSi
reformebis
moZraobisa
da
a.S.
aRwerisas qalebis rolic ganixileboda, Tumca, prioritetulad mainc
mamakacebis
Rvawli
meorexarisxovani
fasdeboda
„damxmaris~
da
qali
saxiT
mxolod
iyo
wvlilis
warmoCenili.
Semtani,
sruliad
ugulvebelyofili iyo am qalTa feministuri TviTSegnebis evolucia da
maTi
wvlili
zogadad
qalTa
aqtiurobis
gazrdaSi.
am
mosazrebis
sailustraciod gerda lerners jein adamsis5 magaliTi mohyavs. misi
azriT, am ukanasknels xSirad aRwerdnen, rogorc umaRles ganaTleba
miRebul sasowarkveTil qals, romelmac Tavisi adgili ver ipova; ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi, igi aRiqmeboda rogorc progresivizmis epoqis erT-erTi
reformatori da ara rogorc qalTa mxardaWeris Zlieri qselisa da
zogadad, axali struqturis Semqmneli. mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom aseTi
calmxrivi xedvis magaliTebi SeerTebuli Statebis istoriaSi uxvad
moipoveba (Lerner, 1975: 6).
am periodis kvlevebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli foni iyo mamakacze
orientirebuli xedva. ase magaliTad, me-19 saukunis dasawyisis amerikaSi
4
termini “contributory history” pirvelad gamoyenebuli iyo Semdeg statiaSi: MaryJo Buhle, Ann G.
Gordon, Nancy Schrom, “Women in American Society: A Historical Contribution,” Radical Americal5, No.4 (JulyAugust, 1971) :pp.: 33-36.
5
jein adamsma, elen geiTs starTan erTad 1889 wels CikagoSi daaarsa pirveli
TavSesafari, romelic mTeli qveynis masStabiT im drois yvelaze gavleniani moZraobis
winamorbedad gadaiqca. Tavdapirvelad maT mflobelobaSi erTi, 1856 wels agebuli,
Senoba iyo. 1907 wlisTvis es organizacia 13 nagebobas aerTianebda da masiur kompleqss
warmoadgenda. masStaburobis garda, STambeWdavi iyo am moZraobis Tematuri
mravalferovneba: zogadsaganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi, musikaluri skolebi, bagabaRebi, galereebi da saxelovnebo skolebi, biblioTekebi, klubebi, sacxovrebeli
saxlebi da sasadiloebi. es hul hausis saqmianobis arasruli siaa. aranakleb
mniSvnelovani iyo am saqmianobiT dainteresebul pirTa mizidva, ramac moZraobis
gafarToeba da sazogadoebrivi, saganmanaTleblo da artistuli mimarTulebebis
ganviTareba
uzrunvelyo.
jein
adamsis
pirovnuli
Tvisebebisa
da
niWieri
xelmZRvanelobis wyalobiT, Cikagos TavSesafari mTel amerikaSi gaxda cnobili.
analogiuri dawesebulebebis SeqmniT daiwyo moZraoba, romelmac 1920 wlisTvis 500-ze
met TavSesafars aerTianebda.
22
,
reformatorma qalebma Zalisxmeva skolebis, Raribebis, saavadmyofoebisa
da moxucebis daxmarebisken
mimarTes. mogvianebiT, maTi TviTSegnebis
zrdasTan erTad, interesic Seicvala da zemoTxsenebuli Zalisxmevis
veqtorma
qalebisken
gadainacvla:
wina
planze
wamoiwia
brZolam
prostituciisa da alkoholis Warbi moxmarebis winaaRmdeg, aseve,
ganaTlebisTvis;
garda
amisa,
qalebi
aqtiurad
CaerTnen
qalTa
monobis
gauqmebisTvis brZolaSi, es ki udaod win gadadgmuli nabiji iyo; Tumca,
am etapze yvela
emsaxureboda.
es
qmedeba
qalis
tradiciuli rolis
amaRlebas
mxolod Tvisobrivad sxva etapze, rodesac qalebma uari
Tqves TavianTi Tavi sazogadoebis meorexarisxovan wevrebad aReqvaT,
maTi
xedvva
Sedegi
iyo
qalze
orientirebuli
feministuri
gaxda.
azrovneba
da
swored
aseTi
sakuTari
cvlilebis
uflebebisa
da
usamarTlo damokidebulebis gaazreba.
gerda
lerneri
xazgasmiT
aRniSnavs
am
etapebis
gaazrebis
mniSvnelobas (Lerner, 1975: 5). zemoT aRniSnuli etapebi Cvens kvlevaSic
aris gaTvaliswinebuli.
xelovnebiT dainteresebul qalTa magaliTze
kargad Cans arsebuli transformacia: Tu me-19 saukunis Sua wlebSi
dekoratiuli
xelovnebis
realizacias
emsaxureboda,
propaganda
me-20
ojaxis
saukunis
farglebSi
dasawyisSi
qalTa
Tanamedrove
evropuli da amerikuli xelovnebis popularizacia Tvisobrivad axali
nabiji
iyo,
sazogadoebis
romelic
mier
pirovnul
dawesebuli
gambedaobas,
normebis
Tavisuflebasa
Tamam
da
ugulvebelyofas
gulisxmobda, rac miznis misaRwevad saWiro gzas warmoadgenda da ara
TviTmizans.
Tanamedrove
istorikosebi
miiCneven,
rom
Tu
adreuli
etapis
zogadi toni pozitiuri intonaciebiTa da daviwyebas micemuli qalebis
xelmeored
aRmoCenis
Sesrulebuli
sixaruliT
kvlevebis
toni
iyo
xSirad
gamsWvaluli,
Seicavda
am
sayvedurs,
etapze
romelic
qalis jerovnad verSefasebiT aixsneboda. amis miuxedavad, swored am
kvlevebis
avtorebma
„miabes~
qalebi
amerikisTvis
umniSvnelovanes
moZraobebs: hul hauzis qalebi da progresivizmi, louelis safeiqro
23
,
sawarmoebSi
momuSave
qalebis
saqmianoba6
saprotesto
da
industrializaciis procesi da sxva.
3)
mesame
etapi,
romelic
ZiriTadad
1970-80-ian
wlebSi
ganxorcielebul kvlevebs ukavSirdeba, warmoadgens qalTa miRwevebis
axleburad danaxvis ufro maRal safexurs, romlis Sedegad arsebuli
istoriuli
narativebisa
da
aqamde
kritikis
gareSe
miRebuli
ganzogadebebis gadafaseba moxda.
linda
Semdegi
kerbers
magaliTi
aseTi
mohyavs:
midgomis
aucileblobis
monobis
periodis
sailustraciod
amsaxvel
kvlevebSi
aRniSnulia, rom monaTa kvebis sakiTxi daSvebul normebs Seesabameboda.
qalTa istoriis kuTxiT Catarebulma kvlevebma ki cxadyo, rom fexmZime
da meZuZur monebTan mimarTebaSi viTareba sruliad sxvagvari iyo da am
ukanasknelT SimSilobis zRvarze uwevdaT arseboba (DeHart, Kerber, 2004: 3).
gerda lerners ki abolicionizmis magaliTi mohyavs. misi azriT,
am saqmeSi qalebs mxolod marginalur, damxmare rols miaweren. monobis
winaaRmdeg mebrZol qalTa organizaciebi mamakacebisas raodenobrivad
aRemateboda;
mqone
materialur
qalebi
am
mxardamWerTa
moZraobas
mozidvis
afinanasebdnen
didi
kidevac,
gamocdilebis
aqtiurad
iyvnen
CarTuli propagandistul saqmianobaSi, magram miuxedavad amisa, sakmaod
mwiri
iyo
naSromebi,
romlebic
qals
am
moZraobis
seriozul
da
ganuyofel nawilad warmoaCenda (Lerner, 1975:9).
6
1813 wels biznesmenma frensis qeboT louelma masaCusetsis Statis qalaq uolTamSi
gaxsna safeiqro qarxana, romelic bambis gadamuSavebasa da qsovilebis darTvas eweoda.
1826-1840 wlebSi qarxana gafarTovda, uamrav sawarmos aerTianebda da sabolood qalaq
loulad
Camoyalibda.
industriuli
revoluciis
dasawyisisTvis
daqiravebuli
muSaxelis raodenoba 8000-s aRwevda. maTi didi umravlesoba qalebi iyvnen. qals
sawarmoSi dasasaqmeblad mravalgvari motivacia hqonda: ojaxis finansuri daxmarebis
survili, ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZlebloba (romelsac loueli sTavazobda), finansuri
da, Sesabamisad, pirovnuli (anu mamakacebisgan) damoukideblobis survili. umZimesi
samuSao pirobebi, autaneli sacxovrebeli garemo da mamakacebTan SedarebiT TiTqmis
ganaxevrebuli anazRaureba samarTliani ukmayofilebis mizezi gaxda, rac masobriv
gaficvebsa da protestSi gadaizarda. swored am movlenebs ukavSirdeba muSaTa pirveli
profesiuli kavSiris Seqmna, romelic louelis muSa qalTa reformebis asociaciis(the
Lowell Female Labor Reform Assosiation ) saxeliTa aris cnobili.
24
,
qalTa saqmianobis gadafasebis mcdeloba mxolod samarTlianobis
aRdgenas ki ar isaxavs miznad, aramed zogadad maTi saqmianobis realur,
srul suraTs iZleva.
Cveni kvlevisTvis gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is faqti, rom Tu
qalTa saqmianoba, rogorc wesi, ama Tu im moZraobis marginalur frTad
aRiqmeboda, xelovnebis propagandis saqmeSi viTareba gansxvavebuli iyo.
es sfero imTaviTve qalTa prerogativad iyo miCneuli. miuxedavad amisa,
am sivrceSi qalTa srulfasovan damkvidrebasa da gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis
uflebis
samoqalaqo
mopovebas
uflebebis,
aranaklebi
ganaTlebis
sirTuleebi
miRebisa
da
axlda,
dasaqmebis
vidre
sferoSi
Tanasworobis mopovebas. es swored is SemTxveva iyo, rodesac mamakacebi
adgendnen wesebs da SezRudvebs. maT erTis mxriv, qals sulieri sfero
da kulturis meurveoba
„Caabares,~ meore mxriv ki dauweses mas mkacri
SezRudvebi – ra iyo dasaSvebi da ra ewinaaRmdegeboda sazogadoebis
normebs. amdenad, xelovnebiT dainteresebul mecenat qalTa saqmianobis
kvleva sworedac rom is sivrcea, romelic iZleva realur suraTs - Tu
rogor daimkvidres
qalebma adgili kulturis sferoSi, istoriul-
politikuri da Rirebulebebis cvlilebis fonze. es brZola zogadad
qalTa istoriis ganuyofeli nawilia da misi gaanalizebis gareSe arc
qalTa
istoria
iqneba
srulyofili
da
arc
romelime
konkretuli
periodis kvleva.
am periodis mkvlevrebi miiCneven, rom analogiur gadafasebasa da
Sevsebas
uamravi
sakiTxi
saWiroebs,
rac
Tavis
mxriv
arsebuli
istoriuli narativebis rekonfiguraciis saWiroebaze metyvelebs.
4)
Tanamedrove
etapze
qalTa
istoria
genderis,
rogorc
socialuri struqturis aRqmis rTuli amocanis winaSe dgeba. saubaria
imaze,
rom
istoriul
sqesTa
Soris
gamocdilebas
urTierTqmedeba
Sinaarss
sZens
da
is
mis
meqanizmia,
romelic
Sesaswavlad
axali
meTodologiisa da midgomebis SemuSavebaa saWiro. joan skoti Tavis
statiaSi sakiTxis safuZvlian analizs iZleva (Scott, 1986: 1053-1075).
mkvlevari
statiis
SesavalSive
feministi istorikosebi ufro
aRniSnavs,
aqtiurad
25
da
rom
bolo
damajereblad
wlebSi,
iyeneben
,
„genderis,~ rogorc sqesTa Soris urTierTobis cnebas, romelic maTi
azriT,
sazogadoebrivi
imdenad
damajerebeli
mowyobis
saxe
RerZs
miiRo,
warmoadgens.
„am
socialur
rom
tendenciam
mecnierebaTa
enciklopediaSic hpova asaxva,~ dasZens skoti (Scott, 1986: 1053). statiaSi
mocemuli mosazrebebis Tanaxmad, mamakacTa da qalTa gansazRvra da
aRwera mxolod urTierTSedareba-dapirispirebiT aris SesaZlebeli da
maTi arsis wvdoma sruliad warmoudgenelia gancalkevebulad Seswavlis
gziT, raoden Rrmac ar unda iyos igi. skotis mosazrebas kidev erTi
istorikosi, natali deivisi amyarebs. ai, ras wers igi:
„vfiqrob, istoriis WrilSi erTnairi gulisyuriT unda movekidoT
qalsac
da
mamakacsac.
daqvemdebarebuli
mkvlevarma
ar
iqneboda
marTebuli
mxolod
sqesis sakiTxebze muSaoba. es igivea, klasebis
istorikosma
Tavis
naSromebSi
aqcenti
mxolod
glexobaze rom gaakeTos. Cveni mizania istoriul warsulSi sqesTa
mniSvnelobis garkveva
da genderuli jgufebis Seswavla; Cveni
mizania aRmovaCinoT zRvari sqesTa rolebs Soris, gamovavlinoT
sqesTan
dakavSirebuli
simbolizmi
sxvadasxva
sazogadoebasa
da
periodSi, raTa gaverkveT maT mniSvnelobaSi da imaSic, Tu rogor
asrulebda yovelive es sazogadoebrivi wyobis SenarCunebis, an masSi
cvlilebebis moxdenis funqcias.~ (Davis, 1975-76: 90)
qalTa istoriis mkvlevrebi arasakmarisad miiCneven mxolod imis
aRiarebas, rom qalebs sakvanZo istoriul movlenebSi garkveuli wvlili
miuZRviT. joan skoti mkveTrad emijneba e.w. arafeministi istorikosebis
mosazrebas
imis
Sesaxeb,
rom
istoriul
movlenebSi
safrangeTis revoluciaSi) qalTa monawileobis aRiareba
(magaliTad,
ver Secvlis
arsebul warmodgenas xsenebul movlenebze, rac logikurad zRudavs
qalTa
istoriis
izolirebulad
midgomebis
kvlevis
sivrces
Seswavlis
gaTvaliswinebiT,
da,
mowodebas
Tu
arsebiTad,
qalTa
warmoadgens.
genderi
sakiTxebis
Tanamedrove
analitikuri
kvlevis
kategoriad ar iqceva, amgvar skepticisms veraferi daupirispirdeba, wers
joan skoti (Scott, 1986: 1054).
26
,
am midgomebis damkvidrebisTvis mebrZoli feministi istorikosebi
amtkicebdnen, rom aseTi midgoma ara mxolod axal sakiTxebs wamoWris,
aramed ukve arsebuli istoriuli kvlevebisa da standartebis kritikuli
gadafasebis saWiroebas daayenebs dRis wesrigSi. Tu ramdenad moicavs da
asaxavs qalTa gamocdilebas es e.w. axlad Seqmnili istoria, imaze iqneba
damokidebuli, ramdenad moxerxdeba „genderis~ rogorc analizis mTavari
Semadgenlis daxvewa. skotis am mosazrebas farTo mxardaWera hqonda
qalTa istoriis mkvlevarTa mxridan.
„Cven
ukve
gvesmis,
rom
istoriis
furclebze
qalis
gamoCena
TavisTavad iTxovs istoriuli mniSvnelobis tradiciuli cnebis
xelaxla gansazRvrasa da gafarToebas da TavisTavSi moicavs pirad
da
subieqtur
gamocdilebasa
da
sazogadoebriv-politikur
aqtivobebs. ar SevcdebiT, Tuki vivaraudebT (rogori gaubedavic ar
unda iyos dRevandeli mcdelobebi), rom es meTodologia araTu
qalTa axali istoriis, aramed zogadad axali istoriis dasabams
moaswavebs,~ weren feministi istorikosebi
gorgoni, biule da dai
(Gordon, Buhle, Dye, 1976: 89).
rogorc
ukve
aRiniSna,
qalTa
istoriis
kvlevebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli axali realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, araerT faqtors unda
mieqces yuradReba. rogorc gerda lerneri miiCnevs, qalTa sakiTxebis
mecnieruli SeswavlisTvis aucilebeli faqtobrivi informacia uxvad
moipoveba rogorc ukve Seqmnil krebulebSi, aseve aqamde gamouyenebul
pirvelwyaroebSi, rogoricaa piradi werilebi, dRiurebi, religiuri da
saqvelmoqmedo
axleburi
organizaciebis
midgoma
aris
is
angariSebi
problema,
da
romelic
sxva.
am
masalisadmi
gadaWras
saWiroebs,
Tvlis mecnieri da mkvlevarTa yuradRebas mTeli rigi sakiTxebisken
miapyrobs.
(Lerner, 1969: 53-63)
Cveni
kvlevis
interdisciplinaruli
specifikidan gamomdinare zogierTi maTgani Zalian mniSvnelovnad da
angariSgasawevad gveCveneba.
a) termini „qalebi~, rogorc Seswavlis obieqti Zalian farTo
cnebaa da aucileblad ganmartebasa da kategorizacias saWiroebs. am
sakiTxTan
dakavSirebuli
Sefasebis
27
axali
sistemis
Seqmna
garkveul
,
sirTuleebTan
iyo
fesvgadgmuli
Cagruli
mosazreba,
verc
an
maTgani
maTgani
iyenebdnen
SeWirvebuli
kritikul
aris
myarad
umciresobisa
rogorc
gulisxmobda.
xSirad
ekonomikurad
erTi
qalis,
warmoCenas
SedarebisTvis
umciresobebis,
erT-erTi
romelic
jgufis wevrad
mkvlevrebi
magram
dakavSirebuli.
da
qalTa
sakiTxebis
monebis,
eTnikuri
jgufebis
analizs
ver
paralelebs,
uZlebda
da
adeqvaturad ar asaxavda arsebul realobas.
Tu qalebs umciresobis jgufad CavTvliT, es umciresoba detalur
aRweras saWiroebs; es ki, ramdenime mizezis gamo, arc ise martivia.
mTavari
is
aris,
rom
sakmaod
rTulia
qalTa,
rogorc
jgufis
identificireba, radgan isini mosaxleobis sxvadasxva plastSi iyvnen
ganfenilebi
da
magaliTad,
xSirad
qalebi
warmoadgendnen
SedarebiT
da
paradoqsul
sxvadasxva
Cagrul
SezRuduli
winaaRmdegobebs
dros
mosaxleobis
umciresobasac,
uflebebi
hqonda;
qmnidnen.
ase
umravlesobasac
romelsac
saukuneebis
mamakacebTan
manZilze
isini
erTdroulad politikur da ekonomikur sadaveebs Camocilebulic iyvnen
da
zogjer,
colis
an
qaliSvilis
statusiT
ZalauflebasTan
daaxloebul da gavlenian figurebs warmoadgendnen; isini usamarTlod
eqspluatirebuli samuSao Zalac iyvnen da eqspluatatorebic; amis gamo
zogi maTgani radikaluri cvlilebebis momxre iyo, zogic sastikad
ewinaaRmdegeboda
individebi,
nebismier
qalebi
tradiciebis,
SenarCunebas
siaxles.
iziarebdnen
kanonmdeblobisa
moiTxovda.
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
konservatiul
da
arsebuli
organizaciebSi
rom
ideebs,
wesrigis
gaerTianebisas
rogorc
romlebic
status
isini
quo-s
xSirad
radikalizmiT gamoიrCeodnen da swored am status quo-s Seryevas isaxavdnen
mიznad.
am
saxis
paradoqsul
msjelobis
qmedebas,
logikuri
sazogadoebisa
gagrZelebaa
da
masSi
is,
qalis
rom
rolis
qalTa
aseve
paradoqsuli aRqma mohyveboda. erTiს mxriv, qalis, rogorc dedisa da
ojaxis
burjis
roli
sawindari iyo, magram
sazogadoebis
ganviTarebisa
da
gadarCenis
am statusis miuxedavad, xangrZlivi periodis
28
,
manZilze
milionobiT
sazogadoebisTvis
diasaxlisi
erT-erT
moklebuli
umTavres
iyo
amerikuli
faseulobas:
finansur
damoukideblobas. maSinac ki, rodesac es viTareba Seicvala da qalTa
dasaqmebam masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo, maT mier aTvisebuli profesiebi
yvelaze dabalanazRaurebadi rCeboda. sazogadoebas jiutad ar surda am
mdgomareobis
Secvla
da
am
mxriv
saqme
absurdamdec
ki
midioda:
SemoqmedebiTi sferoebi – poezia da mwerloba – romelSic qalebma
gansakuTrebul
warmatebas
miaRwies,
dabalanazRaurebadi
rCeboda.
sayuradReboa is garemoebac, rom qalTa Soris gavrcelebuli eqTnisa da
maswavleblis profesia dRemde am statuss inarCunebs.
qalebi nebismier sxva diskriminirebul jgufze ufro didi xnis
manZilze iyvnen Camocilebulni politikur da ekonomikur mmarTvelobas,
magram es sulac ar niSnavda imas, rom maT es Zalaufleba ar gaaCndaT.
maT
aratradiciuli
mopovebisTvis,
gzebi
iqneboda
es
gamoZebnes
gavlenisa
organizaciebis
da
Seqmna,
Zalauflebis
faruli
Tu
Ria
zewolis taqtika, Tu sxva. mogvianebiT, analogiuri modeli qalebma
warmatebiT
gamoiyenes
sxvadasxva
sferoSi
reformebis
gansaxorcieleblad.
mecenati qalebis saqmianobis kvlevam aCvena, rom es iribi zewola
da
maT
mier
Seqmnili
organizaciebis
saqmianobis
gziT
warmatebis
miRweva, maTTvisac ar iyo ucxo da erTob warmatebulic gamodga (qalTa
organizaciebis
kanonzomierebebiT
roli
Zalian
viTardeboda,
mniSvnelovania,
rasac
isini
mogvianebiT
garkveuli
SevexebiT).
Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom me-19 saukunis meore naxevramde qalebs sakuTari
qonebis damoukideblad gankargvis uflebac ki ar hqondaT, rom araferi
vTqvaT, sazogadoebriv azrsa da xSir SemTxvevaSi Zlier zewolaze,
naTeli
gaxdeba,
rom
isini
swored
aseTi
meTodebiT
ibrZodnen.
konkretuli masalisa da pirovnebebis saqmianobis analizma ki aCvena, rom
mecenati qalebi amas sruliad gaazrebulad akeTebdnen.
eWvs ar iwvevs is garemoeba, rom qalebis SezRudva (Cagvrac ki)
qalTa istoriis ganuyofeli nawilia da asaxva unda hpovos kvlevebSi.
amis miuxedavad, aseTi midgoma safrTxiloa im TvalsazrisiT, rom qali
29
,
ar unda iyos danaxuli mxolod rogorc Cagvris pasiuri obieqti, an
Tundac
rogorc
mamakacis
an
sazogadoebis
SezRudvebis
morCili
obieqti. amgvari xedva gamoricxavs qalTa mxridan am viTarebis maT
sasargeblod
Semobrunebisa
da
pozitiuri
Sedegis
miRebis
SesaZleblobas. sxvadasxva sakiTxSi zogjer radikalurad gansxvavebuli
Sexedulebebis mqone qalTa istoriis mkvlevrebi Tanxmdebian imaSi, rom
qalTa istoria aris maTi funqcionireba mamakacebis mier dadgenil
realobaSi, magram maTi (qalebis) sakuTari pirobebiT. mxolod Cagrulisa
da SezRudulis roli qalis realur saxes ar asaxavs da mxolod
calmxrivi daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva.
b) ganaTlebis rolisa da misawvdomobis sakiTxi qalTa istoriis
Tanamedrove kvlevebSi asaxuli kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria.
sakmaod
xangrZlivi
periodis
manZilze
ganaTleba
qalTaTvis
miuwvdomlad rCeboda. marTalia, im drois qals wera-kiTxvis ucodinari
ar eTqmoda,
magram me-19 saukunis bolomde maTi umetesobis ganaTleba
saSualo skolis dones ar scildeboda. gerda lerneri miiCnevs, rom
sasargeblo iqneboda Segveswavla, ra gavlenas axdenda ganaTleba qalTa
qcevaze, erTobliv saqmianobasa da im wvlilze, romelic maT qveynis
progresSi
SehqondaT.
am
sakiTxTan
dakavSirebul
sxva
mniSvnelovan
aspeqtebTan erTad lerneri interesis sagnad miiCnevs Semdeg sakiTxs:
rodis da rogor moxda qalebis gadasvla mciremasStabiani, ojaxze
orientirebuli
SemoqmedebiTi
saqmianobidan
farTomasStabian
saqmianobaze kulturis sferoSi? ganaTlebuli qalebis ramdeni Taoba
dasWirda amas? vis mier da ra RonisZiebebi gatarda am cvlilebebis
misaRwevad (Lerner, 1969: 61)? sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi xelovnebiT
dainteresebul qalTa saqmianobis analizis safuZvelze SevecdebiT am
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas.
g)
qalTa
wvlilis
gansazRvrisa
da
Sefasebis
kriteriumebis
dadgena, qalTa istoriis kidev erTi sakiTxia, romelic Seswvlas da
gadaWras saWiroebs. imis gamo, rom xangrZlivi periodis manZilze isini
istoriul procesebs CamoSorebulni iyvnen, mamakacebTan gaTanabrebuli
sazomiT maTi wvlilis Sefaseba araswori iqneboda. aseve miuRebelia
30
,
adreuli feministebis midgoma: maTi nebismieri saqmianobisa da aqtivobis
aRwera. unda vaRiaroT, rom sazogadoebasa da istoriul ganviTarebaSi
TavianTi
roliT
qalebi
mamakacebisgan
gansxvavdebian.
es
gansxvaveba
udavoa, magram maTi roli Tanabrad mniSvnelovani da faseulia, amitomac
zemoT
Tqmulis
gaTvaliswinebiT,
maTi
saqmianobis
Sesafaseblad
damoukidebeli sazomebia saWiro. erTi ram naTelia, rom qalebis roli
istoriuli ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze gansxvavebuli iyo, mudmiv
cvlilebebs
ganicdida
da
sxvadasxva
sferoSi
sxvadasxva
miznebs
isaxavda.
„imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom qalebi kacobriobis udides nawils Tu
ara,
naxevars
yovelTvis
Seadgendnen,
garedan
kulturulad
ganpirobebuli da Sinaganad gaTavisebuli marginalizmis gamo maTi
istoriuli
gamocdileba
mamakacebis
istoriisgan
radikalurad
gansxvavdeba. mamakacebmaistoriad monaTles is realoba, sadac qalis
adgili
ar
iyo.
am
logikidan
gamomdinare,
arsebuli
istoria
„umciresobis~ istoriaa da am realobis gadafaseba rTuli amocanaa,
romlis
dasaZlevad
konceptualuri
CarCo
gamosasworeblad
saWiro.
aseve
erTi
meTodologiuri
sakmarisi
SesaZloa
-
aris.
warsulis
interdisciplinaruli
mniSvnelovania
dapirispirebuli
ar
principi
dialeqtikuri
mamakacTa
da
qalTa
-
da
xarvezebis
midgoma
iyos
midgoma,
romelic
kulturis
sinTezs
ganaxorcielebs,~ wers gerda lerneri (Lerner, 1975: 13).
am
sakmaod
ambiciuri
amocanis
SesrulebaSi
patara
wvlils,
imedia, amerikeli mecenati qalebis saqmianobis analizic Seitans. qalTa
mxridan xelovnebis sferoSi, kerZod samuzeumo saqmeSi gaweuli Rvawli
swored
is
saWiroebs.
mocemulobaa,
qalTa
dekorirebiT
romelic
umkacres
dawyebulma
axleburi
CarCoebSi
saqmianobam
yofnis
rakursiT
Seswavlas
miuxedavad,
warmoudgeneli
saxlis
dabrkolebebi
gadalaxa da piradi miswrafebebis saboloo institucionalizaciis saxe
miiRo,
ramac
inteleqtualur,
Tavis
mxriv,
kulturul
udidesi
roli
ganviTarebaSi,
31
Seasrula
qveynis
amerikis
zogadevropul
,
kulturul
procesebTan
ziarebasa
da
fundamenturi
faseulobebis
CamoyalibebaSi. es wvlili udaod Seswavlili unda iyos.
1.2. „gamijnuli sferoebis~ koncefcia
xelovnebis
propagandisa
da
mfarvelobis
sferoSi
qalTa
dawinaureba, rogorc aRiniSna, xangrlivi da rTuli procesis Sedegi
iyo. adreul etapze erT-erT sirTules qalTa aqtiuri sazogadoebrivi
saqmianobidan
CamoSoreba
warmoadgenda.
am
viTarebis
asaxsnelad,
mkvlevrebi xSirad iyeneben qalisa da mamakacis gamijnuli sferoebis
metaforas,
romelic
saWiroebs.
me-19
gansakuTrebul
saukuneSi
yuradRebas
gavrcelebuli
es
da
ganmartebas
metafora,
ukve
me-20
saukuneSi qalTa istoriis mkvlevrebis interesis sferoSi moeqca da
dRes
mas
qalTa
moRvaweobis
aRwerisas
terminadac
iyeneben.
Cveni
kvlevisTvis esoden mniSvnelovani qalTa gaerTianebebis gaCena, aseve
gamijnuli qalTa sferos SigniT daiwyo, rac ara mxolod xelovnebisa
da
samuzeumo
moZraobis
ganviTarebisTvis,
aramed
zogadad
qalTa
emansipaciisTvis gadamwyveti movlena aRmoCnda.
rodesac
naSromi
miZRvnili
meore
demokratia
Tavi
msoflio
amerikaSi
lamis
omis
Semdeg,
xelmeored
erTaderTi
wyaro
aleqsis
de
aRmoaCines,
iyo,
tokvilis
qalebisadmi
romelic
amerikul
sazogadoebaSi qalTa rolisa da adgilis analizs sTavazobda. erT-erT
TavSi, demokratiis gavlena manerebze (Influence of Democracy on Manners
Properly So Called), tokvili saSualo klasis axalgazrda qalis magaliTs
azogadebs da mamakacisa da qalis sferoebis gamijnulobaze saubrobs.
misi
azriT,
aristokratiuli
mmarTvelobis
Seryevam
gavlena
iqonia
patriarqaluri avtoritetis Sesustebaze, ramac axalgazrda qalebs meti
damoukidebloba da TviTrwmena Sehmata. tokvils paradoqsulad miaCnia
32
,
is faqti, rom
gaTxovebis SemTxvevaSi igive qali ojaxis sferoTi
mkacrad izRudeboda da gasaqani aRar eZleoda (Toqueville, 1945: 201,211,214).
tokvilma orive sqesisTvis moqmedebis ori
daadgina
da
Tumca
Tavis
droze
am
gansxvavebuli xazi
midgomam
seriozuli
kritika
daimsaxura, „gamijnuli sferoebis~ aRiarebam, saboloo jamSi, qalTa
istoriis
calke
mimarTulebad
CamoyalibebaSi
didi
roli
iTamaSa.
saukunis Semdeg, rodesac mkvlevarTa axali Taoba qalTa istoriiT
dainteresda, „gamijnuli sferoebis~ tokviliseuli metafora farTod
damkvidrda. es metafora dRemde Tanamedrove istoriografiis, kerZod ki,
qalTa istoriis sakvanZo sakiTxad rCeba.
barbara uelTeris, gerda lerneris da aseve ailin kreditoris da
juliet miCelis naSromebma (Welter,1966; Lerner, 1969; Kreditor, 1968; Mitchell,
1971) ara mxolod daamkvidra es cneba, aramed misi axali interpretacia
misca
qalTa
SeiZleba
istoriis
miviCnioT
is,
mimarTulebas.
rom
qalTa
am
procesis
istoria
erT-erT
mxolod
Sedegad
sufraJizmis
istoriad aRar moiazreboda da politikuri saqmianobis dominanturi
rolis paralelurad masSi socialuri da kulturuli sakiTxebisTvisac
moiZebna adgili. es postulati Cveni kvlevisTvis amosaval wertilad
SeiZleba miviCnioT.
am TemasTan dakavSirebiT arsebul literaturaze dayrdnobiT,
„gamijnuli
SeiZleba
sferoebis~
gamoiyos:
metaforis
pirveli
etapi
interpretaciis
1960-70-ian
ramodenime
wlebs
etapi
moicavs
da
samoqalaqo omamdeli periodis ideologiis konteqstSi am cnebis qalTa
istoriis centralur sakiTxad identificirebis mcdelobas ukavSirdeba.
meore etapi 1970-80ian wlebs moicavs da am cnebis daxvewas, gavrcobasa
da sirTuleebis saerTo monaxazis gakeTebas eTmoba.
am
problemis
daZlevis
mizniT
Cafiqrebulma
da
ganxorcielebulma mcdelobam dasabami misca e.w. mesame etaps, romelic
samecniero Jurnalis Feminist Studies mier organizebuli simpoziumisa da
33
,
mowinave istorikosebis7 diskusiis Sedegi iyo, romelTa mizans qalTa
gamocdilebis
zogadsakacobrio
konteqstSi
Casma
da
gamijnuli
sferoebis metaforis ganmarteba warmoadgenda. es mesame etapi da mis
farglebSi Catarebuli kvlevebi da maTi Sedegebi
yvelaze ufro axlos
aris mocemuli naSromis saWiroebebsa da „gamijnuli sferoebis~ Cems
mier danaxul funqcionirebasTan.
estel fridmani, statiaSi Separatism as Strategy: Female Institution Building
and American Feminism, 1870-1930 kulturuli da politikuri gamijnulobisa
da separatizmis 3 etaps gamoyofs: am procesebis istoriuli fesvebi 1870
wlamde;
instituciuri
naxevarSi;
1920
struqturebis
wlis
sufraJizmis
Seqmna
me-19
gamarjvebis
saukunis
Semdgomi
meore
periodi
(Freedman, 1979:514-515), romelTa detaluri analizi mniSvnelovania, radgan
Tavad „gamijnuli sferoebis~ Taviseburebebisa da funqcionirebis garda
igi
qalTa
gaerTianebebisa
da
organizaciebis
evoluciaze
gviqmnis
warmodgenas, amitom maT sagangebod ganvixilav:
me-19 saukunis amerikaSi komerciulma da industriulma zrdam da
Sromis sqesobrivi niSniT dayofam mamakacTa da qalTa sferoebis mkveTri
gamijvna
gamoiwvia.
TeTrkaniani
mamakacebi
anazRaurebadi
samsaxuris,
biznesisa da politikis sferoSi damkvidrdnen, xolo saSualo klasis
qalebi
Sin
darCnen
da
ojaxebis
dedobrivi
da
sulieri
meurveoba
ikisres. „WeSmariti qalurobis~ am rolSi qalebs sazogadoebrivi sferos
saqmianobaSi CarTva ekrZalebodaT da am realobam maT mamakacebisgan
mkveTrad gamijnuli sivrce Seuqmna. fridmani wers, rom am sinamdviles
damorCilebul qalebs saerTo cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba daugrovdaT,
romelsac
isini
momaval
Taobebs
gadascemdnen.
smiT-rozenbergi
am
erTobas siyvarulisa da ritualis qalur samyaros (The Female World of Love
and Ritual) uwodebs da Tvlis, rom am homosocialurma gaerTianebebma
qalebs ojaxuri karCaketilobis siZnele gadaalaxina. es qalTa momavali
gaerTianebebis
Canasaxi
iyo.
mkvlevari
7
aseve
dainteresda
me-18,
me-19
am siaSi moiazrebian gerda lerneri, qerol-smiT rozenbergi, tema kaplani, mari jo
biuli, elen duborisi.
34
,
saukuneebSi daojaxebul qalTa TanamegobrobiTa da am movlenis mimarT
sazogadoebis keTilganwyobiT. man swored „sferoebis gamijvna~ miiCnia
am faqtoris
ganmsazRvrelad. smiT-rozenbergi amtkicebs, rom me-19
saukunis qalebs erTmaneTis fsiqologiuri mxardaWeris sakmaod Zlieri
potenciali hqonda. maTTvis gamoyofil e.w. gamijnul sivrceSi, qalebi
daxmarebis xels uwvdidnen erTmaneTs da es kavSirebi zogjer sakuTar
ojaxsa da qmarTan kavSirze ufro Zlieri iyo (Smith –Rosenberg, 1975: 2-3).
mkvleვარs es mosazrebebi ufro vrclad ganxiluli aqvs ara erT ufro
gviandel naSromSi (Smith –Rosenberg, 1980: 55-64; Smith –Rosenberg, 1985:109-129).
Cveni
kvlevisTvis
es
faqtori
gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania, radgan
xelovnebis mecenati qalebis warmatebebi da miRwevebi swored qalTa
gaerTianebebis warmatebuli saqmianobis wyalobiT gaxda SesaZlebeli da
dasabams es tendencia swored megobruli kavSirebidan iRebs.
sxva avtorebis kvlevebi smiT-rozenbergis mier identificirebul
qalTa kulturas damatebiT detalebsa da niuansebs matebs: blanS kuki
politikuri figurebiT interesdeba (Cook, 1977: 43-61), nensi koti askvnis,
rom genderuli interesis gaCena erToblivi saqmianobis Sedegi iyo. es ki
adreul
etapze
SesaZlebeli
iyo
mxolod
saeklesio
gaerTianebebSi.
aseTi saqmianoba dedobisa da meojaxeobis ualternativobis ideasTan
usafrTxo da efeqturi dapirispirebis qalis xelT arsebul erTaderT
saSualebas
warmoadgenda
(Cott,
1977:
173,
200).
aRniSnuli
jgufebi
sazogadoebisTvis sasargeblo adamianebad aqcevda qalebs da amave dros,
aseTi
jgufebi
qaluri
megobrobisa
da
kavSiris
sandoobis
nimuSs
warmoadgenda.
karl degleri 1980 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi (Degler, 1980: 298)
cdilobs daamtkicos, rom „gamijnuli sferoebis~ cneba me-19 saukunis is
mniSvnelovani
miRweva
iyo,
romelmac
SesaZlebeli
gaxada
ojaxSi
damkvidrebuli patriarqaluri urTierTobebi partnioruliT Seecvala.
saxlis teritoria, wers degleri, ojaxis farglebs gareT saqmianobaSi
CarTvis mxriv erTdroulad Semaferxebeli Zalac iyo da biZgic, xolo
„gamijnuli sferoebis~ am
periodis
rolsac ki asrulebda (Degler, 1980: 429).
35
erTgvari Semkvreli saSualebis
,
daniel skot smiTi Tavis narkvevSi (Smith, 1974: 119-136) ufro Sors
midis da Semoaqvs termini ojaxuri feminizmi (Domestic Feminism). igi
amtkicebs,
rom
qalTa
politikuri
avtonomia
SeuZlebeli
iqneboda
adreul etapze gamijnul, Caketil ojaxur sivrceSi, damoukideblobisa
da
TviTrwmenis
mosapoveblad
gaweuli
Zalisxmevis
gareSe.
amis
magaliTad smiTs me-19 saukuneSi Sobadobis maCveneblis vardna mohyavs da
amtkicebs,
rom es faqti qalisTvis gankuTvnili ojaxis sivrcis SigniT
maTi mxridan seqsualuri urTierTobebis kontroliT aixsneba. linda
gordons miaCnia, rom kargi dedobisa da Sesabamisad, SvilebisTvis meti
mzrunvelobis
gawevis
ideis
paralelurad,
qalebma
ostaturad
gaamarTles ojaxis SigniT erT konkretul sferoze, seqsualur kavSirsa
da Sobadobaze kontroli (Gordon, 1974; Gordon, 1976).
„gamijnuli
zneobrivi
sfero
sferos~
iqneboda
SigniT
es
Tu
srulyofilebisken
meojaxeoba,
qalebi
swrafvam,
sxvadasxva
organizaciaSi gadaanawila, aman ki mamakacTa mier dominirebul sajaro
sivrceze didi gavlena iqonia. ojaxuri feminizmis kidev erT magaliTad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos qalTa gaerTianeba qristianuli zomierebis qalTa
kavSiri (Women’s Christian Temperance Union, WCTU), romlis mTavari amocana
ojaxis zneobrivi siwminde da ormagi standartebis winaaRmdeg brZola
iyo. am organizaciis popularoba, elen duborisis mosazrebiT, swored
qalTa gamijnuli sferos – saxlis - interesebis dacvis surviliT iyo
ganpirobebuli (DuBois, 1975: 69). karen bleri wers, rom qalebi arsebul
realobas sufraJistuli brZolis SemTxvevaSic uwevdnen winaaRmdegobas
da ojaxis Caketil sivrceSic. ojaxuri feminizmis saxiT winaaRmdegobis
gaweva
momxibvleli
sufraJistuli
da
SesaZlebloba
iyo
reformatoruli
maTTvis,
saqmianoba
visac
radikaluri
AaSinebda,
magram
umoqmedobasac ver egueboda. am or tips Soris gansxvaveba SesaZlebeli
gamosavlis
ZiebaSi
iyo.
aRniSnul
qalTa
gaerTianebebSi
Sediodnen
swored is qalebi, romlebmac ojaxuri tyveobis daZleva fundamenturi
qaluri faseulobebis uaryofis gareSe isurves (Blair, 1988:4).
1870-1920-ni
„gardamavali~
wlebi
periodia,
„gamijnuli
romelic
qalTa
36
sferoebis~
kuTxiT,
ufro
struqturebis
myari
e.w.
,
SeqmniT
xasiaTdeba.
sazogadoebriv
izolirebul
maTi
asparezze
qalTa
Seqmna
erTis
mxriv,
diskriminaciiT,
sferoSi
ganpirobebuli
xolo,
axlomegobruli
meore
iyo
mxriv,
urTierTobebisas
dagrovili gamocdilebiT. am mizezebma ganapiroba me-19 saukunis meore
naxevarSi qalTa klubebis masobrivi Seqmna.
1.3 qalTa klubebis roli
Tu
antropolog
miSel
rozaldos
Teorias
gamartivebulad
warmovidgenT, rac ufro didia distancia qalisTvis gankuTvnili saxlis
sivrcesa
da
mamakacis
gaufasurebuli
da
sazogadoebriv
daufasebelia
sferoebs
qalis
Soris,
roli
miT
ufro
sazogadoebaSi.
Sesabamisad, ojaxur da sajaro sferoTa arealis masStabebi qalTa
statusis aRiarebis pirdapirproporciulia. igive rozaldos saxelTanaa
dakavSirebuli sqesobrivi asimetriis daZlevis strategia, e.w. gamijnuli
qalTa sazogadoebrivi sferos Seqmna (Rosaldo,1974: 17-42).
am mosazrebas araerTi mkvlevari iziarebs da Tvlis, rom me-19 - 20
saukuneebis
qalTa
gaerTianebebi
daxmarebis
seriozuli
wyaro
iyo,
magaliTad, politikurad aqtiuri qalebisTvis, Tumca qalTa es qselebi
mamakacebis gaerTianebebTan SedarebiT meorexarisxovani iyo (Cook, 1977:
43-61; Sahli, 1979: 17-27).
esTel fridmanTan vkiTxulobT, rom 1868 wlis aprilSi Carlz
dikensis
amerikaSi
stumrobisadmi
miZRvnil
sadilze,
niu-iorkis
presklubSi reportior qalTa ardaSvebam biZgi misca qalTa pirveli
klubis
sorosis8
(Sorosis)
Seqmnაs
8
(Freedman,
1979:
517).
es
movlena
qalTa pirveli profesiuli klubi amerikaSi, romelic miznad isaxavda qalTa
CarTulobis gazrdas da xelovnebis, literaturisa da ganaTlebis sakiTxebSi azrTa
urTierTgacvlis
uzrunvelyofas.
daarsebis
momentisTvis
klubi
12
wevrisgan
Sedgeboda, erTi wlis Tavze wevrTa raodenoba 83-mde gaizarda, xolo 1889 wlisTvis
37
,
Jurnalistis,
feministuri
ideebis
gamtareblisa
da
qalTa
klubur
moZraobaSi umniSvnelovanesi figurიs, jein qaningem qroulis saxels
ukavSirdeba (Schlesinger, 1961: 365-379).
jein
qrouli,
Tavdapirvelad,
Jurnalistis
poziciidan
gamoexmaura amerikaSi qalTa araTanasworuflebian mdgomareobas
da
uamravi qalis gulistkivili gaaxmovana.Kkaren bleri wers, rom igi
cxadad
acnobierebda
sajaro
da
saSinao
sferoebs
Soris
arsebul
mijnas; akritikebda meojaxeobis Tavsmoxveul standartebs, romelSic
qali
drois
umetes
nawils
atarebda
da
sastikad
ewinaaRmdegeboda
sajaro sivrcidan qalis gamoTiSvas (Blair, 1988: 17).
„man
(jein
qalebi
qroulim)
sakuTari
sakiTxis
cxovrebis
martivi
gadawyveta
baton-patronebad
SemogvTavaza:
unda
iqcnen
da
erToblivi muSaobiTa da ZalisxmeviT moiTxovon maTTvis sasurveli
esa Tu is cvlileba~, wers karen bleri. (Blair, 1988: 19)
sorosis amocana Tanamoazre qalebisTvis harmoniuli garemos
Seqmna
iyo, sadac isini uTanasworobisa
da
usamarTlobis
daZlevas
gamocdilebis gaziarebis gziT SeZlebdnen. maTi saqmianoba kulturis
sferoTi
Semoifargla;
Sesabamisad,
uari
eTqva
reformatorul
da
sufraJistul saqmianobas. qroulim gamiznulad Seqmna sufraJistuli da
politikuri TanasworobisTvis mebrZoli organizaciebis alternativa,
radgan es „feTqebadi~ Tema iyo, romelic ojaxSi qalis adgils eWvqveS
ayenebda da radikaluri nabijebis gadadgmas gulisxmobda. qroulim ki
ojaxuri
feminizmis,
anu
saxlidan
brZolis
idea
win
wamowia
da
sazogadoebrivi kritikis gverdis avliT ufro meti mxardamWeri moipova,
vidre sufraJistulma moZraobam.
literaturul
klubebi
SesaZloa,
pirovnul
aseTi
da
da
saxelovnebo
interesebze
inteleqtualur
gaerTianebebi
naklebad
orientirebuli
zrdaze
akeTebdnen
aqtiuri
iyo,
karen
es
aqcents.
bleris
azriT, maTi rolis jerovnad Seufasebloba Secdoma iqneboda (Blair, 1988:
klubi imdenad gafarTovda, rom qalTa klubebis federaciis(GeneralFederation of Women’s
Clubs) saxe miiRo.
38
,
118). erTmaneTTan urTierToba, SiSebisa da gaubedaobis daZleva, sajaro
gamosvlebisa da saorganizacio Cvevebis daxvewa am klubebis saqmianobis
dadebiT Sedegs warmoadgenda.
am sakiTxze msjelobis Sedegad karen bleri Semdeg daskvnamde
midis:
„bolosdabolos klubebma ise Seuwyo xeli kulturasTan qalebis
daaxloebas, rom maT literaturisa da xelovnebis aqamde mamakacTa
mflobelobaSi
Sinagani
myofi
rwmena,
mgrZnobeloba,
mamakacis
samyaro
rom
axasiaTebdaT
romelic
angarebiani
miisakuTres,
da
radgan hqondaT
gansakuTrebuli
industrializaciis
ambiciuri
miznebis
imis
humanisturi
droindel
amerikaSi
alternativad
unda
qceuliyo.~ (Blair, 1988: 118)
kulturis sferos interesebiT gaerTianebulma qalebma TandaTan
gaafarToves
sazogadoebis
stereotipuli
warmodgena
am
sferos
SesaZleblobebze, masSi qalis CarTulobaze da Wra-kervis, qargvisa da
peizaJebis
xatvidan
ufro
masStabur
sakiTxebs
miapyres
TavianTi
yuradReba.
qveynis masStabiT Seqmnil msgavs klubebSi saqmianobis gziT,
maT xelovneba TviTdamkvidrebisa da Tanaswori uflebebisTvis brZolis
asparezad gaxades da saxlis mkacrad moniSnuli sazRvrebidan qalis
gamoyvana SeZles. am kluburi moZraobis farglebSi uamravi qali ufro
Rrmad ecnoboda da Seiswavlida xelovnebas, rac kulturisa da qalebis
tandems dRiTidRe aZlierebda, wers bleri (Blair, 1988: 28). am tendenciebis
Sedegad, me-19 saukunis bolosTvis qalTa Sexeba kulturis sferosTan
iseTi
mWidro
da
myari
gaxda,
rom
sakiTxebSi mamakacebis CarTuloba
„bevr
mandilosans
kulturis
bunebrivad aRar eCveneboda,~ wers
mkvlevari deivid rizmani (Riesman, 1965: 75).
saxelovnebo klubebSi moRvawe qalebi iziarebdnen im mosazrebas,
rom xelovneba yoveldRiuri cxovrebis xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad iyo
mowodebuli, magram amave dros maT esmodaT, rom es saqmianoba maTi
sazogadoebrivi rolisa da TviTSegnebis asamaRleblad umniSvnelovanesi
iyo. es amonaridi swored aseTi gaazrebuli damokidebulebis dasturia:
39
,
„iqneb Tavad ar gvsurdes xatva, magram samagierod gvsurs yvelaferi
vicodeT maT Sesaxeb, vinc amas akeTebs; xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es
pirovneba qalia, imis gagebac gvainteresebs, Tu ra saxis tilos
qmnis igi. rogorc klubs, garToba ar gvaqvs TviTmiznad, magram
diaxac gvsurs gavigoT, Tu ra zemoqmedebas axdens drama qalTa
interesebsa da keTildReobaze socialuri, moraluri, fizikuri da
finansuri kuTxiT; amasTanave, am mimarTulebiT Cveni qaliSvilebis
daostatebac gvsurs, raTa maT am saqmiT Tavi irCinon.
~ (Winant, 1968:
23).
klubebis mxridan xelovnebis propagandis erT-erTi samizne qalTa
dasaqmebis potencialis gazrda iyo da am mimarTulebiT garkveuli
warmatebis
miRwevis
Semdeg
klubebis
wevrebma
interesi
iseTi
sferoebisken mimarTes, rogoric iyo filantropia, mecniereba, saxli da
ojaxi da qalTa biznes saqmianobac ki. ganaTlebisadmi damokidebuleba
sorosis wevrebisTvis gansakuTrebuli interesis sagani iyo da igi
finansuri damoukideblobis gzaze aucilebel da gadamwyvet rgolad
miiCneoda. es klubebi konkretul qmediT nabijebsac dgamdnen qalTa
umaRlesi ganaTlebis waxalisebisa da mxardaWerisTvis.
sorosis saqmianobis Sesajameblad daveTanxmebiT karen bleris
Semdeg mosazrebas:
„kulturisa da qalTa sakiTxis Seswavlam sorosis bevr wevrs Zala
da
optimizmi
Semata.
igive
SeiZleba
iTqvas
mravalricxovani
klubebis wevr sxva qalebzec, romlebic maT gamalebiT baZavdnen.
xelovnebisadmi am sruliad axleburma interesma, romelsac Sedegad
amerikel
qalTa
gamarTlebamoyva,
mniSvnelovani
maRldeboda;
mimarT,
sazogadoebrivi
mecxramete
gavlena
xmamaRla
romelTa
moeTxovebodaT;
saukunis
moaxdina.
gaismoda
qalis
feminizmis
erTgvari
qalTa
moZraobaze
cnobiereba
ukmayofileba
morCilebac
ojaxuri
aqtiurobis
„kdemamosil
meSveobiT
im
TandaTan
SezRudvebis
qalbatonebs~
gza
exsneboda
mSvidobian, agresiisgan Tavisufal aqtiurobas, da yovelive amas
swored sorosi aZlevda tons.~ (Blair, 1988: 31)
40
,
1868 wels bostonSi Seqmnili qalTa klubi (New England Woman’s Club,
sorosis
NEWC)
arsebiTad
msgavsad
ojaxs
gaerTianebas
ojaxis
gareT
faseulobebis
qomagi
TviTdamkvidrebis
warmoadgenda.
am
iyo,
msurveli
organizaciis
daarseba
magram
qalebis
qerolain
severensis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. saerTo miznebis paralelurad
bostonis qalTa klubi metwilad reformebze iyo orientirebuli, rac
mas sorosisgan ganasxvavebda. amiT aixsneba am klubebSi reformatori
mamakaci wevrebis arsebobac.
amocanebiT
saSinao
orive es organizacia Tavisi gansxvavebuli
feminizmis
manifestacia
iyo,
romelmac
1890-ian
wlebSi maTi Serwymisa da qalTa klubebis federaciad (General Federation of
Women’s Clubs) gadaqcevis Semdeg gazrdili potencialiT Seutia saqmes.
qalebis am organizaciebSi gawevrianebasa da TveSi randenjerme
ojaxis wiaRs mowyvetas uyuradRebod ar Cauvlia. gavlenianma gamocemam
Harper’s Weekly 1869 wlis 15 maisis nomerSi am sakiTxs karikaturiT
upasuxa.
naxatze
mcirewlovani
gamosaxulni
bavSvebiT
xelSi
iyvnen
da
ganerviulebuli
politikosi
mamakacebis
qmrebi
msgavsad
Sekrebaze sityviT gamomsvleli maTi colebi (Mott, 1980:326; Blair, 1988: 25).
am
karikaturis
organizaciebis
suliskveTebis
Semqmnelma
da
miuxedavad,
wevrma
qalTa
klubebisa
qalbatonebma
ar
da
gaiziares
„WeSmariti qalurobisa~ da piradi miswrafebebis SeuTavseblobis idea.
ufro
metic,
maT
mravalricxovnebiT,
da
aseTi
rac
klubebis
ufro
mravalferovnebiTa
mniSvnelovania,
maTi
da
Tvisobrivi
cvlilebiT upasuxes.
qalTa struqturebis Seqmna-damkvidrebaze
msjelobisas, fridmani
maT evoluciaze saubrobs da ori realuri nagebobis istoriasa
struqturas
mowyobil
1893
wels
adarebs
erTmaneTs.
esenia
1876
wels
da
filadelfiaSi
e.w. aswleulis gamofenaze aRmarTuli qalTa pavilioni da
CikagoSi
kolumbisadmi
miZRvnil
eqspoziciaze
aRmarTuli
qalTa Senoba (Freedman, 1979: 519-520).
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, aswleulis gamofenis mesveurebi ZiriTadi
Senobis farglebSi qalebs calke sivrces Sehpirdnen, Tumca bolo wuTs
uari uTxres maT. qalebma ukve Segrovebul 100 000 dolars damatebiTi
41
,
Tanxa miaSveles da yvelas gasakvirad, qalTa pavilionisTvis calke
Senoba aRmarTes. es Senoba JurnalistikaSi, medicinaSi, mecnierebasa da
xelovnebaSi maTi warmatebebisa da miRwevebis gamofenas emsaxureboda.
amave
SenobaSi
Sedioda
qalTa
wignebis
biblioTeka,
qalTa
gazeTis
stamba da baga-baRi. sqematurad Tu SevxedavT, es gamijnuli qalTa
sajaro sivrce iyo, qalTaTvis gamiznuli da qalTa mier marTuli.
1893 wels, ukve kongresis gadawyvetilebiT Seiqmna menejer qalTa
sabWo, romelmac mTeli gamofenis marTvis konteqstSi qalTa Senobis
agebis gadawyvetileba miiRo da qveynis masStabiT gamarTuli konkursis
safuZvelze qali arqiteqtoric SearCia. eqspoziciebze warmodgenili iyo
qalTa ara mxolod samxatvro da profesiuli miRwevebi, aramed qalTa
sawarmoo miRwevebi da am sferoSi maTi muSaobis pirobebi.
qalTa
saorganizacio komitetma warmatebulad ibrZola saerTo eqspoziciaSi
harmoniuli SerwymisTvis, msaji qalebis Tanabari raodenobisa da yvela
konkursSi
Tanabrad
warmoCenis
qalTa
monawileobas,
RonisZiebaSi
uflebisTvis.
ra
Tqma
yovelive
unda,
aman
SeunarCuna
am
qalTa
gamijnuli sivrcis forma, magram amave dros es gamijnuli qalTa
pavilioni mTlianis harmoniuli da srulfasovani nawili iyo. es sqema
Tavisuflad SeiZleba mivusadagoT qalTa organizaciebis evolucias da
sazogadoebaSi
maT
rolsa
sazogadoebaSi
mimdinare
da
adgils.
Zvrebis,
qalTa
TvalnaTeli
moZraobasa
sxvaoba
da
qalTa
TviTSegnebaSi mimdinare evoluciuri cvlilebebis dasturia.
am
nagebobebis
xelovnebis
analogia
propagandis
kargi
sferoSi
sailustracio
moRvawe
qalTa
magaliTia
saqmianobis
dasaxasiaTebladac. Tu Tavdapirvelad qali ojaxis mkacr CarCoebSi iyo
moqceuli da dasaSvebi
(qargva,
kerva,
qalebma
am
SerCeviTi
saqmianobis arCevanic ki SezRuduli hqonda
kiTxva,
SesaZleblobaTa
saxlis
farglebi
dekorireba),
gaafarToves
da
mogvianebiT
etapobrivad
dasaSvebi zRvaric ki gadalaxes.
qalTa
damoukidebeli
struqturebis
rigSi
SeiZleba
qalTa
kolejebic CavTvaloT. „WeSmariti qalurobis~ wvrTnisTvis mowodebulma
qalTa seminariebma 1870-1920-ian wlebSi gansxvavebuli funqciebi SeiTavsa.
42
,
mas Semdeg, rac mamakacebisTvis gankuTvnilma umaRlesma saswavleblebma
uari
Tqves
qalTa
miRebaze,
es
funqcia
specializirebulma
qalTa
kolejebma ikisra. xsenebuli dawesebulebebi qalTa pirad daaxloebasa
da samomavlod profesiuli qselis Seqmnas uwyobda xels. swored aseTi
struqturebis ararsebobiT xsnian mkvlevrebi me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi
saxelovnebo
dawesebulebebis
monawileobas,
imis
saqmianobaSi
gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom
qalebis
kultura
SezRudul
da
suliereba,
sworedac rom, qalTa prerogativad iTvleboda.
amdenad,
1870-1920-ian
wlebSi
qalurobis
fenomenis
gadafasebis
mTavari niSani qalTa gamijnuli sferos sazRvrebis gafarToeba da ara
Secvlis an gauqmebis survili iyo. am procesis saukeTeso ilustraciad
e.w. TavSesafrebis moZraobas miiCneven da Tumca am saqmianobaSi qalebTan
erTad mamakacebic iyvnen CarTuli, qalTa raodenobrivi siWarbe, dedaTa
da bavSvTa movlaze zrunva da proeqtis ojaxuri xasiaTi saSualebas
iZleva es wamowyeba qalTa struqturebis rangSi ganvixiloT. mkvlevari
meri raieni am TavSesafrebs „WeSmarit qalurobasa~ da „qalurobis axal
tips~ Soris erTgvar damakavSirebel rgolad aRiqvams. is wers, rom am
proeqtis farglebSi dedobrivma mzrunvelobam saxecvlileba ganicada,
daixvewa da socialuri reformis sruliad axali saxe miiRo (Ryan, 1979:
229).
samwuxarod,
1920
wels
miRebuli
sufraJistuli
Sesworebis
Semdgomi ritorika qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis Sesaxeb erTgvarad
damabrkolebeli aRmoCnda qalTa moZraobisa da qalTa organizaciebis
ganviTarebisTvis.
amave
periodSi
qalTa
organizaciebis
ganviTarebis
momxre qalebis paralelurad gaCndnen iseTebic, romlebic mamakacebis
mier
dominirebul
gardauvlad.
am
sivrceSi
procesis
integracias
magaliTebi
miiCnevdnen
uxvad
iyo
saWirod
da
sauniversiteto,
dasaqmebisa da politikis sferoebSi. rozalind rozenbergi aRniSnavs,
rom aseTi mcdelobebis warmateba 1920-ian wlebs ver gascda, radgan:
„warmatebam qali Tavis dasabamier kulturas mowyvita da sruliad
ucxo
-
xSirad
mtrul
garemoSic
ki
miuCina
adgili.
mravalma
mecnierma qalma, romelmac sxva qalebTan kavSiri gawyvita, dakarga
43
,
uwindeli
qaluri
mxardaWera,
sxva
saxis
mxardaWera
ki
veRar
moipova.~ (Rosenberg, 1979: 322.)
qalTa
moZraobis gacnoba, aCens
mosazrebas, rom 1920
wlamde
qalTa moZraobis mTavari Zala gamijnuli qalTa Temi iyo, romelic
uzrunvelyofda qalTa CarTulobas reformatorul, sazogadoebriv Tu
kulturul saqmianobaSi. marTalia, me-19 saukunis bolos qalTa moZraoba
maTi socialuri rolis gazrdaze iyo orientirebuli, man mainc uari ar
Tqva
gamijnul
romlebic
ar
da
unikalur
iziarebdnen
feministur
1848
wlis
identobaze.
seneka
iyvnen
folsis
qalebi,
radikalur
suliskveTebas da gamijnuli qaluri sferos srulfasovan wevrobas
amjobinebdnen. saqme is iyo, rom isini am sferos mamakacTa sferos
srulfasovan konkurentad moiazrebdnen da damoukidebeli politikuri,
sazogadoebrivi
Tu
grZnobdnen.
fridmani
miRwevebi
qalTa
ganpirobebuli
da
piradi
urTierTobebis
Tvlis,
rom
saukuneebis
damoukidebeli
ara
mamakacTa
Seqmnis
gasayarze
instituciebis
mier
Tavisuflebas
dominirebul
feminizmis
SeqmniT
iyo
politikur
Tu
profesiul sferoSi maTi damkvidrebis mcdelobiT. (Freedman, 1979: 514-515)
qaluri Temis Segnebuli dezintegracia 1920-ian wlebSi daiwyo e.w.
axali
tipis
qalis
gamoCenasTan
erTad,
romelsac
mamakacTa
mier
dominirebul realobaSi integracia hqonda miznad dasaxuli. es qalebi
imedovnebdnen, rom mamakacebis faseulobebis gaziarebisa da maT mier
Seqmnil
struqturebSi
asimilaciis
gziT,
isini
Tanasworobas
moipovebdnen. SesaZloa, amiTac aixsnebodes axalgazrda Taobis qalebis
miswrafeba
mowevis,
damkvidrebisken,
wamoweva
qaluri
dalevisa
rogoric
iyo
megobrobis
da
Tavisuflebis
heteroseqsualuri
sapirwoned.
am
iseTi
formis
urTieTobebis
periodis
win
politikuri
saqmianoba qalTa kulturisgan mkveTri gamijvniT xasiaTdeboda. fridmani
Tvlis, rom swored sazogadoebriv da politikur cxovrebaSi mkveTri
ukusvla feministuri separatizmis ugulvebelyofiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
1920-iani wlebis Semdgomi periodis sazogadoebrivi feminizmis Sesusteba
swored
qalTa
kulturis
erozirebiT
aixsneba.
am
procesma
SeuSala arsebuli miRwevebis gamyarebas da Semdgom gaRrmavebas.
44
xeli
,
„Zvelma feministma liderebma dakarges TavianTi mimdevrebi, radgan
axalma
Taobam
asimilacia
airCia
im
gulubryvilo
imediT,
rom
mamakacTan Tanasworobas erT RameSi miaRwevda.
mecxramete saukunis miwuruls daarsebuli qalTa instituciebis
Zliereba da e.w. sufraJistuli Sesworebis miRebis Semdeg qalTa
politikis dasusteba maZlevs sababs vivaraudo, rom meoce saukunis
20-ian wlebSi feminizmis dacema nawilobriv ganapiroba zogadad
qalis
kulturisa
da
kerZod
qalTa
calkeuli
instituciebis
gaufasurebam. roca qalebma im instituciebSi asimilireba scades,
sadac
mamakacebi
dominirebdnen
da
am
procesSi
ar
SeinarCunes
feminizmis socialuri, ekonomikuri Tu politikuri safuZvlebi, maT
xelidan gamoecalaT is muxti da is mWidro kavSirebi, romlebmac
Tavis
droze
SesaZlebeli
gaxada
sufraJistuli
moZraobis
aRmoceneba. qalma qaluri sferos bevri Zlieri mxare uaryo, xolo
mamakacTa samyarosgan, romelSic
fexi Sedga, bevri veraferi miiRo.~
(Freedman, 1979: 515, 524)
kvlevam aCvena, rom sazogadoebriv-politikur sferoSi moRvawe
qalebisgan gansxvavebiT, xelovnebis propagandis sferoSi moRvawe qalTa
SemTxvevaSi sruliad gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba iyo. 1920-ian wlebSi
qalebi
mamakacebis
mier
dominirebul
sferoSi
SeiWrnen
„maT
da
moedanze~ TavianTi wesebis damkvidrebac ki SesZles. es etapobrivad da
evoluciuri
safexurebis
gavliT
moxda:
dekoratiuli
xelovnebis
ganviTarebiT daiwyo da evropuli avangardisa da Tanamedrove amerikuli
xelovnebis
institucionalizaciiT
dasrulda,
mogvianebiT
ki,
mTeli
qveynis masStabiT gavrcelebuli samuzeumo moZraobiT dagvirgvinda.
45
,
Tavi 2
me-19 saukunis amerikel qalTa samecenato saqmianobis Casaxva
da misi Taviseburebani
rogorc ukve aRvniSne, me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi swored qalebis
mier daarsebulma muzeumebma niu-iorki da zogadad, amerika msoflios
erT-erT kulturul centrad aqcia. samoqalaqo omamde, sul raRac 50
wliT
adre,
qalTa
roli
xelovnebis
popularizaciiT
dakavebuli
dawesebulebebis saqmianobaSi warmoudgenlad mcire iyo.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom es viTareba, zogadad, sazogadoebriv
saqmianobaSi qalebis CarTulobas ar exeboda. saarCevno xmis uflebis
mopovebamde qvelmoqmedeba saSualo da maRali klasis qalbatonebisTvis
sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi CarTvis erT-erTi usafrTxo gza iyo, rasac
isini didi warmatebiT akeTebdnen. aleqsis de tokvili aRniSnavda, rom
amerikeli, sqesis ganurCevlad, aqtiurad iyo CarTuli moxaliseobriv
saqmianobaSi. is amis Sesaxeb werda:
„ . . . aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi yvela asakisa da mdgomareobis
amerikeli filantropiul saqmianobaSi iyo CarTuli. es adamianebi
xSirad
iseT
socialur
da
politikur
funqciebs
iTavsebdnen,
romlebic maTi organizaciebis ZiriTad daniSnulebas scildeboda.
demokratiuli
qveynis
moqalaqeebi,
damoukideblobis
miuxedavad,
sustni da umweoni arian im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar eziarnen enTuziastur
kulturas
da
ar
iswavles
erTmaneTis
uangarod
daxmareba.~
(Tocqueiville, 1981: 403, 405)
socialuri
cvlilebebisTvis
mebrZoli
axali
sazogadoebrivi
organizaciebis Camoyalibeba, dasaqmebisa da ganaTlebis TvalsazrisiT
axali
perpeqtivebis
saganmanaTleblo
nabijebis
Seqmna,
misioneruli
dawesebulebebis
arasruli
siaa,
saqmianoba,
mfarveloba,
romlebic
ganxorcielda.
46
qalTa
es
samedicino
im
da
progresuli
qvelmoqmedebis
Sedegad
,
rac Seexeba samoqalaqo omamdel periodSi SeZlebul qalTa mier
uSualod
xelovnebis
„ganmaTavisuflebeli~
nimuSebis
funqcia
Segrovebas,
hqonda.
Ees
mas
umetesad
tendencia
erTgvari
mxolod
e.w.
mooqrovili saukunis dros gaRrmavda da sabolood Camoyalibebuli
forma
progresivizmis epoqaSi miiRo.
yvelaferi
dekoratiuli
sakuTari
xelovnebis
sacxovreblis
ganviTarebiT
dekoririebiTა
daiwyo.
Semdegi
da
safexuri
xelovnebis nimuSebis SerCeviTi Segroveba iyo, rasac logikurad mohyva
am koleqciebis gamofena, zogjer maTi muzeumebisTvis gadacema an sulac
axali muzeumebis Seqmna. sayuradReboa, rom es procesi mxolod didi
qalaqebisTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli da, ama Tu im saxiT, mTel amerikas
moicavda.
es
tendenciebi
dResac
grZeldeba
da
drois
Sesabamis
evolucias ganicdis.
xelovnebis mecenatoba, qalTa saqmianobis naklebad Seswavlili,
magram qalTa istoriisa da qalTa moZraobis SeswavlisTvis aranakleb
mniSvnelovani
sferoa,
romelic
aerTianebda
sazogadoebrivi
brZolis
gamocdilebis
mqone
politikuri
da
aseve
da
apolitikur
qalebs, rac maTi saqmianobis potencials kidev ufro zrdida.
marTalia, xelovnebis propaganda-popularizacia da warmatebuli
institucionaliacia pikს 1890-1930-ian wlebSi aRwevs, magram samoqalaqo
omamde
da
uSualod
misi
damTavrebis
Semdeg
mimdinare
procesebis
analizis gareSe SeuZlebelia CavwvdeT procesebis siRrmiseul arss da
suraTi sruli saxiT aRviqvaT.
samoqalaqo
omamdel
TvalsazrisiTacaa
saintereso,
filantropiisa
xelovnebis
da
periodze
rom
yuradRebis
swored
mecenatobis
im
am
SeCereba
im
dros
moxda
principebis
Casaxva,
romlebmac am sferoebSi qalTa CarTuloba uzrunvelyo. swored am
periodSi gamoCnda genderuli barierebis daZlevis perspeqtiva da moxda
sakanonmdeblo
da
politikuri
cvlilebebis
9
momzadeba9,
ramac
ara
a) saojaxo samarTalis normis, kerZod ki, gaTxovili qalis statusi (femme coverture)
Tanxmad, gaTxovebis SemTxvevaSi qali sakuTrebaze yvelanair uflebas kargavda. mis
mflobelobaSi arsebuli nebismieri sakuTreba, magaliTad, mziTevi, an memkvidreobiT
47
,
mxolod qalTa uflebebi gazarda, aramed, saboloo jamSi, amerikuli
sazogadoebis
Semdgomi
winsvla
mniSvnelobaze
sxvadasxva
dargis
uzrunvelyo.
am
warmomadgenlebis:
sakiTxebis
istorikosebis,
samarTalmcodneebis, qalTa sakiTxebis mkvlevarTa interesic metyvelebs
(McIntyre, 1995; Chapin, 1983; Gilmore,1977; Kurland, 1987).
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom arc kanonmdebloba da arc qalTa
araTanasworuflebiani mdgomareoba arasdros warmoadgenda gadaulaxav
winaaRmdegobas. motivirebuli da gambedavi qalebi poulobdnen gzasa da
xerxs
TavianTi
miznebis
misaRwevad,
xSir
SemTxvevaSi,
meuRleebis
mxardaWeriTac, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs am sakiTxebis Seswavlisas
genderuli
aspeqtis
gaTvaliswinebis
aucileblobas.
ubralod,
am
periodSi es mxolod piradi iniciativis, an gambedaobis xarjze iyo
SesaZlebeli.
sistemuri
cvlilebis
saxe
am
procesma
mxolod
me-20
saukunis dasawyisSi miiRo.
rogorc aRiniSna, samoqalaqo omamde cota qalma Tu moaxerxa
sagrZnobi
roli
eTamaSa
saxelovnebo
dawesebulebebis
Seqmnasa
da
saqmianobaSi. xelovnebis akademiebi, galereebi da gaerTianebebi im drois
biznes
korporaciebis
analogiiT
iqmneboda,
ramac
avtomaturad
CamoaSora am saqmianobas is qalebi, romlebsac finansebze xeli ar
miuwvdebodaT. me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi Seqmnili msxvili instituciebi10
amis naTeli dadastureba iyo. mamakacebis dominireba am sferoSi udavo
iyo da amis safuZvels mamakacebis „gamijnuli sfero~ da mis SigniT
arsebuli
urTierTobebis
damoukidebloba,
mxatvrebis
da
iseTi
momavali
mTeli
yofiTi
qseli
detalebi,
mecenatebis
warmoadgenda:
rogoric
universitetebSi
finansuri
iyo
mamakaci
erTad
swavla,
miRebuli Tanxa, avtomaturad qmris mflobelobaSi gadadioda. martoxela qalisgan
gansxvavebiT, gaTxovili mandilosani damoukidebel pirovnebad aRar aRiqmeboda da,
Sesabamisad, arc mziTevis, Semosavlis an memkvidreobis gankargvis ufleba hqonda. mas
mxolod qmris Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi SeeZlo kontraqtze xelis mowera an sxva
finansuri garigebis ganxorcieleba. es kanonmdebloba ZalaSi 1848 wlamde iyo. mxolod
1860 wels iqna miRebuli ufro daxvewili da farTo uflebebis Semcveli kanoni.
b) 1848 wels seneka folsSi (niu-iorkis Stati) gamarTul qalTa uflebebis pirvel
yrilobaze miRebuli „grZnobaTa deklaracia” pirveli oficialuri dokumenti iyo,
romelic Riad acxadebda qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobas.
10
The Academy of Fine Arts, (niu-iorki, 1802), the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (filadelfia,
1805), The National Academy of Design (niu-iorki, 1825).
48
,
mogzauroba,
klubebsa
da
salonebSi
Sekreba
da
rac
mTavaria,
is
garemoeba, rom saxelovnebo organizaciebSi maTi dasaqmebuloba maT
socialur
statuss
wonas
matebda,
xSirad
ki
samuSaos
Rirseul
alternativasac warmoadgenda.
politikur da sakanonmdeblo faqtorebTan erTad, gavrcelebuli
negatiuri
damokidebuleba
mandilosnebs
mkacr
inteleqtualuri
teritoriiT.
sazogadoebrivad
CarCoebSi
SesaZleblobebi
saqvelmoqmedo
svamda.
aqtiuri
amitom
mkacrad
saqmianobaSi
qalebis
qalis
mimarT,
kulturul-
Semoifargleboda
CarTuli
saxlis
qalbatonebisgan
gansxvavebiT, romelTa saqmianobac sazogadoebis moTxovnebs pasuxobda,
am periodSi xelovnebis mecenati qalebi sazogadoebriv mxardaWeras ver
iRebdnen.
sazogadoebrivi
Sefasebas
miiCnevda
azri
misaRebad,
xelovnebis
radgan
es
nimuSebiT
uvnebeli
tkbobas
da
da
qalisTvis
Sesaferisi saqmianoba iyo. mkvlevari karen bleri Tavis wignSi aRniSnavs,
rom im periodis qalbatonebs xelovnebisadmi interesis suliskveTebiT
zrdidnen, magram iqve garkveul SezRudvebs uwesebdnen.
`xelsaqme da xatva Tavisufali drois gatarebis misaReb formad
iTvleboda,
miipyrobdnen.
Tu
mandilosnebi
SeumCnevlad
amiT
darCenis
zedmet
es
yuradRebas
„rCeva~
me-19
ar
saukunis
bolomde ZalaSi rCeboda~, wers bleri (Blair, 1994: 3).
2.1
me-19-e saukunis qali, rogorc „WeSmariti qalurobis~ etaloni –
miTi Tu realoba
konceptualurad umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs warmoadgens Cvens mier
ganxilul istoriul momentSi ra mimarTeba arsebobda sazogadoebis
mier danaxul qalis rolsa da mis realur saxes Soris. distancia am or
„qals~ Soris sakmaod didi aRmoCnda da swored misi daZleva iqca qalTa
TviTdamkvidrebisTvis
brZolis
erT-erT
ZiriTad
amocanad.
Cvens
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqme exeba xelovnebis frontze mebrZol qalebs
49
,
da ara uflebadamcvelebsa da reformatorebs, am gansxvavebebis daZleva
kidev ufro rTuli iyo, radgan xelovnebisa da kulturis sfero qalTa
prerogativad iTvleboda da es brZolis daxvewil da, zog SemTxvevaSi,
SeniRbul formebs moiTxovda.
am mimarTulebiT Catarebuli kvlevebi mravalferovani TematikiT
gamoirCeoda. gansaxilvel sakiTxTa Soris iyo ojaxi, qalTa ganaTlebisa
da dasaqmebis sakiTxebi, qalis seqsualurobis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi. es
naSromebi
ZiriTadad
eyrdnoboda
iseT
pirvelwyaroebs,
rogoricaa
qadagebebi, saganmanaTleblo traqtatebi, qalTa Jurnalebi an samedicino
angariSebi
da
saxelmZRvaneloebi.
karl
degleri
erT-erT
statiaSi
aRniSnavs, rom mocemuli aRwerilobisa da moTxovnebis realobasTan
nawilobrivi
dayrdnobiT
Seusabamoba
Seqmnil
sakmaod
problemuri
monografiebSi
mocemuli
iyo.
ar
aseT
aris
is,
masalaze
Tu
ras
grZnobdnen, ganicdidnen an akeTebdnen qalebi, aramed naCvenebia, Tu ras
miiCnevdnen mamakacebi qalebisTvis dasaSvebad (Degler, 1974: 1467-1490).
1960-70-iani da Semdgomi wlebis mkvlevrebma (Carlz ronbergi,
qerol-smiT rozenbergi, karl degleri) Riad gamijnes qalTa realuri
qceva da is rasac qalebs miawerdnen, anu miTi da realoba.
me-19 saukunis amerikul presaze, qalTa Jurnalebze, mxatvrul
literaturasa
daAsazogadoebaSi
gavrcelebul
mosazrebebze
dayrdnobiT, mandilosans „WeSmariti qalurobis~ mkacri standarti unda
daekmayofilebina. rogorc qalTa istoriis mkvlevari, barbara uelTeri
am sferoSi qresTomatiul wyarod aRiarebul statiaSi wers, Tavad
termini „WeSmariti qalurobis kulti~ iseve xSirad gamoiyeneboda me-19
sukunis
qalTa
sakiTxebiT
dainteresebuli
avtorebis
mier,
rogorc
religiiT dainteresebuli pirebi iyeneben sityvas „RmerTi.~ misi azriT,
orive SemTxvevaSi imdenad cxadi unda yofiliyo, Tu ras gulisxmobdnen,
rom detalur ganmartebas zedmetadac ki miiCnevdnen (Welter, 1966: 151).
is, rac cxadia erTi epoqis mkiTxvelisTvis, SesaZloa, kiTxvebs
badebdes sxva istoriul sinamdvileSi da radgan am periodis qalebTan
mimarTebaSi es termini sruliad Cveulebrivi iyo, saWiroa gaverkveT,
konkretulad ras gulisxmobda igi.
50
,
barbara uelTeri wers, rom sazogadoebisa da Tavad qalis mier
misi rolis aRqma me-19 saukunis dasawyissa da Sua wlebSi oTx ZiriTad
Rirsebas efuZneboda. eseni iyo: RvTismosaoba, umwikvloba, morCileba da
meojaxeoba, romelTa dacva upirobod aucilebeli iyo da es Rirsebebi
qals dedis, qaliSvilis, disa da colis rolSi sruli realizaciis
saSualebas aZlevda (Welter, 1966: 158).
me-19 saukunis amerikeli mamakaci materialisturi faseulobebis
Seqmnaze gadagebuli adamiani iyo, romelsac sulier samyaroze zrunva
„WeSmariti
qalurobis~
mindobili
da
cvlilebebis
gansaxiereba
ojaxis
socialur-ekonomikuri
xanaSi,
misTvis
WeSmariti
diasaxlisisTvis
viTarebisa
qali
is
Tu
hqonda
faseulobebis
uryevi
burji
iyo,
romelic stabilurobis garants warmoadgenda.
mokled SevexoT, rogor aRwerda Bbarbara uelteri TiToeul am
a) RvTismosaoba, is mTavari Tviseba iyo, romelic
Rirsebas:
qalis
Zlierebas
meuRleebSic
SesaZloa,
ganapirobebda.
swored
qali
amas
saSiS
axalgazrda
afasebdnen.
gzaze
daeyenebina,
am
mamakacebi
Rirsebis
momaval
ignorirebas,
gansakuTrebiT,
Tu
is
inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs RmerTis samsaxurs ar moaxmarda.
im periodis cnobili publicisti da gamomcemeli sara jozefa
heili ase aRwerda margaret fulers11:
„erTaderTi WeSmariti wignis uaryofiT, man SecdomaSi Seiyvana Tavi
da misi saqmianoba imis TvalnaTeli magaliTia, rom rac ufro didia
inteleqtis Zala, miT ufro savalaloa is Secdomebi, romelic
erTaderTi WeSmariti gzidan gadaxvevas axlavs Tan~ (Hale, 1853: 665).
b)
sispetake
iseve,
rogorc
RvTismosaoba,
qalisTvis
Zalze
mniSvnelovani iyo da misi ararsebeba qalurobis dakargvis tolfasi iyo.
ufro metic, „dacemuli~ qali dabali kastis wevrad aRiqmeboda da im
11
margaret fuleri (1810 - 1850) - me-19 saukunis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan
qalbatonad
aRiarebulma,
saxeli
gaiTqva
rogorc
literaturis
kritikosma,
Jurnalistma da amerikaSi pirvel feministur manifestad miCneuli wignis (Woman of the
Nineteenth Century ) avtorma.
51
,
drois uamrav qalTa Jurnalsa da mxatvrul nawarmoebSi aseTi qalebi
sigiJiTa da naadrevi sikvdiliT isjebodnen.
g)
morCileba,
SesaZloa
yvelaze
metad
qaluri
Rirseba
iyo,
Tundac imitom, rom mamakacs, rogorc mobilur, saqmis mkeTebel da
sazogadoebis mamoZravebel Zalas es Tviseba ar sWirdeboda. WeSmarit
qals gacnobierebuli unda hqonoda, rom igi imTaviTve umweo, TiTqmis
uunaro iyo da amdenad, madlobelic unda yofiliyo, rom mas meurve
gamouCnda, miT umetes, rom es kavSiri RvTivkurTxeuli iyo. am periodis
yvela naSromi - filosofiuri traqtatebiT dawyebuli da mxatvruli
literaturiTa
da
JurnalebiT
damTavrebuli
-
am
mosazrebis
WeSmaritebas adasturebda. qalTa Jurnalebi SeuniRbavad mouwodebdnen
maT mxolod saxlis saqmeebiT dakavebuliyvnen da xma ar amoeRoT, vidre
maT azrs ar hkiTxavdnen.
d)
meojaxeoba
qalis
RirsebaTa
Soris
yvelaze
metad
iyo
gandidebuli. „saxlis saqmeebiT dakaveba ara mxolod amSvidebs, aramed
icavs
qals
gare
samyaros
arastabilurobisgan
da,
ufro
metic,
nebismieri saxis cdunebisa da Secdomisgan,~ werda erT-erTi qalTa
Jurnali.
qalis
mTavari amocana saxlSi mxiaruli, lamazi da komfortuli
garemos Seqmna iyo. swored aseTi xedvis Sedegi iyo is ori ZiriTadi
funqcia, romelic qalebs ekisrebodaT: avadmyofze zrunva da xelsaqme
(mogvianebiT es orive saqmianoba dasaSveb profesiaTa ricxvSi Sevida).
qals mouwodebdnen saojaxo saqmeebs SemoqmedebiTad midgomoda,
agulianebdnen,
rom
meti
eqarga
da
xelsaqmis
sxva
formebiTac
dakavebuliyo. qals aseve ar ekrZaleboda werilebisa da dRiurebis wera,
magram mas kategoriulad ar urCevdnen romanebis kiTxvas, romelic didi
safrTxis Semcveli iyo. da Tu qali mainc ar daiSlida kiTxvas, es
sakiTxavi zneobrivad misaRebi unda yofiliyo, aseTad ki wmindanebis
cxovreba
miiCneoda.
me-19
saukunis
wyaroebze
dayrdnobiT
SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom wigni qalisTvis calsaxad damRupveli iyo. SemTxveviTi ar
iyo isic, rom im periodis romanebSi, arakeTilsindisieri zraxvebis
52
,
mqone mamakaci Tavis momaval msxverpls swored aseT macdunebel wigns
Cuqnida.
avadmyofze zrunva (gansakuTrebiT, Tu es avadmyofi mamakaci iyo),
qals sasargeblobisa da Sesrulebuli misiis gancdas uqmnida da rac
yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo, mis saqmianobas amravalferovnebda.
diasaxlisoba
energiulobis,
gonierebisa
da
TviTkontrolis
saukeTeso wyarod miiCneoda. magaliTad, loginis regularuli gasworeba
saukeTeso varjiSad iTvleboda, am saqmianobis rutinuli ganmeorebadoba
- moTminebisa da nebisyofis gamomuSavebas uwyobda xels.
aqtiurad mimdinareobda kamaTi imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad uqmnida
safrTxes
diasaxlisobis
instituts
ganaTleba.
marTalia,
me-19
saukuneSi naswavli qalebis, e.w. “ blue stockings”-ebisadmi, damokidebuleba
garkveulwilad
Secvlili
iyo
da
isini
„safrTxis~
wyaros
aRar
warmoadgendnen, Jurnalebisa da wignebis furclebidan mainc JRerda
azri, rom „mSier mamakacs frangulsa da moxatul Cinur faifurs ver
aWmev.~ ganaTlebisadmi interesis zrdis tendenciisa da sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli
damokidebulebisagan
Tavis
dasacavad,
qalTa
seminariebma
mkafio pozicia gamoxates da ganacxades, rom qalebma miRebuli codna
RvTiT naboZeb rols unda moaxmaron: aRzardon gemovnebiani Svilebi da
Rirseuli kompanionoba gauwion ganswavlul meuRleebs. qalTa Jurnali
Godey’sLady’s Book12 kidev ufro Sors wavida da amtkicebda, rom swavla da
meojaxeoba erTmaneTs unda avsebdes, rom qimia sakvebis momzadebisas
unda gamoviyenoT, geometria kervisas da a.S.
im drois mowinave moazrovneebis saqmianobis Sedegad, marTalia,
dasaSvebad
miiCneoda
qalis
inteleqtualuri
ganviTareba,
magram
sazogadoebis es nawilic ki qalis ganaTlebas sifrTxiliT ekideboda
da mkacr sazRvrebs uwesebda. im droindeli cnobili mwerali qali,
hariet biCer stou (1811-1896) erT-erT Tavis moTxrobaSi Art and Nature,
aRwers evropaSi ganaTlebamiRebuli ori gasaTxovari dis istorias. maT
12
qalTa Jurnali Godey’s Lady’s Book, aseve cnobili rogorc Godey’s Magazineluis godim
daaarsa filadelfiaSi 1830 wels. arsebobis 48 wlis manZilze es qalTa jurnali
yvelaze gavlenian da mravaltiraJian gamicemad iTvleboda.
53
,
dedas bralad edeba ufrosi qaliSvilebisTvis
daufiqreblad iseTi
farTo ganaTlebis micema, rom mas erTianad dakarguli aqvT bunebrioba
da
pirovnuli
upiratesobas
sixalase.
bunebriv
da
sabolood,
naklebad
ojaxSi
gamoCenili
sasiZo
qaliSvils
aniWebs.
ganaTlebul
aseTia am moTxrobis araorazrovani da arc ise SeniRbuli morali
(Harriet Beecher Stowe, Art and Nature, http://www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/42645/).
aranakleb sainteresoa qalis ojaxur statusTan dakavSirebuli
diskusiebi, miT umetes, rom, SedarebisTvis,
me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi
ganaTlebisa da ojaxuri statusis korelaciam saintereso cvlilebebi
gamoiwvis. rodesac Jurnalebi qalebs raime rCevebs aZlevda, adresatad
umTavresad gaTxovili qalebi moiazrebodnen, magram amave dros gaCnda
Sinaberobaze
stigmis
moxsnis
tendencia.
gauTxovari
qalebisTvis
garkveuli stereotipic ki iyo Seqmnili: saqmros naadrevi gardacvalebis
Semdeg, avadmyofebis momvleli da axalgazrdebis gzaze damyenebeli,
sayovelTao siyvarulis obieqti mamida an deida.
istoriuli
ganviTarebis
am
etapze
qalis
mTavari
ufleba
calsaxad Svilebis aRzrda iyo, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiT axlosac
ver mividoda politikuri da samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis brZolasTan, an
nebismier sxva saxis sazogadoebriv saqmianobasTan.
imxanad gabatonebuli mkacri sazogadoebrivi CarCoebis, qalTa
Jurnalebisa
saukuneSi
da
literaturis
sazogadoebaSi
aqtiuri
mimdinare
propagandis
miuxedavad,
reformatorulma
me-19
moZraobam,
migraciam, industrializaciam da samoqalaqo omma kiTxvis niSnis qveS
daayena yvela im faseulobis erTaderToba, romelic „WeSmarit qals~
Tandayolili
da
RvTiT
naboZebi
unda
hqonoda.
qals
ukve
gauCnda
arCevani: mas SeeZlo wayenebul moTxovnebs upirobod damorCileboda da
„Rirseuli da savse~ cxovrebiT ecxovra; an bedniereba saxlis kedlebs
miRma
eZebna,
magram
yvelaferi
daekarga.
qalTa
swrafva
meti
damoukideblobisken sxvadasxva sferoSi aSkarad sagrZnobi gaxda da am
tendenciam Seuqcevadi saxe miiRo. barbara ueltersi Tavisi statiis
daskvniT nawilSi aRniSnavs: B
54
,
„amgvari viTareba ucvleli ver darCeboda, radgan Tavad „WeSmariti
qaluroba~ Seicavda farul naRms: Tu qali srulyofilebis etaloni
iyo, rogorc amas misgan moiTxovdnen da moelodnen, is miT ufro
aqtiurad
unda
CarTuliyo
sazogadoebriv
saqmianobaSi
qveynis
sakeTildReod.~ (Welter, 1966: 174)
mkvlevari
meri
qeli
marTebulad
miiCnevs,
rom
erTis
mxriv,
uelTeris naSromi da, meore mxriv, masze arsebuli kritikuli eseebi da
statiebi
cxadyofs,
rom
„WeSmariti
qalurobis~
fenomeni
iseTive
araerTgvarovani da rTuli iyo, rogorc am ideologiis adresati –
omisSemdgomi periodis qali (Kelley, 2001: 78).
imaze, rom am periodis qalis winaaRmdegobrivi buneba realoba
iyo da es ar aris masze dRes Seqmnili Sexeduleba, aleqsis de tokvilis
dakvirvebac metyvelebs:
„rac Semexeba me, uyoymanod vaRiareb, rom Tumca qalebi amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi viwro ojaxur wreSi arian Caketilni da maTi
mdgomareoba, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, ukiduresad damokidebulia,
me arsad minaxavs qalebi, romlebsac egzom zeaweuli pozicia ekavaT
sazogadoebaSi;
da
Tu
vinme
mkiTxavs,
vis
unda
umadlodnen
amerikelebi TavianTi qveynis keTildReobasa da mzard Zlierebas,
ase vupasuxeb: TavianTi qalebis aRzevebas! ~ (Toqueville, 1945: 201,211,214)
bolo
kritikosebma
interpretacia
garkveul
epoqis
rolis
aTwleulebis
uelTeriseuli
da
etapze
daskvnebi
manZilze,
qalurobis
eWvqveS
daqvemdebarebuli
mandilosnebma
qalurobis
gasaZliereblad
istorikosebma
oTxi
daayenes.
principebi
sruliad
ZiriTadi
gaCnda
statusis
da
literaturis
komponentis
mosazreba,
aRiarebis
nacvlad,
sazogadoebaSi
gaazrebulad
gamoiyenes.
rom
im
TavianTi
barbara
uelTeriseuli „WeSmariti qalurobis kulti~ qalebs udaod umkacres
CarCoebSi aqcevda, magram amis miuxedavad, swored am wiaRSi gaCnda
Tavisuflebis
is
sivrce,
romelmac
sxvadasxva
sferoSi
qalTa
SesaZleblobebis gafarToebis perspeqtiva dasaxa.
uelTeris Semdgomi periodis istorikosebisa da literaturis
kritikosebis mtkicebiT, upirobo morCilebis fenomenma samoqalaqo omis
55
,
Semdeg periodSi qalebisTvis aqtualoba da simwvave dakarga. naSromSi,
romelic me-19 saukunis amerikuli sazogadoebis formirebaSi qalTa
mzard
rols
exeba,
lori
ginzbergi
amtkicebs,
rom
magaliTisTvis,
RvTismosaobis komponenti qalebma omisSemdgom periodSi gonivrulad
gamoiyenes
saqvelmoqmedo
gaaqtiurebisa
da
da
Semdeg
sabolood,
am
reformatorul
sferoebSi
saqmianobaSi
mowinave
poziciebis
dasamkvidreblad (Ginsberg, 1990: 86).
meri qeli erT-erTi im mkvlevarTagania, vinc Tvlis, rom iq, sadac
barbara
uelTeri
xedavda,
misTvis
ideologiis
igive
pirdapir,
realoba
erTmniSvnelovan
winaaRmdegobebiT,
gavlenas
daZabulobiTa
da
gaurkvevlobiT iyo savse. Tu uelTerisTvis romanebis gmiri qalebi
usityvo morCilebas ganasaxierebdnen, meri qelis mtkicebiT, arsebobda
mxatvruli sivrce, sadac qali meamboxe da Seurigebeli iyo (Kelley, 2001:
76).
analogiurad winaaRmdegobrivi situacia ikveTeba uelTeriseuli
sispetakis
cnebis
rozenbergi
erT-erT
interpretaciasTan
werilSi
am
dakavSirebiT.
cnebis
qerol
gansxvavebul,
smiT
saxecvlil
interpretacias gvTavazobs. sispetake da umwikvloba, romelic WeSmariti
qalurobis kultis aucilebeli komponenti iyo da romlis ararseboba
qalurobis dakargvis tolfasad aRiqmeboda, maT zneobrivi standartebis
asamaRlebel sabrZolo iaraRad da Semdeg reformatoruli moZraobis
warsamarTad gamoiyenes.
„Cemi
azriT,
mecxramete
saukuneSi
mcxovrebma
qalbatonebma
xsenebuli saukunis pirvel naxevarSi TavianTi ukmayofileba qalis
SezRuduli roliT gadazardes reformistul moZraobaSi, rasac Tan
erTvoda
gansakuTrebuli
qalurobis
kultiT
reformebis
jvarosnul
kdemamosileba
iyo
gamyarebuli;
laSqrobaSi
da
xolo
es
e.w.
WeSmariti
saeWvo
zneobrivi
rac
motivebi
gansakuTrebiT
TvalsaCinoa.~ (Smith-Rosenberg, 1985: 112)
da
bolos,
uelTeriseuli
„WeSmariti
qalurobis~
meoTxe
maxasiaTebeli - meojaxeoba, romelic erTdroulad dedisa da meuRlis
ideas
eTayvaneboda
da,
amave
dros,
56
saxlis
kedlebiT
ganuzomlad
,
zRudavda
maT,
literaturis
monobis
bolo
aTwleulebis
kritikosebma
manZilze
gadaafases.
juli
istorikosebisa
jefri
aRniSnavs,
da
rom
winaaRmdeg mebrZolma qalebma gaarRvies mkacri sazRvrebi
sajarosa da piraduls Soris da sazogadoebas „mamakacur saqmianobaSi~
aqtiurad
CarTvis
SesaZlebloba
daanaxes.
misi
azriT,
dinebis
winaaRmdeg mimavalma am qalebma sazogadoebriv wnexs gauZles; metic, maT
uari Tqves miRebuli qcevis normebis morCilebaze. amiT abolicionistma
qalebma
uelTeris
erTianad
mier
moSales
moniSnuli
da
eWvqveS
ojaxuri
daayenes
saqmianobis
qalisTvis
sazRvrebi
Sesaferisi
standartebis uryeoba (Jeffrey, 1998). mkvlevrebi smiT-rozenbergi (SmithRosenberg,
1985: 173) da meri biuli (Buhle, 1971: 49) miiCneven, rom me-19
saukunis qalebma gadaafases RvTismosaobis, sispetakis, morCilebisa da
meojaxeobis
kulturuli
uryeobis
idea
da
„WeSmariti
qalurobis~
gabatonebuli kulti axal saWiroebebs miusadages.
rac Seexeba me-19 saukunis xelovnebis propagandist da mfarvel
qalebs da „WeSmariti qalurobis~ kriteriumebTan maT Sesabamisobas,
isini am saerTo suraTidan gamonakliss ar warmoadgendnen. xelsaqmis,
saxlis
interesis
dekorirebisa
garda,
da
qalebi
literaturis
xelovnebis
im
„usafrTxo~
droisaTvis
Janrebisadmi
„Seuferebeli,~
zogjer ki kategoriulad miuRebeli mimarTulebebis popularizaciiT
iyvnen dakavebuli. xelovnebis istorikosi da feministuri kvlevebis
avtori daian maqleodi wers, rom me-19 saukunis qalebi dekoratiul
xelovnebasTan erTad, evropuli da amerikuli, zogierT SemTxvevaSi,
qali
fermwerebis
mimarTac
iCendnen
interess,
rac
am
ukanasknelT
mkveTrad gamoarCevda im drois qalebis didi umravlesobisagan (MacLeod,
2008: 21). es ki is gza iyo, romelmac „WeSmariti qalurobi kultidan~ me20 saukunis dasawyisis e.w. axali tipis qalisken gakvala gza.
ramdenad gansxvavebuli da urTierTgamomricxavic ar unda iyos
qalTa es ori tipi, me-19
saukunis WeSmariti qalurobis gansaxiereba da
e.w. axali tipis qali, maT Soris evoluciuri kavSiri eWvs ar iwvevs.
umkacres
CarCoebSi
yofnis
miuxedavad,
swored
viqtorianuli
tradiciebiT aRzrdilma qalbatonebma moaxerxes qalurobis sazRvrebis
57
,
gafarToeba,
ramac
sxvadasxva
sferoSi
maTi
SesaZleblobebis
gafarToebis perspeqtiva dasaxa. me-19 saukunis WeSmariti qalurobis
etalonis e.w. axal qalad gardasaxva am qalTa SeurigeblobiTa da maTi
dauRalavi mcdelobebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
saukuneebis
srulfasovani
mijnis
moTamaSis
sazogadoebriv
saxiT
da
kulturis
damkvidrebuli
romelmac
xelSesaxebi
cvlilebebis
„WeSmariti
qalurobis~
wiaRSi
axali
ganxorcieleba
gaCnda
da,
sferoSi
tipis
SeZlo,
garkveulwilad,
qali,
swored
am
ideis
matarebeli qalebis ideuri memkvidre iyo.
aseTi masStaburi cvlilebis ganxorcieleba mravali faqtoris
SerwymiT
gaxda
SesaZlebeli,
maT
Soris
umniSvnelovanesi
iyo
e.w.
„ojaxuri feminizmi~ da mis SigniT mimdinare, erTi SexedviT SeumCneveli,
magram dinamiuri procesebi. aqve unda vaxsenoT saxlis kedlebs miRma
Seqmnili
gaerTianebebi,
romlebic
saeklesio
qvelmoqmedebis saxiT gagrZelda.
gaerTianebebiT
daiwyo,
mogvianebiT, am sias politikuri,
reformatoruli da kulturuli mimarTulebis organizaciebi daemata.
maTi
arseboba
Seurigeblobis
TavisTavad
maCvenebeli.
ar
iyo
unda
araTanasworuflebianobasTan
dagvaviwydes,
rom
am
rTuli
procesebis ukan yovelTvis konkretuli qalebi dganan, gansxvavebuli
biografiebiT,
pirovnuli
da
fsiqologiuri
maxasiaTeblebiTa
da
socialuri statusiT.
2.2 qvelmoqmedebidan dekoratiuli xelovnebis propagandisken
sara vorTington king piteri (1800-1877)
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, samoqalaqo omamdel periodSi Seqmnil
muzeumebsa
da
sxva
saxelovnebo
dawesebulebebSi
qalTa
roli
umniSvnelo iyo da adreul etapze xelovnebis sferosTan miaxloebis
mcdeloba salonebisa da suareebis SeqmniT Semoifargleboda, rac maTi
miswrafebebis institucionaliaciis im droisTvis misaRebi erTaderTi
58
,
forma iyo. erT-erTi aseTi warmatebuli wamowyeba sara vorTington king
piteris suareebi iyo, romlebic nayofier niadagad iqca samoqalaqo
omamdeli erTaderTi galereis dasaarseblad.
sara
vorTingtoni
daibada
1800
wels,
ohaios
pirveli
gubernatoris ojaxSi. 16 wlis asakSi igi senator rufus kingis vaJs
gahyva colad da 15-wliani qorwinebis manZilze 3 Svili gaaCina. sara
vorTingtoni cincinatis saqvelmoqmedo da inteleqtualur saqmianobaSi
aqtiuri monawileobiT gamoirCeoda. Tavdapirvelad, misi interesis sfero
saeklesio saqmianoba, kervis wre da Tanamoazre megobrebTan erTad
xelovnebis,
frangulis
Seswavla
da
literaturuli
jgufebis
maspinZloba iyo. 1833 wlis qoleris epidemiam misi vaJi imsxverpla, rasac
Sedegad mohyva Tanamoazre qalbatonebTan erTad cincinatis obolTa
TavSesafris daarseba da masTan dakavSirebul saqmianobaSi aqtiuri Cabma.
1836 wels qmris gardacvalebis Semdeg is masaCusetsis Statis qalaq
kembrijSi gadavida, sadac misi megobrebis wre cnobil politikosebs,
mxatvrebs da mwerlebs aerTianebs. inglisel diplomatze daqorwinebis
Semdeg is filadelfiaSi dasaxlda da kidev erTxel CaerTo aqtiur
saqvelmoqmedo da sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi.
megobarTan, sara jozefa
heilTan erTad, sara vorTington kingi didi enTuziazmiT moekida qalTa
dasaqmebisa da maTTvis axali SesaZleblobebis gaxsnis gzebis Ziebas. 1848
wels TviTon Seagrova pirveli 20 studenti da Tavisi saxlis mesame
sarTulze amerikaSi qalTaTvis dizainis pirveli skola gaxsna. sara
vorTingtonis meore meuRlis samSobloSi, inglisSi msgavsi wamowyebis
warmatebuli gamocdileba misTvis mniSvnelovani stimuli iyo. dizainis
skola amerikaSic sakmaod warmatebuli gamodga da amas ramdenime mizezi
hqonda: sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera, dafinansebis arseboba da stabiluri
SekveTebi safeiqro mrewvelobis mxridan. aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo
Sedegebic.
am
wamowyebis
meSveobiT
warmatebulad
moxerxda
qvelmoqmedebisa da artistuli sawyisis gaerTianeba da, rac mTavaria,
qalTa dasaqmebis es forma im drois sazogadoebriv normebs moergo.
mwerlobisa da xelsaqmis msgavsad, saxlis kedlebSi am saqmianobis
warmatebiT
ganxorcielebac
SesaZlebeli
59
iyo
da
amasTan
erTad,
am
,
organizaciis
mTavari
moTxovnis
-
gemovnebis
daxvewis
amocanebsac
pasuxobda. didi warmatebis miuxedavad, dizainis skolis franklinis
institutTan13 Serwyma ver moxerxda da amis axsnac epoqis standartebiT
SeiZleba: institutis mesveurebi ver Seeguen sara vorTington kingis
principul da maTi gadmosaxedidan xist xasiaTs. institucionalizaciis
es
warumatebeli
mcdeloba
sruliad
logikuri
iyo,
im
drois
moTxovnebisa da stereotipebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tumca, meore mxriv,
fasdaudebeli gamocdilebis wyaro iyo qalTa ojaxs gareT saqmianobisa
da
gaerTianebebisadmi
sazogadoebis
damokidebulebis
Secvlis
TvalsazrisiT.
sara vorTingtonis mebrZoli bunebidan gamomdinare, Tu pirveli
vaJis gardacvalebas Sedegad obolTa TavSesafris Seqmna moyva, meore
vaJis daRupvis grZelvadiani Sedegi
xelovnebis qalTa akademia iyo
(Ladies Academy of Fine Art). rogorc misi biografebi weren (King, 1889;
McAlister, 1939) dardis gasaqarwylebad evropaSi gamgzavrebulma saram
aRmoaCina
ferweris
antikuri
qandakebebi
natifi
da
samyaro,
Zveli
Seiswavla
evropuli
istoria
xelovnebis
da
SeiZina
nimuSebi.
aqve
gamoikveTa galereis Seqmnis ideac. gairkva, rom cincinatiSi am ideis
gansaxorcieleblad aucilebeli
yvela piroba arsebobda. es iyo erTis
mxriv, am qalaqis survili da sruli mzaoba Sua dasavleTis kulturuli
cxovrebis lideri gamxdariyo da meore mxriv, evropuli xelovnebis
mudmivi gamofenis ararseboba. Aamjerad, sakuTari saxsrebis gamoyenebis
nacvlad
sara
king
piterma
Tanamoazreebi
Semoikriba
da
1854
wels
gaixsna qalTa xelovnebis akademia, romelic, dRevandeli terminologia
rom
gamoviyenoT,
xelovnebis
ganviTarebaze
orientirebuli
mravalprofiliani organizacia iyo. es dawesebuleba funqcionirebda
rogorc
evropuli
mxatvrobis
nimuSTa
aslebis
sacavi,
koleqcionerebisgan droebiT gamoTxovili naxatebiT dakompleqtebuli
galerea, literaturuli kiTxvis centri da dizainis skola xelmokle
qalTaTvis.Yyovelive es xorcieldeboda Tanxebis Segrovebis obolTa
13
franklinis institute – erT-erTi uZvelesi muzeumi da mecnierebis ganviTarebis kera
amerikaSi. daarsda 1824 wels, filadelfiaSi, pensilvania.
60
,
TavSesafrebSi
miRebuli
gamocdilebis
gamoyenebisa
da
sawevroebis
akrefis gziT. proeqti rva wlis funqcionirebis Semdeg daixura da amis
formaluri mizezi dafinansebis mopovebasTan dakavSirebuli siZneleebi
iyo. saqme ki is iyo, rom imxanadDmsgavsi saqmianoba sruliad zedmet
Zalisxmevad aRiqmeboda.
marTalia,
sara
vorTingtonis
mier
Seqmnili
organizaciebis
msgavsi dawesebulebebi araerT qalaqSi daarsda, rac TavisTavad Zalian
mniSvnelovani iyo, magram, vfiqrob, misi biografia imis dasturia, rom
Tu
am
periodSi
qvelmoqmedebasa
da
reformebis
procesSi
qalTa
CarTuloba racionalur, pragmatul miznebs ar emsaxureboda, maTi es
Zalisxmeva zedmet fufunebad aRiqmeboda da sazogadoebis mxardaWeras
ver poulobda, zogjer ki gakicxvis saganic xdeboda.
sara jozefa heili (1788-1879)
samoqalaqo omamdel periodSi qalTa saqmianoba kidev erT sferos
moicavda,
romelmac
didi
gavlena
iqonia
im
msoflmxedvelobrivi
principebis Camoyalibebaze, romlebmac saboloo jamSi myari tendenciis
saxe miiRo. am mimarTulebis erT-erTi saxe gaxda mwerali, gavleniani
gamomcemeli da amerikis erovnuli dResaswaulis, madlierebis dRis
dawesebis sulisCamdgmeli sara jozefa heili.
sara
heili
niu
hemfSiris
Statis
qalaq
niuportSi
daibada.
ojaxSi mtkiced swamdaT, rom Svilebs, sqesis ganurCevlad, Tanabrad
xarisxiani ganaTleba unda mieRoT da sara da misi Zma codnas erTnair
pirobebSi eziarnen. adreve daqvrivebul sara heils xuTi Svili darCa da
megobrebis rCeviT da finansuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad man
gamoaqveyna leqsebis krebuli “Genius of Oblivion” da mogvianebiT romani
“Northwood. Life North and South”.14gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia is faqti,
rom sara heili pirveli mwerali iyo, romelic monobis sakiTxs Seexo.
14
nawarmoebi samxreTisa da CrdiloeTis cxovrebis wess aRwers da monobis sakiTxebs
mimoixilavs.
61
,
wignebiT mopovebul avtoritets da popularobas Jurnal Ladies’
Magazine redaqtoroba mohyva.
1828-1836 wlebSi misi redaqtorobis dros
Jurnalis mTavari amocana qalTa ganaTleba da gaTviTcnobiereba iyo.
sara heilis karieris Semdegi, ufro maRali safexuri - Jurnalis Godey‘s
Lady’s Book15 40-wliani redaqtoroba iyo. igi am Tanamdebobidan
mitanebuli gadadga
90 wels
da mTeli am drois manZilze aqtiur sazogadoebriv
saqmianobas eweoda. am periodSi JurnalSi gamoCdnen iseTi gamoCenili
avtorebi, rogorebic iyvnen naTaniel hoTorni, edgar po, voSington
irvingi, jeims
magaliTad,
kirki da
uamravi sxva, maT Soris, qali mwerlebic,
hariet biCer stou da sxvebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom Godey‘s Lady’s
Book-is gavlena da popularoba warmoudgenlad didi iyo. specialur
kvlevebSi mocemuli statistika mowmobs, rom 1837 wels Jurnals 10 000
xelmomweri
hyavda,
1860
wlisTvis
ki
Jurnali
ukve
150
000
mudmiv
mkiTxvels aerTianebda (Pattee, 1966: 495). sara heili amerikuli gemovnebis
arbitri gaxda da es ara mxolod modasa da kulinarias, aramed saxlis
dekorirebas, arqiteqturasa da literaturas exeboda. sara heili im
drois
progresulad
moazrovne
adamianTa
im
jgufs
miekuTvneba,
romlebic qals mxolod ojaxur garemoSi xedavdnen da sufraJistul
moZraobas ar emxrobodnen.
yvelaferi
Zveleburad
es qalbatoni
darCeniliyo
da
mxars uWerda imas, rom
qals
uxmaurod,
SeparviT
moexdina gavlena xmis uflebis mqone mamakacebze.
„heili Rrmad iyo darwmunebuli, rom RmerTma qali da mamakaci TavTavianTi, erTmaneTisgan
Seqmna,
magram
amis
gamijnuli sferoebis gasakontroleblad
miuxedavad
is
dasaSvebad
miiCnevda
da
Zalixmevasac ar iSurebda qalTa gavlenis sferoebis etapobrivi
15
1830 wels gamomcemelma da gazeTis redaqtorma, lui godim (Louis A.Godey)
filadelfiaSi (pensilvaniis Stati), gamosca Jurnali, romelic umetesad britanuli
qalTa Jurnalebis modis ukanaskneli tendenciebis amsaxvel ferad suraTebs beWdavda.
1837 wels JurnalTan Ladies’ Magaine da sara heilTan gaerTianebam am periodul
gamocemas axali JReradoba da aqtualoba SesZina. Jurnali ar exeboda politikur,
religiur da socialur problemebs da qalTa sakiTxebze iyo orientirebuli. Jurnali
imiTac iyo gamorCeuli, rom qali redaqtoris garda, TanamSromlebis umetesobac
qalebi iyvnen. sara heilis gadadgomis Semdeg 1877 wels Jurnalis popularoba TandaTan
daeca da sabolood igi Jurnalma Puritan SeierTa.
62
,
gafarToebisaTvis,~ wers me-19 saukunis kulturisa da ekonomikuri
procesebis mkvlevari rouzi (Rose, 1994: 75).
aseTi winaaRmdegobrivi Sexedulebebis miuxedavad, mis saxelTan
dakavSirebulia qalTa sasargeblod gadadgmuli nabijebis grZeli da
STambeWdavi sia. is iyo qalTaTvis umaRlesi ganaTlebis propagandisti.
am sakiTxs mis JurnalSi 17-ze meti statia da saredaqcio werili
mieZRvna. amave periods ukavSirdeba am sakiTxze Seqmnili naSromebi.
„qalTa
dasaqmeba~
(Employment for Women) - am
JurnalSi 1852 wlidan arsebobda da
saxelwodebis
im droisTvis
rubrika
mwvave sakiTxze
diskusiebs marTavda (O'Connor, 1997: 8).
sara heilisTvis arc erovnulobis idea iyo ucxo. is emxroboda
qveynis erTianobis princips da erovnuli interesebis erTguleba misTvis
amerikeli
avtorebis
waxalisebasa
gaSuqebaSi
gamoixateboda.
amave
da
amerikuli
mizans,
qveynis
problematikis
erTianobis
ideas
emsaxureboda damoukideblobisTvis brZolis simbolos, banqer hilis
obeliskis16
aRmarTva,
romlis
asagebad
Tanxebi
heilis
Jurnalis
meSveobiT Segrovda. da bolos, 1863 wels, 17 wliani mimowerisa da
brZolis
Sedegad,
madlierebis
dRe
saxelmwifo
dResaswaulad
gamocxadda da qveynis gaerTianebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani simbolo
gaxda.
marTalia,
sara
heils
xelovnebis
mfarvelobasTan
pirdapiri
kavSiri ar hqonia, misi roli me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi xelovnebis
propagandisa
da
Semdgom
samuzeumo
moZraobaSi
qalTa
CarTvis
TvalsazrisiT, udavod didi iyo. misma mravalwlianma saqmianobam qalTa
TviTSefasebasa da TviTdamkvidrebaze didi gavlena iqonia. mis JurnalSi
gamarTuli diskusiebis Sedegad gamoikveTa is tendenciebi, romelTa
gaRrmavebam mniSvnelovnad gazarda qalTa roli sazogadoebaSi.
16
banker hilis memoriali (Bunker Hill Monument) 1827-1834 wlebSi aRimarTa masaCuseTsis
Statis qalaq CarlzTaunSi. is 1775 wels britaneTis armiasa da koloniur jarebs
Soris gamarTul BბrZolas eZRvneba.
63
,
qendis Terber uileri (1827-1923)
qendis
Terber
uileri
gamorCeuli
figuraa
samoqalaqo
omis
Semdgomi periodis amerikis kulturul cxovrebaSi. am dros kulturis
qomagebi axal statuss iZenen da axal amocanebs isaxaven. Tu mamakacebis
wvlili
am
muzeumebis
periodSi
SeqmnaSi
calkeul
did
gamoixateboda,
qalaqSi
qendis
mravalprofiliani
uileris
dekoratiuli
xelovnebis mxardamWerTa moZraoba mTel qveyanas moedo da qalebis mier
daarsebuli, maTi interesebis gamaZlierebeli da maT mierve marTuli
pirveli warmatebuli wamowyeba iyo.
dizainis
skolebis
miznebi
srul
TanxvedraSi
iyo
qalTa
interesebTan, radgan aerTianebda saxlis dekorirebisa da karieruli
SesaZleblobebis gafarToebis ideas da amdenad sara vorTington king
piteris dizainis skolis erTgvar logikur gagarZelebas warmoadgenda,
Tumca
Tvisobrivad
SemoqmedebiTi
saqmianoba
axal
koncefcias
TanasworobisTvis
mimarTuli
iyo
brZolis
„qalTa
emsaxureboda.
nacvlad,
teritoriaze~
am
mamkacebTan
organizaciis
pasuxismgeblobebis
gazdasa da SesaZleblobebis gafarToebaze.
sara
king
piterisgan
gansxvavebiT
qendis
uileri
Tavisi
socialuri statusiT, erTi SexedviT, am rolisTvis Seuferebeli iyo
(McCarthy, 1991: 38). uileri Rrmad religiur ojaxSi daibada, sadac mama
lamis wmindanad aRiqmeboda da mzad iyo daxmarebis xeli gaewvdina
yvelasTvis,
rac
ojaxisTvis
xSirad
Semawuxebelic
iyo.
marTalia,
saeklesio sagaloblebis paralelurad, am ojaxSi Tanamedrove musikasac
usmendnen,
magram
dasaSvebi
sakiTxavi
literatura
mxolod
bibliiT
Semoifargleboda, romanebi ki kategoriulad ikrZaleboda. mogvianebiT,
am
periodis
Tavis
mogonebebSi
aRwerisas
igi
aRniSnavda,
rom
imis
warmodgenac ki zaravda, rom misi SviliSvilebi SesaZloa primitiul
fermaSi
gazrdiliyvnen
da
mxolod
religiuri
literaturiT
dakompleqtebuli biblioTekis amara darCeniliyvnen (Wheeler, 1918: 49).
qendis uilerisTvis adreuli asakidan sruliad nacnobi da Cveulebrivi
movlena
iyo
lamazi
xelnakeTi
nivTebis
saqvelmoqmedo miznebisTvis gayidva.
64
saxlSi
Seqmna
da
Semdeg
,
aseTi winaaRmdegobrivi ojaxidan qendis Terberi ganaTlebuli
niu-iorkeli inJinris, Tomas uileris meuRle gaxda, ramac misi cxovreba
radikalurad
Secvala.
uilerma
axalgazrda
meuRle
niu-iorkis
kulturul cxovrebas aziara. 1850-ian wlebSi niu-iorkelma mxatvrebma
TavianTi saxelosnoebis
karebi farTo
auditorias
gauRes
da
isini
suareebisa da sxva saxis kulturuli Tavyrilobebis adgili gaxda.
uileri
mogvianebiT
ixsenebda,
rogori
STambeWdavi
iyo
misTvis
xelovanebTan Sexvedra, saubari da ramden saintereso rames swavlobda
igi
msgavsi
erTveba
kontaqtebidan.
sanitaruli
xelovnebis
amave
komisiis17
mecenatobasTan
periodSi
saqmianobaSi.
pirdapiri
qendis
uileri
Tumca
kavSiri
am
ar
aqtiurad
organizacias
hqonda,
Tanxebis
moZiebis aq miRebuli gamocdileba am qalbatonebis, maT Soris, uileris
mier, mis Semdgom saqmianobaSi iqna gamoyenebuli.
Tanxebis
eweoda,
moZiebis
Tumca
am
mizniT
ferweruli
sakiTxSi
mkacrad
tiloebis
sanitaruli komisia
gamofena-gayidvasac
SenarCunebuli
iyo
diqotomia,
romelic saukunis bolomde ucvlelad SenarCunda: maRal xelovnebas,
ferweras mamakacebi ganagebdnen, qalebis sfero ki xelnakeTi nimuSebiT
Semoifargleboda.
sanitaruli
komisiis
saqmianobis
paralelurad,
romelic
mamakacebis organizebiT ferweris popularizacias eweoda, filadelfiis
aswleulis gamofena18 dekoratiuli xelovnebiT dainteresda da mis
aqtiur propaganda-popularizacias Seudga: aveji, keramika, qsovilebi da
saxlis morTvis sxva saSualebebi da rac mTavaria, inglisuri, franguli
da iaponuri eqsponatebis erT WerqveS ganTavseba im droisTvis ucxo
movlena
iyo.
sxvadasxva
epoqisa
da
qveynis
nimuSebi
erTgvar
kosmopolitur naerTs qmnida da am ekleqtur mravalferovnebas esTetur
17
sanitaruli komisia (Sanitary Commission) - 1861 wels Seqmnili kerZo organizacia,
romelic samoqalaqo omis dros daWril da avadmyof jariskacebs Tanadgomas da
daxmarebas ucxadebda. es organizacia CrdiloeTSi funqcionirebda, Tanxebs Tavad
moipovebda da moxaliseebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli.
18
filadelfiis aswleulis gamofena (Philadelphia Centennial Exposition) - 1876 wels
damoukideblobis gamocxadebis 100 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad filadelfiaSi gamarTuli
pirveli oficialuri msoflio bazroba, romelic xelovnebis nimuSebis gamofenasac
moicavda.
65
,
sivrceSi harmoniulad warmoaCenda. vfiqrob, is rac me-20 saukunis 20-30ian
wlebSi
(saubaria
samuzeumo
moZraobaSi
mravalferovani
mkafio
kulturuli,
tendenciad
eTnikuri
da
gamoikveTa
esTeturi
mimarTulebis asaxvasa da popularizaciaze) SesaZloa mravalferovnebisa
da
kosmopolitizmis
amerikis
swored
mizanmimarTuli
svla
am
pirvel
e.
w.
nabijebs
sasalaTedan
ukavSirdebodes.
multikultura-
lizmisken albaT swored am esTetur xazze gadis.
1877 wels qendis uilerma sanitaruli komisiis wevr ramdenime
TanamoazresTan
erTad
daaarsa
niu-iorkis
dekoratiuli
xelovnebis
sazogadoeba (the New York Society of Decorative Art, NYSDA), romelic sauT
qenzingtonis muzeumSi19 nanaxi xelnakeTi nimuSebiT da inglisSi msgavsi
wamowyebis warmatebiT iyo STagonebuli. winamorbedi
dawesebulebebis
msgavsad, uileris sazogadoeba qvelmoqmedebisa da xelovnebis nazavi
iyo. mis mizans xelsaqmis xarisxis amaRleba da xelovnebis donemde
ayvana
warmoadgenda.
organizacias
am
miznebis
ganxorcielebis
konkretuli gegmac hqonda SemuSavebuli: qargvis, Wra-kervisa da msgavsi
sxva xelobis Semswavleli kursebis dafinanseba, qalTa mier Seqmnili
maRalxarisxiani nawarmis marketingi da am saqmianobis popularizacia
gamofenebis, leqciebisa da moZravi biblioTekebis ganviTarebis gziT.
am
wamowyebas
mxardamWeri
imTaviTve
gamouCnda.
didi
sanitaruli
warmateba
komisiis
da
mravalricxovani
yofili
aqtivistebi,
salonebisa da qalTa klubebis wevrebi, mxatvrebi, koleqcionerebi da
xelovnebis qomagebi am sazogadoebis wevrebi gaxdnen. TiToeuli am
jgufis warmomadgenels Tavisi wvlili Sehqonda saerTo saqmeSi, rac
saboloo jamSi warmatebis sawindari gaxda. qalTa klubebi da salonebi
am dros aerTianebdnen ara religiuri an saqvelmoqmedo ideebiT, aramed
kulturis, ganmanaTleblobisa da swavluli ideebis gacvlis surviliT
anTebul ojaxis qalebs. xelovnebis Seswavla, TviTganaTleba, leqciebi
mxatvrobaze, qandakebasa da dekoratiul xelovnebaze maTi Sexvedrebis
19
sauT qenzingtonis muzeumi (South Kensington Museum) - dRes viqtoria da albertis
muzeumis (Victoria and Albert Museum, V&A) saxeliT cnobili muzeumi daarsda 1852 wels da
dekoratiuli xelovnebisa da dizainis udides koleqcias warmoadgens.
66
,
ZiriTad
mizans
warmoadgenda.
aseTi
gaerTianebebi
miznad
isaxavda
xelovnebis sferoSi qalTa ganswavlulobisa da CarTulobis gazrdas.
sazogadoebaSi
aRiarebuli
organizaciaSi gaerTianeba
TavianTi
gavlenis
da
gavleniani
maT kidev ufro
gamosaxatad.
xolo,
qalbatonebis
farTo gasaqans
rac
Seexeba
am
uqmnida
mxatvrebis,
koleqcionerebisa da xelovnebis eqspertebis rols, is wmindad esTetur
miznebs emsaxureboda, romelic umniSvnelovanesi iyo, vinaidan uileris
amocana xelsaqmis daxvewa da xelovnebis rangSi ayvana iyo.
organizaciaSi
moxvedris
sxvadasxva
miuxedavad,
dekoratiuli
am
xelovnebis
sferodan
da
qalbatonebs
erTi
ganviTarebis
gziT,
sxvadasxva
idea
mizniT
aerTianebdaT:
qalTa
karieruli
SesaZleblobebisa da kulturis sferoSi gavlenis gafarToeba.
uileris
dekoratiuli
xelovnebis
sazogadoebis
warmateba
ramdenime garemoebam ganapiroba: imxanad xelsaqme da faifuris moxatva
ufro
dabali
rangis
xelovnebad
miiCneoda,
ramac
imTaviTve
moxsna
mamakacebis teritoriaze SeWris da maTi esTeturi miznebis gadakveTis
saSiSroeba. am sazogadoebis miznebi da amocanebi wminda esTeturi ar
iyo, is qalTaTvis kargad nacnob da ukve aprobirebul saqvelmoqmedo
miznebsac emsaxureboda.
da bolos, is ara mTeli sazogadoebis, aramed
mxolod qalTa ganviTarebis amocanebs emsaxureboda, Tanac mxolod
ojaxur
garemoSi.
winaaRmdegobebi
yovelive
da
amis
gamo,
gadaulaxavi
qendis
uilerma
dabrkolebebi,
aicila
romlebic
is
sara
vorTingtonis saqmianobas axlda. warmatebisTvis brZolaSi kidev ufro
Tamami nabiji sazogadoebis saqmianobaSi mamakacebis aqtiurad mozidava
da
CarTva
iyo,
arqiteqtorebi
romelTa
da
ricxvSi
mxatvrebi.
isini
Sediodnen
cnobili
profesiul
rCevebs
dizainerebi,
aZlevdnen
sazogadoebis wevrebs dizainTan da ganviTarebis Semdgom strategiebTan
dakavSirebiT.
1870-1890-ian
wlebSi
dekoratiuli
xelovnebis
sazogadoebebma
arnaxuli popularoba moipova mTels amerikaSi. mxolod niu-iorkSi isini
5000 wevrs iTvlida. msgavsi organizaciebi gaixsna CikagoSi, sent luisSi,
detroitSi, Carlstonsa da viskonsinSi. 1880-iani wlebis bolos es qseli
67
,
kidev
ufro
gafarTovda
da
iseT
moSorebul
qalaqebs
miaRwia,
rogorebic iyo baltimori, bostoni, san francisko, bufalo da sxva. 1880
wlis bolos amerikasa da kanadaSi 30-ze meti filiali iyo gaxsnili.
aseT
warmatebas,
zemoT
moyvanili
mizezebis
garda,
ramdenime
siRrmiseuli, arsebiTi da sazogadoebaSi Rrmad fesvgadgmuli saWiroeba
ganapirobebda. erT-erTi aseTi iyo saqvelmoqmedo, ufro zustad ki,
qalTa
dasaqmebisa
da
TviTuzrunvelyofis
amocana.
samoqalaqo
omis
dasrulebis Semdeg saSualo klasis uamravi daqvrivebuli qali sruliad
usaxsrod
darCa.
dasaqmebis
SesaZlebloba
qalTaTvis
TiTqmis
ar
arsebobda da profesiuli ganaTlebis miRebis SeuZleblobis gamo Tavis
rCenis erT-erTi gza xSirad prostitucia iyo. uileris sazogadoebebi
qalebs
respeqtabeluri TviTuzrunvelyofis
sTavazobda.
mwyobri
sistema,
romelic
axal
da Rirseul
specialur
gzas
momzadebas,
marketingsa da bolos gayidvidan miRebul procentebs gulisxmobda,
bevri qalbatonisTvis TviTgadarCenis saukeTeso gza aRmoCnda. mTeli
qveynis masStabiT filialebis gaCenis Semdeg xelnakeTi nimuSebi niuiorkSi igzavneboda, rac periferiuli organizaciebisadmi met interessa
da gayidvis ukeTes Sanss niSnavda.
ganaTlebisadmi interesis zrda da gemovnebis donis masiurad
amaRlebis saWiroeba da survili kidev erTi mizezi iyo, romelmac
xsenebuli
ukve
sazogadoebebis amgvar popularobas Seuwyo xeli. rogorc
aRvniSne,
dekoratiuli
ganxorcielebis
mwyobri
xelovnebis
sistema
sazogadoebas
hqonda:
am
publikaciebi,
miznebis
leqciebi,
gamofenebi da „mobiluri~ biblioTekebi. Uukve naxsenebi, im drois Zalian
popularuli
gamocema
Godey’s Lady’s Book, magaliTad,
regularulad
aqveynebda statiebs ama Tu im xelnakeTi nivTis detaluri instruqciiT.
sazogadoebis TaosnobiTa da dafinansebiT funqcionirebda e.w. mobiluri
biblioTeka. nominaluri gadasaxadis sanacvlod niu-iorkis filiali
wignebs
mTeli
monacemebisa
masalebma
da
mTeli
qveynis
masStabiT
gansxvavebul
qveyana
avrcelebda.
nakeTobaTa
Semoiara,
rac
sxvadasxva
aRwerilobis
saxlis
gemovnebiT
avtoris
Semcvelma
mowyobis
mimarT gazrdili interesis dasturi iyo rogorc did qalaqebSi, aseve
68
,
centridan
moSorebul
regionebSi.
aranaklebi
roli
eniWeboda
mudmivmoqmed da aseve moZrav gamofenebs, romelTa ZiriTadi eqsponatebi
maqmani, samkaulebi, keramika da teqstili iyo. garda imisa, rom aseTi
Cvenebebi TvalnaTels xdida…maTi saqmianobis xarisxis zrdas, qalebi
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
daixvewnen
aqamde
wmindad
mamakacebis
sferod
miCneul iseT saqmianobaSi, rogoric iyo gamofenebis dagegmva, organizeba
da eqsponatebis ganTavseba.
mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo isic, rom e.w. mooqrovili saukunis
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, maT Soris, Tavad qalebis finansuri statusi,
kulturul
sferoSi
samoqalaqo
omis
omisSemdgomi
mWidro
mimdinare
Semdeg
mzardi
kavSirSi
procesebsa
periodSi
mimdinare
materializmi
iyo
da
did
da
da
qalaqebSi
emTxveoda.
urbanizaciis
gavlenasac
umuSevrobis
interesebs
momxmareblobis
xelovnebis sazogadoebebis popularobaze.
moZaleba
da
axdenda
procesi,
feminizacia
dekoratiuli
meore mxriv, imigrantebis
zrda,
ekonomikuri
ryevebi,
gaficvebis moxSireba, kriminalis zrda da sxva faqtorebi ufro metad
ubiZgebda saSualo da uzrunvelyofili fenebis warmomadgenlebs mSvidi
navsayudeli
swored
ojaxSi
eZebnaT.
saxli,
navsayudelis
garda,
sazogadoebis mdgomareobis mniSvnelovani maCvenebeli iyo. qendis uileri
TviTon miiCnevda, rom srulyofilad mowyobili saxli, zogadad, ojaxis
kulturis, Cvevebisa da gemovnebis koncentraciaa da ara mxolod ojaxis
wevrebis saxe (Wheeler, 1893: 195-196).
dekoratiuli xelovnebis sazogadoebebma dadebiTi cvlilebebi
moitana: a) qalTa saqmianobisa da interesebis areali gascda mxolod
saxlis, religiisa da qvelmoqmedebis sazRvrebs; b) am organizaciis
meSveobiT, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTuli qalebis saqmianoba aRar
aRiqmeboda rogorc arsebuli normebis darRveva da amdenad gakicxvis
saganic aRar iyo; g) dekoratiuli xelovnebis sazogadoebebma qalebs
axali
SesaZleblobebi
mcdelobebisken
da,
rogorc
TviTon
uileri
ambobda,
axali
mimavali kari gauxsna da Tumca, es kari mxolod
SeRebuli iyo, mainc gasasvlels warmoadgenda. (Wheeler, 1918: 215.)
69
,
qendis
uileri,
sara
vorTington
kingisgan
gansxvavebiT
mamakacebis teritoriaze ar SeWrila, riTac sazogadoebrivi azri Tavis
sasrgeblod mimarTa da Sedegad organizacias masobrivi saxe misca.
qalTa
ganaTlebisa
da
gemovnebis
amaRlebis
mimarTulebiT
qendis
uileris, sara king piterisa da maT TanamoazreTa mier gaweuli Rvawli
rom
ara,
meoce
sukunis
xelovnebis
mecenati
qalbatonebi
ver
gaCndebodnen. samoqalaqo omamde da omisSemdgom periodSi mimdinare
procesebma ganaTlebisadmi interesi, gemovnebis amaRleba da muzeumebis
potenciuri
damTvaliereblebis
aRzrda
ganapiroba.
amisTvis
gazeTis
furclebidan, salonebidan, qalTa Tavyrilobebidan da dekoratiuli
xelovnebis skolebidan aTwleulebis manZilze qalebis mTeli armia
ibrZoda. daxvewili gemovnebis, codnisa da erToblivi MmuSaobis garda,
maT iseTi Cvevebi da unarebi SeiZines, romelTa gareSec meoce saukunis
dasawyisis
qali
xelovnebis
aSkarad
gamokveTil
qomagad
ver
Camoyalibdeboda.
2.3 koleqcioneri qalebis pirveli nabijebi
xelovnebis
dawinaurebisa
safexuri
iyo.
da
nimuSebis
lideris
koleqcioner
Segroveba,
kulturis
poziciis
dakavebis
qalTa
saqmianobis
sferoSi
gzaze,
qalTa
mniSvnelovani
analizi
erTnairad
mniSvnelovania rogorc kulturis „genderizaciis~, aseve damoukidebeli
gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da procesebis marTvis kuTxiT. imis gamo, rom
koleqcioner
qalebs
„Cagrulis~
statusi
ar
miesadageboda,
isini
mkvlevrebis interesis sferos miRma rCebodnen. marTalia, me-19 saukunis
dasawyissa da Sua wlebSi qalTa sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba umTavresad
„WeSmariti qalurobis kultiT~ gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebs pasuxobda,
mainc arsebobdnen erTeuli, gamonaklisi figurebi, romelTa saqmianoba
im
drois
kanonzomierebebsa
da
normebs
mkveTrad
arRvevda.
aseTi
koleqcioneri qalebis roli imdenad didi iyo, rom meoce saukunis
70
,
mecenat da kulturis qomag qalTa Sesaxeb saubari am saxelebis gareSe
Seulebelia.
eliza bouen jameli (1776-1865)
eliza bouen jameli im qalTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba, romlebmac
Tavisi drois socialuri da genderuli barierebis gadalaxva SeZles.
„kargi
biznesmeni,
frankofili
da
xelovnebis
nimuSTa
Semgrovebeli, igi qalurobis axal principebs amkvidrebda da
Tamami
mkacrad
ilaSqrebda xelovnebis nimuSTa zedmet fufunebad cnobis winaaRmdeg,~
wers daian maqleodi (Macleod, 2008: 21).
amerikis
gamofena,
xelovnebis
romelic
liza
akademiis20
jamelis
mier
1817
koleqciidan
wels
100-ze
mowyobili
met
tilos
Seicavda, im droisTvis iSviaTi SesaZlebloba iyo niu-iorkelebisTvis
gacnobodnen evropul mxatvrobas. im drois presaSi am movlenas sakmaod
mwvave
gamoxmaureba
mohyva,
romelmac
erTmaneTs
daupirispira
frankofilebi da amerikanistebi, mxatvrebi da maTi mfarvelebi, da rac
yvelaze mwvave iyo, xelovnebisa da maRali gemovnebis qomagi qalebi da
mamakacebi.
jamelis mier Segrovebuli XVI – XVIII saukuneebis mxatvrobis
mdidari koleqcia, TviTdamkvidrebis im droisTvis sruliad ucxo da
amavdroulad
miuRebeli
forma
iyo.
am
qalbatonma
mokrZalebuli
qaluroba, imdroindeli aRqmiT, TviTdamkvidrebis agresiuli formiT,
koleqcionirebiT Caanacvla.
sxvadasxva
wels
liza
jamelis
Sesaxeb
Seqmnil
biografiul
romanebSi (Falkner, 1962; Beyea, 1978; Hancock, 1998; Greiff, 1995) ZiriTadi aqcenti
mis warmomavlobaze, skandalur biografiul faqtebze, ganqorwinebebsa
da principul xasiaTze keTdeboda, rac, rogorc sazogadoebis mier
20
amerikis xelovnebis akademia (American Academy of Fine Arts) - saxelovnebo dawesebuleba,
romelic 1802 wels
niu-iorkSi daarsda da romlis amocana klasikuri xelovnebis
popularizacia da gamofenebis mowyoba iyo.
71
,
damkvidrebul,
aseve
xelovnebis
sferoSi
arsebul
normebs
ewinaaRmdegeboda.
beTsi boueni 1775 wels, rod ailendis qalaq providensSi daibada.
misi
dabadebis
kanoniereba
ukve
miTqma-moTqmis
sagani
iyo,
Tumca
arsebobs cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, rom misi mSoblebi elizas dabadebamde 6
wliT adre daqorwindnen. momdevno skandali mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg
saroskipoSi
mis
muSaobas
da
iq
qorwinebis
gareSe
vaJis
gaCenas
ukavSirdeba. beTsim sakuTari cxovrebisa da reputaciis mowesrigeba
Tavad ikisra da meti Tavisuflebisa da sakuTari adgilis saZieblad
niu-iorkSi
gaemgzavra.
niu-iorkis
haerSi
am
dros
ganmanaTlebluri
ideebi trialebda da revoluciis Sedegad Seqmnili Tundac umniSvnelo
Tavisufleba da liberaluri klimati beTsisTvis xelsayreli garemo
aRmoCnda.
niu-iorkSi beTsim msaxiobis karieriT daiwyo. varaudoben, rom
swored am dros Seicvala man saxeli da eliza gaxda. miuxedavad imisa,
rom man Teatraluri kariera maleve daTmo, Teatri mis cxovrebaSi
SemTxveviTi arCevani ar yofila.
„misi
cxovreba
sagangebod
dadgmul
speqtakls
hgavda:
umweo
provincieli, martoxela deda, daundobeli biznesmeni da bolos
grand dama, es is rolebia, romlebic man warmatebiT Seasrula,~
wers daian maqleodi (Macleod, 2008: 26).
vaWar stefan jamelze daqorwineba, udaod, sasikeTo Semobruneba
iyo,
romlis
Sedegad
elizas
misi
interesebis
xorcSesxmisa
da
fufunebiT tkbobis saSualeba mieca. swored am dros liza jamelma
saxlis
dekorirebisadmi
gamoavlina
da
male
didi
interesi
da
hpova,
rasac
aRiarebac
daxvewili
niu-iorkis
gemovneba
maRali
sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebTan misi mimowera mowmobs. (Ostromecki, 1992:
294)
im
drois
mkacr
standartebs
scildeboda
eliza
jamelis
qorwinebac. is morCili diasaxlisis rols ar Seegua da aqtiurad
CaerTo qmris biznes saqmianobaSi. amisTvis man qorwinebaSi myof qalTa
qonebrivi uflebebis normaSi arsebuli punqtiT isargebla da, pirad
72
,
iniciativasa da meuRlis keTil nebaze damyarebuli SeTanxmebis ZaliT,
miiRo qonebis gankargvisa da finansuri garigebebis warmoebis ufleba.
rogorc am sakiTxebis kvlevebi cxadyofs, liza jameli erTaderTi ar
iyo, vinc am saSualebiT isargebla. msgavsi saqmianobis mimarT im drois
sxva qalbatonebis gazrdilma interesma me-19 sukunis sabazro ekonomikis
ganviTarebazec moaxdina gavlena, wers siuzan lebsoki (Lebsock, 1984: 234 ).
liza jamelis figura gansakuTrebul interess imiTac ipyrobs,
rom igi erTdroulad ramdenime sferoSi iyo aqtiuri da warmatebuli.
misi interesebi Tanabrad nawildeboda saSinao-ojaxur, komerciul da
esTetur miswrafebebs Soris.
udavod, didi mniSvnelobisa da wvlilis miuxedavad, 1817 wlis
gamofenis Semdeg misi koleqcia mware kritikis obieqti gaxda, ramdenime
mizezis
gamo.
gadaWarbebul
Mmas
evropuli,
interessa
da
kerZod,
amerikuli
franguli
xelovnebis
xelovnebisadmi
ugulvebelyofas
edavebodnen. sadavo gaxda aseve zogierTi naxatis auTenturoba. mis
koleqciaSi mkafiod ar iyo gamijnuli dedanebi da cnobili tiloebis
aslebi. aslebis koleqcionireba im droisaTvis gavrcelebuli praqtika
iyo.
kritikisa da misi rolis arajerovnad Sefasebis miuxedavad niuiorkis sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi am gamofenis mniSvneloba erTxmad iqna
aRiarebuli. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom am periodSi niu-iorki ar iyo
ganebivrebuli muzeumebiT, sazogadoebas Sansi mieca gacnoboda evropul
xelovnebas.
„liza jamelis didi wvlili isic iyo, rom man koleqcionireba
qalTa
gafarToebuli
SesaZleblobebis
instrumentad
warmouCina
sazogadoebas,~ wers daian maqleodi (Mcleod, 2008: 38).
liza
jamelis
mcdeloba
me-20
saukunis
dasawyisamde
aravis
gaumeorebia, rac imas ar niSnavs, rom qalebs xelovnebisadmi interesi ar
hqondaT. saqme is iyo, rom es interesi sajarod ar gamoixateboda da
saxlis
teritoriiT
iyo
Semofargluli,
mxolod
dekoratiuli
xelovnebis nimuSebs moicavda da amitom farTo sazogadoebis interess
naklebad
warmoadgenda.
marTalia,
73
iyo
SemTxvevebi,
rodesac
,
koleqcioneri
qalbatonebi
usaxsovrebdnen,
maTi
TavianT
didi
koleqciebs
umetesoba
sakuTari
anderZiT
saxlis
muzeumebs
kedlebs
ar
gascilebia.
elisabed hart jarvis kolti (1826-1905) da meri telferi (1791-1875)
me-19 saukunis koleqcioner qalebze msjelobisas ar SeiZleba ar
vaxseno kidev ori qalbatoni, elisabed hart jarvis kolti da meri
telferi. maTi radikaluri gansxvavebis miuxedavad (kolti iankis qvrivi
iyo, xolo telferi - konfederati Sinabera), am qalbatonebs saerTo
principebi
da
dauqorwineblis
miswrafebebi
statusi
hqondaT.
imisTvis,
orivem
rom
gonivrulad
ojaxis
finansebi
gamoiyena
sakuTari
gemovnebiTa da surviliT ganekargaT. orives gacnobierebuli hqonda
sazogadoebaSi gemovnebis donis amaRlebis saWiroebaDda bolos, orivem
maT mier Segrovebuli koleqciebi muzeumebs gadasca: elizabeT koltma
vadsvorTis
anTeneum
muzeums21,
xolo
meri
telferma
telferis
xelovnebisa da mecnierebis akademias22.
elizabet kolti, revolverisa da sxva cecxlsasroli iaraRis
gamomgoneblis, semul koltis meuRle iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi
mueRle
saerTod
ar
iyo
dainteresebuli
xelovnebiTa
da
koleqcionirebiT, qmris gardacvalebisa da finansuri damoukideblobis
mopovebis Semdeg, man ferweruli tiloebisa da dekoratiuli xelovnebis
nimuSebis Segrovebadaiwyo. uiliam hosli aRniSnavs, rom xelovnebiT
21
vedsvorTis xelovnebis muzeumi (the Wadsworth Atheneum Museum) koneqtikutis Statis
qalaq
harTvordSi daarsda 1842 wels. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis erT-erTi
uZvelesi muzeumi 50 000-mde eqsponats iTvlis. 1905 wels elizabeT jarvis koltma
muzeums 1000-ze meti eqsponati uanderZa.
22
telferis akademia (the Telfair Academy) jorjiis Statis qalaq savanaSi daarsda 1883,
rodesac meri telferma Tavisi saxli, koleqcia da aveji anderZiT dautova savanis
istoriul sazogadoebas. dRes telferis muzeumi, telferebis 1818-1819 wlebSi aSenebul
saxlTan erTad, kidev or, ufro mogvianebiT aSenebul, nagebobas aerTianebs.
74
,
daintereseba miswrafebebis, TviTgamoxatvisa da sazogadoebaSi Rirseuli
adgilis damkvidrebis survili iyo (Hosley, 1996 :224-225). koleqcia ise
gaizarda,
rom
mis
gansaTavseblad
gadakeTebac ki gaxda
koltis
saWiro.
koleqcia
sakuTari
saxlis
biblioTekis
jamelis koleqciisgan gansxvavebiT,
amerikeli
mxatvrebis
namuSevrebiT
iyo
dakompleqtebuli. sainteresoa, rom koltis gansakuTrebuli gemovnebiTa
da sinatifiT SerCeuli koleqcia da misi ganTavsebis originaluri
forma, Tandayolil gemovnebasTan erTad, swavlis Sedegic iyo. Tumca,
1891 wels mis mier muzeumisTvis gadacemuli dekoratiuli xelovnebis
nimuSebi
ugemovnobis
gamo
daiwunes.
gamoiTqva
azri,
rom
isini
ar
pasuxobdnen im drois standartebs; Tumca 105 wlis Semdeg es namuSevrebi
sazogadoebas daubrunda.
meri
arRvevda
telferi,
(mis
ukve
ganxiluli
SemTxvevaSi)
samxreTel
sxva
qalbatonebis
qalze
mtkiced
msgavsad
damkvidrebul
warmodgenebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom ojaxi da eklesia mas morCil da
mamakacis nebaze da mfarvelobaze damokidebul adamianad zrdida, meri
telferi miTiTebul gzas ar gahyva. sabednierod, misi mama jorjiis
gubernatori, qalTa ganaTlebis didi mxardamWeri iyo da 10 wlis asakSi
qaliSvils
niu-iorkSi,
mis
dous
akademiaSi
(Miss
Dow’s
Academy)
saswavleblad gamgzavrebis neba darTo. damoukideblad cxovrebis am
adreulma
gamocdilebam
gogonaze
waruSleli
kvali
datova
da
samudamod Camouyaliba interesi politikisa da ganaTlebis mimarT da,
rac ufro mniSvnelovania, damoukidebel pirovnebad mis Camoyalibebas
Seuwyo xeli. yovelive amis logikuri Sedegi iyo is, rom man gabeda da
imedi gaucrua Tavis mamakac memkvidreebs da erT-erTma pirvelma gadasca
sakuTari
qoneba
muzeums.
22
wlis
asakSi
saCuqrad
miRebul
eqvs
naxatsmoyva niu-iorksa da evropaSi mogzaurobisas SeZenili namuSevrebi,
romlebic
skulpturebisa
warmoadgenda,
originalebisa
gansxvavebiT,
romlebic
da
meri
aslebis
telfers
da
ferweruli
liza
tiloebis
jamelis
kombinacia
Tavisi
75
iyo.
erTobliobas
koleqciis
jamelisa
koleqcia
da
sicocxleSi
msgavsad,
koltisgan
arasodes
,
gamoufenia da amas sruliad gaazrebulad akeTebda, radgan xelovnebas
individualuri tkbobis wyarod miiCnevda.
marta miCeli (1818-1902)
igive tendenciis damadasturebelia uSualod samoqalaqo omis
Semdeg
periodSi
moRvawe
qalbatonis,
marta
miCelis
saqmianoba.
„marTalia, misi warmatebebi regularul asaxvas povebda imdroindeli
niu-iork Taimsisa da boston ivning transkriptis furclebze, misi
saxeli daumsaxureblad daiviwyes,~ wers qeTlin menTorni (Manthorne, 2010:
518).
marta ridi sakmaod SeZlebul da kulturul ojaxSi aRizarda,
sadac qaliSvils im droisTvis SesaZlebeli saukeTeso ganaTleba misces:
13
wlis
asakSi
xelsaqmisa
da
is
niu-hemfSiris
xatvis
kerZo
skolaSi
dauflebasTan
gagzavnes,
erTad
sadac
safuZvliani
zogadsaganmanaTeblo codna miiRo, ramac ukve 17 wlis asakSi mas ema
uilardis
seminariaSi23
swavlis
gagrZelebis
saSualeba
misca.
am
saswavlo dawesebulebis gamorCeuloba SemdegSi mdgomareobda: is iyo
qalTa erTaderTi saswavlebeli, romelic saswavlo programas vaJTa
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa programebis analogiiT adgenda. aq
miRebulma ganaTlebam martas codnasTan erTad unikaluri gamocdileba
SesZina: gadawyvetilebebis damoukideblad miRebis unari da misabaZi
magaliTi ema uilardis saxiT, romelic warmatebulad iTavsebda dedis,
meuRlis, skolis damaarseblis, administratorisa da wignebis avtoris
karieras.
es
Tvisebebi
mas
mTeli
sicocxlis
manZilze
gahyva
da
mogvianebiT igi Tavad gaxda Sua dasavleTis maRali klasis tipiuri
warmomdgeneli, daxvewili manerebiTa da saubris warmarTvis saucxoo
23
ema uilardi (1787-1870) (Emma Willard) qalTa uflebebisTvis mebrZoli da qalTaTvis
umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebis damaarsebelia. 1895 wels mis mier daarsebul
trois qalTa seminaria, (Troy Female Seminary),
mis pativsacemad, ema uilardis skola
ewoda (Emma Willard School)
76
,
unariT. amasTan erTad, marta feministuri ideebis gamtarebeli, xelovani
qalebis ideuri damcveli da realuri mxardamWeri gaxda.
rogorc finansuri SesaZleblobebis mqone da sazogadoebrivad
aqtiurma pirovnebam, man Tavdapirvelad obolTa da usaxsrod darCenil
qalTa daxmarebas mohkida xeli.
xelovnebiT, kerZod, ferweriT misi daintereseba gansxvavebuli,
arastandartuli
gziT
warimarTa.
misi
koleqcia
konceptualurad
gansxvavebuli iyo: Tu im drois tendencia mravalferovani, zogjer
ekleqturi koleqciebis Seqmna iyo, miCeli ori sferoTi Semoifargla:
qalTa ferweraAda mogzauroba. ufro mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba is iyo,
rom misi koleqcia imTaviTve saxlis dekorirebas ar isaxavda miznad da
mis gemovnebas da Sua dasavleTis saWiroebebs erTnairad akmayofilebda.
vidre
samuzeumo
kerZod
moZraoba
zemoTxsenebul
masobrivad
regions,
moedeboda
miCeli
mTel
xelovnebis
qveyanas
da
popularizaciis
misias marto SeeWida da Tavisi Statis sasikeTod araerTi gegmazomieri
nabiji
gadadga.
gaazrebuli
1876
wlisTvis
TavianTi
CikagoSi
mkvidrT
meorexarisxovani
filadelfiasTan SedarebiT.
nacvlad
miluokis
kargad
roli,
hqondaT
magaliTad,
amitom, miCelma Tavisi koleqcia miluokis
gamofina
da
amjerad
iq
miRebuli
aRiareba
da
dadebiTi recenziebi gamoiyena im droisTvis ukve sakmaod aRiarebuli
mxatvari
qalis
eliza
gretoreqsis24
Semdgomi
popularizaciisTvis
miluokiSi.
saxelovnebo
wreebSi
miCeli
aseve
cnobili
iyo,
rogorc
axalgazrdebis didi qomagi. igi Tavisi xarjebiT regularulad awyobda
gamofenebs skolebSi, sadac axalgazrda damTvaliereblebs evropasa da
amerikaSi SeZenil ferwerultiloebs warudgenda. 1875 wlis 28 ivnisis
niu-iork ivning posti (New York Evening Post) werda: „am qalbatonma uamravi
ram
gaakeTa
dasavleTSi
xelovnebisadmi
interesis
gaRvivebisa
da
kulturis donis amaRlebisTvis~.
24
eliza gretoreqsi (1819-1897) (Elize Greatorex) irlandiuri warmoSobis amerikeli
mxatvari. pirveli qali, romelic dizainis erovnuli akademiis wevrad iqna arCeuli da
sayovelTao aRiareba moipova.
77
,
misi
meuRle,
aleqsander
sadazRvevo
biznesis
warmatebuli
miCeli,
viskonsinis
warmomadgeneli,
sabanko
sarkinigzo
da
xazis
mepatrone da kongresmeni, finansurad SezRuduli arasodes yofila.
amitomac,
italiur
stilSi
nagebi
maTi
rezidencia
uproblemod
gadakeTda safrangeTis meore imperiis stilis sasaxled, romlis mesame
sarTulze
dRis
SuqiT
ganaTebul
darbazSi
ganTavsebuli
naxatebi
stumrebze waruSlel STabeWdilebas axdenda. dRes es Senoba viskonsinis
klubs ekuTvnis.
1890-ian
wlebamde
moRvawe
xelovnebis
nimuSTa
koleqcioneri
qalebis simcire seriozuli ganzogadebis saSualebas ar iZleva, magram
ZiriTadi
tendencia
mainc
ikveTeba:
erTis
mxriv,
koleqcionireba
TviTdamkvidrebisa da TviTrealizaciis saSualeba iyo, meore mxriv ki,
mamakacTa moRvaweobis prerogatiul sferoSi sakuTari adgilis povnis
mcdeloba. magram yovelive amis institucionalizacia da gaformeba jer
kidev Soreuli perspeqtiva iyo.
daian maqleodi detaluri analizis Sedegad midis im daskvnamde,
rom samoqalaqo omamdeli qalbatonebi maTTvis gankuTvnili sferos,
dekoratiul xelovnebasTan erTad, evropuli da amerikuli, zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, qali mxatvrebis ferwerisadmic iCendnen interess, rac am
ukanasknelT
mkveTrad
umravlesobisagan.
gamoarCevda
samoqalaqo
omis
im
Semdeg
drois
periodSi
qalTa
didi
qalebma
es
tendenciebi gaaRrmaves da xelovnebisadmi maTi siyvaruli Tvisobrivad
gansxvavebul safexurze aiyvanes.
78
,
Tavi 3
qalTa saqmianoba xelovnebis propagandisa da mfarvelobis
saferoSi 1890-ian-1930-ian wlebSi
3.1. „axali tipis qali~
me-19 da me-20 saukuneebis mijnaze sufraJisti, feministi da e.w.
kekluci lamazmanebis25 (The Flappers) paralelurad, amerikaSi gamoikveTa
garkveuli saerTo niSnebiT gaerTianebul qalTa jgufi. aseTi qali iyo
qalaqSi
mcxovrebi,
saSualo
SeZlebuli
biznesmenis
an
qaliSvili,
romelsac
mogvianebiT,
sauniversiteto
an
maRali
klasis
maRalanazRaurebadi
xarisxiani
mamakacis
ganaTleba
ganaTleba
am
warmomadgeneli,
hqonda
portretis
meuRle
an
miRebuli.
aucilebeli
komponenti gaxda. aseTive ganuyofeli maxasiaTebeli iyo dauojaxebeli
statusi, an daojaxebis SemTxvevaSi ojaxis gareT dasaqmebuloba. es
axali
realoba
sulac
ar
gulisxmobda
ojaxuri
garemodan
qalis
xelovnurad amoglejas. rodesac qali qorwindeboda, is kvlavindeburad
ojaxs uZRvnida Tavs (zog SemTxvevaSi samsaxuris daTmobis xarjzec ki),
ubralod, saqme is iyo, rom ojaxi da saxlis marTva am droisTvis
radikalurad Seicvala da umTavresad qalis interesebsa da moTxovnebs
daeqvemdebara.
qalis
sazogadoebaSi
misi
dominantur
rolis
rols
zrda
da
ojaxSi
bunebrivad
sazogadoebriv
mohyva
asparezze
gaaqtiureba. marTalia, am tipis qalma TviTdajereba da Sinagani Zala
progresivizmis epoqaSi SeiZina, am procesis Canasaxi da pirveli niSnebi
ukve 1870-1880-ian wlebSi gamoCnda. rogorc wina TavSi aRiniSna, naxevari
saukuniT adre maRali sazogadoebis amerikel qals sakmaod mkacri
moTxovnebi hqonda wayenebuli. „WeSmariti qalurobis kultis~ umkacresi
CarCoebis miuxedavad, swored viqtorianuli tradiciebiT aRzrdilma
25
kekluci lamazmani, (the flappers), qalaqeli, axalgazrda, ufro xSirad martoxela,
saSualo klasis qali iyo. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi gamoCenili karieruli
SesaZleblobebis fonze am jgufis qalebi dasaqmebuli iyvnen, Tumca kariera
udardelobasa da garTobaze orientirebulobas ar gamoricxavda. Tanasworoba maT mier
alkoholis moxmarebaSi, mowevasa da seqsualur eqsperimentebSi gamoixateboda. maTi
garegnobis damaxasiaTebeli Strixebi iyo Tmis mokle varcxniloba, sagrZnoblad
damoklebuli kaba da Warbi makiaJi.
79
,
qalbatonebma
sxvadasxva
moaxerxes
sferoSi
qalurobis
maTi
sazRvrebis
saqmianobis
gafarToeba,
SesaZleblobebi
ramac
gazarda.
me-19
saukunis WeSmariti qalurobis etalonis e.w. axal qalad gardasaxva am
qalTa
SeurigeblobiTa
da
maTi
dauRalavi
mcdelobebiT
iyo
ganpirobebuli.
am
„jgufis~
pirovnuli
Camoyalibebis
gambedaobisa
da
procesi,
masSi
Seurigeblobis
Semaval
garda,
qalTa
logikur
kanonzomierebebs efuZneboda. ganvixiloT am procesis ramdenime sakvanZo
etapi.
samoqalaqo omis dros patriotizmisa da humanurobis saxeliT
asobiT
aTasma
qalma
daWrilebis
momzadebas.
siRaribesa
saxli
da
mTels
CrdiloeTSi
sanitaruli komisiis saSualebiT, Seudga saxsrebis
gavrcelebuli
moZiebas,
miatova
movlasa
jariskacebis
da
da
savele
qvrivebze
usamarTlobaze
hospitalebisTvis
da
auxila
ojaxebze
Tvali.
sakvebis
zrunvam
Tumca
qalebs
iyvnen
qalebi,
romlebic reformatorebis jgufs mkveTrad emijnebodnen, Segnebulad
uaryofdnen feminizmsa da radikalur ideebs da mxolod qvelmoqmedebaze
iyvnen
orientirebulni.
cxovrebas
aRar
burJuaziuli
daubrundnen
wris
da
es
TavianTi
qalbatonebi
Cveul
yuradReba
axlad
aRmocenebuli qalaqebis saWiroebebze gadaitanes.
samoqalaqo
struqturebis
omis
Seqmna,
dasrulebisTanave
romlebic
aqtiurad
industrializaciiT
daiwyo
iseTi
gamowveul
mZime
Sedegebs gaaumjobesebda. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom axal realobaSi
burJua
qalebis
samizne
araerTgvarovani
iyo,
am
periodSi
Seqmnili
qalTa klubebi or ZiriTad mizans emsaxureboda: erTi iyo muSaTa klasis
qalTa
interesebis
dacva,
meore
–
Tavad
burJuaziuli
fenis
inteleqtualuri da socialuri interesebis warmoCena da radganac 18601870-ian wlebSi maTi zrunvis obieqti qalebi monoliTur jgufs ar
warmoadgendnen, am mravalferovnebisadmi ltolvis dasakmayofileblad
qalTa
klubebma
mrewvelobaSi
mravalprofiliani
dakavebuli
qalebis
saqmianoba
saqmianobiT
gaaCaRes:
dawyebuli,
safeiqro
qalTa
skolebiTa da samedicino dawesebulebebiT damTavrebuli. popularuli
80
,
iyo aseve inteleqtualuri mimarTulebis klubebi, romlebic leqciebs,
mobilur biblioTekebsa da sxvadasxva Temaze sadiskusio Sexvedrebs
awyobdnen.
amdenad,
respeqtabelur
es
moZraoba
qalbatonebsac
saxlis
gareT
akmayofilebda
dasaqmebis
da
msurvel
profesiuli
da
sazogadoebrivi interesebis mqone mandilosnebsac. me-19 saukunis bolos
qalTa „erTsqesiani~ gaerTianebebis mzardi popularoba da warmateba
istorikos nensi uoloxis sayuradRebo dakvirvebiT SeiZleba aixsnas. igi
wers, rom am organizaciebSi qalebma srulad gaacnobieres genderuli
identoba
da
gansxvavebiT,
SeZles
isini
am
identobiT
sazogadoebriv
eamayaT
da
asparezze
kidev:
mamakacebisgan
gamovidnen
rogorc
TanamSromlebi da ara rogorc konkurentebi (Woloch, 2002: 181).
amerikul sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis Sedegad 1870-iani
wlebisTvis burJuaziuli klasis SigniT qalTa axali tipi Camoyalibda:
Seqmnili
ekonomikuri
viTarebis
pirobebSi
Tavdajerebuli
da
damoukidebeli, igi miRebuli gamocdilebis Sedegad, ganaTlebisa da
dasaqmebis Tanaswor pirobebs moiTxovs,
rasac logikurad xmis micemis
moTxovna mohyveba. am gziT is axali xedvebis cxovrebaSi gatarebas
isaxavs miznad. aseT cvlilebebze sazogadoebis reaqciam ar daayovna. am
procesebis analizisas smiT-rozenbergi aRniSnavs:
„burJua qalTa brZoliT SeZenilma gamocdilebam, marTvis unarebma
da
axalma
moTxovnebma
maTi
qmrebi
SeaSfoTa.
SeZlebdnen
ki
respeqtabeluri ojaxis dedebi da maTi Sinabera debi erTdroulad
kompetenturi yofiliyvnen politikaSi da, amave dros, WeSmariti
qalurobis erTgulebas? da Tu 1860-1870-iani wlebSi ojaxis dedebi
mxolod
SeSfoTebas
iwvevdnen,
maTi
qaliSvilebi
ukve
realur
safrTxes warmoadgendnen.~ (Smith-Rosenberg, 1985: 176)
swored es „qaliSvilebi~ gamodian asparezze 1880-90-ian wlebSi da
qmnian sruliad axal sazogadoebriv-politikur fenomens – axali tipis
qals.
es termini - axali tipis qali (the New Woman) - sociologiur da
istoriografiul sivrceSi literaturidan aris Semosuli da mweral
henri jeimzis Semoqmedebas ukavSirdeba. romanebSi deizi mileri (1878)
81
,
qalis
(James, 1995) da
portreti
(1881)
(James, 2011)
jeimzi
aRwers
axalgazrda, SeZlebul, gauTxovar qals, romelic ar cnobs Tavsmoxveul
ama
Tu
im
pirobiTobas,
mzadaa
damoukidebeli
moqmedebisTvis
da
warmoadgens amerikuli sazogadoebis unikalur produqts, romlis arsi
yvelaze kargad evropul sivrceSi iSleba.
qerol smiT-rozenbergi sargeblobs henri jeimzis mier Seqmnili
suraT-xatebiT da, prioritetebis nawilobrivi Secvlis Sedegad, axali
tipis qalis aseT saxes gvTavazobs: axali tipis qali, misi azriT, 1850ianidan
1900-ian
wlebamde
keTildReobis
SualedSia
gonivrulad
dabadebuli;
gamoyenebis
fonze
ganaTlebuli da profesionaluri unarebis
burJuaziuli
safuZvlianad
mqone pirovnebaa
(xSir
SemTxvevaSi gauTxovari). imxanad uxvad aRmocenebuli saxelisuflebo an
raime
sxva
saxis
dasaqmebuli;
struqturaSi
damkvidrebuli
gawevrianebuli
pirobiTobebis
da
uaryofa
profesiulad
da
sakuTari
Tavisuflebebisa da TviTrealizaciisTvis brZola misTvis bunebrivia; is
im burJuaziuli garemosa da ojaxis pirmSoa, romelSic qalTa pirveli
damoukidebeli struqturebi Seiqmna. smiT-rozenbergi miiCnevs, rom es
axalgazrda qalebi axali rolisa da SesaZleblobebis atmosferoSi
aRizardnen da mTlianad Seisisxlxorces igi (Smith-Rosenberg,
1985: 176).
axali
iZlevian.
tipis
qalis
msgavs
definicias
sxva
mkvlevrebic
(Matthews, 2003: 13)
amerikis istoriis mkvlevari nensi uoloxi miiCnevs, rom Cikagos
hul
hausis
TavSesafris
harmoniulad
SeiTavsa
damaarsebeli
viqtorianuli
jein
epoqis
adamsi,
yvela
romelmac
Rirseba
da
sazogadoebrivad aqtiuri moqalaqis roli, 1890-iani wlebis axali tipis
qalis gansaxiereba iyo. (Woloch, 2002: 180) jein adamsis msgavsad, axali
tipis qalebsac gauRrmavdaT genderuli TviTSefaseba da sakuTari misiis
aRqmis
unari.
Sedegad,
me-19
saukunis
bolos
qalTa
kultura
sazogadoebriv asparezze meti damajereblobiT damkvidrda.
mkvlevrebi axali tipis qalTa ramdenime Taobas ganasxvaveben,
romelic,
xSir
SemTxvevaSi,
erTmaneTis
damokidebulebiT xasiaTdeba.
82
mimarT
kritikuli
,
pirveli Taoba, qronologiur rakurss Tu avirCevT, 1870-1880-ian
wlebSi swavlobda qalTa kolejebSi da profesiuli realizacia1880-ian
wlebsa da pirvel msoflio oms Soris periodSi moaxerxa. es qalebi
feministuri
ideebis
Tamami
gamxmovaneblebi
iyvnen
da
rasobriv,
sqesobriv da socialur usamarTlobas ar urigdebodnen. Tumca, maTTvis
jer
kidev
mniSvnelovani
iyo
burJuaziuli
faseulobebi
da
maTi
saqmianoba xSirad sazogadoebis moTxovnebze iyo orientirebuli.
meore
Taoba
1890-ian
wlebSi
iRebs
ganaTlebas
da
pirveli
msoflio omis Semdeg iwyebs aqtiur moRvaweobas. aqtiuri politikuri
interesebis paralelurad, am Taobas aqcenti TviTrealizaciaze gadaaqvs
da arCevans sazogadoebrivi interesebis msaxurebis tradiciuli gagebis
uaryofisa da ufro gamomwvevi qcevis sasargeblod akeTebs. amitomac
aris
TvalSisacemi
am
Taobis
qalTa
artistuloba
da
xelovnebiT
daintereseba.
kidev erTi TvalSisacemi gansxvaveba am or Taobas Soris isaa,
rom
meore
Taobis
warmomadgenlebma
absoluturi
TanasworobisTvis
brZola daisaxes miznad, rac yvela sferoSi mamakacebTan gaTanabrebas
gulisxmobda.
mokled
SeWrili
Tma,
sigaretis
moweva,
Tavisufali
seqsualuri urTierTobebi am tendenciis formaluri gamovlineba iyo. am
etapze „WeSmariti qalurobis kultis~ kvali aRar SeimCneva da aseTi
radikalizmi iseve Znelad misaRebi xdeba pirveli Taobis axali tipis
qalebisTvis, rogorc Tavis droze maTi saqmianoba - respeqtabeluri
sazogadoebisTvis.
Tu
magaliTisTvis
xelovnebis
propagandisa
da
mecenatobis
sferoSi moRvawe qalebs ganvixilavT, vnaxavT, rom samoqalaqo omamdel
da
uSualod
mis
Semdeg
saqvelmoqmedo
saqmianobis,
paralelurad,
asparezze
periodSi
qalTaTvis
xelsaqmisa
gamoCndnen
da
qalebi,
dasaSvebad
saxlis
miCneuli
dekorirebis
romlebic
TavianTi
interesebiTa da miswrafebebiT sazogadoebriv CarCoebs gascdnen da,
garkveulwilad, Seamzades me-20 saukunis dasawyisis xelovnebis mecenati
da muzeumebis damfuZnebeli qalbatonebis asparezze gamosvla.
83
,
ebi rokefelerisa da gertrud vanderbilTis mier daarsebuli
Tanamedrove xelovnebisa (the Museum of Modern Art, MOMA, 1929) da
Tanamedrove amerikuli xelovnebis (Whitmey Museum of American Art, 1931)
muzeumebi, Tvisobrivad axali safexuri iyo xelovnebis sferoSi moRvawe
qalTa
saqmianobaSi.
ignorirebuli
da
„safrTxis
Semcveli~
mimarTulebebis (avangardi da Tanamedrove amerikuli xelovneba) arCeva,
mamakacTa
konkurentul
sivrceSi
Tanabar
moTamaSed
warmoCena
da
sakuTari miswrafebebisa da ideebis warmatebuli institucionalizacia
ukve e.w. axali tipis qalisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli miswrafebebisa da
qmedebis maCvenebeli iyo.
xelovnebis
sferoTi
dainteresebuli
axali
tipis
qalis
maxasiaTeblebelTa CamoyalibebaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa a) ojaxis
struqturulma
da
Tvisobrivma
cvlilebebma,
b)
ganaTlebis
xelmisawvdomobam da misdami gazrdilma interesma da g) masobrivma
kluburma
moZraobam,
romlis
saqmianobis
Sedegad
TanamoazreTa
da
xelovnebiT dainteresebul qalTa masStaburi qseli Seiqmna.
a) ojaxSi momxdari cvlilebebi da mis SigniT Secvlili qalTa
roli
Tamamad
qalurobidan~
bolosTvis,
xarjze,
axali
qveynis
paralelurad,
Semcireba,
SeiZleba
moxda
maTi
ufro
CaiTvalos
tipis
qalisken
gafarToebisa
ojaxis
daaxloveba
xangrZlivi
mniSvnelovan
mimaval
da
sicocxlis
Tanaarseboba.
gzaze.
„WeSmariti
me-19
urbanizaciis
transformacia:
da
nabijad
am
wevrebis
saukunis
procesis
raodenobrivi
xangrZlivobis
cvlilebebis
gazrdis
wyalobiT,
amerikuli ojaxi ufro Sekruli instituti gaxda. dedam da meuRlem am
axal realobaSi gazrdili avtoriteti, statusi da kontrolis ufleba
moipova.
qalis am axalma statusma, Tavis mxriv, Semdegi Sedegebi gamoiRo:
Sobadobis Semcireba (Gordon, 1976);
bavSvebis raodenobis Semcireba maT
mimarT met yuradRebas uzrunvelyofda da amave dros, qals met dros
utovebda
ojaxis
gareT
saqmianobisTvis;
ganqorwinebaTa
raodenobis
zrda, romlis mizezi gazrdili momTxovneloba iyo da ara ojaxis
institutis Seryeva (May, 1980); moTxovnebis standartis awevis Sedegi iyo
84
,
isic, rom qalTa meti raodenoba
saerTod uars ambobda qorwinebaze. am
tendenciis erT-erTi mizezi isic iyo, rom martoxela qalebs metis
miRweva
SeeZloT
profesiul
da
saganmanaTleblo
sferoebsa
da
reformatorul saqmianobaSi. nensi uoloxi amis Sesaxeb wers:
„martoxela qalma profesiuli Camoyalibebis, reformebisa da qalTa
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
„samaradJamod
ganuyofel
wamyvani
dauqorwinebeli~
nawilad
iqca
roli
ikisra.
jein
qali-liderebis
iseve,
didi
rogoc
adamsi
kohortis
lilian
uoldi
(TavSesafrebis moZraoba), frensis uilardi (qristianuli zomierebis
moZraoba), en hovard Sou (sufraJistuli moZraoba) da m. qori
Tomasi (qalTa ganaTleba). progresivizmis xanaSi, rodesac qalis
gavlenam
sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaze
axal
simaRleebs
miaRwia,
karierul pikze gacilebiT meti martoxela qali imyofeboda, vidre
odesme, manamdec da Semdegac.~ (Wolach, 2002:184)
SeiZleba
martoxela
iTqvas,
qals
dasaqmebuliyo
meti
saukunis
Sansi
hqonda
qalebTan
mieRo
saSualo
umaRlesi
klasis
ganaTleba,
sazogadoebrivi
saqmianoba ewarmoebina (Deutch, 2000). yovelive amis gamo
„Sinaberoba~ ara
dasaSvebi,
sxva
bolosTvis
gaerTianebuls
mxolod
da
me-19
aramed
sasurveli
arCevani
gaxda.
demografiuli
pasuxismgeblobebi, gazrdili momTxovneloba, arCevanis SesaZlebloba da
sakuTari aRmatebulobis gancda, me-19 saukunis miwuruls martoxela
qalebis
sazogadoebriv
asparezze
gamoCenas
da
dawinaurebas
uzrunvelyofda. am sqemaSi didi iyo umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone qalebis
roli da wili.
b) 1862 wels amerikis kongresis mier miRebulma morilis kanonma
(Morrill
Act),
umaRlesi
saswavleblebis
saxelmwifo
dafinanseba
da
samoqalaqo omis dros qalebis saswavleblad miReba SesaZlebeli gaxada.
daaxloebiT
amave
periodSi
daarsebulma
qalTa
kolejebma
qalebis
mdgomareoba samudamod Secvala, Tumca es Sedegi mogvianebiT, istoriul
perspeqtivaSi ufro gamoCnda. qalTa umaRlesi ganaTlebis Seswavlisadmi
miZRvnil naSromebSi aRniSnulia, rom Tu 1870 wels kolejis asakis
mosaxleobis mxolod erTi procenti swavlobda, maT 21 procents qalebi
85
,
Seadgendnen.
1910
wlisTvis
es
monacemi
sagrZnoblad
Seicvala
da
Sesabamisad 5% da 40% gaxda (Woloch, 2002: 186). am monacemebis axsna
ramdenime
poziciidan
SeiZleba.
skolebSi
gogonebis
moWarbeba,
ganaTlebis
mimarT
SesaZleblobebi
am
win
samoqalaqo
mamakacebis
da
movlenas
interesis
saqmianoba
ufro
uswrebda
omis
saSualo
Semdeg
Semcireba,
prioritetul
umaRlesi
radgan
biznes
mimarTulebad
miiCneoda. aman gaaCina sicariele umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebebSi,
romelic
qalebma
saswrafod
Seavses.
ukve
1880
wlisTvis
Sereuli
swavlebis dawesebulebebSi es procesi aSkara da sagrZnobi iyo.
1870
wlisTvis
rva
universiteti
student
qalebs
iRebs;
1900
wlisTvis maTi raodenoba ganuzomlad (1867 wels 22 universiteti, 1900
wels - xuTjer meti) gaizarda. saxelmwifo dafinansebaze myofi es
dawesebulebebi Sereuli swavlebis principiT muSaobda, magram vasaris
qalTa kolejis kvaldakval 1870-1880-ian wlebSi qalTa araerTi koleji
gaixsna26.
es procesi uamrav teqnikur sirTulesa da winaaRmdegobasTan iyo
dakavSirebuli, rasac vasaris „eqsperimentaluri~ arsic adasturebda.
dRes es sasacilod JRers, magram am kolejis amocana iyo daemtkicebina,
rom aristokratiuli da SeZlebuli ojaxebis qaliSvilebs SeeZloT
rTuli akademiuri gamowvevebis daZleva fizikuri janmrTelobisa da
fsiqiuri
winasworobis
darRvevis
gareSe.
arsebobda
mosazreba,
rom
kolejdamTavrebuli qalbatonebi fsiqiurad dasaxiCrebul pirovnebebad
Camoyalibdebodnen,
gaaCendnen;
da
Tu
verasdros daqorwindebodnen da verc
es
mainc
moxdeboda,
nerviul
da
bavSvebs
avadmyof
memkvidreobas datovebdnen. amitom vasaris da mis msgavs dawesebulebebs
unda daemtkicebina, rom isini qveyanas ara mxolod ganaTlebul, aramed
janmrTel kursdamTavrebulebs miscemdnen. am miznis misaRwevad, uamravi
siaxle
inergeboda:
paralelurad
humanitaruli
iswavleboda
„qaluri~
da
sabunebismetyvelo
sagnebic
-
musika,
sagnebis
xelovneba,
saojaxo saqme; amtanobis gasaZliereblad gansakuTrebuli roli fizikur
26
Wellesley -1875, Smith – 1875, Bryn Mawr – 1884, Bernard – 1889, Radcliff – 1894.
86
,
aRzrdas eTmoboda. amasTan erTad, kolejebi uzrunvelyofdnen axali
tipis socializacias, romelic aqamde qalebisTvis miuwvdomeli iyo.
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
kolejebi
miznad
isaxavda
ojaxisa
da
sazogadoebis erTdrouli samsaxurisTvis qalebis momzadebas, kolejis
damTavrebis
Semdgomi
saqmianoba
mainc
seriozul
problemas
warmoadgenda. es qalebi Tavs izolirebulad da gariyulad grZnobdnen
da
swavlisas
miRebuli
codnisa
da
gamocdilebis
gamoyenebis
uperspeqtivoba maT depresiul ganwyobas uqmnida. sazogadoebis TvalSi
ki mTavari negatiuri Sedegi qorwinebis maCveneblis daweva iyo.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kolejdamTavrebuli qalebi
axal elitarul fenas warmoadgendnen, romelmac sagrZnobi cvlilebebi
moaxdina rogorc ojaxis, aseve dasaqmebisa da sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis
sxvadasxva frontebze. me-20 saukunis dasawyisisTvis kursdamTavrebulTa
17
procents
frontze
qalebi
isini
am
Seadgendnen.
marTalia,
ukanasknelT
mamakacebis
konkurencias
ver
dasaqmebis
uwevdne,
maT
intensiurad ganaviTares „qaluri~ profesiebi da aiTvises is carieli
niSebi, romelic uxvad arsebobda (Solomon, 1985; Antler, 1980; Wein, 1974).
g)
am
gamorCeuli
periodis
niSani,
realobis
romelmac
kidev
axali
erTi
tipis
ganmasxvavebeli
qalis
da
damkvidreba
uzrunvelyo da mis Semdgom evolucias Seuwyo xeli, saSualo da maRali
klasis qalTa mier Seqmnili gaerTianebebi iyo. 1880-ian wlebSi mzardi
mravalricxovnebiT
gamoirCeoda
qristianuli
zomierebis
irgvliv
Seqmnili sazogadoebebi, 1890-iani wlebidan ki aRmavlobis gzaze iyo
qalTa klubebi, romelTa didi nawili SemoqmedebiT saqmianobaze an mis
popularizaciaze
iyo
orientirebuli
(Flanagan, 1990;
Wells, 1958). am
moZraobis masStaburobam ojaxis gamijnuli sivrcidan qalis gamoRweva
da aseve gamijnul sajaro sivrceSi misi damkvidreba
mkvlevrebi
paralels
avleben
me-19
saukunis
uzrunvelyo.
sanitaruli
komisiis
masStaburobasa da funqcias da am klubur moZraobas Soris (Woloch, 2002:
197), Tumca, arsebiTi gansxvavebac arsebobda: sanitaruli komisia qalebs
aerTianebda, magram mamakacebis mier iyo marTuli maSin, rodesac am axal
asociaciebs qalebi edgnen saTaveSi; samoqalaqo omamdeli da Semdgomi
87
,
wlebis asociaciebi klerikalur sawyisebze iqmneboda maSin rodesac am
ukanasknelT saero xasiaTi hqonda. aniSnuli gaerTianebebis meSveobiT
qalebi sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi radikalizmis gareSe CaerTnen da
TanamoazreTa
wreSi
TviTdamkvidrebas
sazogadoebebisgan
sakuTari
eweodnen;
me-19
gansxvavebiT,
miswrafebebis
saukunis
am
realizaciasa
dekoratiuli
periodSi
da
xelovnebis
Seqmnili
klubebi
mravalricxovnebiT, mravalferovnebiTa da masStaburobiT gamoirCeoda.
qeTlin maqarTi aRwers am gzaze ganvlil uaRresad saintereso
etaps da qalTa klubebis rols am procesebSi. Tavdapirvel funqciasa
da
amocanebTan
SedarebiT,
saukunis
dasawyisSi
qalTa
klubebSi
sagrZnobi gadaxra moxda socialuri saqmianobis mimarTulebiT, magram
miuxedavad amisa, meoce saukunis 20-iani wlebis CaTvliT xelovnebis
popularizaciis mimarT interesi mainc SenarCunda. magaliTad, meoce
saukunis
pirvel
dekadaSi saintereso
Serwyma
moxda
progresivizmis
reformatorul moZraobasa da garemos esTetizaciis kuTxiT mimdinare
saqmianobas Soris. Cikagos qalTa klubis prezidenti 1910 wels, amasTan
dakavSirebiT, Semdeg komentars akeTebs:
„saxli Cveni cxovrebis centria. Cven unda SevitanoT xelovneba
saxlebSi; saxlebidan am silamazem ubanSi unda gadainacvlos. erTi
ubnidan
ki
sxva
ubanSi.
am
gziT
Cven
mTeli
Cveni
qalaqis
esTetizirebas movaxdenT~. (Boris, 1993: 34)
meoce saukunis 20-iani wlebisTvis TviTganaTleba kidev erTxel
iqca aqtualur Temad. qalTa klubebis gaerTianeba (General Federation of
Women’s
Club)
aqtiurad
CaerTo
xelovnebis
propagandis
saqmeSi.
propagandis saSualebebad iseve, rogorc me-19 saukunis Sua wlebSi,
iyenebdnen
publikaciebs,
saganmanaTleblo
kursebs,
xatvisa
da
kompoziciis swavlebas. am organizaciis wevrTa amocana da Rrma rwmena
is iyo, rom SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba yvelas unda SeeZlos da ara
mxolod niWier erTeulebs. amerikis xelovnebis federaciasTan erTad
(American Federation of Art), erToblivi proeqtebi xorcieldeboda, moZravi
gamofenebisa da leqciebis saxiT da zustad ise, rogorc 50 wlis win
dekoratiuli xelovnebis nimuSebi mogzaurobda qalTa organizaciebis
88
,
qselis meSveobiT, meoce saukunis 20-ian wlebSi igive sqemiT axali
Temebi
gaSuqda.
marTalia,
ZiriTadi
aqcenti
keTdeboda
garemos
esTetizaciasa da saxlis dekorirebis axal tendenciebze, Suqdeboda
iseTi
Temebic,
rogoricaa
„muzeumebis
saganmanaTleblo
roli,~
an
„Tanamedrove amerikuli xelovneba~. es ukanaskneli, magaliTad, farTo
sazogadoebasAeSqenis skolis27 urbanul realizms acnobda (McCarthy, 1991:
187).
rogorc
Tanamimdevruli
vxedavT,
memkvidreobiToba
da
tradiciebis
gagrZeleba xelovnebis propagandiT dakavebul qalTa
erT-erTi Zlieri mxare iyo, gambedaobasTan, ganaTlebisken swrafvasa da
sazogadoebrivi
aqtiurobis
did
survilTan
erTad.
qalTa
klubebis
saqmianobis umniSvnelovanesi rolis erT-erT magaliTad Semdegi faqti
gamodgeba:
1934
wels
qalTa
klubebis
gaerTianeba
Tanamedrove
xelovnebis muzeums (MoMA) SeuerTda da Seqmna radiogadacemebisa da
publikaciebis
seria
Tanamedrove
xelovnebis
Sesaxeb,
romelic
aTwleulebis manZilze did interess iwvevda da umniSvnelovanes rols
asrulebda am axali tendenciebis ganmartebasa da popularizaciaSi.
3.2 avangardi amerikaSi da qalTa wvlili mis popularizaciaSi
dResdReobiT, SesaZloa, Zneli warmosadgenic iyos, magram
me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi Tanamedrove xelovnebis mxardaWerasa
da
propagandas
avangardsim dros
erTgvari
amboxebis
saxe
hqonda,
radgan
radikalizmis ieri dahkravda . miuxedavad amisa,
me-20 saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi Tanamedrove xelovnebis sami mTavari
muzeumi28 niu-iorkSi swored qalebma daaarses.
27
eSqenis skola (Ashcan School) – 20-e saukunis dasawyisSi niu-iorkSi Camoyalibebuli
amerikeli realisti mxatvrebis jgufi, romlis yvelaze gamorCeuli figurebi cnobili
iyvnen saxelwodebiT - `rvani~ (The Eight).
28Tanamedrove xelovnebis muzeumi (Museum of Modern Art), uiTnis amerikuli xelovnebis
muzeumi (Whitney Museum of American Art) ,gugenhaimis muzeumi (Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum).
89
,
Tumca amas win uZRoda me-20 saukunis dasawyisis radikaluri
cvlilebebis epoqa. am periodis amerikaSi socializmi, komunizmi da
anarqizmi
kapitalizmsa
alkoholuri
depresiis
sasmelebis
periodebi
damis
faseulobebs
akrZalvis,
saocari
safrTxes
materialuri
siswrafiT
bumisa
enacvleboda
uqmnida;
da
didi
erTmaneTs;
erTmaneTs Seejaxa darvinis evoluciuri Teoria da samyaros Seqmnis
bibliuri
interpretacia29;
jazis,
pirveli safreni aparatebis
avtomobilebis,
epoqaazrovnebis
gangsterebisa
da
Zveleburi standartebis
msxvrevisperiodad mogvevlina.
revoluciuri cvlilebebi yvelgan da yvelaferSi igrZnoboda.
am fonze sruliad bunebrivi iyo radikaluri siaxleebi xelovnebaSic.
stravinskis musika, diagilevis sabaleto dadgmebi, jeims joisisa da
andre bretonis literaturuli qmnilebebi erTianad amsxvrevda
manamde
arsebul kanonebs. amerikam am procesebs mravalferovani literaturuli
palitriT upasuxa da daiwyo hemingueis, ficjeraldis, ezra paundis,
iujin o’nilis, stაinbekisa da Tornton uailderis epoqa. am periodis
amerikeli mxatvrebi da moqandakeebi kidev ufro metad moeqcnen am axali,
revoluciuri cvlilebebis gavlenis qveS da am cvlilebebis akvans,
parizs miaSures. parizSi imxanad mimdinare procesebi safuZvels uyrida
im siaxlis dabadebas, romelic dRes fovizmis, kubizmis, dadaizmisa da
siurealizmis
epicentri
iyo,
saxeliTaa
magram
cnobili.
aqac,
marTalia,
xsenebuli
parizi
siaxleebis
am
procesebis
damkvidreba
didi
teqnikuri da ideologiuri sirTuleebis gadalaxvis xarjze xdeboda.
29
sqoufis procesi (The Scopes Trial) - sasamarTlo procesi, romelic oficialurad
cnobilia rogorc tenesis Stati jon Tomas sqoufis winaaRmdeg 1925 wels Sedga.
skolis maswavlebels, jon sqoufs brali edeboda tenesis Statis kanonmdeblobis
(Tennesse’s Butler Act) darRvevaSi, romelic saxelmwifo skolaSi evoluciuri Teoriebis
swavlebaskrZalavda.
sqoufi damnaSaved scnes da 100 dolariT daajarimes. process didi gamoxmaureba
mohyva.igi modernistuli da fundamentalisturi Teoriebis dapirispirebis kidev erTi
sajaro gamovlineba iyo. modernistuli Teoriis mimdevrebi ganviTarebis evoluciuri
Teoriis
momxreni
iyvnen
da
religiasTan
mis
Tavsebadobas
gamoricxavdnen.
fundamentalistebi adamianis codnis erTaderT wyarod biblias miiCnevdnen.
90
,
„natifi xelovnebis
(the Ecole des Beaux- Art) da Jiulianis
skola
akademia (the Academy Julian) axalgazrda parizel mxatvarTa aRmafrenas
iseve
abrkolebda,
rogorc
erovnuli
akademia
-
niu-iorkel
xelovanebs. amitom msgavsi dawesebulebebis winaaRmdeg masStaburi,
gaSmagebuli Seteva ganxorcielda. am moZraobas saTaveSi edgnen
anri matisi da misi mimdevrebi, romlebsac amis gamo „nadirebic~ ki
uwodes (fauves).
pablo pikasom da JorJ brakma ki cota xanSi kubizmis koncefciac
SeimuSaves,
rogorc
alternativa.
usicocxlo
xelovnebis
postimpresionistebi
-
axal
pol
gansakuTrebiT pol sezani~,
akademiuri
gogeni,
naturalizmis
RmerTebad
vinsent
gamocxaddnen
van
gogi
da
vkiTxulobT amerikuli xelovnebisadmi
miZRvnil gamocemaSi (Craven, 2003 : 444).
es procesebi saukunis dasawyisSi parizSi dawyebuli moZraobis
Sedegi iyo: 1903 wlidan moyolebuli oficialur sagamofeno darbazebSi
ardaSvebuli mxatvrebi alternatiul sivrceSi (Salon d’Automne) marTavdnen
gamofenebs; 1905 wels aq gamarTuli eqspoziciebi ukve gacilebiT met
Semoqmeds maspinZlobda, maT Soris, amerikel mxatvrebs- maqs vebers,
patrik henri brussa da jon martins. imave wels kidev erTma axalma
galeream
(Salon des Indepedant)
grandiozuli
parizuli
gamofena;
bina
1906
evropeli
warmoadgina
wlidan
da
gogenisa
gertrud
amerikeli
da
da
leo
avangardisti
van
gogis
stainebis
mwerlebis,
mxatvrebisa da moqandakeebis TavSeyris adgili gaxda. swored aq eziara
uamravi amerikeli xelovani, koleqcioneri da mecenati xelovnebis am
axal mimdinareobebs. 1907 wels pikasos mier Seqmnili tilo avinioneli
qalwulebi (Demoiselles d’Avignon) kubizmis dabadebis maniSnebeli iyo. 1908
wels, parizSi mcxovrebma meamboxe amerikelma mxatvrebma Camoayalibes
e.w. axali sazogadoeba (The New Society), romlis pirveli Sekreba amerikeli
mxatvrisa da fotografis - edvard stiSenis (1879-1973) studiaSi Sedga. am
figuras amerikaSi avangardis popularizaciaSi udidesi roli miuZRvis,
radgan swored is iyo alfred Stiglicis (1864-1946) mier niu-iorkSi
91
,
gaxsnili revoluciuri galereisTvis avangarduli mxatvrobis nimuSebis
mimwodebeli.
marTalia, amerikuli avangarduli mxatvrobis skola franguli
avangardis pirmSoa, magram araerTi niWieri xelovanis wyalobiT man
ganviTarebis unikaluri gza gaiara da gamorCeuli warmomadgenlebic
hyavs30.
modernistuli
StatebSi
xelovnebisadmi
ramdenime
gadamwyveti
interesis
faqtoris
zrda
gareSe
SeerTebul
warmoudgeneli
iqneboda. Tavad gamorCeuli mxatvrebis arsebobis paralelurad, maTi
xelovnebis
gegmazomieri
da
mizanmimarTuli
propaganda
aucilebeli
piroba iyo.
erT-erTi
aseTi
kera
alfred
Stiglicis
mier
daarsebuli
samxatvro galerea iyo, romelic misi niu-iorkuli misamarTis gamo (291,
mexuTe aveniu, niu-iorki) galerea 291-is saxeliTaa cnobili.
xelovnebis istoriis mkvlevrebi miiCneven, rom alfred Stiglicma
im drois TiTqmis yvela saintereso avangardisti xelovani Semoikriba da
mtrulad
ganwyobil
anti-modernistul
garemoSi
maTTvis
es
adgili
namdvili TavSesafari gaxda (Craven, 2003: 452). rogorc jgufs, am mxatvrebs
erTi
saerTo
mrwamsi
ar
hqondaT,
30
magram
maTi
gadakveTis
wertili
alfred morieri (1868-1932) – akademiuri ganaTlebis miuxedavad, misi Semoqmedeba
matisis Zlieri gavlenis qveS moeqca. 1909 wels misi saukeTeso namuSevrebi Stiglicis
galereaSi (galerea 291)iqna gamofenili.
artur qarlsi (1882-1952) – filadelfieli mxatvari, romelic saukunis dasawyisSi
parizSi dauaxlovda alfred moriers, gerTrud da leo stainebs, iyo matisis mowafe.
1910-11 wlebSi galerea291 mis gamofenebs maspinZlobs. mogvianebiT man pedagogiuri
saqmianoba
gaagrZela
da
filadelfiaSi
modernistuli
xelovnebis
aqtiur
propagandasac eweoda.
patrik henri brusi (1881-1936) – virjiniidan jer niu-iorkSi gaemgzavra saswavleblad,
Semdeg ki parizSi. misi adreuli namuSevrebi sinqromizmsa da ferebTan dakavSirebul
eqsperimentebs ukavSirdeba.
maqs veberi (1881-1961) - rusi ebraelebis ojaxSi dabadebuli, igi amerikaSi 10 wlis
asakSi moxvda da bruklinis Rarib nawilSi gaizarda. 1905-08 wlebSi parizSi
cxovrebisas veberi aqtiurad erTveba kubistebisa da fovistebis eqsperimentebSi. 1910
wels niu-iorkSi dabrunebis Semdeg misi Semoqmedeba kubizmis mimarTulebiT viTardeba.
sayuradReboa, rom mas Semdeg, rac misi ramdenime namuSevari armori Souze
gamosafenadar miiRes, veberma yvela naxati gamoiwvia da Sedegad avangardis am
mniSvnelovan forumze misi Semoqmedebawarmodgenili ar iyo.
92
,
modernistuli idealebis erTguleba iyo. am jgufSi moiazrebodnen maqs
veberi, jon martini, arTur dovi, marsden harTli da jorjia oqofi.
es sagamofeno sivrce 1903 wlidan 1917 wlamde funqcionirebda da
man
drois
am
monakveTSi
sazogadoebis
winaSe
80-mde
gamofenas
pirvelad
warsdgnen
umaspinZla.
1909
wels
amerikeli
modernisti
mxatvrebi; erTi wlis Semdeg, 1910 wels saerTo saTauriT “Young American
Painters” Sedga amerikeli mxatvrebis pirveli msxvili gamofena. farTo
sazogadoebis
daundobel
didi
interesis
kritikas
garda,
imsaxurebda,
es
RonisZiebebi
romelTa
eqspertebis
umetesoba
erTxmad
amtkicebda, rom amerikuli xelovneba „sigiJem da anarqiam~ moicva.
amerikeli avangardistebis garda galerea 291-Si warmodgenili
iyvnen iseTi evropeli Semoqmedebi, rogorebicaa rodeni, sezani, matisi,
braki da ruso. msgavs proeqtebs Stiglici parizSic axorcielebda
Tavisi
partnioris,
Eedvard
stiSenis
daxmarebiT.
mniSvnelovani
iyo,
aseve, misi redaqtorobiT gamomavali Jurnalis Camera Work-is furclebze
asaxuli informacia gamofenebisa da xelovnebaSi mimdinare uaxlesi
tendenciebis Sesaxeb.
amerikaSi
mamakacTa
avangardis
prerogativa
iyo,
propaganda
Tumca
am
etapze,
xelovnebis
am
rogorc
vxedavT,
mimarTulebisadmi
qalebis intersi ukve arsebobda da aqtiurad vlindeboda. sabolood ki,
qalebi
am
sferos
mogvevlinen
da
erTpirovnul
da
institucionalizaciis
erTaderT
propagandistebad
iniciatorebic
gaxdnen,
damkvidrebuli da myari reputaciis mqone muzeumebisgan gansxvavebiT.
bunebrivia, es procesi etapobrivad viTardeboda da erT-erTi aseTi etapi
1913 wels niu-iorkSi Catarebuli Tanamedrove xelovnebis saerTaSoriso
gamofenis (International Exhibition of Modern Art), armori Sous (Armory Show)
saxeliTaa cnobili.
sayovelTaod
mniSvnelobis
mxatvrebis
aRiarebuli
kulturuli
jgufi
faqtia,
movlena
iyo.
rom
1912
es
gamofena
wlidan
udidesi
moyolebuli,
(Association of American Painters and Sculptors),
romlis
prezidentad artur deivisi airCies, gegmavda sazogadoebisTvis gaecno
Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi mimdinare siaxleebi. amisTvis maT namuSevrebis
93
,
SesarCevad evropaSi xangrZlivi periodi dahyves, raTa srulad aesaxaT
Tanamedrove xelovnebis yvela tendencia. kritikosebisa da oficialuri
saxelovnebo wreebis Riad mtruli ganwyobis gamo, naklebad savaraudo
iyo,
dizainis erovnuli akademia (National Academy of Design) aseT
rom
RonisZiebas mxars dauWerda da umaspinZlebda. 1913 wlis 17 Tebervals,
niu-iorkis 69-e polkis arsenalis31 SenobaSi 1300-mde namuSevriT gaixsna
gamofena, romelic 70 000 damTvalierebelma moinaxula. sezani, gogeni,
van gogi, matisi, pikaso, pikabia, kandinski - ai ramdenime saxeli, romelic
warmodgenas gviqmnis RonisZiebis mniSvnelobaze. Tavisi masStaburobiT
(da ara mniSvnelobiT) am movlenam gadafara da gaaRrmava Stiglicisa da
misi
galereis
roli
Tanamedrove
xelovnebis
popularizaciaSi
da
rogorc im dros werdnen „mowoneba-armowonebis miuxedavad, armori Sous
Semdeg
amerikaSi
Tanamedrove
xelovnebis
ignorirebas
veRaravin
SeZlebda~ (Craven,2003: 460).
gamoxmaureba,
romelic
armori
Sous
mohyva,
araerTgverovani iyo. erT-erTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad:
„amerikelTa
xelovnebis
uravlesobas
sferoSi
maTi
qveynis
ganviTarebuli
farglebs
uCveulo
gareT
movlenebis
Sesaxeb mxolod yurmokvriT Tu smenoda; amitom es adamianebi
sruliad moumzadeblebi aRmoCndnen maT Tvalwin gadaSlili
postimpresionizmis,
Sokismomgvreli
kubizmisa
da
zegavlenisTvis.
fovizmis
niu-iorkSi
nimuSebis
gamarTul
erTTvian gamofenas samocdaaT aTasze meti damTvalierebeli
moawyda.
mTels
movlena
qveyanas,
intensiurad
pirdapir
Suqdeboda
presiT,
romelic
rom vTqvaT, azanzarebda.~ (Brown,
1988: 131)
gamofenas kritikuli da zogjer radikaluri Sefasebebic mohyva.
erT-erTi gazeTi aseT rCevas iZleoda: „samjer datrialdiT, orjer
hkariT
Tavi
kedels
da
Tu
amas
sakmarisi
dainaxoT, ra aris gamosaxuli tiloze.~
31
Targmani:
armory
94
ZaliT
gaakeTebT,
iqneb
,
Tu niu-iorkis gamofenam erTdroulad aRfrTovaneba, Soki da
gaogneba gamoiwvia, bostonsa da CikagoSi reaqcia kidev ufro mZafri iyo:
samxatvro akademiis studentma protestis niSnad sajarod dawva marsel
diuSamis32 suraTis SiSveli qali kibeze (Nude Descending a Staircase) asli.
gazeTebi
pirdapir
xelovnebis
werdnen,
akademia,
gansxvavebulobis
rom
magram
miuxedavad,
am
gamofenam
reaqciis
erTi
ram
aseTi
„wabilwa~
Cikagos
radikalurobisa
udavo
iyo,
„amerikam
da
myisve
gaacnobiera avangardis arseboba~. (Brown, 1988: 206)
marTalia,
am
popularizaciisken
iniciativiTa
da
periodSi
mimarTuli
ZalisxmeviT
avangardis
RonosZiebebis
iyo
propagandიsa
umetesoba
organizebuli,
da
mamakacebis
gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebis Rirsia qalebis roli 1913 wels gamarTuli armori Sous
mxardamWeraSi.
am RonisZiebaSi qalebis CarTuloba mravalmxrivi iyo. aRsaniSnavia
maTi finansuri mxardaWera: qalebi saorganizacio miznebisTvis Tanxebis
SegrovebaSic CaerTvnen da gamofenili eqsponatebis SeZenaSic aqtiurad
monawileobdnen.
mniSvnelovania,
magaliTad,
meibel
doj
luTanis
wvlili. moqandake jo deividsonTan megobrobam mas saSualeba misca
daaxloeboda arTur deviss da Semdeg masTan erTad aqtiurad CarTuliyo
armori Sous saorganizacio saqmeebSi. misi koleqciidan Tanamedrove
xelovnebis naxatebis gamofenisa da finansuri uzrunvelyofis garda,
presaSi araerTistatiisa da intervius meSveobiT, igi aqtiurad aSuqebda
am movlenas. ase magaliTad, Jurnal Arts and Decoration-is erT-erT
nomers,
romelic mTlianad armori Sous daeTmo, mis mier gertrud stainze
dawerili statia amSvenebda. Tanxebis moZiebaSi aqtiurad iyo CarTuli
interieris dizaineri klara deivijic.
sainteresoa,
aseve,
rom
300
monawilidan,
sxvadasxva
wyaroze
dayrdnobiT, (Schapiro, 2011) 50 monawile mandilosani iyo. es mxatvari
qalebi im SemoqmedTa pirveli Taobis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, romlebmac
32
marsel diuSami (1887-1968) (Marcel Duchamp) franko-amerikeli mxatvari, moqandake da
mwerali, romlis saxeli dadaizmTan da konceptualur xelovnebaTan asocirdeba.
95
,
met-naklebad Tanaswor pirobebSi miiRes samxatvro ganaTleba da niWis
Tavisuflad gamovlenis saSualebac miecaT. mravalTa Soris davasaxeleb
qeTrin dreiers, meri kasetsa da margaret zoraCs. mniSvnelovan da
gavlenian
jgufs
propagandisti
warmoadgendnen
qalebic:
gertrud
koleqcioneri
uiTnim,
qeTrin
da
avangardis
dreierma
da
seli
stainma armori Souze TavianTi koleqciebidan tiloebi warmoadgines.
istorikosi henri mei erT-erT narkvevSi aRniSnavda, rom armori
Sou
is
movlena
iyo,
romelic
amerikuli
„umankoebis~
dasasrulis
maniSnebeli gaxda. is iyo Zveli normebis msxvrevis niSani; swored im
normebisa,
romlebic
me-19
saukunis
Sua
wlebidan
1912
wlamde
iyo
gabatonebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom armori Soum gazarda amerikis
interesi avangardis mimarT, misi damkvidrebisTvis brZola jer kidev
mogebuli ar iyo; meoce saukunis 20-iani wlebis CaTvliT ZiriTadi
muzeumebi gulgril da mtrul ganwyobilebasac ki inarCunebda am axali
tendenciebis
mimarT.
metropolitenis
MmarTalia,
muzeumi
pensilvaniis
postimpresionistul
samxatvro
akademia
gamofenebs
da
marTavdnen,
maTi umetesoba mudmivmoqmedi ar iyo, an naklebad radikalur namuSevrebs
warmoadgenda.
magaliTisTvis,
metropolitenis
muzeumSi
agnes
ernsT
meieris, lili blisis, arTur deivisisa da gertrud vanderbilT uiTnis
TaosnobiT gamarTuli gamofenac gamodgeba. masze warmodgenili dega,
renuari, mone, gogeni da sezani sazogadoebas met-naklebad misaRebad
eCveneboda.
igive tendenciis gamovlineba iyo sxva faqtic: magaliTad, matiss
karnegis
prizi33
mianiWes,
magram
imavdroulad
kategoriulad erideboda Tanamedrove xelovnebis
metropoliteni
namuSevrebis SeZenas.
muzeumis erTerTma kuratorma lamis Tanamdebobac ki dakarga armori
Souze sezanis naxatis SeZenis gamo. Mmeoce saukunis 40-ian wlebamde
metropolitenis
oficialuri pozicia
aseTi iyo:
„1900
wlis
Semdeg
mniSvnelovani araferi daxatula da Seqmnila.~ (May, 1959: 393)
33
karnegis jildo (The Carnegie Prize) – saerTaSoriso
karnegis xelovnebis muzeumi mxatvrebs ajildovebda.
96
jildo,
romliTac
pitsburgi
,
am
realobis
dafinansebasa
da
gaTvaliswinebiT,
popularizaciaSi
am
gamofenis
qalebis
mier
organizebaSi,
Setanili
wvlili
fasdaudebelia.
Tu
franguli
xelovneba
meoce
saukunis
20-iani
wlebisTvis
metnaklebad damkvidrda da misaRebi gaxda, sxva qveynebis modernistuli
xelovneba sruliad miuRebeli iyo, gansakuTrebiT, pirveli msoflio
omis
Semdgomi
konteqstSi
periodis
izolacionizmisa
(Berman, 1990: 243). zogierTma
da
e.w.
wiTeli
kritikosma
safrTxis
sakmaod
mkvaxe
iarliyi miakra xelovnebaSi Tanamedrove tendenciebis mimdevrebs da maT
„SeSlilebic~ (Freakists) ki uwodebda.
modernistuli xelovnebis qomagebis, gertrud uiTnisa da juliana
forbsisadmi miZRvnil wignSi avis bermani aRwers 1926 wels moxdar
incidents,
romelic TvalnaTliv asaxavs im qilikisa da dausabuTebeli
kritikis atmosferos, romliTac imxanad Tanamedrove xelovneba iyo
garemoculi:
konstantin brankuzis34 cnobili skulptura frinveli sivrceSi
(Bird in Space) parizidan dabrunebulma eduard stiSenma amerikaSi Caitana.
sabaJos TanamSromelma kategoriuli uari ganacxada deklaraciaSi es
nivTi „xelovnebis nimuSis~ grafaSi Caewera. dRes Sedevrad aRiarebuli
es qandakeba, samzareulosTvis gankuTvnil nivTad gaformda da sabaJo
gadasaxadis saxiT damatebiTi 240 dolari daericxa. gertrud uiTnis
ZalisxmeviT,
es
Tanxa
sasamarTlos
gziT
farTomasStabianma diskusiam (brankuzis
aanazRaures,
namuSevrebis
magram
„am
RirebulebasTan
dakavSirebiT) bevr amerikel skeptikoss guli moulbo~, wers bermani
(Berman, 1990: 243).
amgvar viTarebaSi didi roli ekisreboda qalTa mier gaweul
mravalmxriv
alternatiuli
saqmianobas:
sagamofeno
iqneboda
sivrceebis
34
es
salonebi,
Seqmna
da
qalTa
marTva,
klubebi,
xelovnebis
konstantin brankuzi (Constantin Brancusi) (1876-1957) – ruminuli warmoSobis moqandake,
romelic modernizmis centralur figurad da abstraqtuli xelovnebis pionerad aris
miCneuli. misi skulpturuli namuSevrebi gamoirCeva eleganturobiT, masalisa da
teqnikis natifi SerwymiT, rac Tavisi arsiT xeze Wris glexuri xelobisa da daxvewili
parizuli avangardis unikalur nazavs warmoadgens.
97
,
nimuSTa dileroba Tu publikaciebi. am saqmianobis efeqturobaze is
faqti
metyvelebs,
mniSvnelovani
rom
roli
popularizaciis
TiToeulma
Seasrula
procesi
zemoT
da
CamoTvlilma
RonisZiebam
iniciativiT
avangardis
qalTa
institucionalizaciiT
dagvirgvinda.
yuradsaRebia is faqtic, rom mamakaci xelovanebisa da mecenatebis mier
dawyebuli
Tanamedrove
Tavdapirvelad,
xelovnebis
damkvidrebis
procesi,
erToblivi interesis sfero iyo da Semdeg, etapobrivad,
ZiriTadad qalebis xelSi gadavida.
dekoratiuli xelovnebidan Tanamedrove xelovnebis
muzeumebis
daarsebisken mimaval gzaze naklebad TvalSisacemi, magram aranakleb
mniSvnelovani
rgoli
iyo
qalebis
mieravangardis
propagandisTvis
gaweuli e.w. „arasamuzeumo~ saqmianoba.
gertrud staini (1874-1946)
erT-erTi mTavari roli am propagandistul saqmianobaSi gertrud
stainis saxels ukavSirdeba. gertrud da leo stainebis parizuli saxli
magnitiviT
izidavda
amerikelebs,
maT
evropaSi
Soris,
Casul,
qalebs.
xelovnebiT
AdamTvaliereblebi
dainteresebul
ver
malavdnen
aRfrTovanebas maTi koleqciiTa da salonSi arsebuli atmosferoTi,
romelic aSkarad arRvevda arsebul sazogadoebriv da esTetur normebs.
debi kounebi, emili qrein Cedburni, agnes meieri, meibel doji da qeTrin
dreieri
-
es
xelovnebis
sferoSi
gavlenis
mqone
im
qalbatonTa
arasruli siaa, romlebmac leo da gertrud stainebis modernistuli
salonis didi gavlena ganicades. CamoTvlili
amerikeli „mogzaurebi~
e.w. axali Taobis qalTa ukve meore Taobas warmoadgendnen, romlebic
sakuTari
Tavis
xelovnebis
aRmosaCenad
nimuSebiT
mogzaurobdnen.
daxunZluli
saxli
stainebis
ki
avangarduli
saamisod
uaRresad
nayofieri garemo iyo.
am
fantaziebis
amerikeli
qalebisTvis
ganxorcielebis
evropa
asparezi
98
iyo
TviTrealizaciisa
da
bevri
da
maTganisTvis
,
Tanamedrove xelovnebis nimuSebis koleqcionireba axali Tavisuflebis
realizaciis saukeTeso saSualeba aRmoCnda. winamorbedi, me-19 saukunis
Sua wlebis xelovnebiT dainteresebuli qalebisgan gansxvavavebiT, axali
Taobis qalebma TavianT interesTa geografiuli areali sagrZnoblad
gaafarToves.
stabiluri
ekonomikuri
mdgomareoba
politikuri
viTareba
saerTaSoriso
da
voiaJebs
gaumjobesebuli
SesaZlebels
da
misaRebs xdida. uamravi mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom amgvari kulturuli
mogzaurobis damkvidrebaSi didi iyo henri jeimzis roli, romelmac
Tavis romanebSi detalurad aRwera aseTi qalebis saxe.
henri jeimzis Semoqmedeba erTaderTi faqtori ar iyo, romelic am
processxels uwyobda. ara erTi winaaRmdegobis arsebobis miuxedavad,
saukunis mijnaze mamakacebis TvalSic ki, mandilosani iyo is Zala,
romelic amerikis sidiadis ambavs warmatebiT gaitanda mis farglebs
gareT. amave periodSi amerikas wveul evropelebs aocebdaT kidec ndobis
masStabi, romliTac qalebi sargeblobdnen, gansakuTrebiT, kulturis
sferos wardgenisas.
mniSvnelovani iyo isic, rom axali Taobis es qalebi SeZlebuli
mamebisa
da
meuRleebis
mier
evropaSi
kulturul
elCebad
iqnen
mivlinebuli da am axali misiis farglebSi maT axali datvirTva da
funqciebi SeiZines. rogorc aRvniSne, saSualo klasis qalebis wvlili
ojaxis keTildReobis SeqmnaSi am periodSi gaizarda da aman, bunebrivia,
SesaZlebeli
gaxada
maTi
wvlilis
gazrda
kulturuli
kapitalis
nawilSic. aqedan gamomdinareobda qalebis interesi da SesaZlebloba
Tavad SeeqmnaT koleqciebi.
aranakleb sainteresoa TviT evropelebis aRqma, romelTaTvisac
martod mogzauri amerikeli qalebi ucxo xili iyo. isini maT uaRresad
Tavisufal da ganviTarebul pirovnebebad aRiqvamdnen da pirobiTad sam
jgufad hyofdnen: didgvarovani evropasTan daaxloebuli sazogadoeba,
amerikaSi umwikvlo reputaciis mqone eqspatriantebi, romlebic mxolod
amerikelebTan
amyarebdnen
kavSirs
da
xelovani,
an
xelovnebiT
dainteresebuli qalebi. swored am ukanaskneli jgufis warmomadgenlebi
99
,
dainteresdnen avangardiT da swored isini aocebdnen frangebs yvelaze
metad, radgan maTi analogi Tavad frangebs ar hyavdaT.
gertrud
staini
am
qalbatonebis
daufaravi
aRfrTovanebis
obieqti iyo bevri mizezis gamo. man uSiSrad Tqva uari im faseulobebis
morCilebaze,
romelsac
mizanSewonili
qceva).
amerikaSi
unda
unergavdnen
aRiniSnos,
rom
am
(tradiciuli
ojaxi,
aRfrTovanebas
brmad
mibaZvis saxe arasodes miuRia, arc seqsualuri orientaciisa da arc
artistuli gemovnebis TvalsazrisiT.
„gertrud stainis arc erTi Tayvanismcemeli srulad da upirobod
ar
iziarebda
mis
erTgulebas
modernistuli
mxatvrobisa
da
skulpturisadmi,~ wers daian maqleodi (Macleod, 2008 :179).
magaliTad, meibel doji, romelic avangardis didi qomagi da
armori
Sous
erT-erTi
organizatori
iyo,
gertrud
stainisgan
gansxvavebiT did interess iCenda gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis
mimarT da,
avejTan erTad, misi koleqcioneri iyo. debi kounebi avangardis samyaros
aseve stainebTan eziarnen, magram arasdros avlebdnen mkveTr zRvars
maRal xelovnebasa da dekoratiul xelovnebas Soris. igive SeiZleba
iTqvas
emili
CaTbornzec,
romlis
koleqciac,
avangardTan
erTad,
sparsuli xaliCebiTa da TefSebiTiyo gajerebuli.
gertrud
stainis
mudmivmoqmedi galereebis
daxasiaTebisas
Seqmnis
unda
aRiniSnos,
nacvlad, igi saxlis
rom
komfortuli
garemodan warmarTavda Tanamedrove xelovnebis propagandis procesebs.
kosmopolituri
aRzrda
(igi
bavarieli
vaWris
ojaxSi
daibada
da
bavSvoba avstriasa da parizSi gaatara), sauniversiteto ganaTleba da
ZmasTan, leosTan parizSi gadasvla Tanamedrove xelovnebiT, kerZod,
ferweriT misi dainteresebis safuZveli iyo. 1905 wlisTvis stainebi ukve
maspinZlobdnen
cnobil
mxatvrebs,
mwerlebs,
mocekvaveebsa
da
xelovnebiT dainteresebul pirebs. 1906 wlisTvis stainebis koleqciam
ukve soliduri saxe miiRo da 1910 wlamde, vidre sxva koleqcionerebic
gamoiCendnen interess avangardis mimarT, misi roli uaRresad didi iyo.
am periodSi salonis gaZRola mTlianad gertruds daekisra, rac leo
stainsa da pikasos Soris ganxeTqilebiT iyo gamowveuli (Hobhouse, 1975).
100
,
am salonis ganuzomel popularobas xeli Seuwyo, erTis mxriv,
aRfrTovanebul stumarTa mier gaweulma propagandam da, meores mxriv,
san franciskos miwisZvram. miwisZvris Semdeg Sin dabrunebulma maikl
stainma da misma meuRlem selim, amerikaSi Caitanes matisis „ucnauri~
naxati,
romlis
Sesaxeb
cnoba
garkveul
wreebs
moedo
da
parizis
salonSi amerikel damTvalierebelTa raodenoba myisve gaizarda.
marTalia
gertrud
stains
Tanamedrove
xelovnebis
institucionalizaciis procesSi uSualod monawileoba ar miuRia, misi
saloni didi xnis manZilze inarCunebda avangardis keris reputacias. me20
saukunis
dasawyisis
mecenati
qalebisTvis,
romlebic
avangardis
damkvidreba-propagandaSi mowinave poziciebs ikavebdnen, stainis saloni
fasdaudebeli skola, gamocdilebisa da kontaqtebis wyaro iyo.
msurs Sevexo im qalbatonebis saqmianobas, romlebic avangards
leo
da
gertrud
damakavSirebeli
stainebis
rgolis
salonSi
roli
eziarnen
iTamaSes
da
umniSvnelovanesi
dekoratiuli
xelovnebidan
Tanamedrove xelovnebis muzeumebisken mimaval rTul evoluciur gzaze.
meibel doji (1879-1962)
meibel
atarebda
dojis
avangardis
saxli
mexuTe
aveniuze
popularizaciisTvis,
iseTsave
rogorc
datvirTvas
stainebis
saloni
parizSi. bostonis maRali sazogadoebis eSxma da mSvenebam - meibel
dojma aTi weli italiaSi gaatara, Semdeg parizSi stainebs dauaxlovda
da
1912
gasakviri
wels
niu-iorkSi
araa,
rom
warmomadgenlebisTvis
mis
ukve
avangardiT
saxlSi
„mowamluli~
xelovnebis
gansakuTrebuli
sxvadasxva
kulturuli
dabrunda.
sferos
garemo
da
Tavisuflebis atmosfero Seiqmna.
meibel dojma erTmaneTisgan radikalurad gansxvavebuli etapebi
ganvlo sanimuSod aRzrdili, samedicino institutis Tvinieri studenti
gogonas
imijidan
avangardis
lesbosel
koleqcioneramde.
aseTive
araerTgverovani iyo misi gatacebebi, interesebi da cxovrebis wesi: oTxi
101
,
qorwineba,
eqspatriantis
homoseqsualuri
aTwliani
partniorebi,
sazogadoebrivi
radikalizmi.
gamocdileba,
artistuli,
mkvidri
hetero
da
politikuri
amerikelebis
da
uflebebis
dacvisadmi jer kidev niu-iorkSi Casaxuli interesi, mogvianebiT, niumeqsikoSi gagrZelda, sadac igi meoTxe qmarTan, indiel-amerikel toni
luTanTan
dasaxlda
da
aqtiurad
ibrZoda
am
xalxis
Tanaswori
uflebebisTvis.
misi sazogadoebrivi cnobadoba armori Sous da gertrud stains
ukavSirdeba, manamde ki iyo Ziebebis xangrZlivi gza. meibel doji e.w.
mooqrovili saukunis tipiur aristokratul ojaxSi aRizarda, romelsac
mogvianebiT
„mkvdar
gancdili
stresi
viqtorianul~
(mamis
saxls
gardacvaleba,
uwodebda.
mZime
adreul
mSobiaroba,
asakSi
meuRlis
gardacvaleba) mZime depresiad Camoyalibda, romlis dasaZlevadac igi
evropaSi gaemgzavra. rodesac 1905 wels edvin dojze daqorwinebam misi
emociuri
mdgomareoba
ver
gaaumjobesa,
dainteresda. Tavdapirveli mizani sakuTari
meibeli
koleqcionirebiT
florenciuli vilis (Villa
Curonia) dekorireba iyo. Tu am etapze misi interesis sfero natifi
xelovnebis nimuSebida dekoratiuli xelovneba iyo, parizSi moxvedrisa
da leo da gertrud stainebTan daaxloebis Semdeg, man didi interesi
gamoiCina
imxanad
jer
kidev
Camoyalibebis
procesSi
myofi
da
araRiarebuli avangardis mimarT. 1912 wels amerikaSi axali ideebiTa da
interesebiT
dabrunebuls,
mas
sruliad
Secvlili
garemo
daxvda:
mxolod ojaxuri simyudrovis SeqmniT dainteresebuli qalebis dro
warsuls
Cabarda.
florenciuli
meibel
vilisgan
dojis
saxli
radikalurad
grinviC
vilijSi35
gansxvavdeboda:
aq
misi
veRarsad
ipovidiT drapirebul fardebs, fardagebs, noxebsa da xelovnebis sxva
nimuSebiT savse Taroebs. Mmisi yuradReba 1913 wels gamarTulma armori
Soum miipyro da, ebi rokefelerTan, lili blisTan, gertrud uiTnisTan
da Tanamedrove xelovnebis qomag sxva qalebTan erTad, man ara mxolod
35
grinviC viliji (Greenwich Yillage) – qveda manhetenis dasavleTiT ganlagebuli ubani,
romelic me-19 da me-20 saukuneebis mijnaze xelovanTa „samoTxed” da bohemuri
cxovrebis centrad iTvleboda.
102
,
finansuri mxardaWera gamoucxada am RonisZiebas, aramed
amerikaSi
Tanamedrove xelovnebis damkvidrebasTan dakavSirebiTTavisi Teoriuli
mosazrebebic gamoTqva.
„udidesi siamovnebiT gavuwev daxmarebas am gamofenas, radgan mwams,
rom es aris am konkretul sferoSi udidesi movlena, romelsac ki
odesme hqonia adgili amerikaSi. saerTod yvelaferi, rac mTvlemare
gonebis gamoRviZebas uwyobs xels (CvenSi iqneba es Tu sxvagan),
yovelTvis miiRebs Cems mxardaWeras . . . adamianebis umravlesoba
warsulis miRwevebiT ikvebeba da es savsebiT akmayofilebs;Aarada,
saWiroa
meti,
meti,
meti
gaqaneba!
rogorc
xelovnebaSi,
aseve
cxovrebaSi . . . ~ ( Dodge, 2008: 37)
mxatvarTa da moqandakeTa asociaciis (the Assosiation of Artists and
Sculptors) vice prezidentis rangSi, igi aqtiurad CaerTo armori Sous
dafinansebaSi. es saqmianoba misTvis ormag datvirTvas atarebda. erTis
mxriv, es iyo revoluciuri cvlilebebis Tanamonawileobis gancda da,
amave dros, sakuTari Zalebis mosinjvis SesaZlebloba. meibel dojma
marTalia, finansuri wvlili Seitana armori Sous organizebaSi da
ramdenime
namuSevaric
RonisZiebasTan
misi
dauTmo
asocirebisa
Tavisi
da
koleqciidan,
popularobis
magram
mizezi
sxva
am
iyo.
gertrud stainis mier eses saxiT Seqmnili meibel dojis sityvieri
portreti, romelsac man Sesavali daurTo saxelwodebiT: „fiqrebi, an
post-impresionizmi
gadamwyveti
prozaSi~
aRmoCnda.
(Speculations,
gertrud
stainis
or
Post-Impressionism
faqtorma
in
saocari
Prose)
efeqti
moaxdina da doji myisve iqca avangardTan asocirebul figurad. „Tu
gertrud staini armori Souze daibada, maSin meibel dojic iq gaCnda.
„sicocxleSive miTologiur figurad viqeci,~ werda igi (Dodge, 2008: 6771). zemoT aRniSnuli eses sxvadasxva JurnalSi36 dabeWdvam
es efeqti
kidev ufro gaaZliera.
36
Art and Decoration – Jurnali, romelic niu-iorkSi 1910 wlidan gamodioda da xelovnebisa
da interieris dizains eTmoboda.
Camera Work – Jurnali, romelic 1903-1917 wlebSi alfred Stiglicis redaqtorobiT
gamodioda.
103
,
misi biografiis am da sxva faqtebis gamo meibel dojis mimarT
araerTgvarovani
damokidebuleba
arsebobda
istorikosebisa
da
misi
biografebis wreSic ki (Rudnick, 1994;Frazier, 1984). „SeZlebuli qalbatoni,
romelic
ubralod
Sefasebebis
erToba,~
miuxedavad
misi
„mdidari
diletanti
saqmianobis
qali~-
siRrmiseulma
amgvari
kvlevam
da
gansakuTrebiT taosSi cxovrebisas pueblos tomis indielTa kulturisa
da uflebebis dacvisTvis gaweulma saqmianobam
radikalurad Secvala
meibel dojos wvlilis aRqma da dRes is politikuri da esTeturi
siaxleebis did qomagad miiCneva.
agnes ernst meieri (1887-1970)
agnes
ernst
meieri kidev erTi qalbatonia, romelic
parizSi
swavlisas xSirad stumrobda stainebis salons. igi axali tipis qalTa
e.w. meore Taobis tipiuri warmomadgeneli iyo, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli
radikalizmiT, SezRudvebisa da miRebuli normebis daumorCileblobiT.
bernardis kolejis37 damTavrebis Semdeg igi gazeT niu-iork sanis (the
New York Sun) erT-erTi pirveli reportiori qali gaxda. Tavdapirvelad,
misi
interesis
warmoadgenda,
sferos
magram
filosofia
1907
wels,
da
jon
alfred
diuis38
naSromebi
Stiglicisgan
aRebuli
intervius Semdeg misi interesi xelovnebisken gadaixara. StiglicTan
daaxloebam
samyaros
meieri
aziara:
avangardistebi
siRrmiseulad
stainebis
avangardis
pikaso,
misTvis
Seswavla
salonSi
is
misTvis
jer
matisi,
rodeni,
aRmoCena
iyo
amis
logikur
rodenis,
matisisa
37
kidev
brankuzi
da
da
parizSi
gagrZelebad
da
sruliad
eduard
ucnob
amerikeli
xelovnebis
iqca.
parizSi,
stiSenis
didi
bernardis koleji (Barnard College) – 1889 wels daarsebuli da 1900 wlidan kolumbiis
universitetTan asocirebuli qalTa kerZokoleji. es koleji amerikis CrdiloaRmosavleTis qalTa kolejebis gaerTianebis e.w. Seven Sisterswevri iyo.
38
jon diui (1856-1952) (John Dewey) – amerikeli filosofosi, fsiqologi da
saganmanaTleblo da sazogadoebrivi reformis sulisCamdgmeli.
104
,
gavlenis
qveS
moeqca.
1910
umcrosze
daqorwinebam
perpeqtiva
gauCina.
wels
mis
niu-iorkel
interesebs
amerikaSi
dabrunebis
finansist
axali,
Semdeg
iujin
xelovnebis
meieri
meier
qomagis
Stiglicis
galereisa da mas Sefarebuli ramdenime mxatvris finansuri mxardamWeri
gaxda.
mis
mier
gavamaxvilebdi
afrikuli
ganxorcielebuli
galerea
xelovnebis
291-Si
brankuzis
sruliad
proeqtebidan
personalur
inovaciur
yuradRebas
gamofenasa
eqspoziciaze.
mis
da
mier
StiglicTan erTad daarsebuli avangarduli perioduli gamocema aseve
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda am Janris popularizaciaSi da es 1918
wlamde grZeldeboda, vidre meieri meuRlesTan erTad sacxovreblad
vaSingtonSi gadavidoda.
agnes
SeiZleba
meieri
axali
CavTvaloT.
is
Taobis
qalebis
kategoriulad
tipiur
warmomadgenlad
emijneboda
damkvidrebul
normebs: Tavad gaikvala gza ganaTlebis misaRebad, ewinaaRmdegeboda
imxanad
damkvidrebul
qorwinebis
instituts
da
zogadad
yvela
im
SezRudvas, romelsac sazogadoeba mas, rogorc qals, uwesebda. axali
Taobis
qali
Tavisufal
qals
niSnavda,
amitom
meierma
mogvianebiT
iolad SeZlo gertrud stainis idealebis kritikuli gadafaseba. misi
mrwamsi luis rudnikis debulebas „mamakacze orientirebuli qalebis~
Sesaxeb srulad emTxveva, radgan meieri warmatebisa da Zalauflebisken
mimaval gzas mamakacebis daxmarebis gareSe ver xedavda ( Rudnick, 1992:125126). mamis gaRmerTeba, romelsac meieri avtobiografiul wignSi (Mayer,
1953)
aRwers,
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
eduard
stiSensa
da
alfred
StiglicTan, mogvianebiT 1915 wels ki dadaist marius de zaiasTan
mtkice aliansad iqca. SesaZloa misi arCevani TanamimdevrulobiT ar
gamoirCeoda, magram igi yovelTvis Tavis arCeul gzas mihyveboda.
qeTrin dreieri (1877-1952)
qeTrin
dreieriskariera
amerikul
xelovnebaSi
mniSvnelovani
wyalgamyofi iyo, ramdenime mizezis gamo. misi TaosnobiT daarsebuli
105
,
Societe
Anonyme,
isaxavda
avangardis
sruliad
popularizaciasTan
axal
da
rTul
dakavSirebiT,
amocanebs,
miznad
romlebic
ar
Semoifargleboda mxolod franguli da amerikuli xelovnebis farTo
masebisTvis gacnobiT. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, armori Sous gamarTvamde,
am mimarTulebis ZiriTadi qomagebi mamakacebi iyvnen. alfred Stiglici,
robert henri da arTur deivisi damsaxurebulad iTvlebian am sferos
pionerebad. Tumca, me-20 saukunis 20-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, marTvis
sadaveebi TandaTan qalebis xelSi gadadis da aq qeTrin dreieris roli
Zalze mniSvnelovania. gertrud staini, meibel doji da agnes meieri
publicistebi iyvnen da rogorc ganaTlebiT, aseve mowodebiT mwerlebad
darCnen da TavianT SesaZleblobebs modernizmis popularizaciisTvis
iyenebdnen. Mme-20 saukunis 20-iani wlebidan ki profesionalma mxatvarma
da
moqandake
ganaTleba
qalebma
CarTes
saqmeSi
da
mxatvruli
rogorc
edit
gemovneba
halperti
da
profesiuli
aRniSnavda,
aseTi
profesiuli upiratesobiTa da maRalmxatvruli gemovnebiT aRWurvilma
galereebis
mflobelma
da
mecenatma
qalbatonebma
myari
safuZveli
Seuqmnes kulturis sferoSi qalTa mmarTvelobis masiur damkvidrebas.
(McCarthy, 1991:189). vfiqrob, rom aseTma profesiulma midgomam qalebs
SesaZlebloba misca sazogadoebis farTo speqtrze (rom ar vTqvaT mTel
sazogadoebaze) yofiliyvnen orientirebulni.
meibel
dojisa
da
agnes
meieris
msgavsad,
qeTrin
dreieri
evropuli mogzaurobisas, stainis salonis meSveobiT, eziara avangardul
xelovnebas da 1917 wels Stiglicis galerea 291-is daxurvis Semdeg, am
mimarTulebis Semdgomi popularizacia iTava.
dreieri
filantropuli
warmomadgeneli iyo
tradiciebiT
cnobili
klanis
da Tavisi debis kvaldakval aqtiurad iyo CarTuli
rogorc samxatvro, aseve sazogadoebriv reformatorul saqmianobaSi.
oci wlis asakSi is ukve saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebis (German Home for
Women and Children da
SemadgenlobaSi
kampaniis
Manhattan Trade School for Girls) meurveTa
iricxeboda
monawile
iyo.
da
rac
sufraJistuli
Seexeba
mis
moZraobis
profesiul
sabWos
araerTi
samxatvro
ganaTlebas, is 12 wlis asakSi daiwyo da amerikisa da evropis araerT
106
,
cnobil samxatvro institutsa da atelieSi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
grZeldeboda. misi mxatvruli gemovnebis Camoyalibebaze didi gavlena
moaxdina
matisma;
stainis
salonSi
nanaxma
misma
namuSevrebma
masze
waruSleli STabeWdileba datova. ukve amerikaSi armori Soum da frang
mxatvar marsel diuSamTan megobrobam es interesi gaaRrmava.
qeTrin dreieris unikaluroba is iyo, rom man niWieri mxatvris
profesiuli
interesebi
ojaxidan
gamoyolil
saqvelmoqmedo
da
mecenatur swrafvas harmoniulad SeuTanxma. daiwyo imiT, rom 1914 wels
man daaarsa samxatvro
saxelosno Cooperative Mural Workshop, romelic
xelnakeTi nivTebiT dainteresebulTa gaerTianebas warmoadgenda, Targmna
van
gogis
proeqti
avtobiografiuli
narkvevebi.
misi
yvelaze
mniSvnelovani
1920 wels marles diuSamTan da man reisTan
erToblivad
daarsebuli sazogadoeba - Societe Anonyme Inc., Museum of Modern Art iyo. mwiri
biujetis
miuxedavad,
am
organizaciam
gamorCeuli
amerikeli da ucxoeli modernisti mxatvrebis
roli
iTamaSa
farTo sazogadoebisTvis
gacnobis saqmeSi. pol kli, vasili kandinski, fernan leJe, xuan miro da
sxvebi swored am organizaciis mier mowyobili gamofenebis meSveobiT
gaxdnen cnobili amerikaSi.
TanadamaarseblebTan qeTrin dreiers araerTgvarovani urTierToba
hqonda. marsel diuSamTan mas axlo megobroba akavSirebda da misi
gavlena Societe Anonym-ze mas Semdegac grZeldeboda, rodesac 1921 wels
igi mmarTvelobas CamoSorda. reisTan misi urTierToba bevrad ufro
rTulad
da
daZabulad
warimarTa
xasiaTisa
da
principebis
SeuTavseblobis gamo. misi CamoSorebis Semdeg marto darCenil dreiers
pasuxismgeblobac
meti
daekisra,
magram
amieridan
moqmedebis
Tanamedrove
xelovnebis
Tavisuflebac gacilebiT meti hqonda.
mis
muzeumis
ganuxorcielebel
Seqmna.
qveyanaSi
miznad
axali
darCa
dinebebis
aqtiuri
popularizaciis
miuxedavad, muzeumebi maT mimarT interess ar iCendnen. pirad werilebSi
is
sinanuliT
aRniSnavda,
rom
metropolitenis
gasakeTebel
saqmes
SeeWida da ocnebobs im droze, rodesac mis mier Seqmnili koleqcia da
107
,
wamowyebuli saqmianoba am muzeumis politikas SeuTavsdeboda (McCarthy,
1991: 192).
dreieris
saqmianobas,
erTis
mxriv,
usaxsroba
arTulebda
da,
meore mxriv, sagamofeno sivrcis deficiti. muzeumebisa da galereebis
umetesoba
Tavs
aridebda
modernistul
namuSevrebs.
ramdenime
warumatebeli da naklebad masStaburi mcdelobis Semdeg, 1926 wels
Societe Anonym-ma, bruklinis muzeumis TanxmobiT, Tanamedrove evropeli da
amerikeli mxatvrebis masStaburi gamofena moawyo. marTalia, dreierebi
am muzeumis erT-erTi mTavari Semomwirvelebi iyvnen, es ar akninebs maT
rols
am
grandiozuli
RonisZiebis
organizebaSi,
romelic
sakmaod
warmomadgenlobiTi iyo: 32 qveynis 300-mde namuSevari daaxloebiT 52 000
damTvalierebelma naxa. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq warmodgenili iyvnen ara
mxolod
amerikeli
da
frangi
avangardistebi,
aramed
islandiuri,
ruminuli da germanuli bauhauzis39 skolebic.
gamoxmaureba, romelic am movlenas mohyva, araerTgvarovani iyo da
uSualod Seexo rogorc Tavad eqspozicias, aseve mis organizators.
ufro metic, qeTrin dreieri Tavadac yvela SesaZlebel saSualebas
iyenebda Tanamedrove xelovnebis miseuli xedvis warmosaCenad, iqneboda
es gamofenis katalogi Modern Art, Tu leqciebis seria. (Bohan, 1982: 86)
organizatoris
amgvarma
Tanabari
raodenoba
dreieri
mowyalebis
saboloo
jamSi,
mondomebam
gaaCina.
gamofenis
mTxovnel
finansuri
momxreTa
„Rarib
sakiTxebis
udavo
da
mowinaaRmdegeTa
warmatebis
naTesavad~
miuxedavad,
grZnobda
mougvareblobam
Tavs.
organizaciis
dasusteba da sabolood daxurva gamoiwvia. dreieri pirveli qali ar
iyo, vinc msgavsi organizaciis xarjebs sakuTari saxsrebiT istumrebda
da bolo etapze sakuTari binidan sruliad marto xelmZRvanelobda
gamofenisTvis
evropidan
Catanili
namuSevrebis
dabrunebis
rTul
process.
39
Bauhaus – 1919-1933 wlebSi moqmedi germanuli modernizmis skola, romelmac didi
gavlena iqonia mxatvrobis, arqiteqturis, grafikis, dizainisa da interieris dizainis
ganviTarebaSi.
108
,
1930 wlisTvis organizaciis wevrTa raodenobisa da, Sesabamisad,
sawevroebis
daiyvana.
Semcirebam
usaxsrobis
funqcionirebis
gamo
ver
moxerxda
SesaZlebloba
koneqtikutSi
minimumamde
mdebare
misi
sacxovrebeli saxlis mudmivmoqmed galeread gadakeTeba da, sabolood,
misma koleqciam ieilis universitetSi daido bina.
Anonym-is
Sosiete
TiTqmis
oc
wliani
saqmianoba
1941
wels
dasrulda da am saqmianobis Sefaseba ramdenime ganzogadebuli daskvnis
gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva: a) miuxedavad imisa, rom dreieri mxatvari
da sufraJisti iyo, mxatvari qalebi misi gansakuTrebuli mzrunvelobis
qveS arasodes yofilan. qendis uilerisgan gansxvavebiT, rodesac saqme
xelovnebas
exeboda
feminizmi
misTvis
meorexarisxovani
xdeboda.
b)
finansebis qronikuli naklebobis gamo Tanxebis moZiebis RonisZiebebi,
gamofenebis koordinireba da leqciebic ki mxolod mas awva mxrebze.
swored usaxsrobis gamo ver iqca misi mravalferovani koleqcia mis
saocnebo
muzeumad.
sityvebiT
rom
mcdeloba
-
Gg)
vTqvaT,
ver
TanamoazreTa
saukeTeso
uzrunvelyofda
didi
wris
profesionalis
warmatebas,
ararseboba
-sxva
individualuri
radgan
xelovnebis
patronaJi sakmaod Zviri siamovneba iyo, romelic saSualo klasisTvis
miuwvdomel fufunebad rCeboda.
edit halperti (1900-1970)
edit halperti is figura iyo, romelmac evropuli da amerikuli
avangardis marketinguli warmateba uzrunvelyo. 1906 wels dedasTan da
dasTan erTad odesidan sruliad usaxsrod emigrirebulma, man finansuri
da karieruli damkvidrebis urTulesi gza ganvlo da 70 wlis asakSi
milioneri gardaicvala.
rodesac misi interesebis mimarTuleba gamoikveTa da Tanamedrove
xelovnebis nimuSebis koleqcionirebis, popularizaciisa da marketingis
saxe miiRo, am sferoSi seriozuli moTamaSeebi naklebad figurirebdnen.
amdenad,
es saqmianoba arc saxelis moxveWas uqadda da arc finansur
109
,
mogebas.
1925
wels
qmarTan,
semiuel
haplertTan
erTad,
evropaSi
mogzaurobis Semdeg, is darwmunda, rom evropasTan SedarebiT SeerTebul
StatebSi Tanamedrove mxatvrebs winsvlisa da cnobadobis cudi Sansebi
aqvT da 1926 wels biznes partnior berta qrol goldsmitTan erTad
grinviC vilijSi gaxsna galerea Our Gallery, romlis mizani Tanamedrove
amerikuli
xelovnebis
propaganda
iyo.
galereis
erT-erT
pirvel
sareklamo broSuraSi misi kredo ase iyo Camoyalibebuli:
„aua
geleri
romelime
erTi
skolis
amoCemebas
ar
lamobs.
aq
Tavmoyrilma nimuSebma xarisxis kuTxiT migvizida. aq naxavT ara
imas, rac modaSia, aramed imas, rac dros uZlebs.~
(http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/downtown-gallery-records-6293/more )
erTi wlis Semdeg, galereis saxeli daunTaun gelerid (Downton
Gallery)
Seicvala
galereis
da
saqmianobas
dRes
edit
halpertis
ukavSirdeba.
es
damsaxureba
sivrce
sul
male
swored
am
xelovnebis
moyvarulTa, koleqcionerTa da dilerTa Sekrebis popularul adgilad
iqca, sadac finjan yavaze saubrebi, azrTa gacvla-gamocvla da zogjer
oficialuri
saleqcio
saqmianoba
erTmaneTs
enacvleboda.
1931
wels
daunTaun geleris meore sarTulze amerikuli TviTnaswavli mxatvrobis
galerea (American Folk Art Gallery) gaixsna, rac Tvisobrivad axali sityva
iyo da sagalereo da samuzeumo moZraobis ufro gamravalferovnebis
sawindars warmoadgenda.
galereis daarsebis mizani Tanamedrove xelovnebis popularizacia
iyo,
romlis
erT-erT
gzad,
misi
ZiriTadi
funqciis
paralelurad,
sxvadasxva SesaZleblobis mqone myidvelTaTvis halperts xelovnebis
nimuSebis misawvdomoba iyo. biznes alRos wyalobiT mas azrad mouvida
iniciativa, myidvelTaTvis saSobaod saCuqrebad, fasebis sagrZnoblad
daweva da ganvadebis moqnili sistemis SeTavazeba.
edit
halpertis
xedvebi
Tanamedrove
xelovnebis
popularizaciasTan dakavSirebiT, xelovnebis Temaze Seqmnili wignebis
gamocemasac
moiazrebda,
radgan
im
dros
am
Janris
specialuri
literatura iSviaToba iyo. galereebi gamofenebis Semdeg mokrZalebul
informacias beWdavdnen da halpertic gamonaklisi ar iyo. Tumca, es ar
110
,
iyo srulfasovani katalogebi, an reproduqciebiTa da vrceli teqstebiT
gajerebuli
wignebi.
winaaRmdegoba
am
xarvezis
gamomcemlobebis
gamosworebis
gzaze
dauinteresebloba
mTavari
aRmoCnda.
edit
halperti am sakiTxsac misTvis Cveuli kreatiulobiT miudga da pirveli
gamocemis obieqtad „Pop~-is saxeliT cnobili, 60 wlis jorj harTi
airCia. wignis gamosvla marketingulad iseve gaTvlili iyo, rogorc misi
xarisxi
da
fasi.
hartis
didi
gulSematkivris,
ebi
rokefeleris
daxmarebiT, wignis gamosvlisTvis 1928 wlis 7 dekembers, rokefelerebis
manhetenur
saxlSi
xelovanebi
da
gaimarTa
sazogadoebis
wveuleba,
cnobili
romelsac
Jurnalistebi,
warmomadgenlebi
eswrebodnen.
hartis Sesaxeb gamosuli wignis daanonsebis garda, es RonisZieba imiTac
iyo
aRsaniSnavi,
rom
sazogadoebam
TvalnaTliv
dainaxa
Tavad
ebi
rokefeleris interesi Tanamedrove xelovnebisadmi. sagamofeno darbazad
gadakeTebuli bavSvebis oTaxi am wveulebis erT-erTi centri gaxda. maqs
ueberis Sesaxeb gamosuli Semdegi monografia am seriis bolo nimuSi
daunTaun
aRmoCnda.
igi
wamgebiani
iyo.
Tanamedrove
geleriSi
halpertma
xelovnebis
seriis
iyideboda,
gakeTebis
popularizaciisa
magram
ideaze
da
komerciulad
uari
Tqva
mxatvarTa
da
statusis
amaRlebis sxva gzebze daiwyo fiqri.
niu-iorkis
sagamofeno
da
samuzeumo
sivrcis
Tanamedrove
amerikuli xelovnebis nimuSebiT datvirTva kidev erTi gamowveva iyo,
romelsac halpertma Tvali gauswora. 1927 wlis dekemberSi,
universitetis
niu-iorkis
meurveTa sabWos wevrma da sabanko imperiis memkvidrem a.
galatinma daunTaun geleris siaxloves, universitetis Senobis mesame
sarTulze Tanamedrove xelovnebis nimuSebi gamofina.
lindsi
poloki
dawesebulebas
Tanamedrove
wers,
SeeZlo
mxolod
amindis
amerikuli
metropoliten
Secvla
xelovnebis
gemovnebis
sayovelTaod
magram, rogorc
muzeumis
rangis
standartebisa
aRiarebis
da
saqmeSi
(Pollock, 2006: 108). am xedvis sruli aRqmisa da TiTqmis eqvs wliani
mcdelobis
muzeumisTvis
Sedegad,
1932
ori
naxati
wels
halpertma
mieyida,
magram
moaxerxa
metropoliten
nayofieri
samomavlo
TanamSromlobis imedi naadrevi aRmoCnda. mxolod halpertis saqmiani
111
,
urTieTobebisa da alRos wyalobiT,
moxerxda dawyebuli urTierTobis
gagrZeleba. 1932 wels man metropolitenis erT-erT kurators uiliam
irvins (metsaxelad „saSineli irvini~ Irvin the Terrible) mimarTa winadadebiT,
SeeZina glen koulmanis graviurebi. irvini daufaravad aRSfoTebula
TviT im faqtis gamo, rom amerikel mxatvrebs msgavsi molodini gauCndaT
(Pollock, 2006:109). sabolood, irvini graviurebis ciklis 100 dolarad
SeZenaze daTanxmda, Tumca editis daJinebuli TxovniT, Tanxa sajarod
ar
unda
gacxadebuliyo.
morigebebis miuxedavad,
uamravi
sirTulisa
da
damamcirebeli
es faqti muzeumebis mxridan arsebuli barieris
daZlevis mniSvnelovani precedenti iyo.
halperti miRweuliT ar dakmayofilda da amerikel mxatvarTa
Semdgomi
populariaciis
koleqcioneri
Senatanis
qalisgan
daxmarebiT
gza
dasaxa.
Semdgar
SeeZinaT
misi
komitets
SeTavazeba
wliuri
Tanamedrove
10
iyo
000
amerikeli
aTi
dolaris
mxatvrebis
namuSevrebi da metropolitenis erT-erT darbazSi gamoefinaT. halperti
imedovnebda, rom misi gegma „metismetad mokrZalebuli iyo saimisod, rom
misTvis
eqsperimentuli
gewodebinaT,
magram
sakmaod
mniSvnelovani
samomavlo ganviTarebis safuZvlis gamyarebisTvis~ (Pollock, 2006:110).
sayuradReboa,
rom
halpertma
am
gegmis
ganxorcieleba
sazogadoebriv saqmianobaze orientirebul Tanamoazre qalTa jgufTan
isurva. am gadawyvetilebis ukan principuli da gaazrebuli pozicia
idga:
„me
Tu
mkiTxavT,
sruliad
droulia,
rom
qalebma
es
gegma
ganaviTaron. qali tradiciulad ufro Tamamia reformebisa da axali
ideebis
damkvidrebis
mimarTulebiT.
qalebs
aqvT
„sakuTari
azrovnebis Secvlisa~ da amdenad axali eqsperimentebis Catarebis
upiratesoba. qalebs meti dro aqvT saimisod, rom Tavi xelovnebas
miuZRvnan, rasac xelovnebis sxvadasxva sferoebSi maTi monawileoba
mowmobs.~ (Pollock, 2006:110)
edit halperti erTaderTi ar iyo, visac Tanamedrove xelovnebis
samuzeumo sivrceSi gamofenis idea hqonda da rodesac ebi rokefelerma,
meri
salivanma
da
lili
blisma
112
sakuTari
muzeumis
Seqmnis
,
gadawyvetileba miiRes, edit halpertis roli am wamowyebaSi aseve didi
iyo. igi ebi rokefeleris mrCeveli da naxatebis ZiriTadi mimwodebeli
gaxda.
zogadad
martinisa
da
urTierToba,
miiCneven,
rom
uiliam
1928
zorekis
romelic
wels
daunTaun
namuSevrebis
rokefelerisa
geleriSi
SeZeniT
da
jon
daiwyo
is
halpertisTvis
urTierTsasargeblo gamodga.
rokefelerisa da halpertis urTierTmxardaWeris erT-erT mizezis
axsnas
lindsi poloki ebis
mier
misi vaJisadmi miwerili weriliT
cdilobs:
„amqveynad
borotebis
erT-erTi
yvelaze
didi
saTave
rasobrivi
zizRi da cru Sexedulebebia. ori xalxi, romelic am mxriv yvelaze
metad daiCagra ebraelebi da feradkanianebi arian.~ (Pollock, 2006: 91)
„axalgazrda ebraeli qalisa da misi afro-amerikeli asistentis
mier marTuli galerea ebi rokefeleris simpaTias daimsaxurebda,~ wers
sidni
poloki
da
iqve
dasZens,
rom
maTi
urTierToba
mxolod
altruizmze ar iyo agebuli. (Pollock, 2006: 90). rokefelerebis veeberTela
saxlis dekorireba is saqme iyo, romelmac isini daaaxlova. Tu Tavidan
ebi
Tavisi
gamziarebeli
Tematikis
meuRlis
iyo
(aziuri
namuSevrebi),
xelovnebam
interesTa
Caanacvla.
kultura,
mogvianebiT
ebi
sferos
da
Cinuri
misi
rokefeleri
gemovnebis
faifuri,
interesebi
miiCnevda,
rom
sruli
religiuri
Tanamedrove
Tanamedrove
xelovnebisadmi interesi mas mxatvarma artur deivisma da detroitis
xelovnebis muzeumis direqtorma uiliam valentinerma gauRviZes. ediT
halperts
es
interesi
lamis
maniad
eqca.
deivisis
gardacvalebiT
damwuxrebuli ebi Tavis vaJs werda:
„vgrZnob, rom masTan Zalian var davalebuli, radgan swored man
wamaxalisa, swored man STamagona Tanamedrove ferweris SeZenis
survili.
rom
ara
is
Tavdajereba,
SemZina,
verasodes gavbedavdi Tanamedrove xelovnebis sferoSi
saqmianobas.~ (Pollock, 2006: 95)
113
romelic
misma
mxardaWeram
,
Tanamedrove amerikuli xelovnebis popularizaciaSi halpertis
wvlilze
saubrisas,
unda
aRiniSnos
kidev
erTi
mimarTuleba
–
masStaburi Tematuri gamofenebis mowyoba: 1928 wels ianvarSi gamarTuli
“Lanscape Experiment”, 1928 wlis oqtomberSi gamarTuli “Amerians in Paris”.
sruliad gamorCeuli iyo 1929 wels atlantik siTiSi gamarTuli “The First
Municipal Art Exhibition”, romelmac meSveobiTac 1913 wlis armori Sous da
misi
SedegebiT
STagonebul
halperTs
gadaawyvitina
Tanamedrove
amerikuli xelovneba me-13 quCis farglebs miRma gaetana. holger kahilis
daxmarebiT, am proeqtis ganxorcielebas Seudga. am SemTxvevaSic, Tamasa
sakmaod maRali iyo:
„amerikuli
xelovneba
udaod
Sedga.
manamde
Cveni
mxatvrebi
da
koleqcionerebi msoflio xelovnebis centrad evropas moiazrebdnen,
dResdReobiT
ki
dasavleTisken
imis
aSkara
inacvlebs~,
niSnebia,
werda
rom
holger
xsenebuli
kahili
centri
sainformacio
cnobarSi (Pollock, 2006: 113).
RonisZiebis yvela SesaZlo detali gaTvlili da momzadebuli iyo
da edit halperti Tavad iyo CarTuli maT organizebaSi. misi wvlili
iyo:
im
droisTvis
saukeTesod
aRiarebuli
70
namuSevari,
romelic
sxvadasxva koleqciidan Tu galereidan iyo SerCeuli; avtoritetuli
sapatio komiteti, romelic wonas
sZenda RonisZiebas; pres-relizebi da
statiebi, romlebic srulad aSuqebdnen gamofenas; eqspoziciis sruliad
ucxo
da
radikalurad
Tanamedrove
ieri;
mowveuli
mxatvrebi
da
kritikosebi, romelTa atlantik siTiSi ganTavseba da gzis xarjebi
saorganizacio komitetma Tavis Tavze aiRo.
am
gamofenam
sabolood
gaamyara
edit
halpertis,
rogorc
amerikuli xelovnebis dilerisa da propagandistis reputacia, romelsac
ZaluZs erT WerqveS gaaerTianos saerTo ideiT anTebuli konkurentebic
ki.
avangardi da genderuli dapirispireba
114
,
qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris Cvens mier xazgasmuli nayofieri
TanamSromlobis
magaliTebis
mfarvelobis
asparezze
Tanamimdevrulobas
miuxedavad,
qalebis
myisieri
bunebrivia,
aseT
uaryofiTi
rom
xelovnebis
gaaqtiurebasa
reaqcia
mohyva
da
mamakaci
Atlantic Monthly-Si am mdgomareobiT aRSfoTebuli
mecenatebis mxridan.
recenzenti werda, rom amerikuli sazogadoeba ukiduresad feminizebuli
gaxda da rom mamakacebma qalebs asparezi dauTmes - xelSi Caugdes
inteleqtualuri da saxelovnebo sferoebi (Traquair, 1923: 296).
iyo
SemTxvevebi,
rodesac
mecenat
qalebs,
maTi
warmatebis
SemTxvevaSic ki, mZime braldebebs uyenebdnen. aseTi iyo, magaliTad,
artemis pakardis mier warmodgenili angariSi, romelic Tanamedrove
xelovnebis
muzeumis
saqmianobis
Semswavleli
komisiis
daskvniTi
dokumenti iyo. masSi vkiTxulobT:
„amerikaSi xelovnebis ganviTarebisadmi jansaRi interesis zrdas
erT-erT udides
dabrkolebad
udaod iqca is faqti,
interess aqamde mxolod da mxolod qalebi iCendnen.
rom
am
rac ar unda
yofiliyo Cveni qveynis istoriaSi am ucnauri faqtis mizezi,
rac ar
unda Rrmad iyos davalebuli Cveni sazogadoeba qalebisa da qalTa
organizaciebis
mimarT,
saukunovani
(iqneb
ufro
xangrZlivic)
kulturuli qaosis pirobebSi, esTetiuri interesebis sadarajoze
dgomisaTvis,
am
anomaliuri
viTarebis
gagrZelebas
amieridan
veRaraferi gaamarTlebs.~ (Packard, 1938: 88-89)
mamakaci mecenatebis gaRizianebas, xSir SemTxvevaSi, principulad
gansxvavebuli
konceptualuri
Sexedulebebi
iwvevda.
aseTi
iyo
sazogadoebis farTo masebisTvis xelovnebis gacnobis idea. seli luisi
xelovnebis
sferoSi
cnobili
iyo
rogorc
araerTi
eqspoziciis
organizatori da, aseve, armori Sous foto-replikis avtori, romelic
portlandSi
da
ZalisxmeviT,
oregonSi
gamofena,
mineapolisSi
romlisTvisac
unda
man
1913
wels
gamoifina.
gamarTuliyo
cnobil
1924
Tanamedrove
koleqcioners,
jon
wels
misi
xelovnebis
quins
misi
koleqciidan ramdenime naxatis gamofenis TxovniT mimarTa, rac imxanad
115
,
gavrcelebuli
praqtika
iyo.
pasuxi
misTvis
sruliad
gamaognebeli
aRmoCnda:
„mxatvruli tiloebi dasavleT naxevarsferos gasanaTleblad ar
SemiZenia.
CemTvis
naklebad
sagulisxmoa
Tqveni
argumenti
imis
Sesaxeb, rom „dasavleTs Tanamedrove xelovnebaze Tvalebi unda
avuxiloT.~ dasavleTi diaxac didebuli mxarea Tavisi sivrciT,
sinaTliTa da masStaburobiT, magram Cemi azriT, omaha, kanzasi,
portlandi, oregoni da sietli jer kidev Sors aris imisgan, rom
pikaso da matisi jerovnad Seafasos. rodis moxdeba es - asi
orasi
wlis
SemTxvevaSi
Semdeg,
nu
esec
naklebad
ganmixilavT
mainteresebs.
xelovnebis
misionerad,
Tu
nebismier
an,
gnebavT,
misionerad xelovnebaSi. moZravi gamofenebi xelovnebas aufasurebs.
xelovneba (didi xelovneba, matisisa da pikasos xelovneba) ar aris
gankuTvnili
brbosTvis, jogisTvis, farTo
s a z o g a d o e b i
s T v i s . . . (Macleod, 2008: 137)
am radikaluri xazis mxardamWerni, qalebis gaaqtiurebis gamo,
erovnuli sulisa da siZlieris Sesustebis safrTxesac ki xedavdnen.
amitomA cxovrebis yvela sferoSi mamakacuri sawyisis axali ZaliT
damkvidrebis gzebs eZebdnen. aseTi damokidebulebis arseboba kulturis
sferoSi
qalTa
saqmianobasa
da
maT
warmatebebs
kidev
ufro
dasafasebebls xdis.
2.3 qalTa mecenatobis institucionalizaciis etapebi.
izabela stiuart gardneri (1840-1924)
me-20
saukunis
dasawyisSi
xelovnebis
mecenatebma
(sqesis
ganurCevlad) aqtiuri samuSao gaswies evropasa da amerikaSi moRvawe
avangardistebis
popularizaciisa
da
damkvidrebisTvis,
Tumca
Tanamedrove xelovnebis institucionalizaciis procesi, samarTlianad,
qalTa saqmianobas ukavSirdeba.
116
,
am
procesis
popularizaciis
mniSvnelovnad
gavecnoT.
arsis
gzaze
wvdomisTvis
gadadgmuli
migvaCnia
qalTa
gansakuTrebuli
avangarduli
qmediTi
mier
yuradReba
nabijebis
muzeumebis
gvinda
xelovnebis
paralelurad
daarsebis
davuTmoT,
sakiTxs
1903
wels
bostonSi gaxsnil fenuei qorTs (Fenway Court), romelic aseve izabela
stiuart gardneris muzeumis saxeliT aris cnobili. Tavad izabela
stiuart gardneri da misi kerZo muzeumi gardamaval rgols warmoadgens
me-19 saukunis xelovnebis sferoSi moRvawe qalebsa da axali tipis
qalebs Soris, romelTa amocanebi ukve radikalurad gansxvavebuli da
bevrad ufro Tamami iyo.
1880-ian da 1890-ian wlebSi momravlebuli qalTa klubebisa da
gaerTianebebis saqmianobis Sedegad, sazogadoebaSi gaCnda xelovnebiT
dainteresebul
qalTa
koleqcionerebi,
kritikuli
muzeumebis
masa,
romelmac
damfuZneblebi
da
maRali
xelovnebis
rangis
sferos
aqtivistebi gamoiyvana aspareze. am qalebis sruliad gamorCeuli xedvisa
da
miswrafebebis
sruliad
romelic
wyalobiT,
unikaluri
aRniSnavs,
stili.
rom
Seiqmna
kulturis
daveTanxmebiT
1885-1915
wlebSi
sferoSi
mkvlevar
mTeli
liderobis
vanda
amerikis
qorns,
masStabiT
gamoCndnen damoukidebeli azrovnebis mqone qalebi, romlebsac saerTo
swrafva
aerTianebdaT
–
Tavi
mieZRvnaT
kulturis
sferos
gaumjobesebisTvis. mkvlevari maT „xelovnebis matronebs~ (art matrons)
uwodebs da amtkicebs, rom saqmianobis maTi stili gamorCeuli iyo.(Corn,
1997: 11) am gamorCeulobas xSirad interesTa sferoTi gansazRvraven, rac
realobas srulad ar asaxavs. izabela stiuat gardneri da misi muzeumi
amis erT-erTi naTeli magaliTia. upirveles yovlisa, gardneri sara
uorTington
king
piteris
„memkvidre~
iyo,
romelmac
xorci
Seasxa
amerikaSi qalTa TaosnobiT tradiciuli xelovnebis muzeumis Seqmnis
ideas. am muzeumis „gardamaval~ xasiaTs isic amyarebs, rom masSi moxerda
qalTaTvis tradiciuli dekoratiuli xelovnebisa da mxolod mamakacTa
interesebis sferoSi myofi tradiciuli ferweruli tiloebis erTad
gamofena; saxlis gamijnuli teritoriisa da sajaro sivrcis harmoniuli
117
,
Serwyma. aseve, man daangria miTi sajaro sivrceSi qalis saqmianobis
SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb.
SeZlebul
ojaxSi
dabadebulma
izabela
stiuartma
kargi
ganaTleba miiRo SeerTebul Statebsa da evropaSi. misi ojaxuri
cxovreba
sakmaod
standartuli
iyo,
Tumca
vaJiSvilis
gardacvalebam da Semdgomi uSvilobis samwuxaro perspeqtivam igi
Rrma
depresiaSi
egzotikur
Caagdo.
qveynebSi
mogvianebiT
mogzauroba
col-qmarma
daiwyo,
evropasa
ramac
da
travmirebuli
qalisTvis erTgvari Terapiis saxe miiRo. zogierTi misi biografi
miiCnevs, rom
izabelas
interesi
xelovnebis
mimarT swored
am
mZime stresis daZlevis erT-erTi gza iyo (Tharp, 1998; Shand-Tucci,
1997). misi
meuRlis
-
jek
gardneris
sazogadoebrivi
statusi,
finansuri mdgomareoba da damyoli buneba xels uwyobda izabela
gardneris
eqscentriul,
bohemur
cxovrebas
da
zogjer
Tamam
„gamoxtomebsac~. Mmisi qceva, im drois qalTa qcevis standarts
scdeboda
Tumca
da
igi
misi
xSirad
mamakacTa
gamorCeuloba
moxvedrisas,
igi
is
gamowvevebs
teritoriazec
iyo,
Tanabari
rom
am
iWreboda.
teritoriaze
pirobebiT
iRebda.
ase
moxda xelovnebiT misi dainteresebis SenTxvevaSic.
rogorc
izabela
mizniT
1860-90-iani
gardnerma
daiwyo.
ferwerul
Seicavda.
milioni
koleqciis
Tavdapirvelad,
tilos,
1891
wlebis
wels,
dolari
mecenat
Segroveba
is
da
rodesac
man
misi
axasiaTebdaT,
saxlis
franguli
qsovilebs
miiRo,
qalebs
skolis
xelovnebis
mamisgan
dekorirebis
sxva
ramdenime
nimuSebs
memkvidreobiT
SesaZleblobebi
gaizarda
1,75
da
koleqciamac STambeWdavi saxe miiRo: ticiani, vermeeri, botiCeli,
holbeini,
rembranti,
arasrulisiac
ki
tintoreto,
sakmarisia
am
jorjone,
pirovnebis
rubensi.es
portretis,
misi
saqmianobis sruli suraTis aRsaqmelad.
Tavdapirvelad
es
Sedevrebi
gardnerebis
saxlSi,
biqon
hilze iyo ganTavsebuli. 1896 wlidan aq ukve ewyoboda xanmokle
gamofenebi. amave
dros
momwifda
118
calke
muzeumis
Seqmnis
idea.
,
muzeumebis
naklebobiT
Sewuxebuli
izabela
erT-erT
pirad
werilSi werda:
„wlebis
win
mivedi
im
daskvnamde,
rom
Cvens
qveyanaSi
xelovnebis erTgvari deficiti iyo, radgan sxva sferoebis
ganviTarebas
meti
dro
davuTmeT.
Cveni
qveyana
SedarebiT
axalgazrdaa da esTeturi nivTebisa da xelovnebis nimuSebis
xilvis SesaZlebloba naklebad gveZleva. amitom gadavwyvite,
maT popularizacias mTeli cxovreba mivuZRvna, Tuki, ra Tqma
unda, SevZleb.~(Macleod, 2008: 91)
ideas gadawyvetilebis miReba mohyva da 1899 wels daiwyo
fenuei
qorTis
sazeimod,
mSenebloba,
romelic
gardnerisTvis
1903
wlis
Cveuli
dasawyisSi,
gaqanebiT
da
TeatralizebulobiT gaixsna.
fenuei
qorTi
da
misi
damfuZnebeli,
konkurentunariani
moTamaSe aRmoCnda mamakac mecenatebTan da xelovnebis qomagebTan
WidilSi. izabela gardneri yvelafers damoukideblad akeTebda
da
wyvetda:
mopovebis
koleqciaSi
mizniT
mSenebloba,
Semavali
gamarTuli
eqsponireba,
Sedevrebis
Sesyidva
molaparakebebi
muzeumis
marTva
da
iqneboda
da
maTi
es,
Tu
dafinansebis
struqturireba. fenuei qorTSi man xelovnebis „moSinaureba~ da
kerZo
da
swored
sajarosivrcis
amis
gamo,
saocari
quCis
erTobis
mopirdapire
Seqmna
mxares
moaxerxa.
ganlagebulma
xelovnebis muzeumma (The Museum of Fine Arts ) fenuei qorTi ver
daCrdila.
gardneris
interesis
warmateba
obieqti,
ignorirebuli,
an
da
mamakaci
naklebad
miRweva
isic
koleqcionerebis
ganviTarebuli
iyo,
rom
mier
sfero
misi
sruliad
ki
ar
iyo,
aramed XVII-XVIII saukunis maRalmoTxovnadi evropuli ferwera.
qerol
smiT-rozenbergi
misi
daxasiaTebisas
wers,
rom
izabela gardneri iyo sazogadoebrivi moRvawe, kulturis qomagi,
im tipis qalTaA winamorbedi, romlebmac uari Tqves sayovelTaod
miRebuli normebis morCilebaze da romlebsac mogvianebiT henri
119
,
jeimzis
mier
damkvidrebuli
qalebi~
daerqvaT
krebiTi
saxeli
-
„axali
(Smith –Rosenberg, 1985: 176). misma
Taobis
saqmianobam
filantropiis momaval tendenciebs Cauyara safuZveli da rogorc
qeTlin
maqarTi
dasawyisis
aRniSnavs,
asparezi
individualist
qalebs,
gauxsna
me-20
romlebmac
saukunis
amerikuli
xelovnebisa da filantropiis konturebi Secvales (McCarthy, 1991:
150).A
gardneris
muzeumisa
da
zogadad
misi
saqmianobis
ganuzomeli mniSvneloba isic aris, rom man faseulobebisa da
aqcentebis
nimuSTa
Secvla
moaxerxa
dilerebisa
da
interesebis gaerTianeba
da
koleqcionerebis,
xelovnebis
xelovnebis
istoriis
moaxerxa. izabela
eqspertTa
stiuart gardnerisa
da Bbernard berensonis mravalwliani saqmiani urTierToba amis
naTeli magaliTia. am tandemis udao mniSvnelobis da berensonis
wammarTveli rolis miuxedavad arsebobs mosazreba, rom izabela
gardneris
muzeumis
kulturuli
mxolod
funqciis
akademieur
damTvaliereblisa
da
gareSe,
Teoriebi
berensonis
sivrceSi
darCeboda
misi
(Higonnet,
realuri
da
codna
1997:
87-88).
kulturis sferoSi lideris rolis dakaveba imaT SeuZliaT visac
unari Seswevs gaacocxlos xelovnebis nimuSi. izabela stiuart
gandneris
kulturuli
muzeumi
am
lideris
funqcias
statuss
asrulebs
sZens
mis
da
amitomac
damaarsebels,
is
wers
mkvlevari ana higoneti (Higonnet1997 : 91).
ebigail oldriC rokefeleri (1874-1948)
1929
wlis
noemberSi
niu-iorkSi
gaixsna
Tanamedrove
xelovnebis muzeumi (the Museum of Modern Art, MOMA) , romelic sami
qalis - ebigail oldriC rokefeleris, lili blisisa da meri
quin
salivanis
saxels
ukavSirdeba.
am
sami
qalbatonis
principulobis, individualizmisa da Seupovrobis Sedegad, oTxi
120
,
evropeli
mxatvris
98
namuSevriT
gaxsnili
am
muzeumis
„damfuZnebelTa manifestSi~ naTqvami iyo, rom muzeumi amieridan
regularulad
mxatvrebis
moawyobda
gamofenebs
Tanamedrove
da
amerikeli
Seiqmneboda
da
Tanamedrove
evropeli
xelovnebis
mudmivmoqmedi muzeumi.
Tavisi
romelsac
esTetiuri
muzeumi
da
dRemde
kulturuli
inarCunebs,
Rirebulebis
misi
gaxsna
garda,
mTeli
rigi
faqtorebis gamoc iyo niSandoblivi: es movlena qalTa mzardi
individualizaciis
maCvenebeli
filantropiuli
iyo;
igi
SesaZleblobebis
gamoxatulebas
warmoadgenda;
profesiuli
Tanabrad
qalTa
da
SeTavsebis
saqmianoba
mxolod
saqvelmoqmedo sferoTi aRar Semoifargleboda; es muzeumi imis
konkretuli dasturic aris, rom 1920-ian wlebSi, gafarToebuli
arCevanis SesaZlebloba, mravalferovani kulturuli interesebis
dakmayofilebaSi
gamovlinda.
da,
rac
mTavaria,
es
iyo
Tanamedrove xelovnebiT qalTa ara mxolod dainteresebis, aramed
warmatebuli institucionalizaciis dasturi.
koleqcionirebam, rogorc TviTdamkvidrebis formam, iseTive roli
da mniSvneloba SeinarCuna progresivizmis dros, rogorc es mas e.w.
mooqrovili saukunis dros hqonda. qalTa mier samoqalaqo uflebebis
mopovebis
miuxedavad,
am
saqmianobis
roli
ar
Semcirebula.
aqve
davamatebdi, rom Tanamedrove xelovnebis, avangardis koleqcionireba da,
miTumetes, am koleqciebis institucionalizacia axali da bevrad ufro
Tamami, win gadadgmuli nabiji iyo qalTa gaTavisuflebis gzaze. amis
Tqmis safuZvels iZleva paraleli me-19 saukunis Sua wlebSi qalTa
organizaciebis
„frTxil~
da
amJamindel
radikalur,
realurad,
safrTxis Semcvel nabijebs Soris.
„sami
qalbatoni~
damfuZneblebs da
(Three
Ladies),
ase
uwodebdnen
muzeumis
maTi erToblivi muSaoba, romelic TanamoazreTa
gaerTianebis principiT mimdinareobda, progresivizmis epoqaSi mecenati
qalebis
saukunis
gaerTianebis
Sua
wlebis
saerTo
qalTa
principi
gaxda.
organizaciebs,
121
Tu
gavixsenebT
maTTan
SedarebiT,
me-19
es
,
Tvisobrivad axali da arsebul realobas ukeT morgebuli gaerTianeba
iyo. daian maqleodi am tendenciis aRsawerad iyenebs termins “sisterhood”
da
ganmartavs,
gansxvavdebodnen
rom
rogorc
gemovnebiT,
biologiuri
temperamentiTa
da
debi,
xasiaTiT,
SesaZloa,
aseve
am
peridSi moRvawe qalebsac gansxvavebuli miznebi da interesebi SeiZleba
hqondaT. gaerTianebis ZiriTadi sayrdeni is iyo, rom isini srulad
acnobierebdnen xelovnebis misias da mis adgils saxlis viwro CarCoebs
miRma xedavdnen. marTalia, mecenati qalebi xmis uflebis mosapovebel
mitingebze
ar
dadiodnen
da
agitacias
ar
eweodnen,
magram
qalTa
emansipaciisTvis sxvagvarad, Taviseburi saSualebebiT ibrZodnen (Macleod,
2008: 135).
rac Seexeba am konkretul sameuls, isic araerTgvarovani da bevr
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT radikalurad gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis mqone
adamianTaerToba iyo.
„mamoZravebeli Zala da sulisCamdgmeli udaod ebi rokefeleri iyo.
mas hqonda ganWvretis unari da erTgvari sibrZne; Llili bliss
hqonda
koleqcia,
meri
salivans
-
mSvenieri
suli,
magram
ebi
rokefeleri mainc lideri iyo,~ wers ebi rokefeleris biografi
bernis qerTi (Kert, 2003: 267-268). E
ebigail oldriCis mama rod ailendis Statidan senatori da
Tavadac ferweris koleqcioneri iyo. Tavisi droisa da socialuri fenis
standartebis Sesabamisad ebim ganaTleba jer kerZod, Semdeg ki mis
ebotis skolaSi (Miss Abbott’s School) miiRo. momdevno etapi evropuli turi
iyo. amgvari ganaTlebisa da mamis enTuziazmis damsaxurebiT, ebim adreve
gamoiCina interesi xelovnebis mimarT. mogvianebiT Svilisadmi miweril
werilSi ebi ase xsnis xelovnebiT misi dainteresebis mizezebs:
„xelovneba
CemTvis
erT-erTi
umZlavresi
sasicocxlo
resursia; is amdidrebs sulier cxovrebas, mouxmobs adamians
gonierebisaken
da
meti
Tanadgomisaken;
xvews
da
afaqizebs
dakvirvebisa da aRqmis unars~. (Macleod, 2008: 156)
rac Seexeba koleqcionirebas, man adreul asakSive SeiZina degas
ramdenime akvareli, rasac ukve qorwinebis Semdeg Seemata italieli
122
,
primitivistebisa da Zveli ostatebis ramdenime naxati. 19 wlis asakSi
gaTxovili da momavali eqvsi Svilis dedisTvis Tanamedrove xelovneba
TviTdamkvidrebis
saSualebas
warmoadgenda.
man
moaxerxa
sruliad
unikaluri individualuri sivrcis SeqmniTa da avangardis mxardaWerisa
da
propagandis
gziT,
Tavi
daeRwia
im
drois
mkacri,
viwro
CarCoebisTvis.
da mainc, ra iyo avangardiT ebigeil rokefeleris gatacebis
mizezi?
xelovnebis
qomagi
mandilosnebis
mxridan
avangardiT
amgvar dainteresebas qeTlin maqarTi ori ZiriTadi mizeziT xsnis.
pirveli iyo arsebuli sicarielis Sevsebis strategia. saqme is
aris, rom mamakaci xelovnebaTmcodneebisa da mecenatebis mxridan
es
axali da
ucnobi sfero
ZiriTadad
sruliad
ignorirebuli
iyo, rac qalebs moqmedebis Tavisuflebas aZlevda. meore mizezi
ki,
ekonomikuri
rogorc
xasiaTis
qalebis
teqstili,
iyo:
interesis
TviTnaswavli
modernistuli
adrindeli
mxatvrebis
mxatvroba,
obieqtebi
iseve,
(keramika,
Semoqmedeba)
SedarebiT
xelmisawvdomi iyo imis gamo, rom SeZlebul mamakac mecenatTa
konkurenciis obieqts ar warmoadgenda (McCarthy, 1991:179-180).
ebi
roqefeleris
interesi
avangardis
mimarT
piraduli
interesiTac aixsneboda. mas meuRlis gavlenisTvis Tavis daRweva
da
xelovnebis
mecenatobis
sferoSi
damoukidebeli
adgilis
damkvidreba surda.
misi meuRle - jon rokefeler umcrosi, romelic puritanul
tradiciebze aRizarda, kategoriulad uaryofda Tanamedrove xelovnebas.
„es TviTkmayofili xelovnebaa. TiTqos es mxatvrebi amboben: me
Tavisufali var, ar var SezRuduli formalobiT. xelovneba is aris,
rac CemSia da Cemi arsebidan uneblieT moedineba.~ (Kert, 2003: 302-304)
amgvari
Sexedulebebis
gamo,
colis
Tanamedrove
xelovnebiT
gataceba mas mosvenebas ar aZlevda. jon rokefeleri arasodes iziarebda
ebigailis
interess,
maSinac
ki,
rodesac
ebim
meuRle
anri
matiss
Seaxvedra sadilze, im imediT, rom matisTan piradi kontaqti misTvis,
rogorc fxizeli gonebis adamiansTvis erTgvarad momsyidveli iqneboda.
123
,
Tavad
matisic
ecada,
daerwmunebina
maspinZeli
Tavisi
tiloebis
damamSvidebel da eskapistur efeqtSi. amisTvis mxatvarma paralelebic ki
gaavlo
Tavis
tiloebsa
da
rokefeleris
mier
aseTi
rudunebiT
Segrovebul Cinur faifursa da sparsul xaliCebs Soris, magram amaod.
rokefelerma
Tavaziani
sinanuli
gamoTqva
am
sferos
mimarT
uinteresobis gamo da daaimeda mxatvari, rom „misis rokefeleri misTvis
Cveuli damajereblobiT moaxerxebda mis gadarwmunebas.~ (Kert,2003: 302-304)
ebim es ver moaxerxa. ufro metic, miuxedavad yvelanairi mcdelobisa,
jon rokefelerma cols TavianTi saxlis sastumro oTaxSi Tanamedrove
xelovnebis nimuSebis gamofenac ki aukrZala. aseTma damokidebulebam
mainc
ver
gatexa
ebigaili;
man
bavSvebis
yofili
oTaxi
avangardis
savaned aqcia da mas saxlis „mTavari nawili~ (Top-side) uwoda.
mkvlevar
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
daian
maqleodis
„Sebrunebuli~
SefasebiT,
funqciebic
rokfelerebis
ki
dekoratiul xelovnebasa da saxlis gaformebaze
xolo
ebi
Tanamedrove
xelovnebas
uwevda
wyvils,
ekisrebodaT:
joni
iyo orientirebuli,
propagandas,
rac
met
gambedaobas moiTxovda da ufro „mamakacuri~ saqmianoba unda yofiliyo
(Macleod, 2008: 156).
ebi rokefeleris msgavsad, lili blissac ojaxuri winaaRmdegobis
daZlevis fonze gauCnda Tanamedrove xelovnebisadmi interesi da misi
mxardaWeris
survili.
blisi
dauqorwinebeli
iyo,
mSoblebTan
cxovrobda. misi koleqcia ZiriTadad sardafSi iyo gamwesebuli damas
drodadro
TiTo
damokidebulebam
naxatis
mxolod
Sin
gamofenis
gaaZliera
uflebas
misi
aZlevdnen.
interesi
aseTma
Tanamedrove
xelovnebis mimarT da aRuZra survilies sfero sxvebisTvisac gaecno. igi
aqtiurad iyo CarTuli armori Sous organizebaSic da swored aq SeiZina
degas, renuarisa da sxvaTa namuSevrebi.
meri quin salivani arc ise SeZlebuli irlandieli emigrantebis
ojaxidan
iyo.
swavlisas
mopovebuli
dafinansebiT,
igi
evropaSi
gaemgzavra xelovnebis skolebis saqmianobis gasacnobad, sadac eziara
Tanamedrove xelovnebas da Tavisi koleqciisTvis pirveli mokrZalebuli
SenaZenic iq gaakeTa. mogvianebiT, qeTrin dreieris ojaxTan daaxlovebam
124
,
da
masTan
erTad
xelovnebiT
misi
evropaSi
mogzaurobam,
daintereseba.
gaaRrmava
evropidan
Tanamedrove
dabrunebuli
salivani
rokefelerTan da blisTan erTad erTveba armori Sous organizebaSi.
Tavisi Semdgomi kariera quinma saganmanaTleblo sferos dauTmo. am
periodSi miRebuli gamocdilebis Sedegi iyo saxelmZRvanelo, romelSic
is mkiTxvels saxlis dagegmarebisa da dekorirebis praqtikul rCevebs
sTavazobda (Quinn,1914). wignSi gansakuTrebiT xazgasmuli iyo formis,
ganaTebisa da masalis harmoniuli Sexamebis mniSvneloba. am koncefciis
arsi iyo xelovnebis xelmisawvdomi nimuSebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
integrireba. 1917 wels, ukve karierulad Semdgari, igi colad gahyva
advokat da koleqcioner kornelius salivans da, amjerad, masTan erTad,
gaagrZela
evropeli
avangardistebisa
da
amerikeli
mxatvrebis
koleqcionireba.
Tanamedrove
xelovnebis
muzeumis
damfuZnebelTa
sqesis,
maTi
gaerTianebis principebisa da Tavad koleqciis revoluciurobis garda,
am muzeumSi bevri ram iyo novatoruli: menejmentis stili da TviT
eqspoziciac ki.
1929
muzeumis
wels
ebigail
rokefelerma
Tanadamaarseblebma
lili
da
blisma
misma
da
Tanamoazreebma
meri
salivanma
da
maTi
pirmSos mmarTveloba mamakacs SesTavazes da Tavad CrdilSi darCena
arCies.
qogner
gudierisadmi
miweril
werilSi
ebi
dawvrilebiT
ganumartavs mas, Tu rogor mividnen is da misi Tanamoazreebi - lili
blisi
da
meri
salivani
muzeumis
Seqmnis
ideamde
da
sTavazobs
Tanamedrove xelovnebis muzeumis prezidentis adgils. SesaZloa, misi
qmris ukiduresad uaryofiTi damokidebulebis gamoc, rokefelerma da
muzeumis Tanadamaarseblebma ufro usafrTxo gzad miiCnies muzeumis
mmarTveloba
masStabis
mamkacisTvis
eqsperimentSi
-
gudierisTvis
qalebis
egidiT
miendoT,
marTul
radgan
muzeums
„aseTi
SesaZloa
jerovani mxardaWera ver mieRo~ (Kert, 2003: 275). Tumca arc maSin da arc
dRes aravis eWvi ar epareba, rom am unikaluri da Tamami dawesebulebis
daarseba am sami qalbatonis saxels ukavSirdeba.
125
,
gudieris
garda
MOMA-s
administrirebiT
dakavebuli
iyvnen:
Tanamedrove da afrikuli xelovnebis koleqcioneri frenk krauninSildi,
harvardis xelovnebis istoriis profesori pol saqsi da filantropi da
salonuri cxovrebis moyvaruli Jozefin bordman qreini. xelovnebis
istoriis axalgazrda mkvlevari alfred bar umcrosi, „sami qalbatonis~
iniciativiT,
direqtorad
saqmianobisTvis
dainiSna,
Tvali edevnebina.
raTa
yoveldRiuri
rutinuli
miuxedavad imisa, rom es
sameuli
emansipaciisTvis mebrZolebs TanaugrZnobda, isini radikalur nabijebs
Tavs
aridebdnen
da
mzad
iyvnen,
mamakacebTan
TanamSromlobiTa
daTmobebiTac ki, es Tamami avantiura bolomde mieyvanaT.
da
am koleqtivis
SigniT, bunebrivia, principuli sadavo sakiTxebic iCenda Tavs, Tumca
Tavidan isini mxolod
profesiuli, an teqnikuri xasiaTis
iyo. ase
magaliTad, seriozuli davis sagani gaxda is, Tu romeli namuSevrebiT
unda gaxsniliyo muzeumi. saqsi, bari da krauningSildi Tanamedrove
amerikeli mxatvrebis tiloebis gamofenis momxreni iyvnen maSin, rodesac
ebi rokefeleri
amas sastikad ewinaaRmdegeboda. Aalfred barisadmi
miweril werilSi is ambobs, rom direqtorTa sabWos sruli ufleba aqvs
gaakritikos es mosazreba, magram frangi mxatvrebis - sezanis, gogenis,
van gogisa da sxvaTa tiloebis gamofena, misi azriT, ufro marTebuli
iqneboda.
Tanamedrove
gaanawyenebs,
mxolod
amerikelebze
korifeebis
arCevanis
Cveneba
ki,
SeCereba
SesaZloa,
wina
Taobas
mdore
da
calmxrivi iyoso (Kert, 2003: 281). 1929 wlis seqtemberSi gadawyvetileba
miRebul iqna da „mamakacTa gundma~ gudiers Seatyobina „kapitulaciis~
Sesaxeb. pirveli eqspozicia oTxi frangi mxatvris - sezanis, gogenis, van
gogisa da seras tiloebisgan Sedgeboda.
muzeumis gaxsna did movlenad iqca, rasac isic mowmobs, rom 1929
wlis safondo birJis kraxidan sul raRac 24 saaTSi gaxsnili gamofena
oTxi Tvis manZilze gagrZelda da pirveli oTxi kviris ganmavlobaSi igi
47 000-ze metma adamianma moinaxula.
izabela stiuart gardneris fenuei qorTis msgavsad, eqspoziciis
principi MOMA-Sic radikalurad gansxvavebuli iyo. meri salivani 1914
wels
gamocemul
saxelmZRvaneloSi
126
„saxlis
dagegmareba
da
morTva:
,
praqtikuli
da
ekonomiuri
dekorirebis
martiv
rCevebi
formebs
aniWebs
diasaxlisebs~
upiratesobas
sacxovreblis
da
formisa
da
ganaTebis erTianobisa da balansis, aseve, e.w. masalis integrirebis
momxrea.
am
xedvaze
didi
gavlena
moaxdina
armori
Souze
nanaxma
Tanamedrove xelovnebis nimuSebma. aseTive principi iyo gamoyenebuli
pirveli eqspoziciis mowyobisas.
da
ar unda vifiqroT, rom aseTi novatoruli ideebi
sazogadoebisa
muzeumis
iyo
mmarTvelTa
sabWos
mier
uproblemod
miRebuli.
muzeumis mesveurTa komitetis warmomadgenelma eilin meier libmanma
aRSfoTebuli
werili
gaugzavna
gudiers
sagamofeno
darbazebis
depersonificirebuli esTetikis gamo:
„me Tu mkiTxavT, cneba „xelovneba~ mxolod qandakebas, mxatvrobas,
grafikasa
da
fotografias
ki
ar
unda
moicavdes,
aramed
yoveldRiurad gamoyenebul, iseT funqcionalur da dekoratiul
sagnebzec unda vrceldebodes, rogoric aris mina, keramika, wignis
yda
Tu
garkveuli
saxis
saojaxo
aveji.
msgavsi
nivTebis
meSveobiTac mdidrdeba adamianis sulieri cxovreba . . . esTetiuri
da
funqcionaluri
saojaxo
nivTi
yovelTvis
moTxovnadia
miuxedavad imisa, rom teqnikur saukuneSi vcxovrobT,
da
Semoqmedebis
nebismier nayofs gasavali yovelTvis eqneba.~ (Macleod, 2003: 166)
aseTi mosazreba arc erTaderTi iyo da arc SemTxveviTi. muzeumis
mmarTvelTa
sabWo
moxerxebulad
xelovnebis
sferoSi
qalTa
iyenebda
dominanturi
msgavs
roliT
signalebs
ukmayofilo,
da
Tavis
principebs amkvidrebda. lili blisis gardacvalebis, meri salivanis
ojaxuri mdgomareobis gamo gadadgomisa da saganmanaTleblo sferoSi
gadasvlis Sedegad, marto da kidev ufro daucvelad darCenili ebi
rokefeleri daTanxmda „avadsaxsenebeli~ artemis pakardis oficialurad
mowvevas,
muzeumis
xelmZRvanelobis
Sesaswavlad.
pakardis
komisiam
(Packard, 1938) dado angariSi, romelic calsaxad uaryofda qalis SesaZlo
pozitiur rols xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi:
„Cven
yoveli
amerikas
ukve
mxridan
daudga
gvipirispirdebian
dro,
rodesac
127
da
migviTiTeben,
xelovneba
kvlav
rom
daikavebs
,
kuTvnil adgils mamakacTa interesebis nusxaSi. diax, Tamamad unad
iTqvas, rom am qveyanaSi Tanamedrove xelovneba mniSvnelovnad ver
ganviTardeba, Tu am saqmeSi
Seitans
swored
warmoebasa da
mamakaci,
wvlils mTeli gulmodginebiT ar
romlis
mWidro
kavSiri
soflis meurneobis yvela dargTan
komerciasTan,
mas „xelovnebis
praqtikaSi gamoyenebis~ uSualo iaraRad aqcevs, rac qals naklebad
xelewifeba.~ (Mcleod, 2003: 167)
am komisiis saboloo daskvna da baris Sexedulebebi dauZleveli
winaaRmdegoba
mmarTveloba
aRmoCnda.
Tavis
gadatrialebas
da
vaJs,
1939
wels
nelson
taxtidan
ebi
rokefeleri
rokefelers
Camogdebas
Caabara.
Hgavda,
gadadga
da
marTalia,
es
magram
qalebi
ar
danebdnen da Tanamedrove xelovnebis popularizacia sxva gzebiTa da
xerxebiT gaagrZeles. realurad arsebuli mZime foni, romelSic qalebs
uwevdaT TavianTi principebis gatana maT mxolod aZlierebda.
gertrud vanderbilT uiTni (1875-1942)
swored
aseTi
nabiji
iyo
gertrud
vanderbilT
uiTnisa
da
juliana forsis mier amerikuli xelovnebis muzeumis (the Whitney Museum of
American Art) Seqmna.
amerikis
elitaruli
da
SeZlebuli
wris
warmomadgenels
-
gertrud vanderbilT uiTnis qalTa uflebebisTvis arasdros ubrZolia,
magram mis mier 1931 wels daarsebuli amerikuli xelovnebis muzeumi
stentonis „grZnobaTa deklaraciaze~ aranakleb Tamami da radikaluri
nabiji iyo. stentonis cxovrebis mkvlevari, istorikosi lori ginsbergi
Tavis wignSi ase axasaiTebs mis saqmianobas:
„qalTa
uflebebis
cneba
stentonis
gamogonili
ar
aris,
man
ubralod aitaca is ideebi, romelic haerSi trialebda, gadaamuSava
isini, gasageb da damajerebel sityvebad aqcia, daumata didi doziT
momxibvleloba da qarizma da iseTi ZaliT miubruna sazogadoebas,
rom uTvalavi Tanamoazris ayolieba SeZlo.~ (Ginsberg, 2009: 5)
128
,
stentonis msgavsad, uiTnim arsebul realobaze, gamocdilebasa da
tradiciaze
dayrdnobiT,
Seqmna
unikaluri
da
manamde
ararsebuli
kulturuli sivrce, romelmac qalTa mecenatobis Semdgomi evolucia
uzrunvelyo.
gertrud vanderbilT uiTni, ebi rokefeleris msgavsad, SeZlebuli
da
privilegirebuli
fenis
warmomadgeneli
iyo
da
maqsimaluradac
sargeblobda am upiratesobiT. swored am upiratesobis wyalobiT, man is
moaxerxa, rac qeTrin dreierisTvis ganuxorcielebel ocnebad darCa. rac
Seexeba
uiTnisa
da
rokefelers,
isini
iseve,
rogorc
maT
mier
daarsebuli dawesebulebebi, gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan. rokefeleri
Tavis
saqmianobas
CrdilSi
mdgomi
warmarTavda
(sadaveebi
qogner
gudieris xelSi iyo),UuiTni ki Tavad ganagebda yvelafers. gansxvavebuli
iyo
xelovnebisadmi
maTi
damokidebulebac.
uiTnisTvis
es
ojaxuri
problemebisa da arSemdgari ojaxuri simyudrovis Canacvleba iyo da,
saboloo jamSi, misi kariera gaxda.
vanderbilTebze
faqtis
moyvana
warmodgenis
maTi
winaprebis
Sesaqmnelad
istoriidan.
sakmarisia
Bbabua
-
ramdenime
legendaruli
komodore vanderbilTi niWieri biznesmeni iyo, romelmac sarkinigzo
imperia
Seqmna.
biznesis
mama
-
gafarTovebiTa
xelovnebis
muzeumis
kornelius
da
vanderbilTi,
filantropuli
metropolitenis
rkinigzis
saqmianobiT,
mmarTvelTa
saojaxo
kerZod
sabWoSi
ki,
ocwliani
samsaxuriT gamoirCeoda.
gertrud
maswavleblebTan
vanderbilTma
miiRo,
Semdeg
safuZvliani
ki
ganaTleba
prestiJul
qalTa
jer
kerZo
saswavlebelSi
(Brearly School). mTeli am periodis manZilze igi mSoblebis nebiera da
gadaWarbebuli yuradRebisa da zrunvis obieqti iyo.
hari uiTnize daqorwinebis Sedegad, gertrudma erTi mdidruli
garemodan
meoreSi
gadainacvla
da
albaT
amitomac,
gansxvavebuli
atmosferos Seqmnis survilma igi mxatvar jon la fargs40 daakavSira. am
40
jon la fargi 1835-1910 (John LaFarge) - amerikeli mxatvari, kedlis mxatvrobisa da
vitraJebis specialisti, mwerali.
129
,
nacnobobam
mis
cxovrebaze
Zireuli
gavlena
iqonia.
mogvianebiT
„arasdros damaviwydeba siamovneba, romelic momaniWa
im gancdam,
gertrudi werda:
rom aseTi didi adamianis gacnoba mxvda wilad. swored mas Semdeg
davinteresdi amerikis xelovnebiT.~ (Friedman, 1978: 6)
mSobiarobasTan dakavSirebuli Rrma depresiisa da qmris Ralatis
gamo,
gertrudis
ojaxuri
cxovreba
kraxiT
dasrulda.
am
mZime
situaciidan gamosavali man mravali qalis mier ukve nacadi xerxis
meSveobiT - qvelmoqmedebaSi CarTviT gadawyvita.
am mimarTulebiT pirveli nabiji meri simkoviCis grinviC hausis41
dasaxlebaSi regularuli stumroba iyo, rasac mohyva uiTnis mmarTvelTa
sabWoSi arCeva. misi interesebis sferodan gamomdinare, gertrudi am
organizaciaSi
moxvedrilTaTvis
xatvis
gakveTilebs
afinanasebda
da
meTvalyureobda. saqme is aris, rom 1890 wels evropaSi mogzaurobisas,
man TavisTavSi ukve aRmoaCina cxoveli interesi xelovnebis mimarT.
parizis muzeumebisa da luvris skrupulozuli daTvaliereba, qandakebis
kerZo gakveTilebi - yovelive es mZime depresiasTan brZolis gza iyo;
amave
periodSi
gamoikveTa
saxelovnebo
filantropiis,
rogorc
pirovnuli xsnis idea.
pirveli mosazrebebi amasTan dakavSirebiT mis pirad dRiurebSi
ukve 1904 wels Cndeba:
„Camoyalibdi, ra SeiZleba gaxdes Seni mudmivi interesis sagani.
winaswar darwmundi, rom es iseTi saqmea, romlis keTebisas yvela
Seni upiratesoba
mniSvnelobas SeiZens.
es unda iyos iseTi ram,
risi wamomwyebic Tavad iqnebi. darwmundi, rom Seni mdgomareobac
iseve wagadgeba am saqmeSi, rogorc fuli, an gansakuTrebuli niWi,
romelic bunebiT mogdgams. … gamoiyene es mdgomareoba saimisod, rom
gavlena iqonio mamakacebze, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, Sens survilze
41
meri simkoviCis grinviC hausi (Mary Simkovitch, Greenwich House) - am saqvelmoqmedo
organizaciis misia iyo ojaxebisa da calkeuli pirovnebisTvis SeeTavazebinaT
socialuri, jandacvis, kulturuli da saganmanaTleblo programebi da am gziT
uzrunveleyoT yvela asakisa da warmomavlobis moqalaqis srulfasovani CarTuloba
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saqmianobaSi.
130
,
iqonieben gavlenas. Ees aris erTaderTi gza bednierebisaken da es
usaTuod unda gakeTdes.~… (McCarthy, 1991: 220)
gertrud uiTnis, Tavisi winamorbedi mecenati qalebis msgavsad,
srulad gaazrebuli hqonda Tavisi miznebi da gegmebi, magram maTgan
gansxvavebiT, naTlad xedavda Tavisi finansuri SesaZleblobebis did
upiratesobas
saqvelmoqmedo
da
mecenaturi
saqmianobis
gansaxorcieleblad. cnobadobisa da didi finansuri SesaZleblobebis
miuxedavad, gertrudma samxatvro da filantropiuli saqmianoba Tavis
proeqtebSi mamakacebis mozidviT daiwyo, raTa Tavisi saqmianobisTvis
respeqtabeluri saxe mieca.
misi saqmianobis kidev erTi principuli
Tavisebureba is gaxldaT, rom uiTnisTvis prioritetuli profesiuli
mxare iyo da ara genderuli Tanasworobis idea. am gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb
Tavis mosazrebas gamoTqvams qeTlin maqarTi:
„uiTni ukve iwyebda fiqrs im gzebze, romliTac saukunis gariJraJze
kulturis
sferoSi
qalTa
filantropiis
axal
Targze
gamoWra
gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli, igi gamalebiT eZiebda Zveli artaxebidan
Tavis daRwevis gzebs.~ (McCarthy, 1991: 220)
gertrud uiTni mxolod xelovnebis mecenati ar yofila, igi
Tavad xelovani, kerZod, moqandake iyo da am gzaze miRweuli aRiareba
misTvis
winaaRmdegobaTa
warmoadgenda.
ojaxi
daZlevis
da
pirvel
megobrebi
warmatebul
msubuqi
gamocdilebas
iumoriT
uyurebdnen
skulpturiT mis gatacebas da Tumca am droisTvis qalTa saxelovnebo
ganaTlebis sfero seriozul cvlilebebs ganicdida, genderuli aspeqti
jer
kidev
gertruds
Semaferxebeli
uaxloesi
warmodgenebTan
SeZlebuloba
aRmoCnda.
garemoeba
adamianebis
-
brZola
uwevda.
karieruli
winsvlis
TviTon
am
movlenas
iyo
warmatebuli
dedisa
ase
da
meuRlis
paradoqsulia,
gzaze
xsnida:
kidev
Tu
karierisTvis.
MmoZvelebul
magram
erTi
uiTnis
winaaRmdegoba
SeZlebuli
mxatvari
SekveTebs moiTxovs, is lukmas gamoglejs piridan imas, visac es ufro
sWirdeba. xolo Tu samuSaos ufasod Seasrulebs, fass ise daagdebs, rom
es Ralatis tolfasi iqneba. am da sxva winaaRmdegobaTa miuxedavad,
uiTnim
karieruli
winsvla
moaxerxa.
131
metic,
misi
mizandasaxuloba
,
ojaxisa
da
megobrebis
winaaRmdegobis
pirdapirproporciulad
Zlierdeboda. skulpturiT gataceba, romelic 1905 wels depresiasTan
brZolis
formiT
daiwyo,
1910
wlisTvis
mokrZalebul
warmatebaSi
gadaizarda, 1917 wels espaneTis mTavrobis mxridan miRebuli kolumbis
qandakebis SekveTiT gagrZelda da msgavsi SekveTebis grZel nusxases
namuSevaric Seemata. pirveli msoflio omis miwuruls gertrud uiTni
skulpturis samyaroSi ukve aRiarebul figurad iTvleboda.
rac Seexeba gertrud uiTnis samuzeumo saqmianobas, is SeiZleba
simbolurad
miviCnioT
erTgvar
pasuxad
marsel
diuSamis
Semdeg
mowodebaze:
„sabolood
unda
gavacnobieroT,
rom
evropuli
xelovneba
dasrulda, mokvda da rom momavlis xelovnebis erTaderTi akvani
amerikaa. . .~ (Friedman, 1978: 417).
im drois muzeumebi am mosazrebas ar iziarebdnen. arsebobda
Sexeduleba,
amdenad,
rom
muzeumi
sagamofeno
„gardacvlili
darbazSi
moxvedris
mxatvrebis
sasaflaoa
aucilebeli
piroba
da,
iyo
gardacvlilis statusi, ucxouri warmomavloba, an aRiareba dilerebis
mxridan.~ (Glackens, 1957: 76)
meoce saukunis dasawyisisTvis
uiTnim da qeTrin dreierma axal,
arsebulisgan radikalurad sapirispiro tendencias daudes saTave da
TavianTi
Tanamedrove
mxatvrebisa
da
mxardaWera daiwyes.
132
aqamde
ignorirebuli
Janrebis
,
Tavdapirvelad, uiTni am problemas individualuri saSualebebiT
wyvetda: individualurad ukveTda naxatebs Tavis Tanamedrove mxatvrebs,
piradad patronobda eSqenis skolis realistebs da 1908 wels maqbeTis
galereaSi
„rvaTa~
gamarTul
(The Eight42)
gamofenaze
warmodgenili
namuSevrebidan oTxi Tavad SeiZina, „rac am tiloebis Seqmnaze aranakleb
Tamami nabiji iyo.~ (Homer, 1969: 53-64)
igive
saqmianobis
gagrZeleba
damoukidebel
iyo
mxatvarTa
sazogadoebis (Society of Independent Artist) gamofenis erT-erT organizatorad
yofna da, mogvianebiT, 1918 wels misive mmarTvelTa sabWos wevroba.
uiTnis koordinirebiTa da konsultaciebiT araerTi gamofena gaimarTa.
Semdegi nabiji, romelic uiTnis muzeumis SeqmnasTan aaxlovebda,
iyo misi reaqcia sagamofeno sivrcis naklebobaze (da zog SemTxvevaSi
ararsebobaze). am mwvave problemas man 1908 wels ori studiis gaxsniT
upasuxa, rasac mogvianebiT xsenebuli sivcis kidev ufro gafarToeba
mohyva.
1914
wels
mis
erT-erT
studiaSi
gaimarTa
gamofena-gayidva
saxelwodebiT “50-50 Art Sale,” romlis Semosavlis naxevari, rogorc es
saxelwodebidanac Cans, qvelmoqmedebas, parizSi amerikeli jariskacebis
hospitals moxmarda, meore naxevari ki mxatvrebis mxardaWeris fondSi
gadanawilda.
es
faqti,
Cemis
azriT,
uiTnis
moRvaweobis
memkvidreobiTobas usvams xazs da bunebrivad iwvevs sanitaruli komisiis
saqmianobis
asociacias.
mogzaurobis
maspinZlobas,
saqvelmoqmedo
miuxedavad,
rac
uiTnis
misi
miznebiT
studia
Tanamoazrisa
safrangeTSi
agrZelebda
da
momavali
xSiri
gamofenebis
partnioris
-
juliana forsis daxmarebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli.
gertrud uiTnis mier am wlebSi gaCaRebuli sagamofeno saqmianoba
imiT
iyo
niSandoblivi,
mravalferovani
eqspoziciebi,
rom
gafarTovda
moewyo
jon
areali,
slounis
gaimarTa
personaluri
gamofena. mxatvrobis cnebis gafarToebad SeiZleba miviCnioT Stiglicisa
42
rvani (The Eight) - am saxelwodebiT gaerTianebulma mxatvrebma robert henris
xelmZRvanelobiT mxolod erTxel, 1908 wels maqbeTis galereaSi moawyves erToblivi
gamofena. erovnuli akademiis mier uaryofili maTi xelovneba meoce saukunis amerikuli
ferweris TviTmyofadi ganviTarebis winapiroba iyo. mogvianebiT, es moZraoba eSqenis
skolis saqmianobas Seerwya.
133
,
da
stiSenis
fotografiis
gamofena
da
aqve
grinviC
hauzis
skolis
moswavleebis gamofena saxelwodebiT “Art by Children of the Greenvich House
School”.
gansakuTrebiT
romlebic
im
minda
droisTvis
gamovyo
amave
siaxle
iyo
periodis
da
is
eqspoziciebi,
mogvianebiT
amerikuli
mravalferovnebis saxelovnebo sibrtyeSi harmoniuli Serwymis saTave
gaxda.
msgavsi
kosmopolituri
eqspoziciebis
mowyobis
magaliTebi
adreul istoraSic moipoveba, magram ara aseTi masStabiT. 1918 wels
gaimarTa gamofena saxelwodebiT: „amerikel indielTa fotoportretebi.
avtori i.s. kertisi~.
imave wels moewyo Cineli modernisti mxatvrebis
gamofena, ramodenime wliT gvian - rusuli plakatis eqspozicia; Semdeg
skulpturis
saukunis
gamofena-konkursi
20-ian
wlebSi
„emigranti
Temaze:
gaimarTa
kidev
erTi
amerikaSi.~Mmeoce
saintereso
gamofena
„afrikuli skulptura~, romelic adre gamarTuli msgavsi eqspoziciisgan
imiT
gansxvavdeboda,
rom
pikasos
20
afrikuli da Tanamedrove xelovnebis
TaosnobiT
moewyo
Tanamedrove
londonSi,
kavSirs
sazRvargareTuli
amerikeli
parizSi,
namuSevars
mxatvris
venasa
da
aerTianebda,
usvamda xazs. uiTnis
gamofenebic,
romlebic
popularizacias
SefildSi.
rac
vfiqrob,
32
emsaxureboda,
es
magaliTebi,
cxadyofs uiTnis saqmianobis maStaburobas, inovaciur arssa da mizans.
1918 wels gaxsnilma Whitney Studio Club-ma uiTni da forsi kidev
ufro
daaaxlova
maTi
cxovrebis
mTavar
movlenasTan
-
amerikuli
xelovnebis muzeumis daarsebasTan. am klub-studiam arsebobis 11 wlis
manZilze 86 gamofenas umaspinZla (amaTgan 28 personalurs), warmoadgenda
mxatvrebis
saimedo
mniSvnelovania,
TavSesafarsa
uiTnim
da
da
forsma
aq
sayrdens
muSaobisas
da
rac
aranakleb
miiRes
unikaluri
menejeruli da marketinguli gamocdileba, rom araferi vTqvaT, iseTi
mxatvrebis sazogadoebisTvis wardgenaze, rogorebic iyvnenjon slouni,
uiliam glakensi, aseve, imxanad axalbeda edvard hoferi da reginald
marSi. studiis
SemoqmedebiT
kari Tanabrad Ria iyo
asparezze
uiTnis
mZime
nakarnaxevi.
134
qali mxatvrebisTvisac, rac
piradi
gamocdilebiT
iyo
,
am droisTvis, uiTnis sakuTari koleqcia ise gaizarda, rom mas an
kidev erTxel unda gaefarTovebina sagalereo sivrce, an muzeumisTvis
eCuqebina. arCevani metropolitenis muzeumze gakeTda, miT umetes, rom
misi mama mmarTvelTa sabWos wevri iyo. miuxedavad amisa, muzeumidan
Semdegi pasuxi movida: „aRar gvinda amerikelebi, sardafi savse gvaqvs
rac faqtobrivad saboloo
msgavsi suraTebiT!~ (Rubinstein, 1982: 188),
ganaCeni iyo.43
muzeumis daarsebis procesis momswre, juliana forsis megobari,
forbs uotsoni mogvianebiT ixsenebda, rom sakuTari muzeumis Seqmnis
gadawyvetileba swrafad da iolad iqna miRebuli. forsi direqtorad
dainiSna. daisaxa muzeumis samomavlo strategia, romelic Tanamedrove
amerikeli
mxatvrebis
gamofenas
isaxavda
miznad,
ganurCevlad
mimarTulebisa da Janrisa. erTaderTi kriteriumi maRali xarisxi unda
yofiliyo (McCarthy,1991: 237).
1931 wlis 17 noembers amerikuli xelovnebis muzeumis gaxsnas
daaxloebiT 4
aTasi stumari daeswro. maT Soris
iyvnen mxatvrebi,
xelovnebis kritikosebi, muzeumebis direqtorebi, xelovnebis qomagebi da,
ra Tqma unda, Jurnalistebi. RonisZiebis kulminacia iyo prezident
huveris misaloci mimarTva da cxadia, Tavad gertrud uiTnis figura,
romelic msgavsi RonisZiebebis ubadlo maspinZlobiT iyo cnobili.
presa
araerTgvarovnad
urTierTgamomricxaoba
da
gamoexmaura
radikaluri
am
movlenas.
gansxvaveba
Sefasebebis
cxadyofda,
Tu
ramdenad sarisko saqmes iyo SeWidebuli es ori qalbatoni da ramdenad
mzad unda yofiliyvnen isini zogjer mtruli damokidebulebisTvisac ki.
muzeums amerikis erT-erTi wamyvani sacavis reputacia Seeqmna, romelic
warmatebiT iqna SenarCunebuli imis wyalobiT, rom uiTnisa da forss
impresarioebis
RvTiT
xelewifebodaT
saWiro
boZebuli
niWic
adamianebisa
da
aRmoaCndaT.
presis
maT
erTnairad
TavianTi
proeqtebiT
daintereseba da am proeqtebis gegmazomierad bolomde miyvana. marTalia,
sara uorTington piteris Taobis qalbatonebisgan gansxvavebiT, gertrud
43
M metropolitan muzeums amerikeli mxatvrebis sakuTari ganyofileba 1949 wlamde ar
hqonia.
135
,
uiTnisa da mis Tanamedrove mecenat qalebs sakuTari qonebis gankargvis
saSualeba ukve hqondaT da uiTnis es saSualebebi arasdros aklda, misi
danaxarji
gacilebiT
mokrZalebuli
Sesaqmnelad daxarjul
iyo
sxva
analogiuri
sacavebis
TanxebTan SedarebiT. am qalebis fasdaudebeli
Rvawli is iyo, rom maT miznad daisaxes, arc meti, arc naklebi „daemsxvriaT gulgrilobis kedeli, romelic amerikul xelovnebas gars
ertya 1876 wlidan~. (McCarthy, 1991: 240) juliana forsi amtkicebda, rom am
muzeumis
mTavari
amocana
unda
yofiliyo
amerikuli
xelovnebis
prestiJis aRdgena, romliTac wlebis manZilze mxolod ucxouri da
gasuli saukuneebis xelovneba sargeblobda.
ira glekensi -eSqenis skolis erT-erTi damaarseblis, uiliam
glekensis vaJi Tavis wignSi amis Sesaxeb werda: „amerikul xelovnebas
amieridan „ukana karebidan~ Semosvla aRar mouwevs.~ (Glackens, 1957: 233)
bevri
qalebis
TvalsazrisiT,
ganzogadebul
gertrud
magaliTad
uiTnis
kariera,
gvevlineba.
axali
maSin,
Taobis
rodesac
me-19
saukune mamakacebis individualizmis aRzevebis xana iyo, meoce saukunis
20-iani wlebisTvis qalebis individualizmma Zalebis mokrefa daiwyo da
didwilad miRebulic iqna sazogadoebis mier.
saSualo klasis qalis qcevis myarad fesvgadgmuli doqtrina
xazgasmulad moiTxovda koleqtivizms, Tavganwirvas, saxlisa da ojaxis
kultze dafuZnebul qcevis normebs.
mamakacis
individualizmma
gaTavisuflda.
simkacris
qalTa
Serbileba
moZraobis
Serbileba,
meoce saukunis 20-iani wlebisTvis,
daiwyo.
danawevreba,
ganaTlebis
SezRuduli
zneobrivi
miRebisa
da
qali
normebis
dasaqmebis
SesaZleblobebis zrda - yovelive aman didi wvlili Seitana e.w. axali
tipis
qalis
gamoCenasa
da
TviTdamkvidrebaSi.
amitom,
qalTa
individualizmi jazis saukunis Tavisebur laitmotivad iqca. qeTlin
maqarTi am procesebis Sesaxeb wers:
„meoce
saukunis
20-iani
wlebisTvis,
qaluri
siTamamisadmi
sazogadoebis Semwynarebluri damokidebuleba TandaTan sxva ramiT
Seicvala: amjerad namdvili pativi miego axal gmir qalTa mTels
wyebas,
gerTrud
uiTnis,
meri
136
pikfordisa
daEemilia
erhartis
,
CaTvliT,
romlebmac
uCveulod
warmatebuli
kariera
Seiqmnes.~
(McCarthy, 1991: 241)
uiTni novatori imitomac iyo qalTa samuzeumo moZraobaSi, rom
igi e.w. „qalTa kulturis~ izolirebulad ganviTarebas emijneboda. ase
magaliTad, qali mxatvrebis namuSevrebis xazgasmulad calke gamofenisa
da
propagandirebis
kriteriumiT
nacvlad,
arCevda,
iZenda
is
da
maT
xarisxisa
gamofenda,
da
rac
faseulobis
Tanasworobis
im
droisTvis axali xedva iyo. zogi feministi sayvedurobda uiTnis, rom
individualisturi
tendenciebis
midgomebis
gamo
institucionalizacia,
ver
moxerxda
rasac
Sedegad
feministuri
is
mohyva,
rom
piradad uiTnis muzeumis saqmeebidan CamoSorebas qalTa sakiTxisadmi
ufro gulgrili da indeferentuli damokidebuleba mohyva. yovelive
amis miuxedavad, meoce saukunis dasawyisis mecenat qalebs saSualeba
miecaT
TavianTi
sityva
eTqvaT
aqamde
mxolod
mamakacebis
sferod
miCneul sivrceSi.
uiTnis
saukunis
kariera
20-iani
adasturebs.
qalebma
gansakuTrebuli
wlebis
mxolod
drois
qalTa
da
unikaluria,
saqmianobis
dekoratiuli
ormocdaaTwlian
rasac
statistikuri
xelovnebiT
monakveTSi
meoce
analizic
dainteresebulma
seriozuli
naxtomi
ganaxorcieles: kulturis sadaveebi ipyres xelT da individualistur
mecenatobamde
amaRldnen,
raSic
uiTnim
da
misma
Tanamimdevrebma
fasdaudebeli roli Seasrules.
qalTa
saxelovnebo
filantropia
amerikaSi
etapobrivad
viTardeboda. dekoratiuli xelovnebiT dawyebuli procesi evoluciurad
„maRali~
xelovnebiT
Seicvala
da
Tu
Tavidan
evropisa
da
aziis
xelovnebis popularizacia xdeboda, uiTnim da misma Tanamedroveebma
aqcenti Tanamedrove xelovnebaze gaakeTes da warsulis „gandidebis~
nacvlad fsoni „amerikis momavalze~ dades.
„meoce saukunis 30-iani wlebisTvis arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi da
stereotipebi
sabolood
daingra
da
qalebma
sadaveebi
TavianT
xelSi aiRes,~ wers uiTnisa da forsis Semoqmedebis mkvlevari avis
bermani. (Berman, 1990: 291).
137
,
3.4 samuzeumo moZraobis gafarToebuli geografia da mravalferovneba
aSS-Si
aSS-Si
pirveli
mosaxleebis
gaCenis
dRidan
arsebobda
mtkice
rwmena, rom kargad organizebul sazogadoebas unda Seswevdes unari
uzrunvelyos
misi
mravalferovani
jgufebis
funqcionireba.
harmoniuli
Semadgeneli,
amitomac,
eTnikurad
Tanacxovreba
kulturuli
Tanaarsebobisken
da
konfesiurad
da
srulfasovani
mravalferovneba
swrafva
amerikuli
da
maTi
sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis Tanamdevi movlenaa.
istoriis,
kulturisa
da
socialur
mecnierebaTa
mkvlevrebi
erTxmad aRiareben, rom sufraJisti da socialuri TanasworobisTvis
mebrZoli qalebis
paralelurad, mecenati qalebis
mravalwliani da
dabrkolebebiT aRsavse moRvaweobis gareSe amerika dRevandeli saxiT ver
Camoyalibdeboda. gadaWarbeba ar iqneb Tu vityviT, rom aseTi tipis
saqmianobam
etapobrivad
geografia,
klasobrivi
Secvala
da
amerikuli
genderuli
qalaqebis
parametrebi.
socialuri
moxaliseobriv
principebze damyarebulma asociaciebma safuZveli Cauyares iseT Zalas,
romelmac
ASeqmna
reformebs da
me-20
kultura,
safuZveli
Cauyara
qveynis
Camoayaliba amerikelis mentaliteti.
saukunis
mfarvelobisa
rogorc
amerikis
da
amerikis
dasawyisis
propagandis
qalTa
saqmianoba
xelovnebis
mimarTulebiT
SeiZleba
ganvixiloT,
mravalferovnebis
SemaduRabebeli
da
erovnuli
erTianobisken mimavali erT-erTi gza. me-20 saukunis daswyisidan qalTa
gaaqtiurebas xelovnebis marTvis sferoSi Sedegad moyva mTeli qveynis
masStabiT
muzeumebis
daarseba,
an
arsebul
muzeumebSi
koleqciebis
gadacema. am qalbatonebis cxovrebis da samecenato saqmianobis erT-erTi
mTavari
samizne
aSS-is
mravalferovani
kulturuli
memkvidreobis
erTmaneTisgan esoden gansxvavebuli Sreebis warmoCena, popularizacia
da mniSvnelobis xazgasma iyo.
Tavis mxriv, am moZraobam Tavisi saganmanaTleblo arsiT da udao
sazogadoebrivi datvirTviT qalebis SesaZleblobebs farTo asparezi
gauxsna da Tumca me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi Zveli diqotomia kvlavac
138
,
ZalaSi iyo, saqvelmoqmedo da saxelovnebo veqtori ukve seriozul
cvlilebas ganicdida. Tu e.w. mooqrovili saukunis qalebis winsvla jer
kidev
mamakacebis
mandilosnebi
„zedamxedvelobiT~
xdeboda,
progresivizmis
epoqis
ukve damoukideblad moqmedebdnenda mxolod sakuTari
mosazrebebiT
xelmZRvanelobdnen.
AaRniSvnis
Rirsia
is
faqtic,
rom
xSirad isini am amocanebs mamakac partniorebTan erTad axorcielebdnen.
mecenati qalebi, romlebic asparezze me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi
gamovidnen winamorbedebisgan Tvisobrivad gansxvavdebodnen. isini ara
marto
sakuTari,
gansxvavebuli
xedviT
qmnidnen
saxelovnebo
dawesebulebebs, aramed maT marTvasa da finansebis gankargvaSic aqtiur
monawileobas iRebdnen. am evoluciuri procesis fonze progresulad da
moqalaqeobrivad
qmnidnen,
aman
moazrovne
droTa
qalbatonebi
ganmavlobaSi
TanamoazreTa
seriozuli
jgufebs
cvlileba
Seitana
sazogadoebaSi.
qalTa
mecenatobis
Seswavla
mravali
gansxvavebuli
rakursiT
SeiZleba: am nawilSi qalTa mecenatoba kulturuli mravalferovnebis
harmonizaciis
WrilSi msurs gavaSuqo. me-19 saukuneSi dekoratiuli
xelovnebis
propagandiT
evropuli
da
dawyebuli
amerikuli
da
me-20
xelovnebis
saukunis
dasawyisSi
institucionalizaciiT
dagvirgvinebuli procesi samuzeumo moZraobaSi gadaizarda. ganvixilavT
ramdenime konkretul magaliTs.
jein stenfordi (1828-1905)
jein
stenfordis
cxovrebis
gza
da
saqmianoba
xelovnebis
propagandiT dakavebul qalTa fsiqologiuri, socialuri da pirovnuli
mravalferovnebis
faseulobebis
da
kidev
qalis
erTi
magaliTia.
rolis
marTalia,
viqtorianuli
is
aRqmis
tradiciuli
momxre
iyo,
SesaZlebelia igi post-viqtorianuli mentalitetis mqoned miviCnioT,
radgan, rogorc vanda qorni aRiSnavs:
139
,
„qalis ojaxSi diqtatorad da avtoritarul mmarTvelad yofnis
prerogativa
man
sajaro
instituciebis
mSeneblobis
sferoSi
gadaitana.~ (Corn, 1997: 14)
gansxvavebebis
garda,
mas
Cvens
mier
aRweril
qalebTan
bevri
saerToc hqonda: mizandasaxuloba, ganmanaTlebloba, kulturis donis
amaRleba
da aqtiuri saqmianoba
moRvaweoba
CrdiloeT
aRmosavleT
SedarebiT
sanapirosa
kulturuli
stenfordma
am
dasaxuli miznebis
kaliforniaSi
da
gaiSala,
romelic
Crdilo-aRmosavleTis
TvalsazrisiT
realobis
misaRwevad. misi
Secvlis
„veluri~
amocanas
did
qalaqebTan
mxare
miuZRvna
amerikis
iyo.
jein
Tavi.
sara
uorTington king piterisa da izabela stiuart gardneris msgavsad,
Svilis gardacvalebam garkveuli roli iTamaSa am farTomasStabiani
proeqtis
ganxorcielebaSi.
misi
biografebi
Tvlian,
rom
gamoTavisuflebuli dro da ojaxis soliduri kapitali mniSvnelovani
faqtorebi iyo (Osborn, 1986; Nagel, 1975).
15
wlis
asakSi
tifiT
gardacvlili
vaJis
ukvdavsayofad
stenfordebma san-franciskodan 35 milis moSorebiT, palo altoSi misi
saxelobis universiteti daaarses. im dros ukve magnati da milioneri,
liland stenford ufrosi am proeqtis iniciatori da ganmxorcielebeli
iyo. „misisipis dasavleTiT pirveli muzeumis~ daarseba jein stenfordis
idea iyo, romelmac 1891 wels am miznisTvis aSenebul
neoklasikuri
stilis SenobaSi daido bina44. jein stenfordi, muzeumebis Cvens mier
ganxiluli damfuZleblebisgan gansxvavebuli sqemiT moqmedebda: man jer
giganturi Senoba aago da Semdeg Tavi miuZRvna eqsponatebiT mis Sevsebas.
mkvlevari vanda qorni am muzeums rogorc „enciklopediurs~ axaliaTebs
(Corn, 1997: 15), radgan is arqeologiisa da eTnografiis mravalsaukunovan
suraTs
xatavda:
egvipturi
brinjaos
nimuSebi,
antikuri
saberZneTis
keramika, kopturi teqstili, iaponuri da Cinuri antikvariati – aseTi iyo
misi
diapazoni.
ganTavsebuli
stenfordebi
ferweruli
aqtiurad
koleqciis
44
zrunavdnen
gamdidrebazec,
maT
saxlSi
samomavlod,
Senoba aTenis erovnuli arqeologiuri muzeumis analogiiT aigo, romelmac
axalgazrda liland stenfordze waruSleli STabeWdileba datova (Turner, 1986) .
140
,
muzeumisTvis
misi
Tanamedrove
gadacemis
amerikuli
perspeqtiviT.
mxatvrobisa
da
liland
fotografiis
stenfordi
nimuSebze
iyo
orientirebuli, jeini ki evropaSi Zveli ostatebis tiloebis SeZeniT
iyo dakavebuli.
55 wlis asakSi daqvrivebulma jein stenfordma universitetisa da
muzeumis xelmZRvaneloba Tavis Tavze aiRo da warmatebiTac gaarTmeva
Tavi.
misi
saqmianoba
orientirebuli.
mxolod
jeinis
arsebulis
mmarTvelobisas,
SenarCunebaze
universitetis
ar
iyo
kampuss
biblioTeka, laboratoria da memorialuri eklesia daemata. gafarTovda
da
mudmivad
eqsponatebiT
mdidrdeboda
muzeumic.
qalebis
mier
daarsebuli sxva muzeumebisgan gansxvavebiT, es naklebadaa cnobili, rac
1906 wlis damangreveli miwisZvriT aixsneba. stiqiam muzeumis farTis 60
procenti miwasTan gaaswora da eqsponatebis sagrnobi nawilic srulad
an
nawilobriv
koleqciasac.
gaanadgura.
muzeumi
igive
daixura,
bedi
ewia
Senoba
stenfordebis
universitetis
ferweris
saWiroebebs
moxmarda da mxolod 1950 wels gaixsna, rogorc Tanamedrove xelovnebis
sagamofeno sivrce. aseTi finalis miuxedavad, jein stenfordis roli
qalTa gaZlierebuli sazogadoebrivi rolisa da kulturuli liderobis
damkvidrebis procesSi warmoudgenlad didia. igi Tavis sazogadoebis,
momavali Taobebis ganaTlebaSi xedavda da iRwvoda imisTvis, rom Tavisi
ojaxis
saxeliT
xelovnebis
popularizaciis
kuTxiT
mdidari
memkvidreoba daetovebina sazogadoebisTvis.
klaribel (1864-1929 ) da eta ( 1870-1949) kounebi
marTalia,
klaribel
da
eta
kounebicnobili
arian
rogorc
pikasos, matisis da sxva modernist mxatvarTa naxatebis koleqcionerebi,
baltimoris xelovnebis muzeumisTvis (the Baltimore Museum of Art) maT mier
gadacemul koleqciaSi iyo
saukuneebis
aRmosavluri
teqstili, kopturi xelovnebis nimuSebi, Sua
abreSumi,
samkaulebi,
aveji,
aRmosavluri
noxebi da afrikuli xelovnebis nimuSebi. es mravalferovneba arCevanis
141
,
Tavisuflebas gulisxmobda, rac sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad, axali
tipis qalis erT-erTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom da-Zma
stainebTan mWidro urTierTobam kounebis interesebi ver SezRuda. Tumca
kounebis
koleqciaSi
arsebuli
matisis
42
naxati
da
400-ze
meti
graviuridan pirveli namuSevrebi swored stainebis rekomendaciiT iqna
SeZenili (Fisher, 2000: 114).
rogorc debis nacnobebi da maTi biografiiT dainteresebuli
mkvlevrebi
aRniSnavdnen,
klaribeli
da
eta
erTmaneTisgan
ca
da
dedamiwasaviT gansxvavdebodnen. es exeboda rogorc garegnobas, aseve
fsiqotipsa
da
koleqcionerul
stilsa
da
interesebs
(Pollack, 1962;
Richardson, 1985). klaribeli misi drois ganaTlebuli axali tipis qalebis
msgavsad sakuTar Tavs ufro maskulinuri TvisebebiT Semkuls xedavda,
rac
pirdapirobaSi,
damoukideblobasa
da
profesionalizmSi
gamoixateboda da es, Sesabamisad, mis koleqciazec
aisaxeboda. misi
koleqcia, romelic mravalferovani da ekleqturic ki iyo, srulad
erwymoda koleqcioneris bunebas (Richardson, 1985: 7). am mosazrebas Tavad
klaribelic adasturebda, rodesac aRniSnavda:
„me arc ki vicodi, rom am nivTebisTvis, romlebic me mekuTvnis,
koleqcia SeiZleboda mewodebina, sanam adamianebma maTze saubrisas
am terminis gamoyenebaar daiwyes.~ (Macleod, 2008: 201)
eta
qounis
Tavisufali
stili, marTalia, ufro
seqsualuri
orientacia
qaluri iyo, magram misi
gambedavi,
zogjer
ki
avantiuristuli suliskveTebis namuSevrebis SeZenisken ubiZgebda. daian
maqleods amis magaliTad mis koleqciaSi arsebuli pikasos La Coifuure
(1906) da matisis Odalisque, mohyavs (Macleod, 2008: 204).
klaribel
da
eta
kounebis
baltimoris
mier
xelovnebis
muzeumisTvis TavianTi koleqciis gadacema sakuTrebis prioritetulobis
patriarqalur
aRqmasac
ewinaaRmdegeboda
da
sajaro
kulturuli
sivrcis sasargeblod gadadgmuli nabiji iyo. am nabijiT isini debi
hiuitebis,
ebi
rokefeleris
da
misi
Tanamoazreebis,
gertrud
vanderbilTis xazis gamgrZeleblebad iqcnen. maTi koleqcia STagonebis
wyaro
iyo
uamravi
mimdevari
qalisTvis,
142
romlebsac
kolqciis
,
muzeumebisTvis analogiurad gadacema an sulac sakuTari muzeumebis
daarseba surdaT. klaribel qouni, uamravi Tavisi winamorbedis msgavsad,
sruliad
gaazrebulad
udgeboda
am
sakiTxs,
rasac
misi
Semdegi
msjeloba adasturebs:
„axla, roca amis Sesaxeb msjeloba
Sevwyvite, sisuleledac
ki
meCveneba nivTebis koleqcionireba! magram yovelive amas, rogorc
Cans aqvs myari safuZveli, romelsac fesvebi Rrmad aqvs gadgmuli
adamianTa
gulebSi.
SexedeT
aTasobiT
adamians,
romlebic
am
martivma impulsma SeZra; SexedeT muzeumebs, romlebic am impulsis
dasakmayofileblad daarsda. silamazisken ltolva adamianis sulis
sasicocxlo funqciaa, es aris igive ltolva srulyofisken. zogi
imasac ambobs, rom es RmerTisken mimavali erT-erTi gzaa. vin icis . .
.~ (Hirschland, 2008: 7)
ima hogi (1882-1975)
„teqsasi calke imperiaa da geografiulad Tu istoriulad zogjer
sruliad Soreul da ucxo mxared gamoiyureba danarCeni qveynis
gadmosaxedidan. magram me meimedeba, rom baiu bends (Bayou Bend)
SeuZlia im
xidis mokrZalebuli roli Seasrulos, romelic ufro
dagvaaxloebs amerikul memkvidreobasTan, yvelas rom gvaerTianebs.~
(Willoughby, 2003: 172).
baiu bendi 1927 wels aSenda rogorc ima hogisa da misi Zmebis
sacxovrebeli
da
TandaTan
Seivso
amerikuli
antikvaruli
avejiT,
laTinoamerikuli da mkvidriamerikuli kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
dekoratiuli
xelovnebis
nimuSebiT.
dRes
es
hiustonis
nageboba
xelovnebis muzeumis (Museum of Fine Art in Houston, MFAH) dasavleT frTas
warmoadgens
asrulebs,
muzeumis
da
aTasobiT
romelic
TiToeuli
mis
damTvaliereblisTvis
Semqmnels
oTaxi
hqonda
amerikis
143
swored
Cafiqrebuli.
adreuli
istoriis
im
am
rols
uCveulo
konretul
,
monakveTs
eZRvneba,
Sesabamisi
avejiTa
da
dekoratiuli
xelovnebis
nimuSebiT aris gaformebuli.
„teqsasis pirveli ledis~ (The First Lady of Texas) saxeliT cnobili
ima hogi, saxelganTqmuli filantropi, koleqcioneri da xelovnebis
mfarveli iyo. misi koleqcia pikasos, Sagalis, modilianisa da matisis
namuSevrebiT iyo cnobili, magram is, rac hogs sxva koleqcionerebisgan
amerikana45
gamoarCevda,
iyo:
amerikuli
avejisa
da
adreuli
xanis
antikveriatis saxiT. es arCevani SemTxveviTi ar iyo da Tavad ima hogi
aRniSnavda, rom 1920 wels pirveli nimuSis, dedofal anas46 savarZlis
SeZenis Semdeg, mas dauZleveli survili gauCnda amerikuli koleqcia
Seeqmna romelime muzeumisTvis (Willoughby, 2003 : 169).
ima hogma safuZvliani da mravalmxrivi ganaTleba miiRo jer
teqsasis universitetSi (University of Texas at Austin), sadac is germanuls,
Zvel inglisursa da fsiqologias swavlobda. ori wlis Semdeg swavla
musikaluri xaziT ganagrZo jer niu-iorkis konservatoriaSi da Semdeg
evropaSi (germania, avstria).
axali
tipis
sazogadoebriv
qalisTvis
asparezze
tipiurma
saqmianobam
safuZvlianma
didwilad
ganaTlebam
ganapiroba
da
misi
mravalmxrivi saqvelmoqmedo saqmianoba: hiustonis simfoniuri orkestris
(Houston Symphony Orchestra) daarseba, marTva da mfarveloba; simfoniuri
sazogadoebis
meurveobis
mravalwliani
centris
daarseba
vice-prezidentoba;
hiustonis
(Houston Child Guidance Center);
bavSvTa
gogonaTa
musikaluri sazogadoebis (Girl’s Musical Society) prezidentoba; Teatraluri
saqmianobiT dainteresebuli kolejdamTavrebul qalTa klubis (College
Women’s Club) komitetis
wevroba. am proeqtebis
umetesi im TanxebiT
ganxorcielda, romelic hogebis mamulSi navTobis aRmoCenis Sedegad
45
amerikana – artefaqtebi, romlebic amerikis istorias, geografias, folklors exeba da
kulturul faseulobas warmoadgens (The American Heritage College Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin
Company. Boston. New York. 2004:45).
46
dedofali ana (Queen Anne) 1702-1712 wlebSi marTavda did britaneTs. “dedofal anas
stilis” saxeliT cnobili avejis dizaini 1720-1760-iani wlebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
termini, gviani baroko aseve gamoiyeneba am periodis dekoratiuli xelovnebis nimuSebis
dasaxasiaTeblad. amerikaSi am stilis gavrceleba emTxveva 1720-30-ian wlebSi britaneli
xelosnebis emigracias.
144
,
gaCnda. da-Zmas miaCnda, rom radgan es fuli mZime SromiT ar iyo
mopovebuli,
igi
Statis
keTildReobasa
da
qvelmoqmedebas
unda
moxmareboda (Cone, 1992: 62).
ima
da
misi
Zma,
uiliami
koleqcionereebi
iyvnen,
romelTa
saganZuris mniSvnelovani nawili hiustonis xelovnebis muzeums gadaeca,
magram is, rac ima hogs gamoarCevda, amerikuli antikvariatis mimarT
interesi
iyo.
ima
erT-erTi
pirvelTagani
iyo,
vinc
amerikuli
antikvaruli nivTebis faseuloba dainaxa da jerovani interesi gamoiCina
maT mosaZieblad da sazogadoebisTvis gasacnobad (Bernhard, 1984: 101).
miuxedavad
imisa,
gadacemuli
namuSevrebis
STambeWdavia,
100-ze
rom
meti
hiustonis
raodenoba
namuSevari
da
xelovnebis
da
muzeumisTvis
faseuloba
iseTi
avtorebi
erTnairad
rogoricaa,
sezani, modiliani, sarjenti, pikaso da sxvebi, ima hogis saxels baiu
bendi da amerikuli kulturis popularizacia gamoarCevs.
luizin hevmeieri (1855-1929) da eleqtra hevmeieri (1888-1960)
luizin uoldorn elder hevmeierisada misi qaliSvilis eleqtra
hevmeier uebis wvlili amerikis xelovnebis propagandisa da samuzeumo
moZraobis ganviTarebis saqmeSi didia. maTi cxovreba da saqmianoba axali
tipis qalis evoluciisa da Taviseburebebis TvalnaTeli magaliTia.
1929
wels
73
wlis
asakSi
gardacvlilma
luizin
hevmeierma
uzarmazari koleqcia, TiTqmis 2 000 eqsponati, metropoliten muzeums
dautova
anderZiT.
magnatis,
henri
popularizacias
luizinisa
o.
hevmeieri
ukavSireben,
da
misi
meuRlis,
saxels
magram
cotam
Saqris
warmoebis
amerikaSi
impresionizmis
Tu
rom
icis,
maT
mier
metropolitenisTvis gadacemul koleqciaSi rembranti da el grekoc
iyo. TviTon luizin hevmeieri ki amerikuli sazogadoebisTvis espanuri
mxatvruli skolis gacnobis erT-erTi moTave da ganmxorcielebeli iyo
(Cooney, 1995). metropolitenis TiTqmis yvela ganyofileba Seivso maTi
koleqciis egzempliarebiT.
145
,
1876-1924
koleqcia
wlebSi
Seqmna.
daqorwinebamde
meuRlesTan
am
erTad
koleqciis,
arsebobda
e.w.
da
luizinma
henris
is
am
mravalferovani
nawili
luizinze
periodis
mamakaci
koleqcionerebisTvis miRebul tradiciul interesebs asaxavda: iaponuri
dekoratiuli
xelovneba,
gafarToebaSi
luizinis
barbizonis
CarTvis
skolis
Semdeg
tiloebi.
aqcentma
koleqciis
impresionizmisken
gadainacvla da 1877 wels amerikaSi pirveli degac gaCnda.
luizin
hevmeieri
is
iSviaTi
figura
iyo,
romelmac
koleqcionirebisa da sufraJizmis Serwyma SeZlo. Tavis avtobiografiaSi
igi aRniSnavs, rom koleqcionirebam mas xeli Seuwyo misi individualuri
sivrcidan
politikuri
aqtivizmis
sajaro
asparezze
gamosuliyo
(Havemeyer, 1993: 30). rogorc sufraJistuli moZraobis aqtiuri wevri, is
cnobilia
aseve
rogorc
araerTi
statiis
avtori47
(Gere, 1999: 138).
1912 wels niu-iorkSi sufraJistuli moZraobis mxardasaWerad gamarTuli
gamofenisTvis noudeleris galereas (Knoedler Gallery) dauTmo goias da el
grekos tiloebi. 1915 wels luizini imave galereis mier gamarTuli
meore gamofenis `sufraJizmis mxardamWeri Zveli ostatebisa da edgas
dega da meri qasetis namuSevrebis gamofena~ (Suffrage Loan Exhibition of Old
Masters and Works by Edgar Degas and Marry Cassett) kuratori iyo.
misi qaliSvili eleqtra hevmeier uebi sruliad gansxvavebuli
gziT wavida. mSoblebisgan memkvidreobiT miRebulma koleqcionerobis
Jinma da Tavad koleqciis nawilma misi interesebi mainc ver SezRuda da
man impresionizmisgan radikalurad gansxvavebuli mimarTuleba airCia.
„Cems cxovrebaze udidesi gavlena Cemi SesaniSnavi mSoblebis luizinisa da henri hevmeierebis
isini
qomagobdnen
yvelafers,
magaliTma iqonia. Cemis azriT,
rac
ki
mSvenieri
da
Rirebulia
amqveynad. orive maTgani Cinebuli koleqcioneri iyo. me maT yvela
drois
udides
koleqcionerebi
wyvils
iyvnen.
vuwodeb.
isini
marTlac
koleqcionerobisTvis
47
mravalmxrivi
dabadebulebs
“The Prison Special: Memories of Militant”, “The Suffrage Torch: Memoris of Militant” 1922 (Gere, Vaizey,
1999: 138).
146
,
saTiTaod yvela nivTi uyvardaT, romelsac yidulobdnen. isini iseT
epoqaSi
cxovrobdnen,
roca
amerikuli
araferi
moiazreboda
xelovnebad, amitom maT mTlianad evropuli xelovnebis koleqcia
Semqnes.~
(http://academics.smcvt.edu/shelburnemuseum/sestey/Electra%20Havemeyer%20Webb.ht
m)
Tavisi momavali koleqciis da Semdeg muzeumis pirveli eqsponati
eleqtram 1907 wels 25 dolarad SeiZina. es iyo naturaluri zomis
mkvidri amerikeli qalis figura, romelsac xelSi sigarebi eWira. Tu
eleqtrasTvis
luizin
es
amerikuli
hevmeieris,
meri
xelovnebis
kasetisa
da
unikaluri
maTi
egzemplari
iyo,
TanamoazreebisTvis
es
„sruliad saSineli~ ram aRmoCnda.
„rogor
SegiZlia,
eleqtra,
Sen,
vinc
rembrandtisa
da
manes
tiloebze gaizarde, msgavsi amerikuli nayar-nuyaris atana?~ uTqvams
luizins qaliSvilisTvis.
eleqtra
am
mimarTulebis
pioneri
iyo,
romelmac
dros
daaxloebiT 20 wliT gauswro da TviTnaswavli mxatvrebis namuSevrebis
Segroveba daiwyo jer kidev maSin, rodesac maTi Rirebuleba aravin
icoda. igi amerikuli kulturisTvis faseul egzemplarebs yidulobda
maSin, roca termini „amerikana~ jer kidev ar arsebobda. eleqtras motivi
arc istoriuli faseuloba iyo da arc warsulis nostalgia, es nivTebi
mas esTetur siamvnebas aniWebda rac dedamisisTvis kidev ufro gaugebari
iyo. imis gamo rom eleqtra uebi yoveldRiuri moxmarebis nivTebSi da
ubralo adamianebis xelobaSi cdilobda daenaxa xelovneba, mis muzeums
kidev ufro metad mimzidvels xdida.
vermontis
Statis
qalaq
SelburnSi
ganlagebuli
Selburnis
muzeumi (the Shelburn Museum) dRes 45 akris farTobze gadaWimuli, 35
nagebobisgan Semdgari kompleqsia, romelic niu inglendis istoriuli
nagebobebis erTobliobas warmosdgens da am regionis cxovrebas asaxavs
1733 wlidan moyolebuli 1889 wlamde.
147
,
gertrud bas uorneri (1863-1951)
mravalferovani kulturuli interesebis
magaliTia
oregonis
jordan
universitetis
dakmayofilebis
Sniceris
kargi
xelovnebis
muzeumi (Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art), romelic aziis xelovnebas da am
kulturis gavleniT Seqmnil nimuSebs aerTianebs.
xsenebuli dawesebulebis Seqmna gertrud bas uorneris saxels
ukavSirdeba. es kidev erTi qali iyo, romelic Tavis dros uswrebda.Mmas
kargad hqonda gacnobierebuli, rom gansxvavebuli kulturis xalxTa
Soris
konfliqti
gardauvalia,
Tu
isini
erTmaneTis
gagebas
ar
Seecdebian. xelovneba ki am problemis daZlevis erT-erTi saukeTeso
saSualebaa. igi werda:
„aRmosavleTSi bevri mimogzauria da TvalnaTliv minaxavs, rogor
qceula
wminda
socialuri
xasiaTis,
umniSvnelo
gadacdenebi
seriozul gaugebrobad. Rrmad var darwmunebuli, rom aRmosavleTma
da dasavleTma erTmaneTisken savali gzebi da Sexebis wertilebi
unda moZebnon. aqedan gamomdinare, gacnobT zogierT adaTs, romelic
dasavleTma
mxedvelobaSi
dasavleTis
mSvidobiani
unda
miiRos,
„Seyrisa~
Tuki
da
aRmosavleTisa
megobrebad
da
darCenis
perspeqtivas gardauval aucileblobad miviCnevT~. (Metzger, Fong, 1997:
87)
rogorc WeSmariti amerikeli, igi Seudga imis keTebas, risic
Rrmad swamda da Seqmna aziis xelovnebis muzeumi da kulturuli centri.
unda iTqvas, rom aziis xelovnebis koleqcionireba samuzeumo saqmeSi
gamocdili
mamakacebisTvisac
warmoadgenda.
swored
ki
ioli
amitom,gertrud
ar
iyo
uorneris
da
iSviaTobas
orientalistikiT
daintereseba unda Sefasdes rogorc siTamame da erTgvari riskic ki.
misi mecenaturi saqmianoba cariel adgilas ar aRmocenebula.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SeerTebuli StatebisFfilantropiis mravalwliani
tradiciebi mis ojaxSic iyo akumulirebuli: misma
bebiam, romelic
qalTa umaRlesi ganaTlebis didi qomagi iyo, Cikagos universitets
saerTo sacxovrebeli gadasca saCuqrad, misi deida bavSvTa saavadmyofos
daarsebaSi
monawileobda,
deda
ki
148
Cikagos
xelovnebis
muzeumis
,
mmarTvelTa sabWos wevri iyo. am ojaxur tradicias, ra Tqma unda,
ukvalod ar Cauvlia.
gertrudam safuZvliani ganaTleba jer filadelfiaSi, Semdeg ki
parizSi miiRo. mas im drois normebisTvis ar uRalatia da sakmaod adre
gaTxovda, Tumca bavSvebis gaCenis Semdeg ganqorwinda. ojaxma ar isurva
ganqorwinebuli qaliSvilis Sin dabruneba da 1904 wels is ZmasTan
SanxaiSi gaemgzavra.
swored aq daiwyo misi daintereseba aziis kulturiT. Aaqve man
xelmeored iqorwina miurei uornerze. aziaSi xangrZlivi mogzaurobis
Semdeg 1909 wels wyvili
iujinSi, oregonis Stati, gadavida da swored
aq gaaCaRa filantropiuli saqmianoba. meuRlis gardacvalebis Semdeg
gertrudam sakmaod soliduri koleqcia gadasca iujinis universitetTan
arsebul jordan Sniceris muzeums, romlis damfuZnebelic da oci wlis
manZilze kuratoric Tavad iyo. muzeumis gaxsnis da amuSavebis Semdeg
igi
aziaSi
mogzaurobasa
da
eqsponatebis
Segrovebas
ganagrZobda.
muzeumis aziuri koleqciis sagulisxmo nawils warmoadgens slaidebi,
romlebic gertrud uorenma mod kernsTan erTad mogzaurobisas gadaiRo.
sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom gertrud uorenis
yuradRebis
obieqts xelovnebis natifi nimuSebi ar warmoadgenda. is ZiriTadad
koncentrirebuli
eqsponatebze,
iyo
rac
socialur,
mas
yoveldRiuri
kidev
erTxel
cxovrebis
gamoarCevda
amsaxvel
mamakaci
koleqcionerebisgan.
gertrud uoreni kvleviT saqmianobasac eweoda da am mxrivac
saintereso
miuZRvna
memkvidreoba
aziis
kulturis
datova.
man
faqtobrivad
sazogadoebisTvis
mTeli
gacnobas.
cxovreba
samuzeumo
da
kvleviTi saqmianobis garda, is wlebis manZilze afinansebda azieli
studentebis
swavlas
SeerTebul
SttebSi,
atarebda
aziuri
kulturisadmi miZRvnili eseebis konkursebs, romelTa gamarjvebulebs
miavlenda
aziis
multikulturuli
sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi
studenturi
garemos
samogzaurod,
Seqmnas
da
aaxlovebda esoden gansxvavebul kulturul realobebs.
149
xels
uwyobda
yovelive
amiT
,
dRes,
jordan
fokusirebulia
aziis
Sniceris
kulturis
xelovnebis
muzeumi
gacnoba-propagandaze
kvlavac
da
seriozul
saganmanaTleblo keras warmoadgens am sferoSi, rac srul TanxvedraSia
misi damaarseblis principebTan.
elisabeT harvudi, merion maqnei, meri uilraiTi
niu-meqsikos
Statis
qalaq
taosSi
harvudis
ganlagebuli
xelovnebis muzeumis (The Harwood Museum of Art) veb-gverdze misi miznebi da
amocanebi asea Camoyalibebuli:
„harvudisxelovnebis
muzeumi
msoflios
taosis
xelovnebas
warmouCens, taoss ki – msoflio xelovnebas. mexikos universitetSi
xsenebuli muzeumis misis xelovnebis nimuSebis Segroveba, dacva da
gamofenaa. es gansakuTrebiT im nimuSebs exeba, romelTa STagonebis
wyaro da Seqmnis adgili niu-meqsikoa, da romelTac swored am
StatTan aqvT garkveuli kavSiri.~ (http://harwoodmuseum.org)
es
devizi
da
suliskveTeba
SeiZleba
mivusadagoT
kidev
or
muzeums: san antonioSi, teqsasi ganlagrbul maqneis xelovnebis muzeums
(McNay Art Museum) da qalaq taosSi, niu-meqsikos Stati ganlagebul
uilraiTis amerikel indielTa muzeums (Wheelwright Museum of American Indian).
isini adre aRwerili muzeumebis msgavsad, kulturuli mravalferovnebis
mxardaWerisa da propagandis dasturia.
elizabeT
Semdeg
taosSi
biblioTekas,
harvudi,
meuRlesTan
dasaxlda
Semdeg
erTad,
daTavisisaxli
literaturul
parizidan
jer
salonebs
Camosvlis
qalaqis
sajaro
bolos
muzeums
da
dauTmo.laTinur-amerikuli xelovnebis rogorc Zveli, aseve Tanamedrove
nimuSebi da am kulturiT STagonebulTamedrove xelovanTa namuSevrebi
am muzeumis mSvenebaa.
san antonios maqneis xelovnebis muzeumi aseve mdidaria laTinuramerikuli kulturis da indiel amerikelTa Semoqmedebis nimuSebiT,
magram
aq
misi
damfuZneblis,
merion
150
qugler
maqnis
interesis
sxva
,
obieqtebic uxvadaa warmodgenili: Sua saukuneebi da renesansi, me-19 da
me-20 saukunis xelovneba.
meri
religias
qeboT
uilraiTi
swavlobda.
1921
mTeli
wels
cxovrebis
indielTa
manZilze
sxvadasxva
navahos
tomis,
(Navajo)
ritualuri simRerebis SemsrulebelTan da mkurnalTan hastin klahTan
Sexvedram, mis cxovrebas axali azri da mizani SesZina. N
navahos religiuri ritualebis aRwera da Cawera, maT mier qviSaze
Sesrulebuli saritualo mxatvrobis dafiqsireba da xeliT darTul
fardagebze gadatana – am erTobliv saqmianobaslogikurad moyva jer
sacavis,
mogvianebiT
ki,
muzeumis
daarseba,
romelic
indielTa
tradiciuli saxlis, houganisstilSi agebul SenobaSi ganTavsda.
amerikel
dRes
indielTa
damfuZneblebis mier Segrovebuli
uilraiTis
muzeumSi,
misi
eqsponatebis garda, am kulturiT
STagonebuli Tanamedrove xelovanTa namuSevrebic aris gamofenili, rac
am muzeums aqtualobasa da sicocxlisunarianobas unarCunebs.
qalbatonebi, romelTa portretebic
epoqaSi
moRvaweobdnen
da
gansxvavebuli
SemogTavazeT, sxvadasxva
ojaxuri
Tu
ideologiuri
idealebi hqondaT. xelovnebis mecenatobiT maTi dainteresebis motivebic
gansxvavdeboda
da
interesis
obieqtic:
XVII
da
XVIII
saukuneebis
evropuli ferwera, amerikuli da evropuli avangardi, aziis kultura,
meqsikuri da mkvidri amerikelebis xelovneba, dekoratiuli xelovneba da
a.S.
miuxedavad
am
gansxvavebisa,
maT
aerTianebda:
xelovnebis
siyvaruli, uSiSroba da Seupovroba sirTuleebis winaSe, moqalaqeobrivi
Segneba da principebisadmi erTguleba da, rac mTavaria, mtkice rwmena
imisa, rom maTi saqmianoba sazogadoebas ukeTesobisken Secvlida.
maT
mier
gadavxedavT,
kulturuli
daarsebuli
naTeli
qselis
muzeumebis
gaxdeba
masStaburoba
adgilmdebareobas
Seqmnili
da
geografiuli
mniSvneloba.
Tu
Tu
da
imasac
davumatebT, rom maT gverdiT aseTive enTuziasti qalebis armia
dgas (romelTac memkvidreebi da gamgrZeleblebi dResac hyavT),
maTi
wvlili
amerikul
sazogadoebaSi
151
kulturuli
,
mravalferovnebis
ideis
qveS
gasaerTianeblad
da
amiT
harmoniuli kulturuli garemos Sesaqmnelad fasdaudebelia.
Tumca,
sazogadoebas
multikulturalizmiT
amerikaSi
gamowveuli
gacnobierebuli
problemebis
simwvave
aqvs
da
sirTule, amgvari qalbatonebis arseboba xsenebuli problemebis
gadaWris imeds da garantias iZleva.
CvenTvis ki, maTi mravalferovani gamocdilebis Seswavlagaziareba da paralelebis gavleba SeiZleba Zalze sagulisxmo
iyos,
radgan
saTanado
ganviTarebis
kursis
aRebam
am
da
stadiaze
swori
qveynisTvis
orientirebis
SesaZloa sasicocxlo mniSvneloba SeiZinos.
152
myofi
dasaxvam
,
daskvna
1830-1930 wlebis amerikaSi mecenati qalebis saqmianobis ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebis
Seswavlis
Sedegad
SeiZleba
gamovitanoT
Semdegi
daskvnebi:
xelovnebis sferoSi moRvawe qalTa saqmianoba qalTa istoriis
iseTive
srulfasovani
uflebebisTvis
nawilia,
brZolis
rogorc
istoria.
am
socialuri
sferoSi
da
politikuri
qalTa
moRvaweobis
Seswavlam cxadyo, rom mkacri patriarqaluri CarCoebidan, romelic
qalTaTvis
misaRebad
mxolod
xelsaqmes,
saxlis
dekorirebasa
da
dekoratiuli xelovnebisadmi zomier interess miiCnevda, maTi saqmianoba
evropuli da amerikuli avangardis institucionalizaciiT da mTeli
qveynis masStabiT gavrcelebuli Tvisobrivad mravalferovani samuzeumo
moZraobiT
dagvirgvinda.
es
gza
iseTive
kanonzomierebebiT
da
sirTuleebiT xasiaTdeboda, rogorc abolicionizmis, sufraJizmis an
samoqalaqo
uflebebisTvis
brZola.
xelovnebis
mfarvelobisa
da
propagandis sferoSi amerikeli qalebis aswlianma moRvaweobam udidesi
roli
Seasrula
gafarToebaSi,
qalTa
ganaTlebaSi,
faseulobaTa
dasaqmebis
CamoyalibebaSi.
SesaZleblobaTa
yovelive
es
mecenati
qalebis saqmianobas politikuri da socialuri uflebebisTvis mebrZol
qalTa Rvawls uTanabrebs.
amerikel, da ara mxolod amerikel mecenat qalTa saqmianobis
kvlevisas,
swored
genderuli
aspeqti
Sedarebisas
xdeba
erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesia,
SesaZlebeli
imis
danaxva,
radgan
Tu
riT
gansxvavdeboda institucionalizaciis procesSi mamakacebisa da qalebis
xedva da gzebi da ra zegavlenas axdenda es maT sazogadoebriv rolsa
da statusze. kvlevis „genderizacia~ sqesTa mxolod dapirispirebisa da
gansxvavebis
moiazreba.
rogorc
kuTxiT
analizs
mamakacebi,
Semaferxebel,
Cems
ar
mier
aseve
gulisxmobsda
ganxiluli
dadebiT
rols
ormxriv
periodis
procesad
yvela
asrulebdnen
etapze
mecenati
qalebis evoluciis gzaze. qalTa emansipacia da sxvadasxva sferoSi
153
,
mowinave
poziciebze
damkvidreba
SeuZlebeli
iqneboda
iseT
sazogadoebaSi, sadac Tavad mamakaci ar iqneba emansipirebuli.
me-19 saukunis amerikeli qali, romelsac sazogadoebis mkacri
moTxovniT „WeSmariti qalurobis~ standarti unda daekmayofilebina,
winaaRmdegobrivi da araerTgvarovani fenomeni iyo. aRniSnul saukuneSi
sazogadoebaSi
mimdinare
reformatorulma
moZraobam,
migraciam,
industrializaciam da samoqalaqo omma kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena
viqtorianuli
idealebis
zewolis
miuxedavad,
aRiarebis
nacvlad,
uryeoba.
sazogadoebis
morCilebisa
im
epoqis
da
mxridan
umkacresi
daqvemdebarebuli
statusis
mandilosnebma
sruliad
gaazrebulad
gamoiyenes e.w. „WeSmariti qalurobis~ principebi sazogadoebaSi TavianTi
rolis gasaZliereblad. aman, Tavis mxriv, idealur da realur qals
Soris
arsebuli
mZafri
gansxvavebebi
warmoaCina,
rac
qalTa
daumorCileblobis maCvenebeli iyo.
me-19
xelsaqmis,
saukunis
xelovnebis
saxlis
propagandisti
dekorirebisa
da
da
mfarveli
literaturis
qalebi
„usafrTxo~
Janrebisadmi interesis garda, im droisTvis „Seuferebeli~, zogjer ki
kategoriulad
dakavebuli:
miuRebeli
renesansis
mimarTulebebis
epoqis
da
popularizaciiT
Tanamedrove
evropuli
iyvnen
xelovnebis
propaganda, mudmivmoqmedi da droebiTi gamofenebisa da eqspoziciebis
mowyoba, xelovnebis nimuSTa koleqcionireba, xelovnebis ganviTarebaze
orientirebul
sazogadoebriv
organizaciebSi
gaerTianeba.
aseTi
gambedavi qalebi erTeulebi iyvnen, magram maTi saqmianoba ganmsazRvreli
aRmoCnda kulturis sferoSi qalTa gavleniსa da rolis gasazrdelad.
me-19
saukuneSi
qalTa
gamijnuli
sferos
e.w.
da
„ojaxuri
feminizmis~ arsebobam xeli Seuwyo jer ojaxis SigniT qalTa rolisa da
saqmianobis
aqtivobis
arealis
gazrdas,
gafarToebas,
ramac
Semdeg
gadamwyveti
ki
roli
maTi
sazogadoebrivi
iTamaSa
am
saukunis
WeSmariti qalurobis etalonis e.w. axali tipis qalad gardasaxvaSi.
154
,
viqtorianuli
qalurobis
tradiciebiT
sazRvrebis
SesaZleblobebis
sazogadoebriv
damkvidrebuli
gafarToeba,
gazrdis
da
tipis
SeZlo,
qalbatonebma
ramac
perspeqtiva
kulturis
axali
ganaxorcieleba
aRzrdilma
sxvadasxva
dasaxa.
sferoSi
qali,
sferoSi
saukuneebis
srulfasovan
romelmac
„WeSmariti
moaxerxes
faseuli
qalurobis~
maTi
mijnis
moTamaSed
cvlilebebis
wiaRSi
gaCnda
da,
garkveulwilad, misi ideuri memkvidre iyo.
me-19
saukunis
TavianTi
bolomde
interesebis
saqmianoba,
xelovnebis
sferoSi
institucionalizacia
progresulobis
ver
miuxedavad,
moRvawe
qalebma
moaxerxes.
araerTi
maTi
SezRudvebiT
xasiaTdeboda: Tu maTi iniciativebi pragmatul miznebs ar emsaxureboda,
is
zedmet
fufunebad
aRiqmeboda
da
sazogadoebis
mxardaWeras
ver
poulobda, zogjer ki gakicxvis saganic xdeboda.
me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi Seqmnilma dekoratiuli xelovnebis
sazogadoebebma gardamtexi cvlilebebi moitana: a) qalTa saqmianobisa da
interesebis
areali
gascda
mxolod
saxlis,
religiisa
da
qvelmoqmedebis sazRvrebs; b) am organizaciebis meSveobiT sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi
normebis
CarTuli
darRvevad
qalebis
da,
saqmianoba
amdenad,
dekoratiuli
xelovnebis
SesaZleblobebi
gauxsna
aRar
gakicxvis
saganic
sazogadoebebma
qalebs
da
aRiqmeboda
aRar
axali
kulturis
arsebul
iyo;
g)
karieruli
sferoSi
gavlenis
gafarTovebis saSualeba misca; d) daxvewili gemovnebis, codnisa da
erTad MmuSaobis gamocdilebis garda, maT iseTi Cvevebi da unarebi
SeiZines,
uromlisodac
meoce
saukunis
dasawyisSi
gamokveTili
xelovnebis mfarvelobis roli ver ganxorcieldeboda.
koleqcionirebam, rogorc TviTdamkvidrebis formam, iseTive roli
da mniSvneloba SeinarCuna progresivizmis epoqaSi, rogorc es mas e.w.
mooqrovili
saukunis
dros
hqonda:
erTis
mxriv,
koleqcionireba
TviTdamkvidrebis da TviTrealizaciis saSualeba iyo, meore mxriv ki,
155
,
mamakacebis prerogativad miCneul sferoSi sakuTari adgilis povnis
mcdeloba. qalTa mier samoqalaqo uflebebis mopovebis miuxedavad, am
saqmianobis roli ar Semcirda. me-20 saukunis dasawyisis qalTaTvis
koleqcionireba
erTgvari
tramplini
gaxda
kulturis
sferoSi
maTi
miswrafebebis institucionalizaciisaken.
me-19 saukunis bolos da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi sazogadoebriv
asparezze gamosulma e.w. axali tipis qalma kulturis sferoSi sruliad
axal
statusSi daimkvidra
Tavi. es
roli socilur
da
poლitikur
asparezze miRweul warmatebebs mniSvnelobiT ar Camouvardeboda. pirvel
etapze
isini
interess
mamakac
iCendnen
xelovanebTan
avangarduli
da
mecenatebTan
xelovnebis
sazogadoeba da arc oficialuri saxelovnebo
Sexvdnen.
mogvianebiT,
evropuli
da
swored
mecenatma
amerikuli
erTad
mimarT,
aqtiur
rasac
arc
wreebi enTuziazmiT ar
qalebma
xelovnebis
aiRes
Tanamedrove
propagandisa
da
institucionalizaciis iniciativa xelSi da warmatebiT ganaxorcieles.
amis dastუria izabela stiuart gardneris, ebi rokefeleris,
uiTnisa
da
sxvaTa
mier
daarsebuli
muzeumebi,
gertrud
romlebic
dResac
warmatebiT funqcionireben.
me-20
saukunis
mfarvelobisa
rogorc
da
amerikis
dasawyisis
propagandis
qalTa
saqmianoba
xelovnebis
mimarTulebiT
SeiZleba
ganvixiloT,
mravalferovnebis
SemaduRabebeli
da
erovnuli
erTianobisken mimavali erT-erTi gza. me-20 saukunis dasawyisidan qalTa
gaaqtiurebas xelovnebis marTvis sferoSi Sedegad moyva mTeli qveynis
masStabiT
muzeumebis
daarseba,
an
arsebul
muzeumebSi
koleqciebis
gadacema.
am qalbatonebis cxovrebisa da samecenato saqmianobis erT-
erT mTavar samiznes SeerTebuli Statebis mravalferovani kulturuli
memkvidreobis erTmaneTisgan esoden gansxvavebuli Sreebis warmoCena,
popularizacia da mniSvnelobis xazgasma Seadgenda.
156
,
me-20
saukunis
dasawyisSi
sferoSi
mimdinare
procesebze
lideris
statusiT
dagvirgvinda.
aixsnas:
maTi
finansuri
amerikel
qalTa
ganuzomlad
es
gavlena
gaizarda
Semdegi
damoukidebloba,
kulturis
da
Semdgomi
garemoebebiT
SeiZleba
maRali
sazogadoebrivi
statusi, am periodisTvis gazrdili qalTa uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi,
sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi gaerTianeba da koleqtiuri saqmianobis
gamocdileba, ganaTlebisa da evropuli faseulobebisken swrafva. am
garemoebebis
erTobliobam
mcdelobam
qalTa
finansuri,
inteleqtualuri
gamoyenebam
masStaburoba
da
mecenatobis
da
da
TiTqmis
sruliad
saukunovanma
unikaluri
pirovnuli
efeqturoba
stili
resursis
uzrunvelyo
dauRalavma
da
Seqmna.
dauzogavma
amerikelma
qalebma damsaxurebuli da Rirseuli adgili daikaves qveynis kulturul
sivrceSi.
157
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