TH E
TE R R I TO R I A L ACQU I SI T I O N S
O F T H E U N I T ED STA T E S
The
T e rr i t o ri al A c q u i s i t i o n s
o f t h e U n i t e d S t at e s
1
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Pr ess of
B os t o n ,
El l i :
P RE FA C E
It b a s been t b e a u tb or s i n ten ti o n to r eci te
er r i t o r
b
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of t b e a c u i si t i o ns o
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w b i c b t b e sl ig b t fr i nge of Sta tes a l o ng t b e flt l a n
t i c co a st b a s g r o w n i n to t b e m ag n ifice n t do m a i n
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l i m i ts of flsi a
flny a dequ a te tr ea tm en t of m a ny su bjec ts
co n n e c t e d w i t b t b ese se ver a l a cc essi o n s, p a r t i en
l a r ly i n r el a t i o n to t b e Pb i l ipp i n es a n d t o Pa n a m a ,
i s i mpo ssi bl e i n a r evi e w so br i ef a s t b i s ; a n d
t b e a u t b o r b a s p r efer r e d to l ea ve tb em u n to u cb ed
fl:
r a t b e r t b a n i n tr u d e m e r e ly bi s ow n vi ew s
a r a s p o ssi bl e, m a t t er s o
con tr o ver sy b a ve bee n
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C O N TE N T S
I
C h ap te r
T h e No rth w e stern
.
T err i to ry
.
78 7
1
x en t of th thi een o iginal S a es — The
N o hwes t e n Te i to y th fi s t na tional do m ain
O gani ed befo e th ado p ion of th C ti
A n addi ional bond of union and an i
t ion
It o g ani a tion
t ive t a needed na tional feelin g
founda ion of
sys e m of te i o ial gov
th
Slav e y wi thin i t fo bidden b aci tly
m
t
p e m i ted sou h of th O hio — To be held unde
e i o ial g ove n m en t onl y em po a ily The
sa m e theo y in ega d t all h e i to ies un i l
E t
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8 67
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1 803
II L i i
Page
Fi s t acquisi ion of fo eign land — The L ouisiana
Pu chase — The eg on ex plo ed and occu p ied
fi s t by th F ench — L a Salle Ceded S p ain
in com p ensa ion f l and los t b y h in aiding
F nce — Ea ly qua els be ween th Uni ed
S a es and S pain — N av iga ion of h Mississi pp i
in ques ion It i m po ance t th W es te n
coun t y — The t ea y wi h S pain unde Wash
i g
ad m inis ati on — D i ffi l i c ea t ed by
S pain in John A da m s s ad m inis a tion — S p ain s
a g eem en t t es to e L ouisiana
F ance
F ench p ossession a poli ica l and com m e cia l
dange
th
Uni ed S a es
C h ap ter
o u s an a.
.
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III Lo i i
P
c o n c l de d
a e
g
(
)
— Mon oe and L iv i ngs ton
f
f
e
e
on
s
p
osi
ion
J
d t hei au ho i y and g as p th g ea t p p
i ty — T ea ty m ade selling L ouisiana
th
Uni ed S a tes — I fu the p ovision tha S a t
C h ap ter
rs
u s an a
.
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2 ]
CO NTENTS
should in ti m e be fo m ed f o m th t e i to y ceded
The pposi t on of th F d l i — Thei al le
as t th inco m p atibili y of th p o p ul tion
g ti
wi th
ins ti t u tions and th uncons ti t u tionali y
of th annexa tion — The ea t y a ified howe v e
wi th l i ttl e effec t i v e o pp osi tion P o phecies of i lls
t fulfilled
N o es p eci l benefi t t th
t follow
Sou th m o e than t th N o th — F ee S ta tes as
well as slave S tates fo m ed wi thin th te i o y
The Cons ti t u tion s t e t ched b t t a m ended
Fi s t p eceden t as t th p o we of annexa ion
es tabl ished Consen t of p eo ple t deem ed
s y ano the p eceden t
C h ap te r IV
Fl o r i d a
1 8 19
Page
O wned by S p ain — Ceded t England and then
es to ed t S pain — W es t Flo ida annexed t
A no the s te p in th develo p m en t of
t h Union
p owe of th na tional go v e n m en t — Jac k
th
on s invasion in 8 4 O p ossession in 8 8
— T oubles wi th th Se m inoles — ac k son s sec
J
d invasion — The whole t e i to y finall y bough t
b y t h Uni ed S t a t es unde a s p ecies of du ess
Bounda y l ine between Mexico (S panish ) and th
Uni ted S tat es fixed t sa m e ti m e L i t l e ques tion
as t th cons ti t u tional powe t acqui e Flo ida
The L ouisiana p eceden t s t eng thened L ouisiana
and Fl o id a benefi t t th who l e Union
C h ap te r V
O r e go n
Pg
A cqui ed t h ough discove y and by occu p a tion
The f t ade — Ca p tain G ay and th Colu m
bia — J fl
encou age m en t L e wis and
s
Cla k s ex pedi tion — John J acob A to s en te
p ise Dis p u te wi h England — The O egon
ues
ion
in
p
ol
i
ics
F
i
f
f
ou
fo
y
y
Q
figh t
Conven tion wi th En g land concluded
Bounda y fi ed by com p o m ise
vi ii
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C ONTENTS
C h ap ter V I
T e x as
1 8 45
Page
Slave y po ten t in th acquisi ion of t e i to y fi m
Mexico Ea ly occu pa ion by th S panish of
wha t is now Sou th wes t L ess cons p icuous in
Texas Con t aband t ade D issa tisfac tion in th
Uni ted S ates wi t h th bounda y line fixed in
H en y Clay s pposi tion
8 9
C h ap t er V II
T e x as (c o n c l u d e d )
P age
Mexican indep endence gaine d S te p hen F
A us tin — Ea ly se le s of Texas — Texas joined
in one M
S a e wi h Coahuila — I nj us tice
of th Mexican au tho i ies — Texas A m e ican in
Two a tte m p ts
i t p eo pl e and habi ts of t hou g h t
on th pa t of h Uni ed S ta tes t buy Texas
f o m Mexico — Texas p e i tions th Mexican g ov
m
t
t
be allowed t beco m e a sepa a t e
Mexican S a t e — Re vol t s f o m Mexi co — S m
H ous ton s vic o y — Texas i de p enden t Pol k s
elec tion A nnexed t th Uni ed S ta es by join t
esolu tion — A nnexation t t be conde m ned p
b t because of m anne and t i m e
Clay s vie ws
.
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V III
C h ap t e r
Me x i
T he
.
.
C e ssi o n s
c an
.
P ge
The Mexican W — A pp a en ly a w of con
ques t — San a A nna — The W il m o t P oviso
Sco t s vic to y — A la ge a m oun t of t e i o y
ceded t th Uni ed S a es by th T e ty of
Peace and co m p ensa ion given t Mexico
S ta tes t be fo m ed f o m th ceded te i o y
The pa ty es ponsible f th w defea ed t th
next na ional elec tion — The G adsden p u chase
— L as t acquisi tion of con tiguous t e i to y by th
Uni t ed S tat es — Resul s of th Mexican W
Texas th l a t
B eginnin g of t h end of sla v e y
slave S ta te ad m i tted t th Union
a
ar
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r
ar
t
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s
67
CONTENTS
Page
It p u chase f o m Russia
Co m m e cial easons
go v e n th annexa tion — N t con tiguous t th
Uni t ed S ta tes — A new p eceden t es tablished
Consen t of i t p eo ple dis p ensed wi th as in p evious
cases exce p t Texas — Ex p ec ta tion ha t i t would
em ain unde p e m anen t t e i to ial go v e n m en t
Such gove n m en t p ac tically t ha t of a colony
p o v ince — A no the p eceden t thus es tablished
The disco v e y and occu p a ion by Russia A m e
ican in e es ts Fishe ies — Mine l we l th
Ceded t th Uni ed S ta tes — N o o pp osi ion t
th
t ea t y
T ea y igh ts of ci v i li ed inhabi tan ts
A cquisi tions of t day di ffe en t in cha ac te
f o m any befo e
C h ap te r IX
s
Al aska
.
1
.
86 7
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.
Haw ai i
P age
A nnexa ion of H a waii jus tified on naval g ounds
t p o t ec t A m e ican in e es t s p a a m oun t in th
islands I p eo ple Ea ly his to y The
K a m eha m eha dynas y — T ea ty wi t h t h Uni t ed
S ta tes in 8 7 4 A m e ican ca p i tal inves ted in
islands and th A m e ican colony th e e
th
Revolu tion of 8 8 7 — S fli g ex t ended t aliens
A ccession of L iliuok alani Sche m es f annex
a tion — Sym pa thy of th Uni ted S tat es m inis te
wi h t h m ove m en t
C h ap te r X
.
1
.
898
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.
Haw ai i (c o n c l u d e d )
Page
Com m i ttee
Queen p o p oses a new cons i t u tion
of Safe t y fo m ed Mona chic l sys t em of gove n
A nnexa tion
m en t ab oga ed and queen de p osed
A c tion of Uni ted
h Uni t ed S t a t es p o p osed
t
S ta t es m a ines — T ea ty of annexa tion lai d befo e
Sena t e by P esiden t H a ison W i hd awn
th
by P esiden t Cleveland H is ac ion in th m a tte
The R e p ublic of H awaii p oc l i m ed A
C h ap te r XI
.
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n
83
CONTENTS
o the t ea y of anne a tion p o p ose d by P esi den t
w
wi th S pain p on
M Ki l y — Effec t of
annexa tion A new t hou g h t A nnexation
finally accom p lished by join t esol u tion — Cou se
of g ove n m en t t t b viewed wi th m
esu l ts
pl
y wha t eve t h
t
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co
.
T h e Sp an i sh C e ssi o n
C h ap te r XII
.
899
1
.
P age
1 00
Cuban insu ec tion of 8 6 8 N g ounds f
ecogni tion of inde p endence The e v ol t of
d
A m e ican sy m p a hy R
8 95
p olicy a ouses indigna ion Des t uc ion of th
leads
in e ven ion The S p an
M
ish w
T ea y of Peace Cuba l ef i t own
p eo ple P R i
Disco v e y I p eop le
S panish go v e n m en Educa tion Si ua ion of
is land Fe tili y P oduc s G ove n m en t
Uni ed S ta es The P b i l pp i I l d
d
Si tua ion Cli m a e P oduc ts The p eo p le
Ch is ian Malays th Fili pinos p o p e Cha
Passion f educa tion
Discove y
t i i
S panish gove n m en I nsu ec ions agains S pain
Exis i g when
flee en e s Manila Bay
Causes of en m i y agains A m e icans Civil gov
m
finally es ablished Causes of p ifi
ion The Mo os G m O ne of L ad one
Si ua ion D isco v e y b y Mag ellan
Islands
A ea P oduc t s The p eo ple A bili ty t ead
and w i te
1
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ern
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ec o n c c n t r a
.
C h ap t er XIII
.
I sl an d
T h e Sam o an
1
s.
9
00
P age
Un ivall ed in b au y Si a ion and p g
p hy The p eo ple Cha ac t e is tics Educa ion
P oduc s
Coal in g s ta ion ceded
Uni ted
S es Sa m oan gove n m en weak R ival y of
xi
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tat
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1 1
8
C O NTENTS
hiefs — A g ee m en t of G e m an y En gland and
Uni ted S ates in 8 8 — Be lin t ea y in 8 8 9
— Dea t h of k ing and elec t ion of successo
Decision of chief jus tice — Revol t of M t f
A c tion of English and A m e ican fo ces S t
tl m
t b y p a t i t ion of islands — Desc i p ion of
islands eleas d t U ni ted S ta tes — Cession of
Tu t uila by na tives — G uano islands and cabl e
s ta tion t t ea t ed in this eview
C hap te r XIV
P an am a 1 9 0 4
P age
Pana m a g an s t Uni ted S t a es p e p e ual use and
con t ol of t m ile one f can l — Ea ly p
f
canal Boliva o de s su vey U ni ed
j
S t es ea ly sho ws an in te es t Pana m a R ail oad
— T ea y wi h N w G anada in
8 4 6 — Clay
t
Bul we t ea t y A nnulled — U ni ed S ates
de te m ines
build canal L egisla ion Buys
p o p e y of N w Pana m a C na l Co m p any
T ea y wi th Colo m bia ejec ed Revolu ion t
Pa a m a T ea y wi th Pana m a
C h ap ter XV
C o c l u si o n
P age
Resu l t of a evie w of
p as t acquisi ions p
ceden ts m ade allowing
gove n m en t t ex tend
bounda ies of th coun y whe eve i deem s
th
i t p o p e so t do
The s t y t all c edi able
A c ion th ough igno ance of fac ts t th i m e
P eceden s allowing annexa tion unques ionably
ha v ing been m ade shall we li m i
p o we
The gove n m en of te i o ies whe eve si ua ted
howeve p eo pled a t us t which canno t be
evaded
Ap p e n d i x
P age
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ii
TH E
TE R R I T O R I A L A C Q U I S I T I O N S
O F T H E U N I TE D S T A T E S
C HAPTE R I
.
T H E N O RT H W E S T E R N
TE R R I T O R !
.
W HE N England recogn ised the i n d e p e n
dence o f the United Sta t es o f America and
“
treated them as free sove r eign and inde
pendent S t ates those Sta t es occupied a te rr i
t ory extending
r oughly speaking
fr o m the
G reat Lakes at the n or t h to the g 1 3 t p arallel
o f no rth la t i t ude
or about fift y miles north
o f the Gulf o f M exico
at the south ; and
from the Atlantic to the M ississippi All
the r est of the count ry embraced i n the
Un ited Sta t es o f t o day sou t h o f Bri t ish
Col umbia was t hen p ractically Span is h te rri
to ry mos t ly u nexplo red an d un kn own To
day i n addi t ion to Alaska and Hawaii and
the mo re recen t possessions the United
States o f America extends qui t e to t he Gul f
o f M exico o n the south
and to the Pacific
on the west ; and eve ry foot o f the inc r ease
o f territo ry excep t the O r egon cou nt ry and
Texas has been gained th rough a cession
from some fo reign power with no great
amou nt o f inqui ry as to the consent o f the
i nhabitants of the te rri t o ry thus acquired
,
,
,
!
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TE RRITO RIAL A CQ UIS ITI ONS
The U ni ted States began to acqui re n a
t i o n al te r rito ry o f its o wn as d istinct fr om
t h e ownership o f t h e individ ual States ve ry
ea rly i n i t s career by abso rbing the North
weste r n Terr i t o ry s o called Be fore the
Con stitution was adopted and while the
S t a t es we r e bound t oge t her by the Con fed
c r ation
u nde r which they fought o u t the
Revolutionary War but which was s o weak
a s ba rely to su r vive it
the beginning o f a
national domain was m ade
The settle d
po r t ions of the States were broadly s p eaking
al ong the Atlantic east o f the All e ghan i e s ;
an d between these port ions o f t h e Sta t es and
the M ississippi t he re was a compa ra t ively
la rge an d ce r t ainly rich count ry which was
clai med by seve ral o f the Sta t es
The cha rte r s u nder whic h so m e o f the
Colon ies subsequently S t ates claimed their
land ca rried their r espective boun da r ies at
least to the M ississippi s o far as t he En g
l ish t i t l e extended ; b u t owing t o ca reless
ness o r lack Of geog raphical knowledge
when t he cha r te r s we re made and the little
compa ra t ive val ue of the u nsettled wilderness
the r e we r e a d uplica t ion o f grants an d a
con fusion about t he m wh ich made the titles
o f the wes t e r n por t ions
still unsettled , o h
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TERRITO RIAL AC Q UIS ITI O NS
between 1 7 8 0 an d 1 7 8 6 The land south
o f the O hio was n o t c eded to the
Un i t ed
S t ates u ntil later ; b u t by 1 8 0 2 t he gove r n
ment hel d wha t is n o w Miss issippi and Ala
bama (except a st r i p across the southe r n pa rt
o f t he m own ed by Spain
as
a
territo
ry while
)
Kentucky and Ten nessee whic h had been
ceded by Virginia and North Ca r olina had
been ad mi t ted as S t a t es
No mo re i mpo rtan t domes t ic occu rrence
ma r ked o u r ea rly his t ory than the cession t o
t h e Un ited States o f the land com prising t h e
No r thwes t e r n Te rr i t o ry The U nio n was a t
that ti me i n the g reatest danger o f fal ling t o
pieces The Con fede ra t ion had se r ved to
ca rry the S t ates th r ough t h e war The c o m
mon cause and co m mon danger had ac t ed t o
hold them t oge t he r ; but when peace came
the s t rain seemed al most t o o m uc h fo r the
weak bon ds of con fede ration Local je al
qua rrels about te rr i t ory com mercial
o u s ie s
the poverty a nd
c on fl ic t s be t ween the S t a t es
c on fusion occasioned by war a nd t he lack
o f a n ational feeling shown th r ough t h e w ar
i t self — all combined to give color t o t he
p r ophecy o f E u ropeans tha t the Un ion
m ust soon dissol ve th rough i n t e rnal dissen
sions
M o reove r Congress was obliged
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6
N O RTH WESTERN
TE RRITO RY
contin ually to p ress the States fo r money t o
remind them o f t hei r o bliga t ions The re
was not enough o f ac t ive hon es t y and p a t r iot
is m le ft aft er t he war to u rge a p r omp t p e r
fo r m a n c e o f thei r du t ies to the Un ion ho w
ever ca r e ful the S t at es might b e t o l ook o u t
for their own immedia t e and i ndivid ual in t e r
ests The peopl e were apt t o thin k fi rst o f
t heir r es pec t ive S t ates
n o t o f the
Union
They had s t ruggled con t inuously fo r many
years had been th rough an eight yea r s wa r
with al l the anxie t ies and dep r ivat ions which
that i mplies ; an d it needed a ve ry stu r dy
patriotis m and a ve ry deep r oo t ed v i rt ue
widely d i ffused to keep u p t he s t r uggle aft e r
the ou t side p ressu re was r emoved
The
cou n t ry was in the same s t a t e of weakness
wi t h t he same low vital i t y in whic h a man
finds himsel f aft e r a high feve r Bu t when
the Union by gaining this val uable t r ac t of
terr ito ry possessed a na t ional domain — a
t e rr i t o r y which th r own open to i mmig r a t ion
would pay the cost o f the en t i r e wa r
less
than eve r would it need to call u po n the
Sta t es fo r money It possessed some t hing
in whic h eve ry S t a t e had an in t erest s ome
i
t hing which n o u r is hed tha t n at ional fee l ng
and p r ide so so rely needed
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TE RRITO RIAL ACQ UISITI ONS
It was a te r r ito ry which meant ve ry much
to the p eople o f the Un i t ed S t a t es It was
within it that F r ance had t r ied t o gain a foot
hold and by d rawing a chain o f se tt lemen t s
and fo rt ified posts a r ound t h e Engl ish Col o
n ies to stifle t hem o r d rive them into th e
se a
As the Col onies g r ew i n population
and t he r e we re fewe r openings at home fo r
t he adven t u r ous and colon ising s pi r it of o u r
fa t he r s it was to this te rr i t o ry along the
O hio and down t he M ississippi that they
t u r ned t hei r eyes an d gave their tho u gh t s
It was th e e ffo rt s made fo r i t s possession by
t h e F r enc h a n d Englis h whic h began the l as t
and de cisive French war in this coun t ry It
was to gain a clea r title t o i t that the Col on ies
had con t r ibu t ed thei r blood an d their t reas
an d the victo ry gained
at the fall o f
u re
New F r ance was thei rs as well as England s
An d it was this same No r thwes t e r n Terri t ory
which the s kill and b ravery o f Geo rge Roge r s
Cla r k and h is com pany had conquered i n the
Revol u t i ona ry W ar aft e r t he Bri t is h had
taken possession an d which was saved t o
u s when
the t rea ty o f peace was made in
1
only
by
skil
ful
di
plomacy
8
7 3
So when all t his No r t hwes t e r n Te r r ito ry
the lan d no rt h o f t h e Ohio became a
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NO RTHWESTE RN TE RRITO RY
national domain the n e w nation had some
thing i n which the people had an interes t
outside o f their own pa rt icula r Sta t es It
was one bond o f union at a ti me whe n t he
old bonds were loosening
The famou s ,
O r dinan ce o f 1 7 8 7 by whic h this t e rr ito ry
was organised and gove r ned formed the
model fo r gove r ni ng the t e rr ito r ies a ft e rwa rd
acquired It was t he begin ning and it laid
t h e fo unda t ion fo r our sys t e m o f te r r ito r ial
govern m en t In the light o f a ft er even t s
pe r haps the mos t i mpo rt an t provision i n the
o r dinance was t h e p r ohibi t ion of slave ry
within the terr i t o ry Thus it came abou t
t hat the States fo r med wi t hin t hat sectio n o f
ou r coun t ry were free S t ates at their begin
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nm
g
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The Cons t i t u t ion went in t o e ffec t i n 1 7 8 9
a n d o u r gove r n ment as it is t o day came in t o
being To the Un ion u nder i t s n e w estab
l i s h m e n t Geo rgia and No r t h Carolina ceded
t hei r weste r n lands an d i n framing meas u res
for the gove rn ment of these new te r ri t ories
t h e m ain p r ovisions o f the O r dinance o f
1 8
t
were
f
oll
owed
excep
t
hat
slavery
w
as
7 7
n o t fo r bidden
Up to this time the Un ited S t a t es possessed
te rri t o ry only whic h had been surrende red to
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9
TE RRITO RIAL A C Q UISITIONS
it by t he States The n ational domain was
com mon prope rt y cont ributed by t he States
whic h did n o t add t o the area
t hemselves
t he U n i t ed S t at es t aken as a whole
o f
This l and s u rrendered t o t h e Un i t ed States
plainly was t o be held under te rr ito r ial gov
e r n m e n t on ly u n t il it devel oped su ffi ciently
All the
t o be fit fo r local S t ate gove r n men t
acts o f Cong r ess and eve ry measu re r elating
it show this Eve ry o t he r acquisition
to
since has been o f fo r eign t e rr i t o ry ; b ut like
t h e North wes t e r n Te rr i t o r y these acqu isi
tions down to t hat o f Alaska have been
domain s con t iguous to t h e States then exist
ing an d fi tted by t he popula t ion whic h
would natu r ally flow in t o them to become
like t he ol der States in t heir peopl e an d
habits o f gove r n ment and t hought It was
the natu r al expec t ati on an d in t en t ion of o u r
people s t i pulated i n al l the t r ea t ies o f a n
n e x at i o n u ntil t hat o f Alaska t ha t t hese d is
t r i c t s tempo r a r ily held u nde r t e rr i t o r ial gov
should even t ually become States
e rn m e n t
That idea has been conn ected wi t h all o u r
acquisitions down t o the t ime o f t h e pu r chase
o f Alaska
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1 0
'
CHAPTER I I
.
LOU I SIANA
.
W HE N the Un ited Sta t es under its new
fo r m o f govern ment was fai r ly s t art ed it
began to g r ow i n t e r rito ry as well as i n o t he r
weal t h It t hen began t o acqui r e foreign
land The ques t ion of t h e con s t itutionali t y
of such acquisi t ions was r aised at the outset ;
but t h e fi r st an nexa t ion w as made n o t w i t h
s t an ding an d t he validity of t h e act has neve r
been ove rr uled
The pu rchase o f Louisiana o u r fi r st acqui
si rion of fo reign t erri t o ry g rew o u t o f t he
si t u at ion o f t h e St at es and o f the necessi t y
fo r a seaport fo r the No r thweste r n Te r r i t o r y
and t h e M ississippi Te rr ito ry and the States
al ready fo r med i n that section o f the country
These r easons and t h e si t uation o f the polit
ical p art ies at t hat t i me p r evented an y e ffe c
t ive opposi t ion to t h e t r ansaction
Louisiana was t h e name given by t h e
F rench t o t h e r egion d rained by the M is
and i t s t ribu t aries The te rri t o ry
s i ss i p p i
emb raced ex t ended from the A l l e gh an i e s t o
t h e Rocky M ou n t ains
F rance claimed all
of it by a t i t le o f discove ry an d occupa t ion
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I I
TERRITO RIA L ACQ U IS ITI ONS
alleging the explo rat ion of the M ississi p pi t o
i t s mo uth and the F r enc h set t le ments ma de
fr o m New Orleans t o Canada
The p rio r
d iscove ry o f De Soto had passed o u t o f
m ind o r at any ra t e had n o t been followed
by occupation when L a Salle the Fr ench
man and o ne of the g rea t es t o f the ea rly
he roes of this count ry with a pe r severance
an d endurance neve r excelled
aft e r repeated
t r ials thwa rt ed by tempo ra ry failu re and by
embarrass men t s of eve ry kind sailed along
the G reat Lakes penet rated the wilderness t o
t h e Illinois Rive r t hen j ourneyed down tha t
r ive r to the M ississippi
a n d down t he M is
i
to
the
Gul
f
His
mag
s i ss i
o f Mexico
pp
n i fic e n t scheme o f mili t ary and t rad ing posts
alo n g the grea t wa t e r way o f alliances wi t h
t he
Indians o f fo r m ing a power which
would check t he S pan ish in an advance from
M exico and bind t h e Englis h to thei r pos t s
east o f the Al l e gh a n i e s he d id not l ive t o
u t in p r ac t ice himsel f ; a n d
r tunately fo r
fo
p
England and ou rselves i t was only entered
upon when the g r eat s t r uggle be t wee n
F rance and England fo r t he possession o f
this cou nt ry began
A ft e r seven t y four
yea rs of almost contin ual wa r fa re the French
were ove r come
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1 2
TE RRITO RIAL A CQ UIS ITI ONS
stretching towa r d the M is sis sippi an d l ook
ing longingly d own t h e r ive r to the Gul f
Spain i n the spi ri t o f monopoly common
en ough i n tha t age o r fea r ing fo r her o t her
possessi ons along t h e Gul f at first t r ied to
r estrict the navigation o f the M ississippi t o
h e r own people wh ile the whole o f t h e
U nited States along the M ississippi and Ohio
felt shut in withou t the outlet which n atu r e
had put at i t s feet The free navigation o f
the M ississippi was a bu r n ing question t o
c i t izen s of O hio an d Kentucky and the then
western pa rt of our count ry Whil e Spain
held Ne w O r leans the re was bound t o b e
t rouble u nless r est r ic t ions on the com me r ce
o f the r iver we r e r emoved
Fo r Spain then
held t h e te rr i t o ry o n both sides o f the rive r
and the Uni t ed States nowhe re touched t h e
Gul f ; Flo r ida whic h in t h o s e days extended
fr om t h e A t lantic to t he M ississippi having
been retu r ned to Spanish authori t y a fter only
a sho rt Engl ish possession
I n the latte r days of t h e Con federation
S pain
a n d in t h e ea r ly days of o u r r epubl ic
was an uncom fo r table neighbour ; an d Wash
i n gt o n s adminis t ra t ion conti nued to be full
wi t h he r ove r t he no rthe r n
o f d i fficul t ies
bo u ndary o f Fl o r ida and the navigation o f
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1
4
L O UISIANA
the Mississippi She refused t o allow t he
fr ee naviga t ion o f t h e river un t il t h e boun
da ry dispu t e was se tt led The people o f our
then wes t e rn sec t ion we r e n o t slow in ex
pressing t heir feel ings u pon t h e si t ua t i on
At va r ious t imes S pain t r ied to foment d is
sen sions be t ween Kentucky an d Tennessee
and the rest o f the Union ; but although
failed to b ring about a sepa ration he r
s he
ac t s d rove the wes t e r n set t le r s to t h e P resi
dent and Cong ress wi t h passiona t e r emon
The opinion was openly exp r essed
s t ra n c e s
t hat the r e was opposi t ion between t h e eas t
an d weste r n part s o f the coun t ry an d
e rn
t hat the at t em pts o f o u r gove r n ment to open
t h e rive r had been feeble and insi nce r e ; an d
t here we r e some g r ounds u pon which t o bas e
such an O pin ion The weste r n men clai med
as a me r it t ha t t hey had s o l ong abs t ained
from using t he means t hey possessed fo r the
assertion o f a na t u ra l and inal ienable r ight
Such demons t rations of feeling seemed su re
t o b r ing us in t o hostil ities wi t h S pain i f t hey
did n o t kindle di fficul t ies among ou r selves ;
and Spai n s alliance wi t h E ngland made he r
ve ry p osi t ive and a rr ogant in tone But at
length in 1 7 9 5 Washingt on s adminis t ra
tion managed t o conclude a t rea ty wi t h Spai n
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1
5
TERRITO RIAL ACQ UIS ITI ONS
w hich n ominally settled the boundary dis
t
t
h
u
e
and
threw
open
M
ississip
p
i
to
f
ee
e
r
p
nav iga t ion and also gave t he p eople o f t he
U n i t ed S t ates the p ri vilege o f depositing mer
c h a n d i s e fo r t r ansshipment in New Orlean s
o r some o t her designated
po rt o n the r iver
near th e r e free o f d u t y While Spain was
not very p r om pt in O bserving t he bounda r ies
l ai d down i n this t r ea ty the M ississi ppi
r
oble
m
was
settled
f
o
the
time
being
r
p
A fter t hat the r elations o f t h e United State s
w i t h S pain we r e fai r ly friendly except once
w hen in John Adams s ad ministration the
r ight of deposit was interdicted
The P resi
d ent had de t e r min ed to com pel S pain to open
a depot fo r A m e ri c an t rad e i n accordance
wi t h t h e t reaty w hen t h e r ight o f deposit
was r esto r ed whe reupon everything was
a ain
r ene
se
This
state
of
hings
con
t
g
t i n u e d t ill 1 8 0 2
In t hat year i t became known tha t i n
1 8 0 0 F r ance had made a secret t r ea t y wi t h
S pain unde r which Louisiana was to be re
stored to F r ance u pon ce r t ain cond itions
since ful filled Napoleon was then Con s ul
and wi t h the rest o f h is contempo r aries
s ha red an ambi t ion fo r distant possessions
fo r colon ies whose t rade he m i ght monopo
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I
6
LO UISIANA
lise
Egypt was even t hen a ra t her u n
certain possession Louisiana with i t s vast
exten t and i t s na t u r al resou r ces having
fo r me rly belonged to F r ance the p r ide o f
F r ance would be g r a t ified by i t s r etu r n
It
would give Napoleon a foothol d in Ame r ica
t he con t r ol as he bel ieved a n d inten ded o f
t h e comme r ce o f the Great Rive r wi t h
os
p
s i b i l i t i e s in the fu t u r e ha r dly t o be real ised
Napoleon had n o t r ouble i n b r inging Spain
to his wishes He had become t o o s t r on g
t o have di ffi cul t ies r aised by t ha t
count ry
and so the t reaty was made
In 1 8 0 2
having fulfilled his p ar t o f the ag r eemen t
Napoleon got r eady t o take possession o f his
A me r ican acquisi t ions H e assembled h i s
vessels a n d t roops and made some n e go t i a
t ions to ob t ain Flo r ida also : t hen he had t o
wait awhile The indisc r etion o f the Span
i s h o fficial s allowed the pa rt icula r s o f thes e
nego t iations t o r each t h e English ambassado r
whereu pon B r i t ish j ealousy at once too k
ala r m and raised a mass o f obs t acles So
i n 1 8 03
he foun d himsel f s t ill withou t
possession o f Louisiana and o n the eve o f
war with G r eat B ri t ain
In the even t
o f wa r a t
that time Louisiana was vulne r
able To s ay no t hing o f wha t t h e Unite d
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7
,
TE RRITO RIAL A CQ UISITI ONS
S t ates might be tem pted to u ndertake Eng
l an d would su r ely st r ike there ; fo r n ot a
Frenc h soldier was o n A me r ican soil and
ha r dly o n e could be s p a red fr om other
qua rters A message fro m Geo rge I II to
his Parl iament sho wing preparations fo r wa r
d ispelled all t h e colonial dreams of the Fi rst
Consul It became then his obj ect to dis
pose o f Louisiana to t he best advantage
Sell ing it to t he Un ited States wou ld help
him to so me needed money and d o an ill
turn to England It n o t o nly would make
the U n ited States a little mo re fr ien dly per
haps b u t would make it a power whic h
migh t th rea t en England s Ame r ican p osses
s ion s and as he said a maritime r i val whic h
would sooner or later hu mble England s
pride
The Consul very easily came to arrange
men t s wit h the U n ited States Much as
its people disliked to have Spain at the
m outh of the M ississippi they fel t that it
would be wo rse to have a st r ong po wer like
F rance there especially i n view of what
seemed to be he r p r oposed p olicy F r ench
fo r ces sent to Hayti we r e believed by many
t o be destined u lti mately for Louisiana
to
main t ain French dominion s u p reme t here
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1
8
L O UIS IANA
and ex t end i t i f possible In 1 8 0 2 ac t ing
under French influence S pain again closed
New O rlean s as a place o f deposit This
vi rtual ly cl osed the M ississippi t o the people
Uni t ed States and was a sample o f
o f t he
wha t might be expected when Na p oleon
s hould get possession
When t his action o f S pain became known
and the people o f Ken t ucky and o f the
weste r n S t a t es and t e rr ito r ies began to feel
t he resul t s o f t his u nfr iendly policy and
ceased t he p ress u re
t r ade down the
r iver
u pon the ad minis t ration t o take aggressive
measures became al most too s t r ong to be
wi t hstood The F e de ral i st s taun t ed J e ffe r
It seemed di ffi c ult fo r
s o n with cowardice
t hem to find wo r d s to express their d isgust at
h is lack o f ac t ion Pe r haps t hey took t his
at t itude for pol i t ical reasons hoping to gain
weste r n suppo rt ; but we should p refer to
believe an honest pa t r iotis m moved them
The Mississippi d i fficulty was n o new t hing
as we have seen Washing t on had on ly
averted a possible secession of t h e wes t e rn
States o r war wi t h Spain by the t reaty o f
r ce
1
and
John
Adams
s
t
opped
at
fo
79 5
only because Spain yielded So t h e F e de ral
i s t s n o t having now the responsibil i t y o f t h e
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9
TERRITO RIAL ACQ UISI TI ONS
gove rn ment o n thei r s houlde rs migh t well
u rge t h e m ost vigou rous measu r es Besides
pa r t y feeling was high an d un r easonable ; and
many a Federalis t honestly believed t ha t
e
f
f
e
r son and
his
pa
r t y we r e unde r F r en ch
j
in fl uence and r eady to cate r t o Napoleon s
wishes
Bu t w a r did n o t coincide wi t h
“
Je ffe r son s policy ! e t
always a pat r iot
a n d always intensely part isan
as he was
he was fully sen sible of the fact that t he
p r esence o f t h e F r ench in New O rlean s was
pe rilou s t o h i s count ry as well as to hi s
pa r ty It was t h e popula r sympa t hy wi t h
t h e F r enc h r epublic an d t h e bi t t e r ave r sion
to England whic h was o n e fac t o r in t h e
ove rt h r ow of t h e Fede ral is t s who we r e
l ooked u pon by many as being t o o fond o f
a r is t oc ra t ic an d even mona r chical ideas I f
F rance held New O rlean s t he r e was eve r y
reason t o bel ieve t ha t s he soon would be an
obj ect o f bi t t e r de t es t ation and the E nglish
pa rt y he re would be in t h e ascendan t Tha t
appa ren t ly mean t r u in t o Je ffe rson s pa rty
The coun t ry had n o t yet become e m an c i
pa t ed fr om Eu r opean poli t ics a nd pa rty
pol icies he re t u r ned ve ry m uc h upon t h e
ues
ion
of
favou
r ing E ngland or F r ance
t
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20
TERRITO RIAL ACQ UIS ITI O NS
it quietly fo r yea rs He r paci fi c disposition s
h e r feeble s t a t e wo u ld induce her t o inc r ease
o u r fac ilities the r e
so that he r possession o f
the place would be hardly felt by us ; and it
would n ot pe r haps be ve ry long befo r e
some C i r cu ms t ances might a r ise whic h would
make the cession o f i t to us as the p r ice of
something o f more wo rt h to h e r Not so
The
c an it eve r be in the han ds of F r ance
i mpe t uosity of h e r temper the ene rgy and
restlessness of her c haracter placed in a
point of ete r nal fr iction with us an d our
C haracte r which though quiet and loving
peace an d the pu r suit of weal t h i s h igh
minded despising wealth in com petition
with ins ult or inj u ry ente r p r ising and ene r
getic as any na t ion on ea rt h
these ci rcu m
stances r ende r it i mpossible that F r ance and
the U n ited Sta t es can contin ue l ong friends
when they mee t in so i rr i t able a posi t ion
An d ce r tainly i t appea r ed very om inous to
peace when S pain plainly under F ren ch i h
flue n c e i n terdic t ed the r ight o f deposit at
New O rleans It looked ve ry much as If
Napoleon was t rying to get possession o f
Louisiana un fettered by any question o f t r ea ty
obligation s ente red in t o by S pain an d t hat he
did not propose to succeed to a cond i t ion of
a ffairs b r ought in t o being by s uc h a t reaty
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2 2
LO UIS IANA
I n addition to all these obj ections t here
was anothe r and a m os t grave on e to the
possession o r acquisition o f Louisiana by
France It meant al most ce r t ainly the con
quest o f that p r ovince by England With
England n o rt h o f the Uni t ed S t ates an d o n
its west and in con t rol o f the M ississippi
the Un ited Sta t es would be fo rced in t o an
alliance wi t h h e r o r else in t o a bi t ter s t r ug
l
the
e n d o f whic h would be i mpossible to
e
g
fo resee So it appeared t hat t he only way out
i c u l t y was fo r the U ni t ed States to
o f the d i fl
possess Louisiana fo r he r self
Accordingly when Je fferson lea r ned of the
F ren c h treaty wi t h Spain and was in formed
o f the closing of New O rleans t o
o ur m er
c hants awa re too of the gathering war
cloud s i n Europe he s aw his opportuni ty
H e made Livingston who was already on
the g round and James M on r oe minis t e r s
pleni poten t ia ry to purchase the Island o f
Ne w O r leans as the d istrict around tha t ci t y
was called At a little ea rlier da t e when
Liv ingston had p resented a memo r ial respect
ing the wis hes o f the Un i t ed S t a t es as to the
navigation of the M ississippi and the acquisi
tion o f New O rleans Napoleon had p aid
l ittle a t tention to his representat ions an d
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3
TE RRITO RIAL AC Q U ISITI ONS
o ffers It was at that ti me t hat he had his
o wn
pu r poses to se r ve an d Louisian a an d
i t s t r ade were wan t ed fo r F r ance
When
h oweve r as we have seen w a r wi t h Engla n d
became i mminent hi s pu r poses changed
In stead o f accepting an o ffer to buy New
O r leans o r t o a rr ange a t r eaty allowing u s
t h e p r ivileges held unde r S panish agreement
he exp ressed a desi r e t o sell the whole o f
Louisiana
M on r oe had now a rr ived in
Pa ris an d n o t i me was lost i n coming to
te r ms Al t hough t h e envoys had n o au t ho r
ity to buy mo r e than New O r leans t hey p e r
t he
benefit which t he acquisi t ion
c e i ve d
o f the whole o f Louisiana woul d give
the
U ni t ed S t a t es So a t rea ty was p r om p t ly
a rranged to be rati fied by the r espective n a
t ion s by which Loui s iana was ceded to t h e
Un i t ed S t ates for abou t
The te r ri t ory thus ce d ed was t ha t t e
leased t o F r ance by Spain wi t h its no rthe rn
an d weste r n bounda r ies inde fin i t e an d ve r y
elas t ic The boundary be t ween Louisiana
a n d S panish M exico was n o t de fi ned
un t il
1 8 1 9
when t h e rive r Sabin e was so de s i g
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n at e d .
The t rea t y s t i pula t ed that the in habi t an t s
“
S hould be inco r po rated in t o
o f Louisiana
2
4
LO UIS IANA
the Un ion o f the United States and ad
m i tt e d as soon as possible acco r ding to the
principles of the Fede ral Constitution to
t he enj oyment o f all the r igh t s advantages
and i mmuni t ies of citizen s of t he Un i t ed
S t ates And in the mean ti me they s hould
be maintai ned and pro t ec t ed in the fr ee e n
r ope r ty
an d t he
p
o
m
e n t of their liber t y
jy
which they professed
The ac
r eligion
ca
rr ied
the
Uni
t ed States t o
h
e
t
u i si t i o n
q
Rocky M oun t ains or i f O r egon was i h
cluded as has been claimed to the Pacific
O cean ; and the region con t ai ned a p o p u l a
tion of eighty thousand o f which hal f were
slaves The la rge r part o f this population
was o f cou r se in or abou t New O rlean s
Napoleon soon r at i fied the treaty o n the
part o f F rance and Je ffe r son wi t h a natu ral
sa t is faction at once comm unica t ed t he fac t s
to Congre ss an d laid t h e t reaty befo re it fo r
r a t ification
and the necessa ry legislation
He hin t ed at the possibl e necessi t y o f a con
amend men t but he advised his
s t i t u t i o n al
fr iends to say very li t tle o n that point
The an nexatio n natu rally met wi t h a
bit t er oppositio n fr om t h e Fede ralis t s an d
so me o f Je ffe rson s o wn pa rty doub t ed i t s
wisdom ; but the mass o f t h e people parti e
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5
TE RRITO RIAL A CQ UIS ITI ONS
t hose o f the sou t h and west heartil
u l arl
y
y
“
r
t
app ov ed i
The opposi t ion said t hat the
acquiring te rrito ry wi t h money is mean an d
despicable
It held t hat Louisiana was a
wilderness of l i tt le val ue while the p o p u l a
tion was sl ightingly spoken o f as a Ga ll o
Hi sp a n o—In di a n om n i u m g a tber u m of savages
a nd adventu r ers whose pu r e mo rals are ex
t
t
r i fy o u r republ ic
su
s
ain
and
glo
e
c
t
e
d
o
p
The opposi t ion could n o t believe that s uc h a
class o f popula t ion was sui t ed t o a r epubli
c an fo r m o f gove r n men t an d i t did n o t seem
to t h ink o f o r believe in im mig ra t ion o f o u r
p eople As a mat t er o f fact nei t he r pa r ty
o f t he
pu r ch ase
a pp r ecia t e d t h e real value
Again the Fede r alists opposed t he an nexa
tion because t h e addi t ion o f s o mu ch n e w
weste r n and southe r n te rr ito ry would give
s uch an undue p r edomi nance to southe r n
ideas an d ins t i t ution s as t o t hreat en the
d est r uction o f t he political i n fluence of the
no r the r n and eastern S t ates Besides the
insin ua t ion that Je ffe r son si mply took t his
me t hod o f helping F rance wi t h a lit t le ready
m oney wh en it was badly needed by her the
F e d e rali s t s denied the cons t itu t ionali t y o f the
m easu r e a l t hough they as a part y especially
when in powe r so cons t rued t h e Constitution
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2
6
L O UISIANA
as to give the gove r n ment t h e la rgest i mp l ied
powe r s The an t i Federalists o r more p r op
e r ly at this time t h e Democ ra t ic Rep u bli
c an pa r ty believed i n l imi t ing those powe r s ;
b ut when it got con t r ol o f t h e governmen t
and felt i t s r esponsibilities it also became
mo r e gene ral in i t s policy and favou red the
an nexa t ion So in spi t e o f all opposition
es pecially since t h e Fede ralis t s we r e weak in
n umbers i n t h e Sena t e the t rea t y was
ratified t h e legisla t ion to ca r ry it in t o e ffec t
passed and Louisiana became a pa rt o f t h e
United S t ates
The F e de ral i s t s p r ophesied al l manner o f
evil fro m this resul t Fishe r Ames w r i t es t o
“
Ch r istopher Go re i n Oc t ober 1 8 0 3 : The
M ississippi was a bou ndary somewhat like
Gove r no r Bowdoin s whimsical all su rrou nd
i n g o rb
we we r e confined within some l im
it s
No w by addi ng o u r un measu r ed wo r ld
beyond t ha t r iver we r ush l ike a c ome t in t o
infinite S pace In o u r wild ca r eer we may
j os t le s ome o t her wo rld o u t o f i t s o rbit ; b u t
we shall in eve r y even t quenc h t he l ight o f
o u r o wn
But t h e dange r s fo re t old we r e
n o t r ealised
F r ee S t a t es as well as slave
States g r ew out o f Louisiana New En g
land mo re t han t h e sou t h occu pied t h e
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TE RRITO RIAL AC Q UIS ITI O NS
vacant weste r n lands an d the weal t h and
pros pe r ity o f the great West has co me to u s
by reason o f this extension o f our bounda ries
beyond the M ississi ppi
It has been rema r ked that Je fferso n and
s ome o f his p arty leade rs doubted the con
An amen d
s t i t u t i o n a l right o f ann exation
ment t o t h e Constitu t ion au t ho r ising it was
p repa red but was never s ubmi t ted to t he
The measu r e was acquiesced in as
St ates
lying wi t hin the t r eaty powe r s o f the P r esi
den t and Senate o r being wi t h in the gen e ral
powe r s o f gove r n ment o r p e r haps as within
the power o f ad mit t ing n e w S tates to t he
Union The pa r t y to whic h Je ffe r son b e
longed was t h e pa rty o f a st r ic t con st r uc t io n
It bel ieved i n l imi t ing
o f the Cons t i t ution
t he powe r s of the gene r al gove r nment as
m uc h as possible and s t ill allow the gove r n
Yet at its fi rst e nt rance in t o
m ent t o exist
con t rol it ca rried the sove r eignty o f the n a
t i o n a l gove r n men t as fa r as the Fede r alis t s
The acq uisi t ion o f Louisi
h ad eve r don e
ana was an immense help in b r inging abou t
ust
tha
Je
e
t which
f
f
r son a n d his pa r t y had
j
“
opposed the s ubo rdination of t he Sta t e to
That st ep was ra t i fied by Con
t h e Na t ion
g ress and s t ands as a p receden t t o day
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8
TE RRITO RIAL ACQ U IS ITI ONS
and
as
we
shall
subsequently
ollowed
f
se e
)
(
t h e U n ited States has t h e power to annex
te rr i t o ry o u t o f which States are t o be
It fai rly may be said that at that
fo r med
ti me t he power of the Un i t ed S t ates u nder
t he Cons t itution t o hold colonies o r depend
e n c i e s which we r e n o t in t ended t o
be made
into S t ates and ultima t ely t o have a voice
an d a vote i n our legislative assemblies a n d
i n t h e elec t ion o f o u r na t ional o ffice r s was
Tha t may be said t o have
n o t con sidered
been left an open question
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C HA PTE R IV
F LO R I D A
.
F L O R I D A p r esented some o f the same
aspec t s from t he poin t o f V iew o f the Un i t ed
S t a t es as Louisiana
It was a p r ovince
whic h had always seemed to fu r n ish a base
o f opera t ions again s t the peace and quietnes s
o f t h e people i n the Sou t he r n S t a t es as well
as a constan t tempta t ion t o invasion Spai n
w as a weak powe r an d n ei t her p r ese r ved
o r der i n Flo r ida n o r coul d p ro t ec t it when
citizen s o f t he United S t a t es we re the aggr e s
sors D iscove red by Spain i n 1 5 1 3 an d i t s
firs t t own b uilt i n 1 5 6 5 s h e established only
a fe w se t t lemen t s wi t hi n i t ; an d t h e g rea t e r
pa rt o f i t s te rrito ry stil l r emain ed occu pied
only by Ind ian s un t il 1 7 6 3 when Spain
ceded i t t o England in exchange fo r Cub a
whic h England had taken in the war j us t
end ed It was assu med to extend fr o m t h e
A t lantic t o the M ississippi with t he n o rt he r n
bounda ry unsettled England divided it in t o
East an d West Flo rida with t he Ap p al ac h i
C ola as the d ividing l ine When S he mad e
peac e wi t h t h e Un ited Sta t es in 1 7 8 3 s he
also made a t reaty wi t h Spain by whic h
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1
,
TE RRITO RIAL AC Q UIS ITI ONS
Florida was retu r ned t o i t s fo r me r owner
Then a good many se tt lers from the United
S t at es who had gone t he r e t h rough English
inducements while i t was unde r Englis h
gove r n men t re t u rned to t his coun t ry The
n ort he r n bou nda ry still r emained unse tt led
u ntil it was fixed by the t r ea t y al ready men
t i o n e d in 1 9 5
a t a l ine r unn ing along the
7
t hi r t y fir s t pa r allel
fro m t h e M ississippi t o
t h e Cha tt ahooc hee then down tha t river t o
Flint Rive r and t hen ac ross t o t h e head
wate r s o f St M a ry s Rive r Ve ry S lowly
and r el uc t an t ly S pain wi t hdrew her fo r ces
sou t h o f tha t l ine
The Uni t ed S t ates began her serious e n
Flo r ida i n 1 8 1 0 when
c r o ac h m e n t s u pon
t aking ad van t age o f an i nsu rr ec t ion of West
Fl o rida agains t S panish au t ho r i t y the fe d
e ral gove r n men t t ook possession o f some o f
t he p r incipal pos t s wes t of the Pe r did o Rive r
and soon aft e r annexed t he part o n the eas t
ban k o f t he M ississippi to t h e te rrito ry of
O r lean s (t he sou t he r n pa r t o f the Louisiana
Pu rchase ) The people o f West Flo r ida
had p ro p o se d w h e n t hey revolted fr o m Spain
t o become annexed to the Uni t ed S t a t es ; b u t
o u r governmen t seemed t o p re fer t h e cou r se
t aken
l eaving t he t i t le t o nego t ia t ion I n
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32
FL O RI D A
spite o f the t reat y o f 1 7 9 5 fixing the northern
bounda ry the peopl e o n the United Sta t es
side seemed to feel t ha t they had a clai m t o
the count ry west o f t he Pe r dido relying upon
t h e cl aim o f F rance to tha t dis t r ict when s h e
held Louisiana Above all t he action taken
gave us land o n bo t h sides o f t h e M ississippi
That may have been su fficien t fo r t he admin
The next yea r Cong ress au t ho r
i st rat i o n
ised t he acquisi t ion of the en t i r e p r ovince
if S pain woul d consen t t o i t or an y o t he r
powe r t r ied t o O btain i t
Ve ry soon ano t he r slice of t his lan d o c c u
pied by t he Un i t ed S t a t es was added t o t h e
M ississi ppi Te r r i t o ry an d so m at t e r s r e
mained as far as the fede r al govern ment was
con ce r ned un t il 1 8 1 4 Th is occupation o f
West Flo r ida gave r ise t o earnest debates i n
Cong ress ; b u t t he country was too muc h
occu pied with comme rcial d i ffi cul t ies an d
s t rained relations wi t h England and Fran ce
t o pay the a t tention t o t h e matter whic h it
deserved It was ano t her s t ep i n t h e de
ve l o p m e n t o f t h e powe r o f the nati o nal
gove r nment
In 1 8 1 4 to prevent the B r itish t hen at
war wi t h the United Sta t es fr om usin g
Pensacola as a base O f su pplies an d havin g
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TE RRITO RIAL ACQ U IS ITI ONS
S panish help in p r oposed ope r ations against
us in the South Andrew Jackson t hen a
general in our army marched agai nst that
city and de fea t ing the British and S p a n ish
defenders too k possession o f it A couple
o f days later whe n the British we r e found
to have le ft that sec t ion of t he count ry he
r estored the c ity to t h e Spanish
While Flo r ida was a Spanish province
t he r e we r e seve r al cases o f agg r essio n on the
f
o ur
art
p
eople
i
n
South
but
in
o
t
h
e
;
p
1 8 1 8 our govern ment itsel f o r dered an i n
va s i o n and re t ained possession for a time o n
t h e p lea of res t o r ing o r de r
The s t ate o f
a ffairs in t he p r ovince was s uch as to invi t e
t rouble
Spa m u pon r egaining possession in
1
f
r eoccupied i t
n
ever
u
lly
O
nly
a
8
ew
f
7 3
pos
t s he r e and the r e nominal ly
s m al l m i l i t a r
y
held in check a popula t ion made u p i n a
g reat measu re of ou t l aws s muggle rs and
buccanee r s while t he fierce an d war like
S eminoles p r even t ed t h e colonisation o f
many o f the bes t sec t ions The American
o ccu pa t ion
in 1 8 1 8 came about from the
e ffo rts of o u r gove r n ment to d ispe r se a band
o f fil ib u s t e r s calling t hemsel ves pat r iots who
had landed on an island near the boundary
o f Geo rgia wi t h t he p roclaimed in t en t ion o f
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34
FLO RIDA
in vading East Florida and a n nexing it t o
the Un i t ed S t a t es Practically their p resence
t here hindered the execution o f our reven ue
laws
O ur t roops took p ossession o f the
country to hold as o u r govern ment i n formed
S pain un t il tha t powe r was able to maintai n
o r de r
Then di fficul t ies wi t h the Seminoles broke
out T hese Indians l iving on both sides o f
t h e l ine between Flo r ida and Geo rgia
had
co mmitted ac t s whic h l ed Geo rgia to com
plain to the gove r nmen t at Washing t on
Gene ral Jac kson took the field against them
and pursued them i n t o Flo rida He himself
had n o doub t o f the complici t y of the S pan
is h in these Indian ou t rages and o f t hei r fu r
h ishing supplies t o t h e re d men an d so he
p roceeded to take two or th ree Span ish fo rt s
in Florida and to occupy Pensacola again
This time he appoin t ed a mil ita ry governo r
abolis hed S panish r evenue laws and in gen
e ral proceeded i n a vigou rous i f high han ded
course Al t hough these p r oceed ings caused
g reat excitement and conside rable censure
Cong ress passed a vo t e o f thanks to Jackson ;
while the admin is t r ation aft er m uc h hesita
tion exp ressed i t s app r obation of his ac t s
The people made an idol of him ; and this
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35
TERRITO RIAL A CQ U IS ITI O NS
wo r k in Fl o r ida with his great v icto ry over
t h e B r i t ish at Ne w O rlean s fixed h i s p o p u
l ar i ty su fficiently secu r e to make him Presi
den t ten yea r s o r s o lat er
Pensacola and our other cap t u res i n Fl or
ida we re subsequently re t u rned to S pain ; and
t hen i n I 8 1 9 Spain ag r eed to cede the whole
p r ovince t o us fo r five m illion dollars The
p r ovince had t hen only a ve ry s mall p o p u l a
t ion wi t h the whites cluste r ed r ound a few
se t tlemen t s
The g reater part was stil l
r oamed over by t h e native Indian s
Be fo re S pain would make this treaty how
eve r s h e insis t ed upon defining the boun da ry
be t ween t h e Louisiana Pu rchase an d M exico
the la tt er t hen i n her possession The Un ited
Sta t es had made clai ms s o far as the Rio
Grande while Spam allowed only a na rrow
strip west o f the M ississippi When the Sa
bine Rive r w as ag reed u pon as the bo unda ry
she ceded Flo r ida as desi red I n t hus gain
ing Flo r ida we relinquished any claim we had
u pon what was aft e rwa rds t h e republic o f
Texas
Spain had h e r hands full at the time wi t h
the continuous revol utions in her Sou t h Ame r
ican p r ovinces and i n M exico an d pe r haps
s h e made th is cession under a s p ecies o f d u
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TERRITO RIAL ACQ UIS ITI ONS
power o f o u r govern ment to make t his a h
n e x at i o n
was raised
The preceden t o f
Lou isiana was followed and made st ronge r
by being followed As in the case o f L o u i
siana the con sent o f the in habi t an t s o f the
ceded te r ri t o ry was n o t as ked As in tha t
case it was an a c t in whic h the benefi t to the
United States only was conside red ; and ar
r angements we r e made with sove r eign powe r
n o t with the people gove r ned
The i mb abi
tan t s of the n e w terri t o ry as we have seen
we r e not a p a rticula rly desi rable class ; yet as
in Louisiana t here was every expecta t ion
that i n ti me it would develop to a posi t io n
when i t coul d be p rope r ly ad mi t ted to t he
Un ion as a State as even t ually it was
The annexation o f Louisiana and Flo r ida
d id away with troublesome neig hbou r s p r e
vented fu rther certain i r r itation and pe r haps
war Thei r acqu isition was j us t ified by the
circ umstan ces o f the times and events ; and
however muc h such addi t ions to the southe rn
part o f the count ry may have hel ped that sec
t ion and given i t s pec uliar in s t i t u t ion added
strength they we re also o f g rea t bene fi t to
the count ry at la rge
Wha t ever motives
we re by the opposi t ion att r ibu t ed to the ad
m in ist ra t ions which secu red t hese addi t ions
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38
FLO RIDA
certainly suc h sectional agg randisement was
n o t alleged by the people favou r i ng them as
the mo t ive ; and the r e is no evidence to war
rant the belief that i t actuated those most
conce r ned That the annexation o f Louisi
ana and Flo r ida d ried up t he sou rces o f
chronic di ffi culties is r eason enough for the
treaties wi t h F rance an d S pain As to the
particular bene fit to t he Sou t h o f the acquisi
t ion o f Flo r ida o u t side of its addi t ion as o n e
more southe r n State the most that c an be
said is that it helped the slave S t ates by shut
ting u p what had hi t hert o be en an open doo r
An d as to Louisiana
o f escape for the slave
if its acquisition d id add to the S lave owning
States it also O pened the M ississi ppi to the
North an d in s o d oing made the free States o f
the Northwest the ric her and mo re p owe r ful
We come n ow to an nexat ion whic h hardly
can stand careful sc r utiny as to motives an d
methods however beneficial the results may
have been Be fo re howeve r treating Texas
and the Mexican cession i t will be m o re
c o n venient to consider the O r egon cou nt ry
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39
C HA PTE R V
O RE GO N
O R EG O N is the
.
.
addition to o u r domai n
whic h has come to u s by discove ry and o c
r eaty with G r eat
c u at i o n
but
even
then
a
t
p
Britai n was required to make the title secure
without p ossible bl oodshed
Oregon al so
rem inds u s that we are a young count ry i n
the New World fo r it i s since the United
States came in t o exis t ence that white men
expl ored the great r iver flowing through that
territory an d settled o n O r egon soil
It was the fu r trade whic h first led us to
the no rthwest and it was the s uccess o f the
French and the Engl ish in t h e no rth which
stimulated the early interest i n Oregon As
“
Irving h as w r itten : While the fie ry an d
magnificent S p ania rd inflamed wi t h t he man ia
fo r gold has extended hi s discove r ies an d
con quests over those b r ill iant count r ies
scorched by the ardent su n o f the tropics
the ardent and buoyant Frenchman an d the
cool an d calculating Briton have pursued the
less S plendid but no less lucrative tra ffi c i n
furs amidst the hyperbo rean regions o f the
Canadas u ntil they have advanced even
o ne
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40
O RE GO N
within the arctic circle
The spirit which
“
led the cool an d calculating Briton i nto
the n orth also caused him to cast h is eye s
toward the sho res o f the Pacific while
already his A me r ica n cousin was t rad ing fo r
otter S kins along that coast and carrying
the m to China fo r a market
With t he
American s i n t hei r t r ading vessel s on the
Pacific coast and the English wo r king i n
t hat d irection t h r ough the inte r ior fr om the
East a struggle for the possession o f this
t e r rito ry lying between Russian Alaska and
S p anish Califo rnia becam e in evi t able
It
was the t rapper and the fu r trade r who we r e
to be the pionee rs While we would not
unde r value the courage and r esol ution o f the
intrepid explo re r s we s hould also give due
meed of praise to the t rappe rs and fur traders
who first endured the hardships and dange r s
in O regon
It was their
o f fr ontier li fe
work which carried the count ry s wes t ern
bounda ry to t h e Pacific They it was who
led t he way for the se t tlers who came afte r
It was a repeti t ion wi t hin the life o f
t hem
our nation o f to day o f the t r ials and strug
gles and final success o f the colon ists o f
Massachusetts and Virginia o n the Atlantic
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C o aS t
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TE RRITO RIAL AC Q UISITI ONS
In 1 7 9 2 Captain G ray o f the S hi p
Colu mbia o f Boston entered the Colum
bia River an d gave it the name o f his vessel
He com manded o n e o f those t rade r s engaged
i n the fu r trade al ong the n o rt hwest coast
fr om Cali fo r nia t o t h e high no rthern lati
tudes The coast o f O regon had been seen
by many naviga t ors before and a large river
wa s known to be in that vicin i t y ; but he
seems to have been t he first white man who
ever sailed into that r ive r an d made any
explorat ion o f it He did n o t go very far
up ; but as he sailed away he m e t Van
c ouver an d tell ing hi m o f his d iscovery le ft
hi s charts with hi m
Thereu pon Vanco u ver
expl ored t h e r iver fo r a long distance from
i t s mouth
Captain G ray s report o f his explo ration
u pon his retu r n home was s o favourable that
a desi r e t o secu re the cou nt ry fo r the Union
at once S p rang up Ea rly in 1 8 0 3 P resident
Je ffe r son sent a confidential message to
Cong ress asking fo r an appropriation fo r
an expl oring expedition to the Wes t The
approp riation w as g ranted and the President
d esignated as leade r o f the p r oposed exped i
t ion
Cap t ain M e r iwe t he r Lewis
Wi t h
him as associate was Lieutenant William
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42
.
O RE GO N
Cla rk a b r othe r o f t hat G eorge Rogers
Cla r k who had s o wonder fully conquered
the B r i t ish i n t he No r thweste r n Territ o ry
in t h e Revolu t ion
Je ffe r son had fo r many yea r s s hown a
deep in t eres t in a p r ope r scienti fi c and geo
g raphical explo r ation o f the g reat country
west o f the All e ghan i e s an d n o w with the
possible acquisition o f Louisiana and h i s
desi r e fo r a la rge r knowl edge o f Oregon an d
t o insu r e i t s possession by this country he
initiated this movement which r esulted in
Lewis and Cla r k s expedition By the time
they we r e r eady t o s t a rt i n 1 8 04 Louisiana
was ou r s and thei r r ou t e lay all the way i n
the te r ri t o ry o f the United S t a t es
Lewis an d Clark s e t out in 1 8 04 fro m
the mou t h o f t h e M issouri and sailed u p the
r ive r t o i t s sou r ces i n t h e Rocky M ountains
c r ossed t h e m oun t ain s to the le ft branch o f
the Columbia and followed down that ri ver
to i t s mouth whe r e Captain G ray had
ancho red ove r t welve yea r s be fo r e
Then
they retu r ned home the way that they had
come They had passed t h r ough a count ry
almost unknown to whi te m e n had escaped
t h e dange r s o f Indians o f snow an d ice and
the moun t ain s and the pe r il s o f un kn o wn
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43
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TE RRITO RIAL AC Q UIS ITI O NS
rivers an d had b rought back valuable i n fo r
mation besides adding an o t her link in the
C hain o f o u r title to O r egon They we re
gone something ove r two yea rs and r ichly
dese r ved the President s eulogy given in his
message to Congress i n 1 8 0 6 Thei r s t o ry is
full o f ad ventu r e and has a cha r m of i t s o wn
qu ite aside from the importance o f t hei r wo r k
In 1 8 1 0 encouraged by Je fferson John
Jacob As tor fo r med t he Pacific Fur Co m
pany wi t h the obj ect of making a se t tlement
o n
the Col umbia and developing the t rade
o f
t hat region
The company founded
Asto r ia and made a beginning o f i t s wo rk
I t established a fe w posts along the r ive r
and then was swallowed u p by the No rt h
west Fur Company its English rival in the
field
The en t erp rise was n o t s uccess ful
fr om a business poi n t o f view When the
War o f 1 8 1 2 b roke o u t Asto r ia and the
company s goods the r e a n d at its posts we re
trans ferred to the English com pany osten
r even t t heir capture and confiscation
s ib l
to
p
y
by English t roops The evidence goes to
show however tha t Astor s far r eaching and
far sighted as wel l as pat rio t ic ente rp r ise
was r uined by an un fo rt u na t e selec t ion of
p artners and the lack o f s u pp ort from our
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44
TERRITO RIAL ACQ UISI TI ONS
w as obvia t ed by a t r eaty with her in 1 8 2 4
by which s he aban doned all claim t o the Pa
coast south o f 5 4
c i fic
the sou t he r n
l imit o f Alaska ; wh il e Spain at the time
s h e ceded Florida to t h e Un ited S t ates also
r eleased all claim s to t h e Pacific coast n o r t h
o f
t he no rt he r n bounda ry o f Cali fo r n ia
The a r rangement with England did ve ry
“
wel l fo r a time ; but i n
t he
Oregon
questio n which fo r twenty years had been
more o r l ess be fo r e the eyes and i n the
t houghts o f statesmen at home an d abroad
r eceived public n o t ice in a Presiden t s m e s
sage
Presiden t Tyle r l n his message to
“
The
Cong r ess o n Dec 5 1 8 4 2 said :
t e r rito ry o f t h e
Uni t ed States comm only
cal led t h e O regon Te rr ito ry lying on the Pa
c i fic O cean n o r t h o f the forty second degree
o f la t i t ude to a po r t ion o f which G r eat B r it
ai n lays claim begins to att r act the atten t ion
o f o u r fellow ci t izen s ; an d the t ide o f
o pu
p
lation w hich h as r eclaimed what was s o
la t ely an unbroken wilde r ness in mo re c o n
i s p repa r ing to fl ow ove r
t i gu o u s r egions
these vast dis t r ic t s which s t re t ch from t h e
Roc ky Moun t ain s t o the Pacific Ocean In
t h e ad vance o f the requi r ement o f individual
r ights in these lands
sound policy dic t at es
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46
O REG O N
t hat eve ry e ffo r t shoul d be reso rted to by the
two govern ments t o settle their respective
claims
The Sena t e thereupon passed a
bil l by a maj o r ity o f o n e fo r taki n g p ossession
o f the whole o f the disputed te rr itory the title
o f the United Sta t es to whic h it was decla r ed
t o be ce r tain an d would n o t be abandoned
The Hous e howeve r refused to concu r
The question then became a pol iti cal o n e
with all the inflammatory appeals to nat ional
j ealousy p r ide and interest whic h n aturally
might be expected u nder suc h ci rcu mstances
When the P residential elec t ion came round
it was o n e of the iss u es u pon which
in
Polk was elected The c ry was F i fty fou r
forty o r fight
If the Texas question was
t h e main iss u e the O r egon question added to
t h e excitement o f the times
Congressmen
made fiery S peeches and the coun t ry seemed
o n the verge o f an o t her st r uggle with Grea t
B ri t ain when wiser counsels prevailed and i n
a convention was made by the two
cou n tries which settled the di ffi cu lty Mo n
roe and Tyler had suggested a d ividing lin e ;
an d Polk although elected with the u nder
standing that he shoul d insist upon 5 4
made an o ffer o f compro m ise ; but it was n o t
until matte r s had reached an acu t e stage that
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4- 7
TERRITO RIAL ACQ UISITI O NS
It is
n egotiations finally we re concl uded
b arely p ossible that the Mexican di ffi culty
ra t he r u rged Polk to a settlemen t with En g
l an d ; and it i s to the cred it o f D aniel Web
s t er that although at that time he hel d n o
o ffi ce in the execu t ive depa r t ment o f t he gov
he s t ill exe rt ed his in fluence in p ri
e rn m e n t
vat e C han nels ab r oad to bring about a p eace ful
s ol u t ion o f the p r oblem
The con vention made the pa rallel o f 4 9
n orthern bounda ry o f O regon while
t he
Vancouve r s Island was given to England
F r ee naviga t ion o f Fu c a s Strai t s and the
Columbia Rive r was given to both nations
and r ights o f ac t ual possession o f land on
both S ides o f the bounda ry l ine we r e to be
respected by both It was a natu ral boun
da ry l ine since it continued our no r the r n
bounda ry l ine d i rectly across to the Pacific
Thu s t his bone o f con t en t ion between
England an d t he Un ited States was re
moved — a contentio n which was aggra
va t e d by the e ffo rt s o f a B r itish company to
monopolise a t rade which the people o f t he
United States fel t should be t heirs by right
of prio r occupa t ion as well as discovery
a n d possibly un der o u r construc t ion o f the
Louisiana Pu rchase
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48
O RE GON
This Oregon Terr ito ry is n o w occu pied
by the S t ates o f Washington O regon Idaho
The
an d parts o f M ontana an d Wyoming
Pacific coast lin e soon was extended sou t h
by the acquisition o f Cali fo r nia So within
fi fty years o u r domain had g r own fr om a
relatively small dis t r ic t con fined wi t hin the
A t lan t ic an d the M ississippi t o a cou n t ry
extending from ocean to ocean The steps
which led to t he acquisi t ion o f Texas an d
t he
M exican te r ritory already were being
t aken when Oregon became u nquestionabl
y
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,
C HA PTE R VI
TE X A S
.
.
T H E an nexation o f Texas and the ac
u i s i t i o n of
M
exican
ter
r
ito
y
adj
oining
it
r
q
i ncluding Cali fornia m ust be considered
together ; for they are really parts o f o n e
transaction The acquisition of all this n e w
terr ito ry was caused not by ext r a ter ritorial
di ffi culties as in the case o f Louisiana and
Florida but by a desi re on the p art of a
p ortion o f the co unt ry to inc rease its a rea
Although all our additions of ter r ito ry thus
far except the O r egon Te r rito ry had been at
the South at least the populous po rtion of
the m an d in the opin ion of many public
men gave t h at section so g reat a p re p o n d
e ra n c e o f in fl u ence as to endanger the Union
t h e demand for stil l fu r t her add ition s came
from t hat same sec t ion
Slave ry a nd a
desi re to keep southe r n in fluence p re do m i
n ant i n the gove r n ment we r e prima ry causes
o f the g r eat additions o f terri t ory in 1 8 4 5
an d 1 8 4 8
As the free North g rew in
st rength the So u t h began to fea r that if i t
became S t r o n g enough to control the gove rn
ment it would restrict and fi nally abol ish
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50
TEXAS
slavery altogethe r The M issouri C o m p ro
mise left only a s mall s p ace fo r slave S t ates ;
’
while north of 3 6 2 0 was an immense
territory rapidly filling u p with a population
from New Englan d and the North out o f
whic h States would r ise free by the i nherited
princi p les o f the settle r s an d by law i f the
M issouri Compromise were r es p ected In
other words it took no prophe t s eye to se e
a ti me rapidly approaching when the slave
States would be in a decided mino rity And
j ust at this t ime a S pi ri t o f re fo r m was
r ampant
It was the age o f isms in Ne w
England P r ison re form refo r ms in crim i
n al
law an d p oor laws we re agi t ated and
unde rtaken while agg r ess ively advocated was
the abolition o f slave ry A p e riod o f i ntel
l ectual g rowth and mo ral growth was begin
n ing Wi t h t he denunciation of slavery p er
t he r e was also a crusade begu n against
se
slave ry at the South o n the pa rt o f the more
r adical reformers
Societies fo r the abol i t ion
of slavery were found at the South previous
to 1 8 3 5 5 but a ft er that time t hat section
ranged i t sel f against them and the abolition
i s t s we re driven to the No r th
That party
s mall but ea r nest would give no rest to
agitat ion and preferred a divided count ry to
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SI
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TERRITO RIAL ACQ UISITI ONS
allowing S lave ry p r otec t ed u nde r t hei r flag
W i th this feel ing sp r inging up again st
slavery — a m oral feeling all the st ronge r
fr o m rising among a people whose ve ry begin
n ing was a mo r al st r uggl e
it is n o t st range
i f t hose at the South who believ e d slave ry
necessa ry to i t s p r ospe r ity felt that soone r
O r later would come the demand fo r freedom
fo r the sl a ves wi t h all its se r ious c o n s e
uenc es
t
t
to
tha
sec
ion
o f
the
count
y
r
q
A n d further the South was in danger o f
l osing th e p redominance which i t had held
always i n t h e a ffai rs o f the Union ; and tha t
especially t o a S t a t e like Sou t h Ca r ol ina was
a si t uation n o t to be bo r ne To p rese r ve
t h e balance between slave a n d fr ee S t ates
’
more t e r ritory sou t h o f 3 6 2 0 must be
gained S uch lan d was at ha n d i n Texas
Texas was pa rt o f that vast region in
Nort h Ame r ica claimed by S pain by vi r tue
o f d iscove ry and occupa t ion
and was c o n s i d
e r ed a part o f Mexico S panish occupation
time
o f Texas was very limited at an
f
o r it
;
y
was i n M exico as it is to day and to the
no rth west o f Texas that Spain made any vis
ible p rog res s Be fore an English settler had
ar r ived i n America lit t le a r mies unde r S pan
i s h leaders had pene t r ated into what is now
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TE RRITO RIAL A CQ UIS ITIO NS
B ut
t r i c t was a t h r iving S p an is h p r ovince
as us ual the S panis h e nslaved the Indians ;
and as had happened ea rlie r no r th o f them
the slaves revol t ed and killed o r d rove thei r
masters fro m t he count ry Then civilisa t ion
in that section disappea red and in 1 8 4 6 o nl y a
fe w Mexicans re mained in the old town of
Tucson and along the Mesilla Valley
The r e was less o f Spanish occupation of
Texas than o f t he other S pan is h possessions
no rth o f M exico The F rench u nwi t tingly
made a beginning t he re when La Salle landed
at Ma t ago rda Bay instead o f t h e mouth of
the Miss issippi as he wished and a ft er some
o t he r ine ffectual a t te mp t s to es t ablis h F re nc h
settlements a F r ench colony fro m the Red
River l ocat e d i n Texas and we re allowed by
t h e Spanish to stay the re
But Spain claim ed
the p rovince as pa rt o f Mexico and p rac t i
cally made good he r clai m When t he United
States bought Louis iana o nly the moderation
o f Je ffe rson and the prudence o f the milita ry
com mande rs p revented a coll is ion o f a rmed
t roops ove r t h e mat t e r o f the bounda ry b e
t w een Mexico a n d this cou nt ry In 1 8 1 9
howeve r as we have seen t he United States
wi t hd re w all C laims which she had to Texas
as a pa rt o f Louisiana by t h e t reaty fixing the
Sabine River as the bounda ry
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54
,
TEX AS
S oo n a fter the acquisiti o n o f L o uisian a
there s p rang u p an illici t trade with Mexico
th rough Texas which was so lu crat ive that a
large nu mber o f adventurers engaged i n it
When t he d i ffi cultie s between Spain and he r
A m e r ican colonies reached a point where re
b e l l i o n s became frequent these adventu r ers
assis t ed by friends wi t hin the United S t a t es
made n umerous at t emp t s to free Texas a n d
Mexico from S panish r ule ; bu t Texan inde
o t come from these e f
rt s
n de n c e
e
did
n
f
o
p
The feel ing which ins pired these fil ib u s t e ri n g
exped ition s was doubtles s o n e factor in causing
the d issatis fac t ion dis played in t he So u t h an d
Sou t hwest over the fixing o f the eastern
bounda ry o f Texas in 1 8 1 9
Hen ry Clay
and o t he r p rominen t men who O p p osed tha t
fea t u re o f t he t reaty expressed only a pop u la r
s e n t iment i n their sections o f the cou ntry
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C HAPTE R VII
.
T E X A S (CO N C L U D E D )
.
M E X I CO i n the mean time had been fighting
fo r independence and in 1 8 2 1 began a revo
l u t i o n wh ic h ended i n her fr eedom fro m
S pain
D u ring these s t ruggles Texas los t
her popula t ion whic h had been o f a floating
c haracter s o that by 1 8 2 2 s he was al most
w holly deserted In t he n ext year howeve r
Stephen F Au stin r eceived from the new
na t ion o f M exico the con fi rmation o f a grant
o f land s i n Texas made by Spain i n 1 8 2 0 t o
his father M oses Aus t in Al ready Stephen
had c ond ucted a considerabl e n u mber o f col
o n i s t s to a site n ear whe r e the ci t y o f Austin
The fathe r
n o w is and more soon followed
was a native o f Connec t icut but a resident
o f M issou r i when he r eceived his g rant an d
began t he en t e r p r ise It was na t u rally the
p ri n ci ples o f M issou r i and of t he Sou t h which
gove rned t he ea rly se t tle rs It is ha rdly fai r
t o call them me r ely ad ventu re r s because they
practically ca rried slave ry wi t h them or t o
c on fu se them with thei r p r edecesso r s i n the
c ont raband t rade whic h flou ri shed the re befo re
them
Thei r sy m p a t hy was wi t h slavery
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56
TEXAS
an d p robably wi t h them were many doubt ful
characte rs ; but there is little in their early
history which shows them other than a s e t of
men t ryin g t o bet t e r themselves in a n e w
count ry
Later there came among the m
those whose obj ect may have been sim ply to
add to t he power o f the South and s t rengthen
its ins t itution of slave ry by annexing t h e d is
The South in
t ri c t to the Uni t ed Sta t es
truth favou red the colonisa t ion of Texas
and there is good evidence o f a scheme to
colonise it and an nex it to this count ry ; b u t
such a sche me was necessa r ily very general
in its natu re
ra t her a strong des i re than a
well de fin e d plan We can ha rdly believe
that the set t lemen t o f the terr itory depended
entirely upo n the s o called conspi racy to
colon ise and annex it as an addi t ional slave
S t ate Yet wha t ever pa rt the slaveholding
i nte rest may have had in its settlement there
is n o doubt that ve ry soo n aft er it began to
g row the r e was a s u fficiently definite pu rpose
at the South to free it from Mexican autho r
ity and t hen i f possible to annex it to the
Uni t ed States The Sou t h wou ld n o t will
i n gl y allow t his t e r ri t o ry to become free fr om
slave ry as it wo u ld if it remained Mexican
or should come under English protection
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57
TE RRITO RIA L ACQ UISITI ONS
at
t i me was thought
as
o ne
o r d ominion
possible
W hen the Mexican c on stitution was
adopted i n 1 8 2 4 Texas was un i t ed with
Coah uila hithe r to a separa t e p r ovince and
an d a Mexican was
o n e wholly M exican
placed as com mandant ove r the department
The inj us t ice displayed by this com mandant
c r eated d i ffi culties ; but t h e adop t ion o f a
mo re libe ral policy o n t he pa rt o f Mexico
smoo t hed o u t the t rouble fo r a few yea r s
an d Texas p rospe red
M exico howeve r as we r emembe r was
in a c h ronic sta t e o f revolu t ion by that t ime ;
a nd in 1 8 3 0 her gove r n m ent then i n the
hand s o f a dicta t o r fo rbade any peopl e fr om
the U n ited S t ates en t e r ing Texas as colonis t s
sus pended all colony cont rac t s which
an d
might inte r fe r e wi t h the p r ohibi t ion From
this t ime fo rward M ex i can j ealou sy again st
e mig ran t s fr om the Un ited S t ates became
eve ry m onth mo re man ifest
Mo reove r
r eckless adventu re r s united wi t h the M exican
gove rn ment and went fa rt he r than it d id i n
a cts
an d
ou t rage upon the
o f opp r ession
c oloni s t s
O n e cause of t his j ealousy is apparen t
Texas was al most wholly Ame r i
e nough
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58
TEXAS
and ha r dly could escape
c an i n p opulation
the p r ej udice o f M ex i can au t ho r i t ies Then
t o o many o f the people o f t h e United States
felt and exp ressed t h e feeling that o u r go v
e r n m e n t was al l w r ong in ag r eeing to the
Sabin e as t h e bounda ry wi t h M exico ; and
t hat we ought t o
have kept t he whole of
Texas a s i t r igh t ly so t hey sa i d went wi t h
Louisiana In fac t t h e Uni t ed S t ates t r ied
twice i n vain t o buy Texas fr om M exico
once u nde r John Quincy Adams an d again
unde r Jackson Howeve r un reasonable the
views above quo t ed may hav e b e e n t h e y had
t hei r weight at t h e South
especially since
Texas was fill ing u p wi t h people going from
o u r count ry
leaving fr iends and families he
h in d an d also since Texas within o u r bounds
would be added slave t e rri t o ry Mexic o had
abolished slave ry an d this meant t hat Texas
would be a fr ee country should it remain
u nder her sove r eignty
Mexico knew these
facts She knew that the citizens o f Texas
we re alien s to Span ish o r M exican blood
a n d s h e mu st have fel t t hat the bond whic h
held that S t a t e to her was weakening eve ry
day So i n defen c e s h e t ook a step which
howeve r ill advised and unj us t it m ay seem
to u s n o w, seemed wise to h e r then
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59
TERRITO RIAL A C Q UIS ITI O NS
By 1 8 3 3 t he situa t ion having become u n
bearable the American set t lers who n o w
n umbe red
held a conven t ion and
de t e r mined to sepa ra t e fro m Coahuila A
Sta t e cons t itu t ion was constructed and an
add r ess to the M exican gove r nmen t prepared
requesting ad m ission to the r epublic as a
sepa rate State and this at a time when
M exico he rself or t he pa rty i n po we r the r e
was making the coun t ry a consolida t ed t e
p ubl ic ra t he r than a federation o f S t a t es
Abou t t h is t ime t h e M exicans i n Coahu ila
and Texas quarrelled and each set u p a
d i ffe rent r evolu t iona ry govern ment ; b u t the
Ame r icans had n o pa rt i n this movement
Austin wen t t o Mexico as the agen t o f
Texas wi t h the con stitu t ion an d add ress
but could ge t n o definite sa t is fac t ion San t a
An na who was then at the head o f t he
gove r nment and wan t ed n o sepa ra t e Sta t es
under him sim ply played wi t h Aus t in keep
i n g hi m i n M exico by p r omises o f a tt en t ion
a n d o f al lowing t he sepa r ate
S t a t e gove rn
m en t des i r ed un t il he himself could get ready
to ma r c h t o Texas at t h e head o f an a rmy
A ustin d id succeed i n getting t he p rohibi t ion
Uni t ed Sta t es t e
o f i mmig ration fr om the
moved an d t h e g ran t ing o f some other favou r
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6
0
TERRITORIAL A CQ UISITI ONS
but Gene ral Houston the Texan com
mander i n C hief d r ew t h e Mexican leade r
a ft e r hi m by a se ries of r e t rea t s until h e
r eached San J acin t o
The r e San t a Anna s
fo rces became d ivided an d H ouston fell
u pon hi m u t t e rly routed his a rmy an d took
hi m p risone r Th is en ded the war although
nei t he r t hen n o r the r ea ft er did Mexico a c
kn owledge t h e independence o f Texas
That n e w r epublic p r oposed annexation to
t h e Un ited
States but t h e la t te r was n o t
then r eady fo r i t Yet the sympathy o f t he
American p eopl e was with the Texans i n
thei r st r uggle The bloody deed s at Alam o
and Goliad fu r n ished ghas t ly i ncen t ives fo r
such a feeling an d it had been shown p ra e
t ically by th e
conside rable body o f t roops
raised i n the States in thei r aid With all
t his sym pa t hy howeve r the r e was a c o n vi c
t ion especially at t h e No r t h that t h e South
had a selfish in t e rest In the ma t te r
The indepen d en ce o f Texas was recog
n i s e d by t h e U n ited States in
1 8
whil
e
37
M exico p rotested against the actions o f i t s
people She con t inued to ma i n t ain a hostile
attit u de towa r d h e r r evol t ed S t a t e an d so ught
t o inci t e I ndian fo r ays ; b u t s h e never sent
ano t he r soldie r against it except o n o n e o r
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62
TEXAS
two maraudi n g expedi t ions In 1 8 4 0 En g
land F rance a n d Belgiu m also r ecogn ise d
the independence o f Texas and t he n e w
r epublic
began to g row rapidly In 1 8 4 3
England r emon st rated again st Mexico s c o n
duct t owa rd i t ; and as a r esul t c ommission
e r s fo r a n a r mis t ice we r e appointed
While
negotiations we re pending P resident Tyle r
made p roposi t ions fo r annexa t ion to th e
United Sta t es Texas t ook a l ittle time t o
con sider but finally approved t he proj ect ; and
a treaty o f an nexation was made Anxious
as Tyler was to put this t h r ough he could n o t
ca r ry the Sena t e wi t h hi m ; and the treaty
This t r eaty
was r ejected June 8
i r ri t ated M exico and she b roke o ff he r
n egotiation s
an d
th rea t ened a renewal o f
hos t ili t ies It displeased England and France
who wan t ed t o s e e Texas unde r an Englis h
o r j oin t p r o t ec t o r a t e wi t hout slave r y and fr e e
from t h e infl uence o f the Uni t ed States ;
while its rejec t ion humilia t ed Texas Bu t
Tyle r s t ime came only a li t tle la t e r
Meanwhile Texas found he r sel f bu rdened
with d eb t ; but h e r popula t ion was i n c re as
i n g an d by 1 8 4 4 h e r revenues began to
inc rease so that s he seemed t o be o n t h e
road t o p r os p e r ity
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63
TE RRITO RIAL A CQ UISITI ONS
That year the Un ited States election s had
resulted in the c hoice o f Pol k fo r P resident
o n a p lat form favo r ing an nexation
Acco rd
i n gl y in the s pring o f 1 8 4 5 j oint resol utions
fo r annexation we re passed through Cong res s
by small maj o r i t ies were at once approved by
P r esident Tyler j ust be fo re his te r m expi red
an d i n July were ratified by a Texan conve m
tion called fo r this pu rpose The population
n e w S tate
at this time was about
o f the
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Al t hough nine yea rs had passed since San
Jacin t o and al t hough Mexico never S ince
had sen t an a r my against Texas to compel
sub mission to he r s he s t il l refused to ac
k nowledge the independence o f her fo r me r
S t ate The ac t i o n o f the United S t ates s he
cons idered an act of war agains t he r an d
h e r mi n iste r le ft Washing t on ; b u t ac t ual
hos t ilities be t ween t he two count ries did n o t
begin at o nce When t hey d id break out it
was nom inally fo r o t her reasons as we S hall
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see
.
The an nexa t ion of Texas i n the light o f
her his t o ry can ha rdly be condemned p er se
It was bound t o come at some time He r
people as has been rema rked were mos t ly
Americans who had come in there A ll their
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64
TEXAS
political ideas we re Ame rican They we r e
o f w hat
we m ay call fo r the sake o f a
name the Anglo Sax on race ; while the Mexi
cans we re o f an othe r S t ock They could
have no sympathy wi t h M exican ideas an d
politics
It was natu r al fo r them to tu r n
t o u s as i t was na t u r al fo r us to sympathis e
wi t h them Their only t i e t o M exico was
political Texas was eve rything S he s houl d
n o t be t o m ake M exican sove r eignty suitable
o r acceptable
The obj ection to annexation
lay i n the time o f the act and the surround
i n g ci r cu mstances
It meant in al l prob
ability and appa ren t ly designedly a war wi t h
Mexico which had been at peace with us
It was a di r ec t act o f agg ression howeve r
extenua t ing the failu re o f M exic o t o r econ
que r t h e r evol t ed dis t r ict may have been
The obj ect appea re d t o many t o be n o t t o
help a people nea r of k i n t o u s and o u r
institutions but t h r o u gh a war o f conques t
to acqui re te rr i t ory to be devoted to slave ry
Mexico s possession meant freedom for the
neg r o while ou rs meant slave ry A s Hen ry
Clay w rites i n Decembe r 1 8 44 The Whigs
were most anxious t o avoid a fo reign wa r
fo r t he sake o f acqui r ing a fo reign te r r ito ry
which unde r the C i rcums t ances f the ac
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65
TE RRITO RIA L A CQ U IS ITIO NS
u i sit i o n
f
could
not
ail
to
produce
domestic
q
discord and expose the C ha racter o f the
count ry i n the eyes o f an i mp artial wo r ld
to seve r e animad ve rsion
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66
C HAPTE R VIII
TH E
.
ME X I C AN C E S S I O N
.
A L T HO U G H the M exican go ve r n ment an
n o u n c e d that it would maintain its r ight to
Texas by fo rce o f arms a n d all attempts at
diplomatic a r rangemen t failed n o ou t b r eak
occu rr ed un t il the next year
o f hos t ilities
It seems ve ry m uc h as i f the Un ited States
we r e bent on wa r and a war o f conquest at
that S he took the qua rrel o f Texas d i
h
rs
re c tl
upon
er
o wn
S
houlde
Besides
y
com mit t ing an act o f war agains t Mexico by
annexing Texas she also by s o doing i n
vol ved he rsel f in a dispute ove r the bounda ry
a n d pushed h e r c laims to the
o f that Sta t e
u t most l imi t
M exico claime d the rive r
Nueces as the weste rn l i mit while the
Uni t ed S t ates claimed the land t o t he Rio
G rande By ca rrying the bou nda ry to t hat
r iver we r eally annexed a la rge st r ip of t e r
ri t o r
r an Ame r ican
which
neithe
o n
no r
y
Texan h ad made a single Se t tlemen t and
which i ncl ude d a pa rt o f t he Mex i can S t a t e
o f Ne w M exico
Texas g rew i n S ize ve ry
rapidly from t he t im e s he was a pa rt of
M exico to the time of h e r annexation t o t h e
U nited S t ates
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67
TERRITO RIAL ACQ UISITI O NS
When Texas ag reed to t he annexation
t h e P r esident was r eques t ed an d autho r ised
t o lose n o time i n establishing a line o f fr on
t ier pos t s and occupying any exposed po r t ion
along the weste rn bo rder o f the n e w State
and Gene r al Tayl or was sen t t o Texas wit h
an a rmy of occu pation He hal t ed in a posi
t i on n o r th o f the Nueces Ri ve r and hoisted
t h e A me r ican flag
Ea rly in 1 8 4 6 he was
o r de r ed to t h e Rio G rande ; and when he
c r ossed t he Nueces to ca r ry o u t his o rde r s
he ente red the disputed te rr ito ry This was
looked u pon by M exico as a s t ill fu rther l n
va s i o n o f her land — even i f s h e had given
a n d a fo r ce
u p Texas wh i ch she had n o t
o f M exican d r agoon s at t acked a small body
o f o ur m en
This was en ough fo r P r esiden t
Pol k and the pa r ty in powe r We remem
b e r th at Je ffe r son had n o t been s o hasty
for ty yea r s befo r e
On M ay 1 1 1 8 4 6
war was decla r ed ; an d the unequal st r uggle
began Unequal because the Mexican ar
m ies n o matte r how m uc h they might o u t
n u mbe r ou rs n o ma t te r t hat they we r e
fight i ng fo r thei r o w n count ry in sight of
thei r o wn homes we r e al way s beaten U m
equal espec i ally because t h e gove rn ment he
hin d t hem was weak dist rac t ed by constan t
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68
TE RRITO RIAL A CQ U ISITI ONS
o f fulfilling speculations and indemnity c al
c u l at i o n s on which the war was begun
The United Sta t es ve ry early made p ropo
Nothing came o f them so
s i t i o n s o f peace
far as Mexico was concerned ; b u t he r e a col
la t e ral question was raised which lasted s o
long as the cause o f that war A bill was
int r oduced into Congress to autho r ise the
President t o use t hree million dolla rs as he
deemed it expedient in negotia t ing a t reaty
To this a n amend
o f p eace wi t h M exico
ment was o ffered know n as the W il mot
Proviso p rohibiting slave ry i n an y te rr itory
to be acquired under that t reaty o r i n any
way whatsoever The bill with the p r oviso
passed the House but did not r each t he
Sena t e in time to p ass that session It was
the beginn ing o f the end o f slavery That
proviso was no t ice that a la rge and i n c re a s
ing n umber o f the people were o p posed to any
“
It announced a
furth e r extension o f slave ry
pol icy whic h was a ft er wa rd to be victorious
The war went o n until Gene ral Scot t e n
That set t led t h e
t e re d the Ci t y o f Mexico
contest The t reaty of Guadalupe H idalgo
concluded Feb 2 1 8 4 8 defined t he terms
o f peace ; and
the war was en ded As a
result besides confi r mi n g our title to Texas
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70
TH E M EXI CAN CESS I ON
Mexico ceded to the Un i t ed States Cal i fo r
n i a and all t he country between that d istrict
and Texas which we o wn to day except a
lit tle st rip ceded to us in 1 8 5 3 The same
stipulation in r ega r d to the people o f t he
count ry ceded was incorporated in the t rea t y
as i n the case o f Louisiana except that the
provision was added that Cong ress should be
the sole j udge o f the prop r iety o f the ad mis
sion o f new S t ates fo r med from the new
terr itory
Practically the Un i t ed S t ates
agreed to fo r m States from that te rr i t o ry so
soon as Cong r ess deemed it p rope r to do s o
The Uni t ed S t ates paid Mexico
an d r eleased h e r fr om claims of American
citizen s t o an amount o f
and
al so agreed t o protect he r northe r n bounda ry
fr om the incu r sions and misconduct o f the
Indians The war cost us in round n um
be r s
and it is said
lives co u n t ing t he deaths which r esulted i n
every way from i t
The glo ry o f the Mexican W ar rests upon
the a r my al one and t he co mmon sold ier is
enti t led to t h e most o f it The b ravery
S ho wn by him the dogged cou rag e and p e r
sistent e ffo rt and intell igence we re the same
as have charac t erised t he America n soldier
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71
TE RRITO RIAL A CQ U IS ITI ONS
fr om t h e fi r st an d a r e s t ill shown by hi m
t o day
His gene ral who led t h e way t o
M exico became t he next P r esiden t ; while
t h e pa rty which was r espon sible fo r t h e war
whic h had made the ann exat ion of Texas
a pa rt y p r inciple
was u t t e r ly defeated when
next t h e people wen t t o t h e polls
The re seemed t o be a p ros pect of furthe r
t roubl e wi t h M exico i n 1 8 5 3 b u t t he Gads
d e n t r ea t y set t led the mat t er by annexing to
the Uni t ed Sta t es some
squa r e miles
al ong t h e sou t he r n ban k o f t h e Gila Rive r
This t e rr i t o ry fo r ms t h e southern pa rt of
what i s n o w New M exico an d A r izona
The di ffi culty al l a rose ove r a disputed
boundary The bounda ry com missione r s set
o f
f t h e M esilla Valley as belonging to Mex
ico whe r eupon o u r gove r nor o f New Mex
i co obj ected clai ming that t hey we r e i n
e rr o r an d p r oceeded t o take possession o f
t he
disputed te rr ito ry un t il t he bounda ry
c ould be set t led by the Un i t ed S t a t es and
M exico
M exico p rotes t ed ; and since
San t a Anna was at t he head o f t he govern
men t and u n friendly t o u s ma t t e r s l ooked
somew h at s t ormy
But a se t t lement wa s
e ffected by whic h t his st rip was ceded to t h e
U n i t ed S t a t es and t he la t t e r r eleased fr om
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THE M EXI CAN CESSION
the obliga t ion to p r o t ec t Mexico s no rthern
bounda ry from the Indians In r etu rn the
Un i t ed S t at es paid Mex i co
This acquisi t ion fro m Mexico ma r ks our
last acquisition of con t iguous t e rri t o ry The
annexa t ion of Texas and t he land ceded to
u s by M exico con t ained nea rly a mil lion
squa re miles in t e rr i t o ry b u t ou t side of
Texas very spa r sely in habi t ed ve ry muc h
of i t al mos t u nknown Cal i fo rn ia began t o
g row wi t h the discove ry of i t s gol d m ines
aft e r i t s acquisi t ion by us Fo r the pu r pose
fo r which t h e wa r was unde r taken t h e resul t s
seem to answe r ; and y e t in spi t e of any
ma t e r ial advantage gained t h e Texan an d
M exican business is ha rdly t o o u r c r edit It
was ve ry m uc h like t he case of a powe r ful
neighbou r taking a piece of land he wan t ed
from a weake r neighbou r and paying fo r it
wha t he pleased Yet the r esul t s even i n
a mo r al and poli t ical point of view we re n o t
wholly undesi rable The M exican W a r and
t h e annexa t ion of Texas ma r ked t h e ex t r eme
powe r of t he slave hold ing in t e rest at t h e
Sou t h and t he exe rcise of t ha t powe r sol id i
fie d t h e opposi t ion No rt h and Wes t
The
institu t ion of S lave ry al t hough i t seemed at
t h e t ime t o be r einv igo r a t ed really r eceived
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TE RRITO RIAL A C Q U ISITI ONS
i t s death blow then ; an y seeming advance
which it made then or therea ft er was at the
expense o f a suppo r t which it requi red to
exist Texas was the last slave Sta t e to be
“
ad m itted to t he Union
What the Abol i
t i o n i s t s could not d o the slaveholde r s and
t hei r ad herents did by open ing the eyes o f
t he peo p le a n d s howing them how near t hey
we r e to the brink o f the p recipice
The same im pulses which d r ove this coun
tr
i
h
i
t s cou r se with Mexico were active fo r
y
some time a fterwa r d i n e ffo rt s t o gai n
additional te r ritory at t he South
These
e ffort s lasted un t il the Civil War ended s l a
very ; but p r ivate a t tem p t s to acqu i re some
o f t he
West Indies or pa r t s o f Central
Ame r ica d u r ing t hat time ended in disaster
and fail u re and O fli c i al int r igues fa red n o
better Then came the Civil W a r as a
con sequence o f t he disease in o u r system
which led t o the M exican War ; an d we
we re too busy in t rying t o buil d up a n e w
gove r n ment o r saving the Un ion to t hink o f
an nexing foreign lands
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74
C HAPTE R IX
A LA S KA
.
.
A FTER the Civil War we bought Alaska
Up t o this point i n the histo ry o f o u r acquisi
tions we have found t hat political necessities
o r advantages
actual o r alleged have been
t h e reasons fo r an nexation
In the case o f
Alaska i t was mainly financial o r comme r
Alaska was a count ry which
c i a l r easons
d i d n o t touch o u r bounda r i es at any point
Although spa rsely inhabi t ed except by the
nat ives from i t s geographical location and
i t s climate it o ffe re d n o i nducements fo r a
la rge emig ra t ion o f o u r people o r o f Eu r o
peans In othe r wo rd s while eve ry o t her
add i t ion t o o u r t e rr ito ry would i n t h e o r di
na ry cou r se o f g rowth become S t a t es this
“
Alaska pu r chase o ffe red l it t le o r n o p ros
pe e t o f eve r becoming fit fo r ad mission to
t he
U n ion on an equal footing wi t h the
S t ates
And i t i s questionable whether the
r ecent discove ry of gol d wil l make an
mate
y
r ial C hange i n the pe r manent condition of
thi n gs i n t ha t r espec t
In an nexing Alaska t h e Uni t ed S t a t es took
an o t he r s t ep in t h e di r ec t ion o f acqui r ing an y
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TE RRITO RIAL ACQ U IS ITI O NS
te r ri t ory wherever si t uated t he only ques
tion being as t o the benefi t to be de rived
from the s t ep To be s u re t he Civil W ar
j ust ended had made the exec utive and
Cong r ess high handed It had s t re t ched ex
e c u t i ve po w er a n d the fede ral powe r to an
extreme limit It s e ffect had been t o c e n
t ral i s e powe r in t h e fede ral gove r n men t ; a n d
with Louisiana and Texas in i t s memo ry
the latter foun d li t tle di ffi culty in assuming a
power to buy Alas ka It is needless to say
that t he consent o f its fe w civilised i n h ab i
tants o r its n atives was n o mo re asked than
i n any previo u s case except t ha t o f Texas
whe r e the o riginal p r oposition o f annexa t ion
came from that people And i n this c o n
ne c t i o n with the fac t tha t t h e na t ural e x p e c
t at i o n was that Alaska should remain un de r
a te r rito r ial fo r m of gove rnment o r be gov
e r n ed d i r ectly by the Pres iden t a n d Cong ress
it s hould not be fo rgo t ten tha t a t err ito r ial
fo r m o f gove r nment is p rac t ically the gov
e rn m e n t
o f
a col ony
The govern ment
does n o t rest upon t he consen t of t he gov
e rn ed
And wh ile i n al l p reviou s cases
such a condi t ion of a ffai rs was t o be but a
tem po ra ry expedient and the fo rm o f gove r n
m ent ado p ted in most cases allowed enough
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76
TE RRITO RIAL A CQ UIS ITI ONS
o f what was
aft erward known as Russian
Ame r ica The Russians were soon ac t ive
i n explo ra t ion
Search was made fo r a
n o rt heast passage t o the A t lan t ic an d m e r
c a n t i l e adventu r e r s examined t h e coas t an d
i s lands I n 1 7 8 3 Russian compan ies began
the fu r t r ade aft erward participated in to
some ex t en t by Ame r icans Russia how
ever did n o t penet rate far i nland
The
H ud son s Bay Company we r e al ready in t he
fiel d in the in t e r io r In 1 8 2 5 a t r eaty fixed
t he l ine be t ween B ri t ish and Russian posse s
sion s while the yea r befo re (1 8 2 4 ) Russia
by t r eaty wi t h the United S t ates as s t ated
awhile ago fixed her southern li mit at the
She also g ran t ed to o u r
pa rallel o f 5 4
people ce rtain fishing privileges ; but her gov
cons t r ued t he compact as to
e rn m e n t
so
excl u de o u r vessel s fr om j ust the places to
which t hey wan t ed to go where the fishing
was known to be the bes t
It was t h e desi re o f t he Pacific Coast fo r
additional p r ivi leges t hat b rought about the
which gave u s t h e whol e
t r ea t y o f 1 8 6 7
country
The cod fis hi n g ca rried o n by
vessel s fr om San Fr ancisco had become by
t ha t year qui t e an indus t ry
In 1 8 6 5 o n e
o f the o ffi cial s of W ashing t on Te r r ito ry re
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78
ALAS KA
p o rted the abundance of c o d and halib u t i n
“
this r egion o f Alaska an d said
No o n e
who knows these facts fo r a moment doubts
that i f vessel s used by t he Ban k fishermen
tha t sail fr om M assachu set t s and M aine
were fitted o u t here an d were to fish o n t he
various banks along this coast it would even
n o w be a most l uc rative
business
The
l egislatu re o f that same te rr itory by formal
t h e attention o f the gene r al
r e ol u t ion
called
s
governmen t t o the g reat value o f the fishe rie s
o f the
Russian Ame rican coast and peti
t i o n e d fo r the adop t ion o f S uch measures as
would ob t ain fo r Americans the r ight to fish
in these waters The desi re to obtain fish
i n g g r ounds in t h e western wate r s as well
as in the easte rn and to gain them fre e
fr om the enta nglemen t s o f those in the East
and possibly a desi re to have ano t he r naval
sta t ion o n the Pacific as P r esident John son
i n a message to Cong ress suggested must
have been cont r oll ing facto rs in t he mind o f
t h e administ ra t ion in making the t r ea t y
to
n
o
t hing o f the val ue o f the fu r and se al
sa
y
indust ry The mine ral weal t h was of a de
u
ncer
t ain cha r ac t er
c i de d l
y
Russia was qui t e will ing t o dispose o f h e r
holdings in America
These possession s
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79
TE RRITO RIAL A CQ UISITI ONS
w ould be hard to defend in case o f war e s
e c i all
with
England
a n d yet it would be
;
p
y
a t least an noying to l ose t he m t h rough war
They a fforded n o streng t h to he r but were
r ather a
weakness The n s he wanted the
money So th e t rans fer was easily b rough t
abou t It i s qui t e possible tha t o u r own d i ffi
c u l t i e s wi t h t h e recons t ruc t ion problems at the
t i me d istracted the interest o f the public i n the
t ransac t ion fo r t h e t reaty ceding the count ry
t o u s made Ma r ch 2 9 1 8 6 7 O ccasioned ve ry
l i t tle d iscussion and was ra t ified wi t h s u b
When we
s t a n t i al equani mi ty on Ap r il 9
c ame to pay over the cash called fo r by the
t reaty t he re was a li tt le delay
It seemed to
many qui t e a l o t o f money for a pu rchase o f
doub t ful value Cong ress finally app rop r i
a t ed the amoun t ; and it was cha rged but n o t
p roven t hat qui t e a co r rup t io n fund was
necessa ry to e ffec t t his It is true however
t hat a very respec t able
was used in
su m
w r i t ing u p t he cou n t ry i n favou rable terms
We paid
fo r i t a n d acqui red
about
squa re m iles of te r ritory i n
habi t ed by some
people mos t ly
Esqui maux
a na t ive popula t ion which l ike
tha t o f o u r Indians is d iminishing in its
con t act wi t h c ivil iza t ion The treaty p ro
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80
ALAS KA
vi de d that such o f the civilised in habitant s
a s r emained i n Alaska we r e t o
have all the
r ights o f ci t i z ens o f the United S t ates
Wi t h this acquisi t ion t h e United Sta t es
has up to this t ime r emained con t ent so far
as any ter r ito r y o n o r adj acent to this conti
nen t i s conce rned The powe r o f o u r gov
e rn m e n t to annex foreign t e rr i t o ry seems to
be p re t ty w ell established by p recedent ; but
wi t h the exce p t ion o f Texas
which how
eve r had a p o p ii l at i o n in which the Ame rican
element was la rgely p redominan t
all o u r
acquisitions u p t o t h e t ime o f an d incl uding
Alaska we r e o f spa rsely se t tled cou ntries
Louisiana was n o exception ; fo r nea rly al l
i t s p opula t ion was clus t e r ed r ound New O r
leans leaving an immense space in habite d
almost wholly by I ndians
Ou t sid e o f
Alaska the acquisition s have opened outle t s
fo r immig ra t ion fr om the olde r Sta t es an d
fr om abroad ; an d t h e n e w te rr i t o r ies hav e
become Ame rican in thought an d i n s t i t u
tions because the pionee r s in all t hese n e w
“
countries we re la rgely Ame r icans
They
have been a leaven i n the European immi
rat i o n which followed
The
two
elements
g
ac t ing together have bu il t u p com m unit ie s
cap able o f taking a plac e among the sel f
g o ve r ni n g Stat es
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8
1.
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TE RRITO RIAL A CQ U IS ITIO NS
W hether Alaska be considered an e x c e p
t ion fro m its peculia r l ocation and from the
circumstances which seemed to make i t s
acquisition desi rable o r whether it be c o n
the re
s i d e re d as an established precedent
cent steps i n the enlargement o f our territory
are cert ainly of a di fferent character fro m
an
ui
whic
h
have
gone
be
ore
These
acq
f
y
s i t i o n s o f to day s ho w tha t
ad mitting our
constitutional p ower to acqu i r e te r rito ry we
pro fessedly are guided n o w b y di ffe rent reasons
fr om those i n the old days when our co u nt ry
w as yo u nger
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82
C HAPTE R X
H A WA I I
.
.
T HI R T ! O NE years elapsed a fte r the p u r
chase o f Alaska befor e we entered u p o n a
n e w ca r eer o f ter r itorial expansion ; and we
began by an nexing the Hawaiian Islands
I n doing this we took a lon g step for ward
admitting that we can find authority fo r so
doing i n the ea rlier p recedents
S ince it
marks some t hing o f a depa rture fro m our
course o f action u p to this point a some
what more extended accoun t of the causes
which r esul t ed in this annexation seems de
s i rable Whereas all the fo r mer acquisitions
had bee n o f territo ry whic h seemed sui t able
for emigration o f o u r people o r presented
co mmercial advantages Hawaii o ffers little
field fo r emigration fo r in 1 8 9 0 only
persons owned the land and mo re t han hal f
the soil had passed into Eu ropean or Ame ri
c a n hands ; an d i t would seem that most i f
n o t all
the com me rcial benefits might have
been obtained by a close alliance o r p ro t e c t o
rate To be sure pol i t ical reason s pro m pted
the acqu isi t ion o f Louisiana and Florida and
indeed o f Texas an d the la n d gained from
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83
T ERRITO RIAL A C Q U IS ITI ONS
M exico ; b u t s t ill the land gained was open
an d sui t able fo r emig r a t ion
In t he case o f
Hawaii t his fac t is n o t p resen t ; an d political
r easons
alone gove r ned t h e ac t ion taken
In fac t t h e an nexa t ion was j us t ified o n naval
g r ound s o r to p r o t ec t the Ame r ican in t erests
al ready pa ramou n t in the islands
The annexa t ion was n o t accompl ished
without opposition and i n the en d was
hel ped if not carr ied th r ough by supposed
necessities a ri sing o u t o f t he situat ion in
which we fou nd ou rselves in t h e ea rly pa rt
Spain in 1 8 9 8 It was
o f o u r war wi t h
r eally the p r essu r e o f a small but ene r getic
m ino ri t y o f Ame rican r esidents and sympa
t h i s e r s in Hawaii
r a t her than the wish o f
the Uni t ed States tha t inaugu ra t ed and main
t ai n e d the m ovement whic h led to annexa
t ion
The Hawaiian Islands are a count ry t wo
an d
t housand miles away from o u r coast
of
had in 1 8 9 7 a population o f
whic h only
we re A me r ican s o r B r i t ish
na t ive o r half Hawaiians who
an d
held at l east a n ominal sha re i n the gove rn
men t Po rt u g u ese Ge rmans Japanese an d
Chinese made u p t h e res t o f the m ixed
populat ion
to
t h e Jap anese a n d Chinese
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84
TE RRITO RIAL A CQ UISITIO NS
a r ies And we shoul d not forget that it was
unde r native rulers that this upli ft ing began
and was continued W e must feel a sy m
pathy fo r them as we see how thei r o w n
govern ment came mo re and m o r e under the
i nfl uence an d cont r ol o f fo reign residen t s
chiefly Ame ricans u n t il t h e native Hawaiians
were r elega t ed to a very subo r dinate place i n
their o w n coun t ry As the I ndian he re is
disappea r ing befo re the civilisation o f his
conquero r s so t he Hawaiian is fading away
unde r the p rotec t ion o f t h e aliens h e ad
m i t t e d to his home
When Captain Cook was t he re the islands
we r e ruled by sepa ra t e chiefs independen t of
each o t her ; but o n e o f them by his supe rio r
ability subd ued al l the islands except two
whic h yielded t heir allegiance to his s uc
cesso r The fi rst Hawaiian king as Kame
hameha I began a dynas ty which las t ed
u ntil the dea t h o f Kamehameha V in
t er fe r ence
1 8 4 without a successo r
The
in
7
by the F rench in 1 8 3 7 led t o a formal d e c l a
ration o f independence i n 1 8 4 0 and the p r o
m u l gat i o n o f a consti t ution by Kamehameha
I II The independence of the islands was
recognised i n 1 8 44 by England and the
Uni t ed States Ch r istianity had been i n tro
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86
HAWAI I
d u c e d by Kamehameha IL ; and the disposi
tion of t he islande r s was such that t he
Ch ris t ian r el igion made rapid p r og ress and
wit h occasional relapses it has main t ained i t s
hold upon t hem The i n fluence o f the mis
is
seen
all
th
r ough these ea r lier days ;
s i o n ar
y
and t h e infl uence of his descendants n o t
wholly di r ected towa rd the rel igious welfa re
the natives has been almos t equally
o f
st rong
Again in 1 8 4 9 n e w compl ication s wi t h
t he F r ench occu rr ed ; and hostile p r epa r ations
we re begun which we re in t e r r upted only
upon the p ro t es t s o f the English and Ame r
ican rep resen t a t ives When once again i n
1 85 1
the F rench t h rea t ened hos t ili t ies t he
king Kamehameha
found it advisable
to st rengthen his alliance wi t h the Uni t ed
S t a t es ; and acting upon the advice o f Ame ri
he
c a n missiona r ies and Ame r ican r esiden t s
p romulg ated a n e w constitution ad mi t t ing
a s mall n u mber o f fo reigners to eac h o f the
t wo houses o f the legisla t ure
Annexation
to the United Sta t es even then was d iscussed
but a fterwa rd abandoned
When Kamehameha V died i n 1 8 74
withou t a successo r the legislatu r e chiefly
t h r ough external American influence elected
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37
T ERRITO RIAL
A CQ UISITI ONS
a s king
Kal a k au a o n e o f the royal house
ove r the dowager queen Em ma a daugh t er o f
an Englis h physician In Kal ak a u a s reign
i n 1 8 7 6 a t reaty o f recip r oci ty was a r ranged
with the Uni t ed Sta t es which developed a
ma rvellous inte r change o f prod ucts o n o u r
Pacific coast The b r oaden ing of com me r ce
a r ising fr om t his act ca rr ied to Hawaii a
“
la rge amoun t o f Ame r ican invested capital
toge t he r wi t h a fai r colony of soj ourne r s
m ore o r less cons t ant fr o m this count ry
Kal a k au a s cou r se as king was ha r dly o n
a p ar with t hat o f his p redecesso r s ; and hi s
dissipat ion and hi s gove rn ment p r oduced a
r evolution i n 1 8 8
r ed a cons t i
which
secu
7
tu ri on s o libe r al in its t reatment o f t he white
r esidents as
to be to u s e M r Sc ho u l e r s
words u npa ralleled in t h e dealings o f civi
l i se d nation s wi t h a l ien s
Unde r that c o n
procured by the whi t e residen t s
st it u t io n
fo r eigne r s who took t h e oat h to support the
Hawaiian govern ment we r e pe r mi t ted to r e g
ister as vo t e r s wi t h a dis t inct reserva t ion o f
allegiance to thei r o wn gove r n men t s Unde r
it a C itizen o f the Uni t ed Sta t es could remain
such an d still have the r ight t o vote in
Hawaiian elections while he was a resident
by sim p ly swea ring to su pport t h e govern ment
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88
TERRITORIAL A CQ UISITI ONS
ce r n s as well that the gove r n ment o f the
Un ited States shoul d be ex t en ded o ver the
islands ; while t h e whi t e residents t he re
t h e descendants o f m issiona r ies and o f o fl
i
natu rally p re fer red a union with a
c i al s
st rong gove r n ment like o u r o wn t o a possi
bl e resu m p t ion o f power by t h e natives
They wanted above all a stable govern ment ;
and i f thei r sym pathies wi t h t h e an nexation
movemen t we r e n o t s o st rong they were n o t
bit t e rly opposed to i t
The n e w queen Lili uo kalani had an even
st r onger d isli ke t han he r p redecessor fo r t he
c on s t itution forced u p on him i n 1 8 8 7 ; an d
s h e was a less pl iable subj ect t han he
Pas
high S trung as s he was with a
s i o n a t e and
S t r ong l ove fo r her n ative s ubj ects and loved
by them wi t h a la rge native vote which i f
it c ould al l be b rought o u t might swamp the
fo r eign vote there was a danger that the
power o f t he white r esidents might bec o me
less sec u re ; and t he alie n population recog
The queen foun d hersel f
n i z e d the danger
me rely a figu re head in the govern men t a
situation she could ha r dly abide Her dis
posi t ion was r eac t iona ry and he r sympathies
en t i rely with h e r native people She had at
least i nklings o f the design to an nex her
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9
0
HAWAI I
whole kingdom to the count ry whose C iti
z en s within h e r o wn dom inion held a good
sha re o f the ac t ual powe r W ith suc h a
woman (o f littl e t act and headst rong in d i s
pute) as queen the annexation feeling g rew
st r onge r u ntil h e r own imp r udence and folly
th rew the key o f the S it u ati o n into he r O p p o
nen t s hands
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9
!
C HAPTE R XI
.
HAWAI I (C O NC L U D E D )
ON
.
Jan 1 4 1 8 9 3 the legislature was
prorog u ed n o t to mee t again until May
1 8
having
at
the
las
t
moment
tu
ned
out
r
94
o f o ffi ce a m in istry favou r ed by the reforme r s
an d the fo reign elemen t The new minis
try thu s put i n powe r which m us t remain
in powe r until a new legislature should mee t
S tood for no t h ing except pe rsonal and politi
far as we can see Poli t ics
c al success
so
in Hawaii d id n o t see m t o be all tha t could
be desired Cha rges o f co rr uption we re freely
made an d pe r sonal int rigue was appa ren t in
the doings o f the legislatu re The new m i n
i s t ry in ful filling pledges p robably given to
the co mbina t ion i n t he legislatu r e whic h had
r e the queen
t
f
them
i
n
power
laid
be
o
u
p
t w o measu res
o ffensive to o u r people but
favou red by some local in t erests t here — a
l ottery ac t and an opiu m l icense act The
queen although disl iking the ac t s a ffi xed her
s ignature to them because s he wanted some
t hing from t h e m inist ry in tu rn
It was u h
fortun ate fo r her that s he did so fo r it gave
“
her o p ponen t s a c hance to take t h e high
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92
TE RRITO RIAL ACQ UIS ITI ONS
claim a new const i tut i on st rictly followed
p r eceden t t h e changes sugges t ed would p ro
duce a r evol u t ion in any event They st ruck
d own the safegua rds o f t h e r ic h and i n t e ll i
gent foreign element whose p resence and
capital had made the prospe ri t y o f the who l e
community Even the queen felt bound to
gain her min is t ry s consen t to p r omulgate
t h e docu men t ; and when S he failed t o o h
“
tain tha t s h e submi t ted
Wi t h heart fel t
so r row an d yet queenly sel f con t rol
she
ann ounced to t he H awaiian s from her royal
balcony that whil e S he l oved her people and
would conti nue to l ove them s h e could n o t
t hen give them the con sti t ution they wished
fo r but woul d do s o som e time
Even in t his
s h e yiel ded to h e r minis t ry aft er l ong d isc u s
sion du r ing the rest o f the day and aban
d o n e d in full her pu r pose at any t ime to
make t h e wished fo r changes ; an d o n the
fo r enoon o f the following M onday Janua ry
1 6
public announcement o f that fact was
made ove r he r o wn signatu r e
It would seem t he r efo re that any need o f
r esis t ance to h e r autho r ity on accou nt o f h e r
p roposed ac t ion n o w fo reve r abandoned
was obvia t ed ; b u t t h e zealous annexa t ionists
seized u pon the oppo r t uni t y t o e ffect t heir
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94
HAWAII
purpose The fo reign residents assembled
in mass mee t ing an d appointed a Committee
Thi s
o f Sa fety wi t h disc r e t iona ry powers
committee o n Janua ry 1 6 issued a p ro c l a
mation ab r ogating the mona r chical system
and establishing a p r ovisional gove r nment
consisting of an Execu t ive Council o f fou r
“
to exist until t erms o f un ion wi t h the
United States o f Ame rica have been nego t i
at ed and acted upon
The council at once
assumed control o f the gove r nment an d
obl iged the queen t o re t i r e to her p r ivate re s
idence and all this was accomplished with
About the on ly fo rce v isibl e
o u t bloodshed
was a body o f m a rines landed fr om an Amer
ican war vessel in t h e ha rbour o f Honolulu
It is needless to s ay that this provisiona l
govern ment r ep r esented t he foreign and
pa r t icula rly the Am e rican element at Ha
waii
Commissione r s o f this gove r n ment
were hurr ied o ff t o Washington t o nego t ia t e
a t r eaty o f annexa t ion a n d they found the r e
an al most suspiciously favou r able r eception
The un fo rt unate pa rt which t h e Unit e d
St ates played i n this r evolution was the al l t o o
p rompt r ecogni t ion o f t h e n e w gove r n ment
by the r esident Un i t ed S t ates m inister at
Honolulu and t h e landing o f Ame r ican ma
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95
TERRITO RIAL ACQ UISITI ONS
rines at his request osten sibly to p rotect
A merican i nteres t s but practically to compel
s ubmission to the new o rde r o f things
Well may the queen complain that but fo r
the attitude o f the acc redited m in iste r o f a
fr iendly nation her govern ment might have
continued to exist It can not be doubted
fro m a review o f t h e fac t s that it was the
marine force fr o m ou r wa r shi p whic h made
the bloodless revolu t ion s uccess ful
A t reaty o f annexation was concluded by
Pres ident Ha rrison s administ ration and with
a favou rable recom men da t ion laid by hi m
befo re the Senate o n Feb r ua ry I 5 but
late r was wi t hd rawn from that body by
President Cleveland without ac t io n u pon it
having been taken
P resident Cleveland
sent a com missione r to the Hawaiian Is
lands to investigate and h i s message to
Congress upon receiving the commissione r s
r epo rt
S hows his own conviction of the i n
j ustice to the Hawaiian s com mi tt ed in assis t
ing the r evolution with our t r oops
Yet
pol i t ical conditions here the rancour of pa rty
feeling the appeals t o a false p r ide and
above all the s ituation into which a ffai rs at
H onolul u had g r own made a solution o f the
p roblem d i fli c u l t Sec retary G resham s plan
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96
TE R RITO RIAL ACQ U IS ITI O NS
o
f
eo
p
le
th
i
s
country
there
a
other
n
w
s
o
p
idea i n the early p art o f 1 8 9 8 than t o free
Cuba from S p an ish c o n trol — to end the
bloodshed and scandal o f mis rule at our d o ors
When e ffecting that object brought u s i nto
war with S p ain an d when i n the cou rse o f
t hat war
Porto Rico a n d Manila fell int o
our hands a n e w thought forced itsel f into
t he mind s o f many of ou r people
a new
visi o n o f the fu t u re spread i t sel f be fore their
eyes
No lon ger with the weakness o f
youth would we shel t er ou r selves behin d our
o cean
barriers but with the stre ngth o f a
youn g man hood we woul d take u p o ur
pa rt i n r edeemin g the world from barbarism
With such views developing i n the pop
ula r mind it was easy fo r the ardent
annexa t ionists o f Hawai i and the Uni ted
S t a t es to persuade what had hithert o been
a reluctant people
to consent to a u nio n
with Hawaii to take ad vantage o f our o wn
w rong doing For it was allege d with c o n
vigour t hat those island s were a
s i d e rab l e
needed station o n t he ro u te t o t he far O ff
Philip p i n es and that if we were t o h o ld s way
at Manila we sca rcely could do with o u t
Hawaii L o oking at it i n thi s way t he ac
i
u i s i t i o n o f the
Hawaiian
I
sla
n
d
s
p
art
s
a
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98
H AWAI I
only o f a scheme o f expansion upon which
we have ente red and t he s upposed necessity
o f the acquisition may j ustify the depart ure
from all o u r traditions whic h such annexa
tion involves
I d o n o t need to enlarge u po n the p rob
lems b rought to us by this an nexation d i ffi
cult and un usual wi t h us as t hey are Wi t h
Hawaii we i ndeed en t e red u pon a n e w
ca ree r ; and i n additio n to solving the prob
lem o f j ust and decent govern men t at home
by n o means yet fin i s he d
we have taken
upon o u r shoulders the govern ment o f n e w
a nd S t range people S t ill the an nexation
having been accomplished it behooves u s to
meet the di fficulties as wisely an d as be s t we
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c an .
99
C H APTE R XI I
.
T H E S PA N I S H C E S S I O N
.
T HE Cuban i nsu rrection which began i n
1 8 6 8 , and
laste d ten yea r s , appealed ve ry
s trongly
t o the sy mpathy o f our people
O ur in t e rest i n Cuba as a possibl e pa rt o f
.
Uni t ed S t a t es began at least as ea rly as
o u r acquisi t ion
o f Flo r ida and eve ry e ffo r t
o n the p a rt o f Cuba to throw o f
f S p anish
r ule w a s viewed by many A me r ican s
as a
di rect appeal fo r assis t ance which S hould n ot
be re fused Bu t Pr esiden t G ran t could fin d
no
j ust grounds fo r recognising t he inde
n d e n c e o r belligerency o f the C uba n i n
e
p
s u r e n t s in 1 8
an d while he sympa t hised
;
g
73
fully with t h e cau se fo r which they fough t
he stigmatised t h e conduct o f bot h Spaniard s
an d in su r gen t s a s being ou t side the line o f
c ivilised wa r fare an d would n o t in t ervene i n
favour o f C uba
When t h e in su rrec t ion again b roke o ut in
1 895
o u r people
lost p a
m any o f them
t ie n c e
In surrec t ion in Cuba m ean t de
a n d was t e
on the island where
s t r uc t ion
A me r icans had la rge inte r es t s ; expen se to
in ful filling in t e rna t ional
o u r gove r nment
the
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I OO
TE RRITO RIAL A CQ UIS I TI O NS
un fair fo r S pain unde r a mo re liberal m i n
i s t ry made p romises o f a better govern ment
wh ich s he ough t t o have a chanc e to carry
into e ffect Fi n ally howeve r on Feb 1 5
the Ma i n e was blown u p in Ha
1 898
vana Ha rbour It seemed as i f S pain c o ul d
n o t or would n o t p r o t ect the vessel s o f a
frien dly power in a harbour p resu mably in
her control This incident combined wit h
the stro n g feeling already excited forced
t he government to intervene i n C uban
a ffairs
Mere p oli t ician s with t hei r eyes
e ver turned t owa r d s upposed popular meas
ures sensational j ournalists claiming to be
the recognised agents o f truth an d j ustice
doubt fore
an d p olitical morali t y were n o
most i n u rging the Execu tive a n d Congress
to decisive steps ; but back o f all were the
peo p le themselves There c an be little doubt
that to the mass o f the people it had become
a m oral duty to S to p t he bloodshed and waste
at their doors an d they we re will ing to go
t o war to do it
O n M arch 2 7 1 8 9 8
Presiden t Mc Ki n l e y submitted proposition s
t o S pain l ooking t o
an armistice for the
negotiation o f p eace with the good o ffi ces o f
the U n ited States but received only a n
evasive answer Accordingly o n April 1 1
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1 02
,
T H E S PANIS H CESSI O N
he sent a message to Cong ress sa yi ng he
could d o n o mo re asking fo r the authority
and the means t o for c ibly inte r vene in th e
Cuban struggle for the p ac i fic at i o n o f the
island
Congress acted at once an d gave
hi m all he asked It pledged i t self however
t hat when Cuba was at peace t h e
Un i t ed
S t a t es would leave the cont r ol o f t h e island to
i t s peop l e
War wi t h S p ain followed at once
beginn ing on April 2 1 ; but it was o f S ho r t
d u r at ion
O u r navy destroyed a Spanis h
fleet at M an ila and another i n C uban wate rs
Santiago in C uba was sur rendered to an army
soon aft e r and be fo re our troop s had a C han ce
t o com ple t e t h e conquest o f Po rto Rico Spain
intimated that peace would be acceptable A
p rotocol was s igned o n Aug 1 2 a n d the
T r ea ty o f Peace at Pa ris on Dec 1 0 1 8 9 8
O n the day aft er the pro t ocol which p ro
vide d for an a r mistice was signed but be fore
our army in the Phili pp ines knew o f it
Manila was surrende red
By the te r ms of the treaty S pain reli u
u i s h e d her sove reignty in Cuba and ceded
q
to
the Un ited S ta t es Po r to R ico and the
other S panish possession s in t he W est In dies
G uam i n the Ladron e I slands an d the Phil
i p p i n e Islands
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1 03
TE RRITO RIAL A CQ U I S ITI ONS
U nder the p ledge o f our govern ment mad e
be fore war began and to fulfil t he provi
sions i n th e Pa ri s treaty we remained i n
Cuba until a stable govern ment was es t ab
l i sh e d and then le ft the islan d to i t s own
people an d t o their o wn govern ment It
wa s n o t an acquisition o f the U nited States
although i n i t s constitu t ion i n c o mpliance
wi t h o u r demand some restrictions o n i t s
power were insert ed O u r occupation after
the war was a tem p orary o n e i nten ded only
to protect li fe an d p rope rty an d to en su re a
su itable govern men t u n t il the Cuban s could
establish o n e o f their o wn wh ich should prove
satis factory to o u r governmen t in i ts ability
to maintain law and order
The te rritory actually granted by S pain to
the United States was Porto Rico Guam
and the Philippines In none o f these places
was the consent o f the p eople a sked or re
quired The governing body agreed and
that was all we wished A s a matter o f
fact t he mas s o f the Po r to Rican s gladly as
sented to t h e change as did t he peopl e i n
G ua m It was o t herwise in the Philippine s
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PO R TO
in
1 49
3
R I CO
o
n
,
was
his
discovered by Columbu s
s e c o nd v oyage I n 1 5 09
.
1 04
,
TERRI T O RIAL AC Q UISITI ONS
desire now ex p ressed fo r eventual stateho o d
in the U n ited State s or inde p endence like
C uba
Edu cation has exis t ed in ap p earan ce more
than in reality There has been a fin e sy s
tem
but n o results Not m ore than a quar
ter o f the natives could read an d write whe n
Spain s government ceased O n the whole
the people are gentle but with the volatile
excitability o f t he Latin race They are
anxiou s to have the children ed ucated an d
to sei z e u p on the ad vantages educational
moral and mate r ial which they bel ieve
w ill be br o ught to their country under A m eri
c an rule
Po rt o Rico l ies j us t beyond Hayti to the
east of Cuba wi t h its capital ci t y San Juan
miles fr o m H avana an d
miles
It i s 1 0 8 miles long and
from New Yo r k
r oad
miles
b
in
i
extreme
dimensi
o
ns
t
s
43
a n d contains
squa re miles
not s o
large as Connecticut There are three
island s ceded by Spain wi t h Porto Rico
M ona Culebra an d La Vieques o f whi ch
the last 2 1 miles l ong i s the largest
A census taken in 1 8 9 9 m ad e the p o p u l a
tion
o f whom 6 0 per cen t were
whites Alth o ugh Connecticut has a larger
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1 06
TH E S PANIS H CESSI ON
area i t s p o p ulation in 1 9 00 was les s
,
,
It is a very fer tile island with a more
healthful climate than any othe r o f the
G r eate r Antilles Agricul tu r e an d l umber
i n g a re t h e main occupations
While the
sal t business i s impo rt ant there i s also an
undeveloped mine ral wealth In its exports
co ffee has led wi t h about t wo thi rds o f the
to t al amount sugar second wi t h about a
qua rter o f the amoun t followed by tobacco
cat t le lumber and h ides A fe w miles o f
rail road and some very poor ca rt road s a fford
t h e mean s of inland comm u nication except
fine military road fr om Ponce to San
o ne
Juan buil t by the S p aniards as their only
contribution
A ft er i t came into the possession o f the
United S t ates Port o Rico remained u nde r a
r ule mili t a ry in fo r m b u t essentially civil in
spi ri t un t il Congres s in 1 9 00 passed legisla
tion establishing civil gove r nmen t quite
si m ilar in form to ou r te r ritorial governments
in the United States
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P H I L I PP I N E I S L A N D S ceded to t he
United S t ates by Spain were desc r ibed i n the
Paris trea t y as lyin g within certain defined
T HE
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1 07
TE RRITO RIAL A C Q U IS ITI O NS
limit s T h e U n ited S t ates paid Spai n under
the treaty twenty million dollars It was
d iscovered a fterward that two i slan ds prop
e rly bel onging to t he g rou p did n o t fall
within the l imits O n Nov 7 1 9 00 S pain
al so ceded these two island s — Cagayan an d
S ibu t u — to t he United S t ates for one hun
dred thousan d dolla r s
Sepa ra t ed only by the China Sea fro m
As ia the Philippines extend fr om Borneo
nea rly to Formosa almost a thousan d miles
M anila is only 6 4 0 miles from Hongkong
b ut i s
miles from San F rancisco
The grou p is made u p of a ve ry large num
ber o f island s but less t han twenty five are
commercially important
Lu zon the la rges t is a li t t l e smaller tha n
Penn sylvan ia M indanao t he next la r gest has
a l i t tle less a rea than Ind iana ; while all the
rest are much smaller The land area o f the
whole g rou p i s abo ut
square m iles
The climate is t rying t o whi t e people but
with p ro per p recau tions i s not u n healthful
Although ag ricultu re is the main business of
t h e i slands pe r haps not m o r e than one ninth
u nder c ul t ivation while the
o f the s oil is
interior of many o f the islands i s l ittle known
It is one o f the most fertile co u ntries o n the
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1 08
TERR ITO RIAL A CQ U IS ITI ONS
a l most half the peo p le o f the entire group
the Tagals with the Il o c o an s in less numbe r
comp r ise most o f the inhabitants So that
aft e r all there i s n o t s uch a lack o f homo
a s seems at first apparent
e n e it
g
y
These are spoken o f as a kindly good
natu red h o s pjt ab l e gene rous an d intelligent
people Deceitful i n many cases a s a peo
ple kept down by a superior powe r are apt
t o be they keep t heir wo r d when it i s onc e
given Thei r capabili t y is admi t ted by al
most all wh o have had an in t imate ac
quaintance with them In M anila an d
scat t e red t hrough the grou p are physicians
me r chants an d others whose a t tain ments
an d cultu r e are fully equal to the o rdina ry
E uropean But t he powe r o f sel f gove r n
m ent is only a possibility as it has n o t been
at all developed There i s a fair probability
o f success i n l ocal a ffai rs but sel f government
for the enti re g rou p seem s a t p r esent to be
questionable Benea t h all h owever is the
Malay ; an d against w rongs real o r fancied
and ill t reatment the feeling o f r evenge i s
st ron g and in some cases ungovernable
Education o n l ibe r al lines was n o t e n
by
the
S
panish
government
c o u ra e d
g
Mainly carried o n by the clergy the c u r
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I IO
T H E S PAN IS H CESS IO N
ri c u l u m
wa s antiquated ; an d beyond the
ability to r ead and wri t e the Filipino in t h e
country especially knew ve r y l ittle about
cu rren t his t ory a n d much o f what he was
taught was in co rrect or exaggerated Par
t i c u l arl y has the histo ry and policy o f the
United States in rega rd t o Indians an d n egroes
been misrep resented Still t h e abili ty to
read an d w r ite i s ve ry gene ral and the desire
fo r education i s very s t rong
The Phili ppines we re d iscove red by M a
the
t er this
in
long
af
1 5 21
ot
e l l an
N
g
S pan ish began the conques t o f t he islands
an d wi t h the exception o f about a y ea r have
hel d possession ever since except in the i n
t e r i o r of some island s and in the S ulu g rou p
whe r e thei r sove reignty has been only n omi
nally if at all respec t ed The government o f
Spain has been ha rsh an d as i t has been de
sc ribed by o n e who made i t his bu si ness t o
learn b ru t ally and wickedly c ru el Bad as
it was i t was made wo rse by t he cont rol ex
the F r ia r s
e rc i s e d by the monastic o r de r s
To them wi t h much reason was a t tributed
most o f the c r uel ty and opp ression and w ron g
which the Filipinos su ffe red
Ins u rrect ion s against Spain not c onfined
by any mea n s to u ncultu red natives hav e
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T E RRITO RIAL ACQ UIS ITI ONS
o ccu rred very natu rally
The one breaking
o u t in
1 8 9 6 was b r ought to a close appar
en t ly in 1 8 9 7 ; b ut i t only d ied down to
b reak ou t m ore v igorou sly in 1 8 9 8
When Ad miral Dewey entered Manila
Harbour and destroyed the S panish fleet o n
May I 1 8 9 8 insu r rection again st S pain was
then in existence ; and the Spanish
e ven
t r oops t hen o n the islands were unable to
make headway again st i t Aguinaldo i t s
l eader wa s sent for by D ewey and taken to
Cavite a s ubu rb o f Man ila whe re he o r
an i s e d a n i nsurgen t a r my
an
d
soon
afte
r
g
formed a governmen t which lasted u ntil s u p
pressed by our a r my in November 1 8 9 9
Aguinaldo s t roops soon were winn ing v ic
to ries from S panish troops whe rever foun d
in Lu z on and finally they besieged Manila
i t sel f When our army reached t here in
June 1 8 9 8 it foun d the insu rgents in pos
They
s ession o f t h e whole line o f a tt ack
we re induced to withd raw from p a r t o f the
line t o give o u r t roops a c hance Bu t when
t h e attack u pon Man ila was made the i n s u r
gents were n o t permitted to part icipate
That n o conflict be t ween t hem an d t h e
Ame r ican s came at t hat ti me was due to the
Filipino o ffi cers had over their
c ontrol t he
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1 12
TE RRITO RIAL A C Q UISITI ONS
I n bring
i n g pas sed the necessa ry legisla t ion
ing about this p ac i fic at i o n the e fforts o f the
Fede ral Party made u p o f Filipinos many
of whom had been insurgents ; the dras t ic
military O pe rations the captu re o f Aguinaldo
an d his proclamation advising the re c o gn i
t ion o f o u r sove r eignty ; and especially the
tact an d patience an d wisdom o f G over
Ta ft an d h is commission all had a
no r
share
The M oros liv ing i n M indanao and the
S ulu grou p never yielded anything mo re
than a n ominal allegian ce to S pain and thei r
rulers re ceived regular payments o f money
They are Ma
from the mother count ry
lays and very m uch less civilised than
the Filipi nos o f whom we have been speak
ing Forme rly they ca rr ied o n a piratical
t rade and only in compa ra t ively recent years
d id S pain s ucceed in s u pp ressing it by the
j udiciou s use o f m oney
The U ni t ed States followed quite closely
i t s Indian p recedents in i t s treatment o f the
Mo r os They h ave bee n allowed to c o n
t i n u e their own local
govern men t u nder
their o wn cus t oma ry rulers and t o re t ain
their o wn customs whic h include a mild
form o f slavery and polygamy T he S ultan
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4
.
TH E S PANI S H CESSI ON
a n d Datos a re p aid a regular stipen d and in
return recognise ou r sove reign t y and allow
p rivileges perhaps n o t very valuable
s ome
o r necessary
With our civil govern ment establ ished
recognised th roughout
an d ou r sovereignty
the Philippines exce p t by a fe w i rre c o n c i l
ables he r e and there the acqu isition o f the
archi p elago m ay be said to have been ac
com p lished We received the title from
S pa i n and have succee ded i n winning the
obedien ce o f i t s people
app a rently a will
i n g obedience now that their d is t rust o f u s
i s disap p earing
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The re maining cessi on from S pain was
the I sland o f G U A M the largest an d m os t
southerly o f t he Ladrone or M arianne
I slands It i s on a direct line fr om H ono
lul u to Man ila about
miles fro m
H awaii an d
miles fro m Manila
The Lad rones we re d iscovere d by Magel
lan in 1 5 2 1 and in 1 6 6 7 the Spanish
established a regular settlement o n Guam
They have held the i sl ands ever since hav
i n g almost exterminated the aborigines
Guam i s about 2 9 m iles long but only
fr o m 3 t o 1 0 m iles wide having an area o f
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5
TE RRI TO R IAL A C Q U IS ITI O NS
squa re miles No t as warm as the
20 1
Phili ppines i t has a beautiful cli mate It i s
o f v olcanic origin but has a fe r tile soil
with
about hal f o f i t s area su sceptible o f cultiva
t ion
The sou t hern e n d o f t h e islan d i s
mo re moun t ainous wi t h a large tableland in
t h e cent r al portion
Agana i s the principal
t own an d was the r esiden ce o f t h e Span i sh
governor The main ha rbour at Port San
Loui s d A p ra is well adapted fo r a coal ing
S t a t ion and land ing place for la rge ves sels
I t was fo r this that the Un ited S t a t es wanted
t h e island
Expo rt s have been small being copra an d
some co ffee ; but t he l is t of i ndigenou s p rod
u c t s i s la rge
an d dee r an d wild
goats are
abundant S t ill the people have rather a
hard time M any o f them are ve ry poor an d
have lacked the ene rgy to remedy their c o n
dition Neithe r the climate nor Spanish gov
e r n m e n t h a s been
cond ucive to energy or
thri ft
The population consists o f descendan t s o f
t h e aboriginal i nhabitan t s
the Chamo rr os
who r esemble the F i l i p i n o s
o f Tagal se t
t l e r s from the Philippines and o f a m ixed
r ace o f S pania rd s and Chamorros
Thi s lat
ter class i s active an d fairly energetic but
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1 1
6
C HAPTER XIII
.
T H E S A MOAN I S LAN D S
.
T HE
acquisition o f a part o f the Samoan
or Navigator Islan ds was practically forced
upon the Uni t ed States by the circ ums t ance
t ha t we had a naval an d coalin g station at
Pag o Pago the only good inlan d ha rbour in
tha t pa r t o f the ocean
“
The island s have been called The Eu
c hanted Isles and are un rivalled fo r their
l uxuriant tro p ical beauties an d their delight
ful cl imate To be su re at o n e season o f
t he y ear high win ds a n d hur ricanes may co m e
but t hey are n ot o f regular occurrence It
was among t h e cha r ms o f these island s that
Robe rt Loui s S teven son spent the last years
o f h is life
They are on the d irect S teamship line b e
t ween A ustralia and San
Fra n cisco about
half way between H awaii and New Zealand
in latitu de about 1 3 south
miles fro m
H onolulu an d
miles southeasterly fro m
M anila
All the mai n i sland s o f the grou p are o f
volcanic origin are high an d prac t ically inac
cessible i n the interior Each i s so m ew hat o f
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1 1
8
T HE
SAM OAN ISLANDS
the s ha p e o f a hat with the centre cove re d
with l u x u riant vegetation and the homes an d
villages an d whateve r cultivated land there is
o n t he r i m rou n d the ou t side
The people are o f the pure Polynesian
race an d a re v e ry muc h l ike la z y goo d
natured child ren Gay kind pleasu re l o v
i n g a n d fai rly intelligen t they are easily ex
cited b u t n o t revengeful Christian ity was
introduced many years ago and is n ow pro
Perhaps two thirds
fessed by all the people
third Roman Ca rb o
are Protestants and one —
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Schools were established by the m ission
aries and are n o w carr ied on in many cases
by native teachers About 7 0 per ce n t o f
the people can r ead an d write in the Samoan
language Some o f the nati ve customs whi c h
have persisted in spi t e o f missionaries s u ch
as tem p orary marriages entered into by m utual
con sent and t e r minable without discredit to
eithe r party do n o t seem to be conducive t o
morality ; but o n the whole t he p eo p le are
quite advanced in civilisation
The main export i s co p ra but the product s
o f the islands inclu de ta r o bread fru it yams
cocoanuts and bananas which fo rm the n ativ e
fo o d o f the Sam o an s
A n ative tobacc o i s
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1 1
9
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T E R R ITO RIAL A CQ UIS ITI ONS
culti vated which i s s m o ked by nearly every
one ol d and young men an d women The
food a n d material s for the simple clothing o f
the p eople grow with little or n o cul t ivati o n
an d li fe i s si mple and easy fo r a r ace whose
wants have been fe w Recently quite a t rade
h as s p rung u p i n selling mats tapa cloths
fans fruits an d such like p r oducts t o p a s
steamers
which
now
s e n e r s on the ocean
g
stop at the i sland s
M ost o f the commerce has been i n the
hands o f t h e German s but the E n gl ish an d
A merican s have respectable inte rests
In
1 8 72
a coaling station at Pago Pago was
acq u ired by the United States an d the g rant
was ratified by a t reaty with the Samoa n
government in 1 8 7 8
The Samoan government as distinct from
the l ocal govern ment o f t h e several chie fs i n
t hei r districts has been a source o f stri fe but
has had little real power Rival chie fs did
n o t hesi t ate to rebel against whatever c e ntral
governmen t existed at the time an d petty
wa rfare was ch ronic Whoever was kin g i n
Samoa was required by Samoa n custom t o
maintain his title by fo r ce
To e n d t his an d sa feguard the interests
their own pe o p le involved G erm any
of
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1 20
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TE RR IT O RIAL A C Q U ISITI O NS
G ermans generally su pporte d Mataafa s
claim while the English and American s
s u pp orted Tan u although foreigners had n o
ac t ual voice in the selection The chie f
j usti ce held that Mat aafa was ineligible
“
a n d als o acc o rd ing to t he
laws and customs
o f Samoa
Tanu had bee n elected and
d ecided acc o rdingly It i s di ffi cult fo r any
one w h o i s n o t fam iliar with th e p eculiar
laws an d c ustom s i n volved to have any
o p inion as to whether the decision was j usti
fie d o r n o t by the evidence but there i s
n o reason to thin k it was n o t ; and i n any
event under t he Berli n t reaty it was final
B ut the G erman con s ul declined t o j oin the
American an d English con suls in a p ro c l a
m ation announ cing their r ecognition of the
b inding force o f the decision Perhaps the
fact that t he chie f j u stice was an A m erican
m ade it d i fficul t fo r the Ger m a n o fficial to
agree to it
This disagreeme n t am o ng the representa
t i ve s o f the protectora t e certainly d id n o t
tend to harmonise the natives Mat aafa
and his followers attacked Tanu who was
u n pre p ared fo r such a step an d in twenty four
hou rs m ade Tan u s entire fo rce p risoners
fro m A p ia the ca p ital city
o r drove them
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1 22
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TH E SAM OAN ISLAND S
t o their c anoes or the gunboats i n the ha rbour
No American war vessel was there although
bo t h Ge rmany and England we re re p re
sented Then a provi sional government
un der Mataafa s cont r ol was se t u p and
r ecognised by all the th r ee consuls
clearly
a recognition o f a supe rior physical fo rce
O n March 6 1 8 9 9 the Un ite d States
steamship Pbi l adelp b i a reached Apia He r
commander at once issued a proclama
tion restoring Tan u t o the throne acco rd ing
t o the decision an d j oined with t he English
in d istributing arm s an d ammunition to
Tanu s m e n and in landing sailors and
ma rines to fight Mat aafa s fo rces Then
t h e American an d English fo r ces fell into
an
am b u sh n ear Apia and in return t h e
place was bombarded causing con siderabl e
damage
Ki n g O scar o f Sweden to whom w as t e
fe rred the question o f damages decided t ha t
this action o f the Ame r icans and Engl ish was
unwarranted by t h e t reaty which allowed
action only by the three powe r s togeth e r an d
n o t by a maj ority
The common sense o f the three powers
came to the rescue a ft er the bombardment
and fu rther hostilities were stop p ed A
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1 23
TE RRITO RIAL A CQ U IS ITI ONS
commission o f one fr om each o f the t hree
nations was sent o u t t o inves t igate and p ro
vide sa feguards fo r the fu t u re The Berl in
trea t y had failed to kee p the peace It could
n o t en force itself
The commission found that Tan u was
the legal king unde r the dec ision b u t t ha t i t
woul d be bes t and would meet the wis hes o f
the Samoans to abolish the o ffi ce altoge t her
an d substitute a white ad min ist ra t o r with t h e
govern ment o f the ch ie fs confined to their
res p ective d istricts Tan u was glad t o re
s ign when h is r igh t to t h e title had been a f
firmed and Mat aa fa wanted no mo re king
The comm issione rs as the fi rst S tep had p e r
s u ad e d both parties t o turn over t heir arms
pri vate a r ms t o be re t urned or paid fo r by
the protectorate when peace was establ ished
W hatever loose C harges had been made it
w as not shown by any adequate evidence
that any o f the fo reigners had ins t igated or
assis t ed in the hos t ili t ies
The commission s plan was reported to
the r espective gove r n ments ; but t he e x p e ri
men t o f a pa rtnership had n o t been a suc
cess and the t h ree powers we re willing to
get rid o f i t England was satisfied wi t h
some islands o utside o f Sa moa in which G er
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1 24
TERRITO R IAL A CQ UISITI ONS
o f Tutuila ;
O fu O l e se ga and Ta u being
t h e M auna di s trict ; an d Rose Island a low
Tutuila the l argest
an d u ni mportant islet
island has an area o f 5 4 squa re m iles It
contains Pago Pago a beauti ful inland land
loc ked harbour very much supe rior t o the
coral ree f ha rbou r s o f the othe r islands I n
this ha rbou r i s the naval an d coaling station
w hich give s u s o u r ch ie f interest in the
islands The other island s together have an
area o f about 2 5 squa re mil es
A cen su s taken in May 1 9 0 3 shows a
native population o f
In addition
there were l iving the re 2 8 Americans 4 2
B r itish and 1 5 o f other nationalities besides
B
ritish
Sout
h
Sea
I
slanders
73
Since thei r acquisition by the United States
t h e govern ment o f the i sland s h a s remained
i n the hands o f the chie fs subject to the reg
authority of the naval c o m
u l at i o n s an d
man de r s t ationed the re Co n g ress h as mad e
no
p rovision as ye t fo r any form o f civil
govern ment
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N o thing more tha n this brie f mentio n need
be made o f a large n umber o f islands which
under an act o f 1 8 5 6 were declared as ap
p ertaining to the Un ited States and to b e e n
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1 26
TH E SA MOAN ISLANDS
titl e d t o i t s p rotection n o r to any island s
taken fo r cable stations The former island s
were val uable only as co n t aining deposits o f
gu ano ; but none of them while valuable
c ommercially o r fo r a S pecial p u r p o se would
i n the ordina r y full meaning o f the word s b e
con sidered as territorial acquisitions o f the
United States None o f them have or c o uld
maint ain an y p op u lation to speak o f ; an d
freq u ently whatever occupatio n there h as
be e n has been b u t tem p o rary
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1 27
C HAPTE R X IV
PA NA MA
B!
.
treaty ratified i n 1 9 04 the new Republic
o f Panama granted to t h e Un ited S t ates
in
pe r petuity the use and occu pation and con
trol o f a z one ten m iles wide from t h e Atlan
t i c to t h e Pacific except t h e ci t ies of Colon
a n d Panama
fo r the purpose of building and
operating an interoceanic canal
Although
not stric t ly an acquisition of this terr itory so
a s to make it a part o f the United States
it
seems such an acquisition o f interes t as to
bring it within the scope o f this review
As soon as i t was found that the re was n o
natural water com munication between the two
o c e a n s t h e idea o f a canal naturally suggested
itsel f and something was done in t he way of
s u r veys a t a very ea r ly pe r iod ; an d
h
a
m
p
p
l e t s i n eve ry langu age i n E u rope have since
been written on the subj ec t As early as
1 55 1
t he fou r routes s t ill considered fe as i
ble
Da rien Panama Nicaragua and Te
huante p ec — we re suggested ; but the fi rst
formal su r vey of the i sthmus with a vie w to
a canal was made by Bol i var in 1 8 2 7
Con cessions fo r canals and for r ailroad s i n
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TE RRITO RIAL A C Q U IS ITI O NS
Having s e cured the freedom o f transit
a cross Panama whether by t h e proposed rail
fo r the treaty covered
road o r a futu re canal
both
the United States tho u ght t o s ecure a
free canal i f buil t through Nicaragua by
the Clayton Bulwer treaty wi t h England i n
1 85 0
There was a pro b abili t y that English
interests migh t be involved in a canal pro
a t tha t time and this treaty was drawn
osed
p
to provide for its neutrality
It gave both
pa r ties equal privileges an d provided that
neither should secure excl u sive control ove r
t h e canal o r should forti fy the canal or adj a
cent commanding points There was also a
c lau se ex t en ding the principle o f ne u trality
to a canal built by either part y o r their peo p le
at any point on the isthmu s D rawn to cover
a canal t hrough Nicaragua it also i n i t s terms
looked towa r d Panama
The t reaty h owever has been held t o
have become o f n o e ffect as the project
whic h gave rise to it fell t h rough The
En gl ish company never built the canal ;
C ongres s has repea t edly legislated in violation
Yet in
o f it withou t protes t from Englan d
1 00 i t s val idi t y was recognised appa r ently
9
by t he nego t iatio n o f the Hay Pau n c e fo te
treaty d rawn to remove any obj ections aris
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30
PANAM A
ing from it This treaty was rejected how
eve r by o u r Senate but any further question
was avoided by the fo r mal abrogation o f
the Clayton Bulwer trea ty by England The
way was thus le ft clear to the United Sta t es
negotiate for carrying out the scheme
to
o f building t he canal whic h had become
by this ti m e ext remely important by reason
o f our acquisitions i n the Pacific and by
the awakening o f o u r people to t he desi r
ability o f more extended comme rcial relation s
with the res t of the world
Commission s a pp ointed by Congress to
ex amine p roposed canal r outes across the
isthmu s began t o make reports Fo r a time
it seemed as i f the Nicaragua rou t e mu st be
chosen as it was n o t believed the Frenc h
company would sell its righ t s i n Panama
But t his di fli c u l ty was disposed o f and ex
pe rt s a s a rule decla red t h e Panama rou t e pref
c rable
So at las t bills were p as s e d t he last
one i n 1 9 0 2 — autho rising t he President t o
secure fo r the United Sta t es the prope r ty o f
the Panama Canal Company an d fro m C o
lombia t he perpe t ual con t rol o f a strip s i x
m iles wide across Panama and providing tha t
“ should the
P resident be u nable to obtain
fo r the Un ited Sta t es a satisfactory title
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31
TERRITO RIAL A C Q UISITI ONS
t o thi s pro p erty an d the con t rol o f the te r r i
to ry w ith in a reasonable t ime an d u pon rea
s onable term s then t he P resident should t ry
to provide fo r a canal by the Nicaraguan
r ou t e
In order to secu re the Panama route
the United States agreed to pay t h e F rench
Panama Com pany for its rights and prope rty
incl ud ing t h e Panama Railroad whic h had
been acqui red by the Canal Company $ 4 0
i f by t reaty wi t h Colombia the
necessa ry control o f the st rip requi re d could
be secu red A fte r m uch nego t iation a t rea t y
wi t h Colombia was drawn whic h embodied
what was u nde rstood to b e Colombia s de
man ds at that time an d which expressly rec
I
t
was
o
n i s e d h e r sove r eignty i n Panama
g
1
0
22
r ejected by Colombia o n Sept
9 3
The people o f the depa rt men t o f Panama
th rough which t he canal was t o r u n we r e
j ustly indignant at t his action o f the Colom
bian gove rn ment It apparen t ly was an e ffo rt
t o secu r e m o r e money by delay ing a t r eaty
with u s until t h e expirat ion of t h e Panama
Canal Com pany s franchise an d the fo r feitu r e
It was the crown
o f wha t had been done
On
i n g st r oke o f a long series o f w r ongs
Nov 3 1 9 0 3 Panama declared herself inde
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1
32
TE R RITO RIAL ACQ U IS ITI O NS
p urp ose o f opposing a t tacks by either party
u po n the railroad and o f p reven t in g t he land
ing o f forces which might endange r its c o n
t i n u e d working
It is t rue we also had
guaranteed Colombia s sovereignty but that
was seconda ry t o t h e obligation to guaran t ee
free transit ; and further i t was fairly argued
t ha t t h e guarantee was o f nece ssity again st
foreign i n t erven t ion n o t do m estic revol u t ion
No matter who held Panama it was o u r
busines s t o keep t he way open fo r t ra ffic
I n eve ry case except i n case o f revolut i on we
“
shoul d in consequence o f t hat guarantee
also p rotect Colombia s sovereign t y I n case
o f revolution
the two obligation s con fl ic t ed
and we we re bound by the one fo r which
t h e t r eaty was made
Panama was at once recognised by the
Un ited States an d very soon by France
Germany Nicaragua Peru and t he other
govern ments o f the wo rld
A treaty be t ween t h e United States an d
Panama was concl u ded immediately and rati
fie d by the Un i t ed S ta t es Senate in February
An d th us t h e p rel imina ry negotiations
In
fo r an inte r oceanic canal came to an end
addition t o the per p etual con t r ol o f t he ten
m il e z o ne mentioned at the beginning o f
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I
34
PANAM A
t his chapter the treaty p rovi des fo r the p ay
ment o f
to Panama when the
t reaty becomes active an d a fter n ine yea r s
an
annual payment o f
The
United States is t o have a m on o p oly o f t ra f
fic whe t he r by rail o r by canal ; and isthmian
t r a ffi c i s free o f d uties
The U nited Sta t es
also h as t he right to prevent epidemics i n
Colon and Panama and to do sani t ary work
there i f needed Islands are also g ranted to
the Unite d States fo r fo r tifications an d Pan
ama agrees that n o change i n i t s poli t ical r e
l at i o n s with her neighbou r s shall a ffect the
t rea t y
The arrangement i s distinctly more
advantageous to t h e United States than t he
t rea ty rej ec t ed at Bogota
All tha t remain s i s for the United State s
to buil d the canal and provide suitable gov
e r n m e n t fo r the stri p o ver which s h e i s to
have fu ll c o n t rol
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1
35
C H A PTE R XV
.
C O N C LU SI O N
.
The result o f t hi s rev iew o f ou r p ast
s hows u s I believe tha t o u r cou n t ry has
grown n o t only in territo ry but i n the power
o f i t s federal govern men t t o extend its sphere
and enlarge i t s boundaries in whatever d i
rection it deems proper There has been
hardly a year since the acquisition o f Louisi
an a certainly n o t
since t he Mex i can War
when the annexa t ion o f some island o r
cou nt ry h as n o t been proposed o r discussed
by some o f our public men Cuba San
D om ingo Hayti and countries in Cent ral
America all have been considered i n that
con n e c t ion It i s only in the cases tol d o f
i n these pages where p u blic sentiment o r
particular circumstan ces have brought about
a union with o u r country It h as co m e to
be n o t a question of the con stitutional power
to acqui re territory but the desirability o f i t s
acquisition i n eac h p articular case It i s fo r
to s ay how far this extension
u s the p eople
o f powe r shall go an d how far we s hall feel
that we have the streng t h or that it i s o u r
d u ty t o carry the benefits o f o ur i nstit u ti o n s
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1
36
TERRI T O R IAL A CQ U ISITI ONS
h av e ani m ated o ur t r uest pat r iots an d wisest
statesmen the people who come u nder our
flag I f t hese people are n o t fi t ted to be
ci t i z en s o f sel f gove rn ing States all t he more
d o we hol d their welfa re and happiness an d
development i n o u r hands ; an d ou r duty to
t hem is a t rus t we cannot abuse i f we would
be t r ue to o u r ideals an d the hopes o f
humani ty
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1
38
A PP E N D I X
APPEND IX
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