Alaska Native Art: Tradition, Innovation, Continuity
by Susan Fair
Index
Note: Italicized page numbers indicate illustrations and accompanying text.
A
Abraham, Jack, xxv, 253
activity dolls, 9
Adams, Eliza, 210
Adlooat, Warren, 49
adzes, 169, 251
affluent foragers, 125n6
Agayuyaraq, 59
Aghupuk, George Aden, 49
Ahgook, Bob, 164
Ahtna Athabaskans, 90, 99–100
Ahvakana, Lawrence (Larry) Ulaaq, 4–5, 170
airport art, 35, 124, 136, 139–141
Alaska, 26 (map)
Alaska, subarctic interior, 90
Alaska Native Arts and Crafts Cooperative, 110
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) of
1971, 71, 206
Alaska Native Heritage Center, 118, 173
Alaska Native Heritage Festival, 31, 39, 55, 104, 116
Alaska Native Medical Center, 198n7
Alaska State Council on the Arts (ASCA), 97, 247,
247, 249–250
Alaska territory, US purchase of, 109
alcoholism, 148
Aleut Eskimos
basketry of, 56, 81, 82–83, 84, 84–85, 87n20
belief systems of, 78–79
cultural designation, 73–74, 75
ivory carvers, 35–36
language of, 77
masks of, 78, 79
material culture of, 77–78
paddle, classic, 75
as raiders, 206
self-effacement among, 193
Aleutian Islands, 76–77, 77
Alexander, Dixie
on apprenticeship programs, 249–250
on beading as vocation, 236
and beading workshops, 99–101
on family's move, 205
with Julia Peters, 249
on public art, 89
works by, 101
Alexander, Selina M., 90
Alexi, Anna, xxi
Alford, Lily Osterback, 81, 85
Alfred, Laura, 94
Algonquian Indians, and octopus bags, 117
Allen, Brian, photographs by, xxiii, xxv, xxvi, 29, 41,
44, 69, 71, 75, 136, 153, 163, 201
All That is Native and Fine (Whisnant), 249
Alowa, Annie, 72
Alowa, Christina, 12, 12
alpine vegetation, Arrigetch Peaks, ix
Alutiiq Eskimos, 28, 73–76, 75, 78, 79, 92
ambition, in Native cultures, 194
Americas, human history of, 204
Anaktuvuk-style mask, 164
Anchorage Airport exhibition. see Tradition,
Innovation, Continuity exhibition
Anchorage Museum of History and Art, 110
Anderson, Fredrick (Fred), xxx, 78
Anderson, Hall, 114, 121
Anderson, Sue, 183
Angokwazhuk, Happy Jack, 245
animal imagery, 41–43, 140
see also entries for individual species
animistic belief systems, 8, 16, 86n14
Aningayou, Adeline, 190, 191, 193
apprentice herders, 203
apprenticeship programs, 247–252
architecture, 43–45, 92
arctic bowhead whale, 43
Arctic College, 222
Arctic Native Heritage Festival, 163
arctic region, 28
Ard, Saradell, 48
Arend, Chris, photographs by, xi–xxix, 2–271
Index by S. Jane Henderson, Indexplorations
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1
Armstrong, Audrey, 110
Arrigetch Peaks, ix
Arrow, Phillip, 162, 184, 185
Arrow, Shirley, 184
art
in archaeological baseline, 31
categorization of, xxiii, xxx, 22n4, 140, 177, 227
cultural context in understanding, 19, 21, 27
market requirements for, 141, 143–145
Native artists on, 201, 211–213
in Native society, 154
non-Natives and, 221
and place, connection to, xxv, 204–207, 209, 213,
217–218, 220–221
tourist, 35, 124, 136, 139–141
ways of making, 140–145, 252–256
art commissions, reciprocity in, 17
art cooperatives, Inuit, 170
art forms
see also specific ethnic groups
and ceremonial components of culture, 236
as communication of culture, 27
ephemeral purposes of, 153
folktales and, 186
incentive for reinvention, 157
relationship between land and cultural identity in,
209–210
selected for production and innovation, 149
artists
see also individual names
anonymous, 194–196
contemporary, xxiii, 21, 162, 194–196
formally educated, 149
influences on, 49
interviews with, 186
liminal zone, 194–196
and the market, 138–140
materials used by, 22–23n10, 218
men and recognition as, 236
narratives of, 190, 213
on paper, 49
present-day, 204
and public art projects, 175
rural, 180–181
as storytellers, 186
subsistence lifestyle of, 163–164
support in Native culture for, xxvi
textile, of Southeast Alaska, 157
traditional, 21, 194–196
women and recognition as, 237
art market, non-Native, 142
arts professionals, 154–155, 164, 198n4
artwork, signing of, 245
Asian influences on Alaska Native art, 72, 79
Atchak, Earl, 65
Athabaskan Indians
Ahtna, 99–100
areas inhabited by, 89, 89, 91
art of, 92
baby belts of, 101–103, 102–103
basketry of, 104, 106, 106, 151
beadworker guilds, 248
beadwork of, 94–96, 99
birch bark forms, 105
boots, 144
ceremonial garments of, 96
chief's jackets, 100
Dena'ina, 74, 205–206, 210
ethno-linguistic groups, 89–90
European contact with, 92–94, 98
Gwich'in, 95, 98, 99, 99, 169, 227
influence of, on Yakutat-area beadworkers, 110
kinship among, 91–92
languages of, 91
masks, 185
moccasins, 112
seasonal movements of, traditional, 89–90
Athabaskan Old Time Fiddling Festival, 96
Atkan weavers, 85
at.óow (treasured heirloom)
meaning of, 22n5
ownership of, 113, 133
public display of, 172
Tlingit, 112
as witnesses, 121
Atti, Lena, 54, 149, 179, 190, 191
Attu people, 77, 81, 83, 84–85
Auke Bay, 217
auklet with fish, 20
Ayek, Sylvester
carving style, 37
on making art, 140
public art projects by, 175
and Ronald Senungetuk, 157
subsistence lifestyle of, 163
works by, 36, 127, 163, 211
B
baby belts, Athabaskan, 101–103, 102–103
baby carriers, 169, 179
backpacks, 202
Backus, Charles, photographs by, 249
baleen
baskets of, xv, 46, 47, 106, 164
basket with dall sheep finial, 47
in Native art, 47, 202
uses for, 36–37
baleen whales, 43
Index by S. Jane Henderson, Indexplorations
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2
Barker, James H., photographs by, xv, xxx, 42, 52,
62, 141, 151, 187, 209
Barnett, H. G., 3
Barr, Emily Paizuzraq Kiyutelluk, 180, 182–183
Barr, Fannie, 160, 182
Barr, Gideon Kahlook, Sr., 160, 182, 203
Barr, Katherine, 247
Barr, Roy A., Sr., 140, 189
Bashful No Longer (Oswalt), 193
basketry
see also individual ethnic groups
Aleut, 56, 84, 84–85, 87n20
Athabaskan, 104
baleen, xv, 46, 47, 106, 164
birch bark, 92, 106, 106, 151, 169, 207–208
coiled grass, xxviii, 54–55, 120, 198n11
designs in, 257n1
embroidery overlays, 54
gathering materials for, 230
Grayling, 105
Hooper Bay, 55, 56
Ray Hudson on, 84–85
Nelson Island, 186
plaited, 119, 120
Tlingit, 112
and tradition, transmission of, 153
in Tradition, Innovation, Continuity exhibition,
179
twined, 81, 82–83, 119–120, 123
Unalaskan, 85
willow, 106
Yup'ik, 54–56, 56, 87n20, 191
basket weavers, 179, 230, 253
beachcombing, 22n10, 218–220
beadwork
Athabaskan style, 92, 94–96, 99
designs, 94, 101, 103
on gloves, 98
on headdresses, 54
medallion-style trim, 215
workshops, 100–101
Yakutat-area, 110
yoke, 93
Beardsley, John, 172–173
Beaver, JoAnn, 94
Beck, Lawrence (Larry) James, 13–15, 15, 22n9,
23n10
Beebe, Anna, 151
belief systems
animistic, 8, 16, 86n14
Athabaskan, 91
human-animal transformation in, 41, 78–79
objects as mediators in, 113–118
spiritual, 30, 53, 161
Bell, John, 91
beluga whale, 136
Bending Tradition Project, The, xxx
Bendix, Regina, 209
bentwood, 51, 79, 115
Bering, Vitus, 68, 74, 108
Bernardi, Suzanne R., 50
berry baskets, 232
Bevins, Susie Qimmiqsaq, 2, 149, 185–186, 188
Bienek, Irene, 119, 179
Big Albert, 100
Big Frank, 100
Bighead, Henry, 11, 54, 127, 164, 185
Bighorn Medicine Wheel, 172
birch bark
Athabaskan forms, 105
baby carriers, 169
baskets, 92, 106, 106, 151, 169, 207–208
bird design, on bentwood box, 115
bird feathers, 186
birds, 130
Black, Aggie, 144
Black, Clifford, 228
Black, Lydia, 193
Blackburn, Jonathon, xxix
blanket toss, 254–255
Blue, Annie, 214
blueberries, as dye, xxviii
Blumenstein, Rita Pitka, 54, 248
boarding schools, 201, 233, 245, 245–246
Boas, Franz, 3, 151
Booshu, Myrtle, 36
boots
dance, 95, 96, 99, 169, 227
fancy, 12
mukluks, xxi, 214–215, 214–216, 229
waterproof, 144
Boucher store, Nome, 214
Bouffioux, Sarah Greist, 164
bow drills, 35
bowhead whale, 136
bowhead whales, 43, 134, 135, 136–137, 178
boxes, xv, 115, 134, 163
Box of Daylight Raven Hat, 23n10
Brady, Bill, 122, 124
Brady, Jennifer, 17, 122, 124, 232
Brevig Mission carvers, 87n16
Brower, Charles, 47
Brown, Altona, 94
Brown, Steven, 125n9, 248
Brown, Susie, 231
Buluktuk, Nick, 227
Burch, Ernest S., Jr., 129
burial practices, 81, 160, 195
Index by S. Jane Henderson, Indexplorations
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3
button robes, 123, 155, 271
C
caches, 91, 210, 210, 215–217
Cadzow, Elizabeth, 98
calfskins, black and white, 183
Camai Dance Festival, 62
Campbell, E. O., 68
Campbell, Robert, 91
camp scene, 210
Canadian Inuit art, 165n8, 170
Canadian Inuktitut language, 30
canoes, significance of, 114
Cape Espenberg, 25, 172, 204
caribou, carvings of, 35
caribou skin masks, 164
Carius, Helen Slwooko, 69
Carlo, Jean Flanagan, 97
Carlo, Kathleen, 96, 97, 98, 157, 250
Carlo, Poldine, 96, 97
Carlo, Stephanie, 187
Carlson, Barbara Svarny, 230, 237
Carney, Eunice, 93, 227, 233, 246, 256
Carpenter, Edmund, xxvii
Carter, Minnie, 57
carvers
see also individual artists
Brevig Mission, 87n16
Diomede, 36–37
Point Hope, 38
Savoonga, 40
Shishmaref, 38, 44
St. Lawrence Island Eskimos, 72
Yup'ik, 217
carving and carvings
see also ivory carving; whalebone carving; wood
carving
caribou, 35
context for, 257n2
King Island, 36–37
loon, 130
Melvin Olanna Carving Workshop and
Friendship Center, 7, 18, 242
Northwest Coast peoples, 118
Nunivak, 43
polar bear, 178
prehistoric and historic, 35
soapstone, 136
sterling silver box, xv
styles of, 132
tools of, 251
totemic, 232, 242
cash economy, 140–141
categorization of Native art, xxiii, xxx, 22n4, 140,
177, 227
categorization of objects by Native people, 142–143
cedar bark, pulling, 221
Central Yup'ik language, 28
ceremonial clan crest headdress, 169
ceremonial garments and paraphernalia
see also masks
Athabaskan, 96, 160
headdresses, 121, 169
Northwest Coast peoples, 155
Tlingit, 117, 217
ceremonial treasures, ownership of, 133
Chamberlain, Shelee, 62
Chanar, Frank, 8, 60
Chanting Shaman, 146
Charles, Doris, 94
Charles, Elena, 67, 142, 186
chauvinism, among Native groups, 99–100
Chevak doll-making tradition, 64
Chief, Joe, 62
Chief Gold's house, 115
Chief Johnson totem pole, 114
chief's jackets, 100–101
child-carrying methods, 103
children, Athabaskan, 102
child's waterproof mukluks, xxi
Chilkat blankets, 125n10, 155
Chilkat robes, 117, 119, 172
Chilkat weaving, 123, 155, 237, 257n1
Chipeweyan peoples, 94
Chirikov, Alexei, 108
Chugach Alutiiq, 28, 74
see also Alutiiq Eskimos
Chukchi herders, 203
Churchill, Delores, 221, 225n1, 237, 237
Churchill, Holly, 119, 179, 237, 237
circle-and-dot design, 41
circles, in designs, 118
Civilian Conservation Corps, 114
clan ancestors, 113–118
clan-based social systems, 71, 92, 109
clan crests
designs, 6, 14, 123, 232, 256
display of, 113, 119
headdress with, 169
motif variations in, 118
and sale to non-Natives, 124
on Tlingit mask, 146
use of, 115, 123, 185
clan histories, 107–108, 125n7, 201, 209
clan houses, 109
class-action lawsuit, 245
Index by S. Jane Henderson, Indexplorations
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4
clear-cut logging symbol, 19
Clement, Florence, 55
Cleveland, Mamie, 208
Cleveland, Sophie, 208
Cleveland, Stella, 231
Clifford, James, 221–224
Coe, Ralph T., 187
coffee can basket, 106
coiled grass baskets, xxviii, 54, 54–55, 120, 198n11
coiled grass dolls, 54, 178, 192
collectors, 56, 140, 154–155, 162, 193, 198n4
colors, 76, 217
commercial fisheries, 53
commercial whaling, 47
competition, 100–101, 243–244
complex hunter-gatherers, 125n6
continuity, in heritage of Native Alaskans, 205
Cook Inlet Region Incorporated, 110
cordillera, 90
Corey, Peter, 121, 187
Corral, Roy, photographs by, 197
Corwin Trading Post, 144
couching method of beading, 96
covered bottle with lid, 82
cranberry wood, 106
creation stories, Tlingit, 107, 125n7
creativity, 132–133, 135, 252
Cree traders, 94, 106
crested auklets, 20
Criss, Charles L., 158
Criswell, Janice, 82, 179
Cross, Elizabeth "Bessie" Barr, 183
cultural motifs, 13
culture, as concept, xxiii
culture bearers, 117, 127
cultures, Native
see also individual ethnic groups; specific aspects
of culture
of Alaska, 25
ambition in, 194
dance songs and changes in, 27
effect of Euroamericans on, xxiv
effect of European contact on, 77, 81
foundations of, 31
stimulation vs. competition, 244
support for artists in, xxvi
Cup'ig dialect, 28
Cup'ik dialect, 28
curatorial methods of Alexander Girard, 168–169
curators, goals of, 167
curators, respnsibilities of, 186–187
curio store, Juneau, 112
Curtis, Edward S., 84
curvilinear motifs, glass beads and, 94
Custer, Bessie, 208
D
dall sheep horn and baleen "basket" with seal finial,
47
Dalton, Arnie, 171
dance garments and paraphernalia
batons, 117
bibs, 6
boots, 95, 96, 99, 169, 227
dance sticks, 54, 165n2, 165n5, 185
dancing robe, 118
fans, 185, 186
headdress and hair beads, 58
masks, 75, 159
dancers
coiled grass dolls, 178, 192
Inupiak, 158
loon, 4
Raven, 158
vertebra, 132
walrus, 241
whalebone, 44, 46
Yup'ik, 186
dance songs, 27
dangles (nigrat), 239
Dauenhauer, Nora Marks, xxvi, 113, 138, 206, 207,
244
Dauenhauer, Richard, xxvi, 113, 206
Davidson, Robert, 124
Davis, April, 237
Davis, Sam, 117
Deacon, Edna, 105
Defreese, Linda, 216
Deg Hit'an Athabaskans (Ingalik)
ceremonial paraphernalia of, 160
dolls, 94
as Ingalik, 165n9
inhabited area of, 184
Lower Yukon, 94
masks of, 185
trade with Yup'ik, 92
willow baskets of, 106
Dehi Beq'e De'uhi island, 206
de Laguna, Frederica, 113, 157, 184
Demientieff, Daisy, 104, 169
Dena'ina Athabaskans, 74, 89–91, 205–206, 210
Denali area vistas, 91
Denali National Park and Preserve, 89
dentalium shells, 125n4
designs
animal images in, 114–115, 161
in basketry, 257n1
in beadwork, 94, 101
Index by S. Jane Henderson, Indexplorations
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5
designs (continued)
clan crests, 6, 14, 123, 232, 256
classic, modification of, 17
clear-cut logging symbol, 19
family lineage in, 57
floral motifs, 95, 103
geometric, xxviii, 54, 157, 183, 225n1
jewelry, 146–148, 147
of Northwest Coast peoples, 118
shared use of, 23n10, 252
totemic crests, 109
dialects, 28, 30, 77, 86n7
Dinaa Yoo Naana (The People's Faces) (Carlo), 97
Diomede carvers, 36–38
Dobbs, B. B., xxii
documentation of collected materials, 186–187, 190
dog teams, 202–203
doll ceremonies, masks for, 162
doll makers, 63–67
doll making tradition, 59–61, 64, 151–153
dolls
activity, 9, 62, 64, 178, 194
with braids, 151
with carved ivory heads, 69
coiled grass, 54, 178, 192
Deg Hit'an Athabaskan, 94
doll families, 63, 231
of Eek, 231
face detail, 64
heads of, 153
Okvik, 59, 61, 68, 153
play, 61, 67
realism in, 153
reindeer horn, 66, 67–68
ritual use of, 153, 164
types of, 62–63
ugly-faced, 141
Dougherty, Jeanne, photographs by, 36
Douglas, Thomas Paaniikaliaq, 213–214
Douglas-Willard, Diane, 119, 179
drawings
as accompaniment to art objects, 213
by Barr, 189
graphics-on-paper tradition, 38, 47–49, 137, 203
pictographic works, of Northwest Coast peoples,
47–49, 136
in Wales school curriculum, 50
driftwood platters, 156, 162
drill bows, 35, 39, 48
drums and drumming, 195, 197
Dubin, Lois, 187, 194
Duncan, Kate, 93, 96
Dushkin, Christine, 82
E
eagle adze, 169
eagle design, 114
Edenshaw, Cheryl, 198n6
education, formal, 245
education, formal, and Native arts, 245–247
eena design, 17
elders, role of, 124, 127–128, 217
Eliot, T. S., 12
Elmendorf 3MG Hospital collection, 22n3, 123, 169,
171
embroidery, 82, 84, 94, 99, 123
see also beadwork
emergent traditions, 17, 19–21
Emmons, George Thornton, 120, 125n11, 133–134
engraving, 48, 118
Eningowuk, Henry, 244
Eningowuk, Johnson, 234
Eningowuk, Nellie, 142, 229, 237, 252, 256
Eningowuk, Ruby, 140–141, 142, 229, 237, 247
enirarautet (dance sticks), 54, 165n2, 165n5, 185
environment of significance, xxv, 204–207, 209, 213,
217–218, 220–221
Eskimo-Aleut language family, 28
Eskimo Essays (Fienup-Riordan), 193
Eskimos, regions inhabited by, 28
Eskimo women, child-carrying methods of, 103
etched ivory tusks, 33
ethnographic objects, xxii, 175–176, 196
Etoachina of Ipnauraq, 49
E-too'-ach-in-na, 70
Etukeok, Beckie, 197
European contact
effect on Aleut material culture, 81
effect on Athabaskan sewing and embroidering
techniques, 94
effect on basketry, 54
effect on engravings, 48
effect on Unangan culture, 77
fur trade, 51–53
with Northwest Coast peoples, 108
trade with Athabaskans, 92–94, 98
whale hunters pre-, 136
with Yup'ik peoples, 50–53
exhibitions
see also specific exhibitions
of Alaska native art, 3
catalogues of, as scholarly tools, 187
commissions for, 181–184
criteria for objects collected, 109, 177, 194–196
documentation of materials collected for, 186–
187
and ethnographic objects, 175–176, 196
Index by S. Jane Henderson, Indexplorations
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6
exhibitions (continued)
field trips in assembling collections for, 181
interpretation and labeling in, 167
politics of, 168–171, 198n2
shaping, 176–184
as teaching tools, 155
time frame for acquisitions, 180
expeditions, early, 109
expressive culture, xxiv
Eyak Indians, 91–92
F
Fall, James A., xxvi
false embroidery, 82, 84, 123
family lineage designs, 57
fancy model freight sled, 201
fancy parkas, 56–57, 57, 180, 182–183, 215
female form, 71
Ferguson, Lola, 161, 162
Fienup-Riordan, Ann
on areas sacred to Alaska Native peoples, 217
on dance songs, daily experiences in, 27
Eskimo Essays, 193
Living Tradition of Yup'ik Masks, The, xxii
on preservation of ephemeral objects, 134–135
on Yup'ik masks, 198n9
and Yup'ik terms, xxvi
figurines, 59, 61, 68, 153
see also dolls
fineline, 125n9
finger masks or ornaments, 185, 186
fish canneries, 53
fish hook drawing (Barr), 189
Fishing for the Moon #1 (Jackson), 218
fishtraps, 52
fish wheels, 91
Flight from Tradition (Bevins), 188
floral motifs, 94, 95, 103
folk arts, 170
folk practices, 204
folktales, 62, 185–186, 204, 215–217
forget-me-not baby belt, 103
formline, 118–119, 123, 125n9
Fort Yukon, 91
Fosdick, Rose Atuk, 18, 93
found objects, 22–23n10
Four Winds of the North, The (Norton), 40
Fox, Edward, 42
Frank, Theresa Smart, 167, 178, 192, 193
Friday, Joe, 127, 149, 149–150, 256
Froelich, James, photographs by, xv, 169
functional objects vs. collectors' items, 140
Fur Rendezvous festival, 196
fur trade, 51–53, 108
G
Galanin, David Kindaa', xv
Gallen, Ada, 106
Gambell (Sivuqaq), 40, 45–46, 68
see also St. Lawrence Island
Gathering of Traditions (Rofkar), 118
Geertz, Clifford, xxiv, 204, 211–213
Geist, Otto, 72, 205, 253
gender
changes in roles and material culture, 149
division of tasks by, 63
in exhibition selections, 177
as force in art production, 232
and implements of daily life, 148
and Native arts training, 233–237
in traditional learning, 229
genre, in exhibition selections, 177
geometric designs, xxviii, 54, 157, 183, 225n1
George, Delores, 187
Girard, Alexander, 168–169
Give or Take a Century (Senungetuk), 20
glass beads, arrival of, 92–94
Glassie, Henry, xxi, 168–169, 177, 196, 217
goggles, types of, 253
Golden Money Moon, The (Beck), 13
Gordon, George Byron, 125n11
Graburn, Nelson H. H., 169
graphics-on-paper tradition, 38, 47–49, 137, 203
grass
see also coiled grass baskets
dolls of, 54, 178, 192
platinum, xxviii, 54, 195
socks of twined, 190, 191
tray of, xxviii
wild rye beach, 221
Yup'ik, 191
graves, elevated, 160
grease bowl, 223
Greist, Bert, 165n4
Gronholdt, Andrew, 79, 79–80, 155–157, 256
guardians and sentinels, 2
guilds, 248
Gulliford, Andrew, 135
Gump, James, 197
gut garments, 71, 78, 191
gut imbrication, seal, 54
Gwich'in Athabaskans, 95, 98, 99, 99, 169, 227
H
Haida Indians
art of, 118–119
basketry hats, prestige of, 123
house models, 171
language of, 91, 107
Index by S. Jane Henderson, Indexplorations
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7
Haida Indians (continued)
regalia of, 237
Tlingit-Haida greasebowl, 165n6
weaving methods of, 237
women and guilds, 248
halibut designs, symbolism of, 161
halibut hooks, 212
halibut hook with sea lion crest, 169, 212
Hallowell, Dennis, photographs by, 188
Hands That Heal—Putyuk, Our Della Keats
(Spencer), 239
Hardesty, Denise, 94
Harris, Jan, 198n6
hats
basketry, 123
Box of Daylight Raven Hat, 23n10
hunting, 51, 79, 79–80, 155–157
spruceroot, 237
Tlingit, 217
hawk and human design, 115
Hawkes, Ernest William, 153
Hawley, Hannah Koonuk, 144
Hawley, James, Jr., 144
Hawley, James, Sr., 144, 176
headdresses, 53–54, 58, 110, 121, 169
Health Aide Doll and Patient (Paniyak), 190
Heard Museum's annual fair, 196
heirlooms. see at.óow (treasured heirloom)
Heller, G., photographs by, 205
Hendrickson, Kay, 154, 165n5
Henry, Easter, 180, 216
Henry, Silas, 100
Hester, Nolan, photographs by, 192
Hey Wally (Prokopiof), 222
Himmelheber, Hans, 150, 227
Hitting Sticks, Healing Hearts (film), 96
Holm, Bill, 119
Holt, Ray, 13, 14, 212
Hooper Bay basket makers, 55, 56
Hoover, John Jay, xxx, 1, 173–174
horn dolls, 67–68
Horner, Alice, xxiii
Hospital Auxiliary Collection of Native art, 198n7
Houser, Allan, 222
houses
see also architecture; men's house (qargi)
Chief Gold's, 115
clan, Tlingit, 109
iglu-, 5
jaw-bone, 45
lumber, Savoonga, 72
models of, 171
Whale House, 133, 133–134
Hudson, Jack, 116, 169, 212, 213
Hudson, Ray, 81, 84–85, 87n25
Hugo, Zacharias, 164
human-animal transformation
in Native art, 115, 147, 161, 253
in Native belief systems, 41, 78–79, 86n14
hunter dolls, 69, 71–72, 142, 178
hunter-gatherers, complex, 125n6
hunting hats, 51, 79, 79–80, 155–157
hunting methods, Alutiiq, 73
Huslia, contemporary, 92
I
ice-fishing woman, 194
iglu-houses, 5
Ilaganiq, monument to, 204
Imergan, Flora, 72
Indian Art Market, Santa Fe, 196
infants, Athabaskan, 102
inheritance, matrilineal lines of, 257n9
installations of Native art. see exhibitions
Institute of Alaska Native Art, 94, 97
Institute of American Indian Art (IAIA), Sante Fe,
222, 247
intellectual property issues, 23n10, 133–134, 252
intercultural intervention, 249
interpretation, 3–7, 190, 198n1
see also exhibitions
interviews, xxiii, 86, 190
Inuit art, 165n8, 170
Inupiaq Eskimos
art forms of, 31
baleen baskets, 106
boys playing kickball, 70
carving tools of, 251
dancers, 158
doll family, 63
etched ivory tusks, 33
fancy parkas, 180
garments of, 254
hats and visors of, 79
headmen, 100
influences on Athabaskan groups, 92
ivory carvings, 49
language, 50, 86n7
life of, 204
masks of, 134–135
material culture of, 50
mittens and boots, 144
and seal oil lamps, 5
skin sewing, 216
socio-territorial divisions of, 30
teaching methods of, 236
terms used by, xxvi
tradition, subtleties of, 128–129
Index by S. Jane Henderson, Indexplorations
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8
Inupiaq Eskimos (continued)
two-dimensional works of, 47–49, 136–137
Whale Feast, 254
Inupik language subfamily, 30
"Inviting-In," 153
Irrigoo, Walton, 29
Irvin, Ursula Paniyak, 186, 190
Isaac, Alexie, 62
Isaac, Walter, 100
Ituginna, drawing by, 203
ivory, characteristics of, 34
ivory carving
Aleut Eskimos and, 35–36
areas of, 31, 32, 34
in baleen baskets, 47
bracelets, 38, 38, 164, 244
desirability of, 143, 178
doll heads, 69
dolls, 68, 68, 142, 228
King Island, 37
messages communicated through, 27
miniatures, 136, 163, 181
Nunivak-style carved tusk, 42
painting on, 43
prehistoric figurines, 61
realism in, 130, 153
scenes of violence on, 257n5
styles, 36–43
tradition, transmission through, 151–153
traditional life depicted in, 33, 49
Iworrigan, Tom, 29, 40–41
J
Jackson, Edna Davis, 218
Jackson, Nathan, 13, 121, 124
Jackson, Sheldon, 67, 86n8, 203
James, Martin, 1
Jansen, Gene, photographs by, 173
jaw-bone houses, 45
jewelry, 146–148, 147
John, Aluska, 184
John, Anna, 187
John, Peter, 206
John, Tommy, 100
Jones, Jimmy, 47, 47
Jones, Michael Owen, 13
Jones, Suzi, 198n11
photographs by, 247
K
K. I. Heading Home (Ayek), 211
Kailukiak, John, 209, 209
Kakkianiun, Guy, 214
Kalerak, Ruth, 11
kamleikas, 76, 78
Kanishero, Vera, xxvi
Kaplan, Larry, xxvi
Kari, James M., xxvi
Kasko, Ed, 251
Katexac, Bernard, 33
Katlian, 107
Kay, Sharon, 83
kayak hunter, 29
kayaks, 53, 73, 197
Kelley, Mark, photographs by, 217
Kenai Peninsula subdialect, 28
Keok, James, 49
kerfed storage box with lid, 115
Ketchikan, 114
key informants, 27
kickballs and kickball games, 70
killer whale design, 114
Kimoktoak, Alvin, 202
Kimura, Sam, 84
King, Jonathon, 7, 12
King, Liz, 145
Kingeekuk, Amelia, 63, 69, 71–72, 86n13, 178, 239
Kingeekuk, Floyd
dolls by, 63, 69, 71–72, 178
ivory carvings by, 181
ivory seals by, 180, 181
realism in carvings of, 153
work of, 86n13
workspace and methods of, 239
King Island
carvings of, 36–37
ivory carving of, 32, 37, 41
missionaries on, 159
seal hunting, 211
society of, on etched ivory tusk, 33
King Island Community Hall, Nome, 45
Kinguktuk, 47
Kitchen, Leona, 248
kitsch, Alaskan, 210
Kivalina, 38, 175–176
Klingel, Eleanor, 87n21
knife stories, 150
Knight Island robe, 157
knives, semilunar, 161
Kobuk River fish camp, 205
Kodiak, 76
Kokuluk, Hubert, 158
Koluba (Blackburn), xxix
Komonaseuk, Maggie, 228
Komonaseuk, Silas, 228
Koniag Alutiiq, 74
Koozaataa, Lucille, 151
Kotzebue Madonna (Black), 228
Index by S. Jane Henderson, Indexplorations
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9
Koyukon Athabaskans, 96, 99
Kusma, 227
Kuzuguk, Nora, 87n22
Kuzuguk, Ricky, 44
L
labrets, 195
land, connection to, xxv, 204–207, 209, 213, 217–
218, 220–221
"Land of Darkness, The," 215–217
land otters, 107
Langdon, Steven, 53
language groups, 26, 28
languages
see also dialects
Alutiiq, 73
Edmund Carpenter on Inuktitut, xxvii
dialects, 28, 30, 77, 86n7
Eskimo-Aleut family, 28
linguistic breaks between Yup'ik and Inupiaq, 50
loss of, through boarding school, 246
Na-Dene family, 28, 91, 107
written, 213
Lantis, Margaret, 234–236
Larsen, Helge, 48
Laws, Bud, photographs by, 232
Laws, Marie
on boarding school experience, 245
and eena design, 17
on gender roles, 232
identification as artist, 237
on learning process, 1
on living in California, 201
and modification of classic designs, 19
Raven's Tail weaving, reintroduction of, 210–211
with Erin Rofkar, 232
with Teri Rofkar, 19, 232
and shared use of designs, 23n10
works by, 223, 224
on written language, 213
Leach, Lucy, xxviii
League, Nancy, 198n6
learning, traditional
art and, 230
components of, 252
within extended family unit, 242–243
Marie Laws on, 1
Teddy Mayac, Sr. on, 236
men's house and, 239
Fred Nayokpuk on, 233–234
observational process, 237
Reginald Peterson, Sr. on, 251–252
shift away from, 248
ways of knowing, 227
legends, 129
see also folktales
legend sticks, 165n2, 185
Leighton, Dorothea, 156
Life Woven with Song (Dauenhauer), 206
Lincoln, Bertha, 186
Lindahl, Mary Lou, 198n6
Lisbourne, Iva, 63
Lisbourne, Ken
Blanket Toss, 255
Butchering the Bowhead Whale, 137
Cleaning the Seal Skin, 9
Harpooning the Bowhead Whale!, 137
Inupiaq Doll Family, 63
Ooyahtoanah, Looking Out, xi
Picking Driftwood, 219
Summer Camp, 219
Walrus Hunt, 33
watercolors and Inupiaq explanation, 213
Whaling Feast, 137
Listening to the Qairiq, the Mating Call of the
Bearded Seal (Atchak and Unin), 65
Little Diomede Island carvings, 36–37
Littlefield, Esther
at Alaska Native Heritage Festival, 107
on button robes as teaching tools, 155
on gathering materials, 220
as historian, xxiv, 107–108, 127, 201, 209
interviews with, 132, 135–138
narratives of, xxvii
and nature of Native art, 217
as tradition bearer, 256
and use of clan crests, 123, 185
works by, 155, 271
Livingston, Tom, 18
Living Tradition of Yup'ik Masks, The (exhibition),
192
Lomen brothers, 43
loon, carving of, 130
loon dancers, 4
Lopp, Ellen, 38
Lopp, Tom, 38
Lopp, William T., 50
Lost and Found Traditions: Native American Art
1965-1985 (Coe), 187
M
Mackenzie, Alexander, 91
Madison, Curt, 96
Magdanz, James, 204
photographs by, 25, 66, 182, 205, 208, 242
magic, sympathetic, principles of, 134
magpie spirit, 174
Malcolm, Sarah, 106
Index by S. Jane Henderson, Indexplorations
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Maniilaq Health Center collection
collecting process for, 175, 198n6
description of, 22n3
selection committee, 3, 7, 170, 175, 198n8
man's water or soup dipper (qalutaaraq/patkutaq),
148
marine mammals, 53, 71, 90
see also individual species
market art, 35, 124, 136, 139–141
market requirements for art, 141, 143–145
Marks, Emma
and competition in skin sewing, 244
on doing beadwork, 229–232
as tradition bearer, 256
and use of clan crests, 185
works by, 6, 110, 169
Marks, John, xxvi
marriage practices, 71, 109
Martin, Alice, 244
Martin, Sarah, 179
masked dancing, missionaries and, 146, 159
masks
Aleut Eskimos, 78, 79
Anaktuvuk-style, 164
Athabaskan, 184
auklet with fish, 20
caribou skin, 164
ceremonial, 57, 75
contemporary, 97, 146
design of, 124
exhibition of, 192
finger, 186
fox, 127
innovation in, 15, 162
Inupiaq, 134–135
King Island dance, 159
Koluba, xxix
with labret, 195
loon spirit, 235
in Maniilaq Health Center collection, 16
moon, 116
Northwest Coast peoples, 14
old man, 185
owl, 185
practice, 135
Raven, 121, 185
Razboinsky plaque, xxv
shamanism and, 3–7, 14, 59, 145
Tlingit, 119, 165n6
walrus spirit, 60
wolf spirit, 209
Yup'ik, 198n9
Matchett, Caroline, 155
material culture
Aleut, 77–78
Alutiit, 73, 76
in archaeological baseline, 31
Athabaskan, 92
changes in gender roles and, 149
European influence on, 81
Inupiaq, 50
of Northwest Coast peoples, 109–113
pastness reflected in present-day, 85
Yup'ik, 50, 53
Mathias, Neva, 64, 178
matrilineal clans, 109
Matthews, Anna, 105
Mayac, Peter, 128, 130
Mayac, Teddy, Jr., 128–129, 130
Mayac, Teddy, Sr., 37, 37, 128–129, 130, 236
Mayac, Theresa, 130
May baskets, 81
Mayokok, Robert, 49
McClintock, Elizabeth, photographs by, xxviii, 94,
186
McIntyre, Chuna, 11, 53–54, 57–58, 227
McIntyre, John N., 62
McNeil, Larry, 97
McPherson, George, 91
McWayne, Barry, photographs by, 50, 136, 202
Meade, Marie, 25, 56–57
Medicine Man and the Cutter Bear (Moses), 259
Mekiana, Justice, 164
Melvin Olanna Carving Workshop and Friendship
Center, 7, 242
memorial potlatches, 113
men as artists, 236
men's dance fans, 186
men's house (qargi)
Deg Hit'an Athabaskan, 92, 160
described, 257n4
and traditional learning, 239
in traditional winter village, 30
Yup'ik, 51, 195
mentors, 232, 243, 248
Messenger Feast, 153
metal engraving, 118
military installations, St. Lawrence Island, 71
Miller, Frank, 33, 75
Milligrock, Lincoln
ivory bracelets of, 164
as tradition bearer, 256
walrus, carving of, 41
at work, 39
works by, 38, 42, 254
Mischievers (Miller), 75
missionaries, influence of, 30, 58, 68, 146, 159–160
Index by S. Jane Henderson, Indexplorations
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11
Misty Fjords National Monument, 108
Mobley, Chuck, 105
models
baleen sprint dogsled and gear bag, 202
canoe, Northern Tlingit style, 114
fancy freight sled, 201
Northwest Coast home, 171
paddles, 112
umiaq, xxii, 29
moieties, 15, 92, 109
Molly Hootch class-action lawsuit, 245
Moments Rightly Placed (Hudson), 84–85
montane regions, 90
moose bladder bag, 90
moosehide, smoke-tanning, 98
Moses, James Kivetoruk, 49, 132, 246, 259
Moses, Theresa, 239
mosquito inua, 15
mother and child, as theme in Native art, 228
motifs
cultural, repetition of, 13
floral, 94, 95, 103
graphic, 48
of Sylvester Ayek, 163
in Yup'ik baskets, xxviii
mountain goats, 107, 125n10
Mouse, Beatrice Anausuk, 207
mukluks, xxi, 214–215, 214–216, 229
Murray, John, 91
Musée de l'Homme Guyannais, 168
My Buddy from Shaktoolik (Olanna), 178, 240
Myers, Marybelle, 170
My Life and Other Stories (Sun), 204
Nelson, Richard, 92
Nelson Islanders, 8, 186
Nemayaq, 72
Ningeulook, Edgar Nunageak, xxvi, 204
Ningeulook, Hattie, 209
Ningeulook, Jack Herman, 61, 153, 164
No. 3 in the Migration Series (Senungetuk), 18
Nome, 34, 35
northern Eskimos. see Inupiaq Eskimos
Northwest Alaska Native Assocation (NANA), 207–
208
Northwest Coast peoples
see also individual ethnic groups
basketry of, 82
ceremonial garments and paraphernalia, 155
ceremonials of, 113
culture of, 115
designs of, 118
European contact with, 108
house models, 171
as hunting and gathering peoples, 107
marriage practices of, 23n11
masks of, 14
material culture of, 109–113
moieties, reciprocal system of, 15
pictographic works of, 136
red cedar and, 120
regalia of, 6, 119
Norton, Jerry, 40
Noyakuk, Peter, 210, 246
Nulukataq, 43, 254
Nunivak peoples, 28, 41, 42, 43, 60
Nunivak-Style Woman's Food Bowl (Ferguson), 161
N
Na-Dene language family, 28, 91, 107
Nakatak (schooner), 34
narratives
and the land, 204
of Native artists, xxvi–xxvii, 190, 193, 213
of survival, 129–132, 214
Nasuk, 129
Natchiq Inua (Schaeffer), 16
National Heritage Fellowship Awards, 107, 159
Native Arts Center, 247
Native corporations as landowners, 206
Native Heritage Festival, 237
Navajo chief's blanket, 165n6
Nayokpuk, Fred, 16, 195, 220, 233–234, 244
Nayokpuk, Percy, 234
Nayokpuk, Walter, 234, 236
needlecases, 151
Nelson, Edward William, 61–62, 187, 215–217
Nelson, Nancy, 64
O
objects
categorization of, by Native people, 142–143
clan ancestors as inhabitants of, 113–118
contemporary, xxxi n1, 145
cultural context of, 27
of daily use, 162
ephemerality of, 198n5
functional, vs. collectors' items, 140
and kinship, 217
making of, as telling history, 136
as mediators, 113–118
as metaphors, 214–218
ownership of, 133
performance-oriented, 236
in storytelling, 127–129, 185
as texts, 135
traditional, 145, 149
octopus bags, 117
Okhtokiyuk, Anna, 70
Index by S. Jane Henderson, Indexplorations
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12
Okoomealingok, Fred, 40
Okoomealingok, Gary, 136
Okpealuk, Mrs., 252
Okpowruk, Mattie, 142, 229
Okvik dolls and figurines, 59, 61, 68, 153
Olanna, Alfred, 8, 22–23n10, 139–140, 220, 243
Olanna, Elliot
carving with cousin, 244
Karen Olanna on, 46
with Ruby Eningowuk, 142
on teaching carving at High School, 250
and whalebone families, 164
works by, 178, 240
workspace and methods of, 239
Olanna, Emma
on connection to the place, 218
on notion of apprenticeship, 250
on working with Elliot, 244
works by, 142, 178, 240
workspace and methods of, 239
Olanna, Karen, 45–46, 132, 157
Olanna, Melvin Asitona
on apprenticeship program, 250
and carving context, 257n2
commissions of, 198n13
and family, 8
found art, use of, 22–23n10
graphic work of, 49
illness of, 246
and Melvin Olanna Carving Workshop and
Friendship Center, 7, 18, 242
Karen Olanna on, 46
and Ronald Senungetuk, 157, 247
on tradition, xxiv, 7–11
and ways of working, 252
and whalebone carving in Shishmaref, 132
Old Bering Sea peoples, doll making by, 59–61
old-style objects, 95, 162, 169, 227, 237
Olson, Cecilia, 87n21
Omwari, Hazel, 151, 152
Omwari, Pansy, 149, 152
Ootenna, George, 49
Oozeva, Conrad, 178
Oozeva, Wilson, 41, 42
oratory, formal, xxxi n3
Organic Act of 1887, 86n8
"Origin of Winds, The," 62
Oseuk, Aaron, 41
Osgood, Cornelius, 162, 184
Osterback, Alvin, 85
Osterback, Feckla Vereskin, 81, 85
Osterback, Marie, 85
Oswalt, Wendell H., 193
ovoids, use in designs, 118
ownership, rules of, 256
P
Pacific Eskimos. see Alutiiq Eskimos
Pacific Yupik language, 28
paddles, 75, 111–112
paintings, 43, 49, 137
see also individual artists
paitaq, 57
Paneak, Susie, 164
Paniyak, Rosalie, 141, 186
panu (bear spear), proper use of, 213–214
parkas
Adeline Aningayou on, 193
dangles on, 239
fancy, 56–57, 57, 180, 182–183, 215
gut, 71, 191
Marie Meade on, 25
pastness, reflected in present-day material culture, 85
patkutaq (soup dipper), 139, 148
patterns, 23n10
see also designs
Patty, Stan, 19
Paul, David, 100
Paul, Marilyn, 106, 169
Penapak, Estelle Silook, 156
Peratrovich, Selina, 237
Percent for Art, 1, 22n1, 36, 170
see also individual projects
Pete, Shem, 206
Peters, Julia, 101, 249
Peterson, Cecelia, 99
Peterson, Reginald Ben, Sr.
apprenticeship of, 251
changes in art of, 17
as contemporary master carver, 145
and conveying meaning, xxiv
on matrilineal lines of inheritance, 257n9
narratives of, xxvii
on obligation to pass on knowledge, 242
on old-style teaching, 251–252
on role of elders in art, 128
on role of tradition in art, 124
on selling to collectors, 141
studio of, 239
and use of clan crests, 185
use of cultural motifs, 13
works by, 146, 169, 251
petroglyphs, 47–48
pictographic works, of Northwest Coast peoples, 47–
49, 136
place, connection to, xxv, 204–207, 209, 213, 217–
218, 220–221
Index by S. Jane Henderson, Indexplorations
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13
plaited baskets, 119, 120
plaque masks (nepcetaq), xxv
platinum grass, xxviii, 54
platters, 156, 161, 162
play dolls, 61–62, 67
play-learning, 229
Point Hope, 38, 216
pokes, sealskin (puuq), 10
polar bear, carving of, 178
politics of exhibitions, the, 168–171
polychrome etched tusks, 43
Pootoogooluk, Anna, 132
Pootoogooluk, Bertha, 10, 204, 207, 214
Pootoogooluk, Charlene, 132
Pootoogooluk, Harvey
art and survival, 211
author's coastal trip with, 204
at Bentwood Symposium II, xxx
and carving context, 257n2
carving whalebone, 45
grandson of, 207
in his boat, 205
influences on, 246, 259
narratives of, xxiv, 129–132, 201, 214, 234
Karen Olanna on, 46
as shamans' apprentice, 236
as tradition bearer, 256
at whalebone monument, 204
work environment of, 239
works by, 44, 132, 224
Pootoogooluk, John, 132
Pootoogooluk, Thomas, 207
population of Alaska Native people, 205
porcupine quills, use of, 94
Portable Mountains #2 (Jackson), 218
Possessed (Nayokpuk), 16
potlatches
ceremonial entrance to, 111, 114
memorial, 113
Stebbins, revival of, 127, 185
use of bentwood boxes at, 115
practice masks, 135
prehistoric carvings, 35
Price, Richard and Sally, 168, 175
Price, Wayne, 14
primitivism, contemporary artists and, 21
Princess Diana baby belt, 103
prisoners of war, Attu people as, 77
Prokopiof, Bill, 222, 257n8
public art, 172–176
Pullar, Gordon, 73–74
Pullock, Charles, xxix
Pullock, Teddy, 32
Punuk peoples, 59
Pushruk, Stella, 9
puuq (sealskin poke), 10
Q
qamani, translations of, 204
Qappikzruaq, Washington, 129, 236, 246
qargi. see men's house (qargi)
Qaviaragmiut, drawings of daily life of, 203
quilled designs, 94
R
rain forests, of Southeast Alaska, 106, 114
Rain Screen, 133, 133–134
rattletop baskets, 119
Raven Dancer (Kokuluk), 158
Raven masks, 121, 185
Raven's Tail robes, 157, 172
Raven's Tail weaving, 118, 119, 125n10, 210–211,
225n1, 257n1
Raven's Tall Twined Shaman's Apron (Rofkar), 167
Raven the Creator (Hoover), 173
Ray, Dorothy Jean, 34–35, 41, 61, 86n3, 234, 245
"real people," 165n4
reciprocity in art commissions, 17
recognition, in Native cultures, 194
red cedar, 114, 120
red ochre clay paint, 86n15, 217
regalia
of Haida Indians, 237
of Northwest Coast peoples, 119, 155
public wearing of, 172
of Tlingit Indians, 6, 117
reindeer, 49, 67–71, 203
reindeer-herding apprentices, 49
reindeer horn dolls, 66, 67–68, 164, 165n10, 243
relational sustainability, 53
religious festivals, of Yup'ik peoples, 53
relocations, forcible, 76–77
Richardson, Kerry, 57
Riddel, Francis, 157
Riddles, Libby, 239
ringed masks, 60, 235
rituals, 61, 81, 146, 153, 160, 164
robes
button, 123, 155, 271
Chilkat, 117, 119, 172
dancing, 118
Raven's Tail, 157, 172
Tlingit, 19
transitional, 125n10
Rock, Howard, 49
Rofkar, Erin, 232, 237
Index by S. Jane Henderson, Indexplorations
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14
Rofkar, Teri
classic designs, modification of, 17
identification as artist, 237
with Marie Laws, 19, 232
and modification of classic designs, 19
and Raven's Tail weaving, 257n1
with Erin Rofkar, 232
and shared use of designs, 23n10
on traditional learning, 232
works by, 118, 120, 167, 179
rural-to-urban transitions, 205
Russian-American Company, 51–53, 76–77, 108
Russian explorers, 73–76, 91, 108–109
Russian Orthodox Church, 76, 109
S
Saami herders, 203
Sage, Oscar, Sr., 29
Salish group, 118
salmon, 53, 90, 107
Sam, Agnes, 94
Samuel, Cheryl, 157, 164, 225n1, 248
Sanders, Al, photographs by, 191
Sand Point, Aleut family home, 77
Santa Fe Indian Market, 146, 199n15
Savage, Ellen, 94
Savoonga, 40, 68, 72
see also St. Lawrence Island
Schaeffer, Roswell L. Qalayauq, Sr., 16, 32
Schneider, Shelley, photographs by, ix, 89, 108
Scholder, Fritz, 222
Schoppert, Jim, 220–221
sculpture, xxvi, 36, 45–47, 119, 136
Sealaska Corporation, 114
seal designs, symbolism of, 161
seal gut imbrication, 54
seal hunters, xxiii, 29, 32, 178, 211
sea lion crest halibut hook, 212
seal oil lamps, 5
seals, carvings of, 8, 163, 181
sealskin pokes (puuq), 10
Seeganna, Rick, xxvi
self-effacement in Native cultures, 193–194
Senungetuk, Joseph (Joe) E., xxvi, 20, 49, 140, 161,
162
Senungetuk, Ronald W.
as art educator, 157
on boarding school experience, 246
and Kathleen Carlo, 97
on cultural identity, 17
as founder of Native Arts Center, 247
on knowing and carving, 221
on use of terms by Native artists, xxxi n1
on ways of making, 143
on the will to express, 3, 15
works by, 18, 156
Serpentine Hot Springs, 215
Serrill, Ward, photographs by, 221
settlement patterns, influences on, 30
Seward Peninsula, beaded medallion-style trim of,
215
sewing kits, 151, 152
shaft straighteners, 35, 86n10
shamans
Aleut, 78
appearance of, 14
apprentices of, 236
apron of, 167
influence of missionaries on role of, 146
initiation sites for, 215
masks and, xxv, 14, 59, 145, 195
in painting, 259
paraphernalia of, 61, 146
Shanahan, Mabel, 94
Shapsnikoff, Anfesia, 87n25
sharing practices in Native life, 23n10, 209, 211, 252,
256
Sheldon Jackson Museum, 187
Shields, Martha, 117, 256
Shishmaref
horn dolls of, 66, 67–68
ivory carving, 34, 37–38
Melvin Olanna Carving Workshop and
Friendship Center, 7, 18, 242
whalebone carvings, 41, 44, 45–46, 132
Shotridge, Israel, 114
Shotridge, Louis, 125n11, 133–134, 162, 187
Siberian style kickballs, 70
Siberian Yupik Eskimos, 71, 190, 193
see also St. Lawrence Island Eskimos
Silook, Henry, 156
Silook, Margaret, 156
Silook, Paul, 156
Silook, Roger, Sr., 31, 178
Simeonoff, Jacob, 75
Simpson, Glen, 7–8
single sealing, 32
Sinnok, John
on art production, 154
and death of father, 234
and finding his own way, 252
with Ronald Senungetuk, 18
on Ralph Sinnok's carving style, 37
works by, 178, 241
Sinnok, Loretta, 215
Sinnok, Minnie, 178, 241
Sinnok, Ralph, 37
Sivuqaq. see Gambell (Sivuqaq)
Index by S. Jane Henderson, Indexplorations
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15
skeletal patterns, symbolism of, 161
skeletonized technique, xxvi
Skidegate, 115
skin boats (umiat), 29, 53, 137–138, 254
skin sewing
Adeline Aningayou and, 193
Athabaskan women and, 92
and doll making, 59
Inupiaq men and, 216
as Inupiat contemporary art form, 31
and public art exhibitions, 180
quill embroidery and, 94
by Siberian Native groups, 71
Yup'ik women and, 56–57
sleds, hand-drawn, 202
Sloan, Delores, 99, 101–103, 102–103, 211
Slone, Don, 18
Slwooko, Archie, 136
Small Hole, The (Barr), 189
Smeltzer, Ernest, 115
Smith, Helen, 67, 165n5
Smith, Kevin, photographs by, 10, 75, 90, 102, 110,
171, 212
Smith, Peter Luke, Sr., 154, 161, 235, 236
snow birds, 41
snow goggles, 253
soapstone carvings, 136
Soboleff, Vicki, 82, 120, 179
Soboleff, Vincent, 117
social systems
art as reflection of, 119
changes in, and emergent traditions, 19–21
clan-based, 71, 92, 109
of Northwest Coast peoples, 107
Sokeinna, Thomas, 49
Solomon, Hannah, 95, 169
Soolook, Theresa, 70
Soonagrook, Virginia, 239
Soonagrook, William, 41, 42, 178, 239
Sotheby's auction, 165n6
Sours, Lena Suuyuk Bangham Trueblood, 180
Southard, Dee, 119, 179
Southeast Alaska, totem poles of, 114
southern Eskimos. see Yup'ik Eskimos
Southwest Alaska, traditional ways of, 62
souvenirs, xxii, 81, 112
Spanish explorers, 108
Sparks, Margie, 169
Special Gift (Carney and Duncan), 93
Speck, Frank, 221
Spencer, Dolly, 178, 239
spirit masks, 60, 209, 235
Spirit of Folk Art, The (Glassie), 196
Spirit of Oil Lamp (Ahvakana), 5
spirits, depiction of, 16, 78
spiritual beliefs, 30, 53, 161
Spoon (Brady), 122
spruce root, 106, 237
St. Lawrence Island Eskimos
Asian ties of, 68, 71
carvers of, 40–41, 72, 132
as cultural designation, 190
dialect spoken by, 28, 86n12
dolls, 69, 153
fancy woman's boots, 12
gut parkas and women, 191
sewing kits, 151
skin sewing, 71
starvation of, 68
Stapleton, Rob, photographs by, 39, 149, 248
Stasenko, Rachel, 215
Stebbins potlatch, 127, 185
Steve, Charlie, 149, 154, 165n5, 256
stick dances, 96–98
stink birds, 20
Stolle, Sandy, 170
storyknives, 48, 149–150, 165n3
storytelling
Alaska Natives and, 207
Native art and, 186
story belts and, 147
storyknives and, 149, 165n3
and transmission of tradition, 127–129
structures, use of whalebone in traditional, 43–45
Subarctic habitats, 90
Sugpiaq language. see Pacific Yupik language
suicides, 148
Summer Lady Doll (Spencer), 178
summer solstice feast, 254
Sun, Joe, 139, 148, 204, 205, 234
survival narratives, 129–132, 214
Sutch, Art, photographs by, 6
Svarny, Gertrude, 179, 230, 237
Svarny, Samuel, photographs by, 230
Swan, Clinton E., 46
Swan, Nora, 183
Swan Ring (Tiulana), 153
Sykes, Carrie, 120, 179
symbols, 19, 21, 23n10, 146
see also designs
sympathetic magic, principles of, 134
T
tabbed bags, 117
Taheeta Arts and Crafts Cooperative, 45
taiga forests, 90
Tanape, Nick, 73
Tangatu, photograph of, 72
Index by S. Jane Henderson, Indexplorations
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Tapqagmiut, daily life of, 203
Ta Thouke (Water Dishes) (Demientieff), 169
teaching, traditional style, 233–234, 236, 251–252
Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport
exhibition. see Tradition, Innovation,
Continuity exhibition
territorial government, influence on settlement
patterns, 30
territorial teachers, duties of, 35
Tetpon, Levi, xxiii
textile arts, 119
Thomas, Sam, 100
Thompson, Nick, 207–209
Thornton, Harrison R., 50
Three Saints Bay, 74
Thule culture figurines, 61
Tickett, Wilson Aliqsi, Sr., 148
time, in storytelling, 129
tin cans, introduction of, 151
Titus, Dorothy, 179
Tiulana, Justin, 153
Tiulana, Paul, 153, 159, 256
Tlingit-Haida greasebowl, 165n6
Tlingit Indians
artifacts acquired by Shotridge, 125n11
artists, 232
art of, 47–49, 118, 136
basketry of, 112, 120, 123
carving tools of, 251
clan houses of, 109
creation story of, 125n7, 173
culture of, 217
influences on Athabaskan groups, 92
inhabited area of, 106–107
language of, 91, 107
mask, sale of, 165n6
mask design, 146
matrilineal lines of inheritance, 257n9
model paddles, 112
regalia of, 6, 117
robes of, 19
social systems of, 109
totem pole, 217
war helmets, 119
women's guilds, 248
Tobeluk v. Lind, 245
Tocktoo, Andrew, 164
Tocktoo, Molly, 10
Toksook Bay festival, 187
Tongass National Forest trail, 108
Topkok, Willie, 216
Totem Heritage Center, 45
totemic carving, 109, 114, 232, 242
tourist art, 35, 124, 136, 139–141
trade, 91–92, 164
trademarks, 37
tradition
concept of, xxii–xxiii, xxiv, xxvii, 1–2, 201
and context, 19–21
culture and, 11–12
definition of, 2–11, 27
emergent, 17, 19–21
intermittent, 149
Jonathon King on, 7, 12, 22n2
marketing of, 138–139
Chuna McIntyre and, 11
non-Natives and, 21, 210
pastness, reflected in present-day material culture,
85
as process, 7
re-emergent, 149
role of, in art, 124
scholarly concept of, 22n6
transmission of, 13–18, 127–129, 149–154, 158
Tradition, Innovation, Continuity exhibition
baskets, 179
considerations influencing acquisitions for, 176
curation of, xxv
documentation of objects, 190
dolls, 178
interpretive catalogue for, xxi–xxii
objects chosen for, 12, 101–102, 123, 155
selection of materials to be represented in, 177
themes in, 177
traditional items in, 149
traditional art, 1, 3, 124, 170
traditional artists, 21, 98, 194–196
tradition bearers, 127, 157, 256
Trail Creek Caves, 48
transportation forms, 30, 73
trapping, by Athabaskans, 90
trays, xxviii, 105
trim, beaded medallion-style, 215
Trumpeter Swan and Cygnets (Mayac), 37
Tsimshian Indians, 107, 116, 118, 119
tufting technique, 94
Tuzroyluke, Seymour, 47
twined basketry, 81, 82–83, 119–120, 123
twined cedar bark lid, xv
twined grass socks, 190, 191
twined Northern Geometric weaving, 225n1
two-dimensional art, 38, 47–49, 136–137, 203
U
ugly-faced dolls, 63, 141, 186
Ukaaniq, William, 201
uluat (women's knives), 139, 140, 161, 162, 243
umiaqhirraq, 176
Index by S. Jane Henderson, Indexplorations
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umiat (skin boats), 29, 53, 137–138, 254
Unalaska women, basket preparation by, 85
Unangan Eskimos, 76–79
see also Aleut Eskimos
Ungott, Ila, 70
Unin, Lisa, 65
V
Vanner, Alexandria, 85
Van Valin, William B., 134, 253
Varnell, April, 237
vegetation, of interior Alaska, 90, 106
ventilator man, 40
verbal arts, xxvi–xxvii
Victorian era collecting, 56
volcano woman, 1
W
Wales, 37, 45–46, 50, 210
Wallace, Denise, 74, 127, 146–148, 147, 148–149
Wallace, Samuel, 146
walrus, carvings of, 41, 42, 44, 178
walrus dancer, 241
walrus hunting, 29, 33, 34, 71
walrus intestines, 72
walrus ivory, 34, 36, 38
walrus ivory carving. see ivory carving
walrus spirit catcher, 78
Walton, Rudolph, 124
war, depictions of, 48, 49
Ward, Doris, 227
war helmets, Tlingit, 119
Warner, Arthur Churchill, 138
Washington, Ethel, 182
ways of knowing, 227
ways of making, 140–146, 252–256
weaving
Chilkat, 123, 155, 237, 257n1
Haida method, 237
Northern Geometric method, 157, 225n1
Raven's Tail, 118, 119, 125n10, 210–211, 225n1,
257n1
Wesley, Harry, 60
Westerners and Native art, xxvi, 142
Weyiouanna, Alene, 66, 67–68, 256
Weyiouanna, Barbara Ongtowasruk, 68
Weyiouanna, Edwin, 242
Weyiouanna, Esau, 66, 67, 256
Weyiouanna, Roy, 44, 68, 194, 242
Weyiouanna, Warren, 44
whalebone, xxvi, 43–45, 178, 204, 220
whalebone carving
in coastal and island villages, 45
and context, 257n2
learning, 233–234
Elliot Olanna and, 164
Harvey Pootoogooluk and, 45, 132
popularity of, 143–145
in Shishmaref, 37, 41, 46, 132
Gertrude Svarny and, 230
in Wales, 87n16
whalebone dancers, 44, 46
whalebone monument, Cape Espenberg, 172, 204
whalebone sculpture, xxvi, 45–47
Whale Feast, 254
Whale House, 133, 133–134
whale hunters, 29, 79, 136
whale ribs, 43, 160
whales
see also baleen
bowhead, 43
dancing, xxix
images of, in Native art, xxix, 6, 114, 134, 135,
136–137, 178
types of, 43
whaling, 30, 45, 71, 216
Wheeler, Myron, 51
Whisnant, David E., 249
White, Bill, 111
White, Grace, 231
white spruce, uses for, 106
wild rye beach grass, 221
William A. Egan Civic and Convention Center
installation, 1
Williams, Billy, 162
Williams, George, 41, 42
Williams, Liz, 77
Williams, Suzi, 125n10
willow baskets, 104, 106
Willoya, Bryan, 201
Wilook, Susie, 71
Windy Boy, Janine Pease, 176
winter villages, 30, 51, 77
witchcraft, 145
wolf headdress, 121
wolf-head mittens, 144
wolf spirit mask, 209
wolf transformation pendant, 147
woman cleaning a skin, 9
woman ice fishing, 194
woman's berry scoop, 148
women, and Native art, 53, 233, 237
women's knives (uluat), 139, 140, 161, 162, 243
wood carving
berry picking implements, 148
ceremonial masks, 57, 79
driftwood dishes, 162
driftwood platter, 156
Index by S. Jane Henderson, Indexplorations
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wood carving (continued)
Northwest Coast peoples, 118
platters, 161
snow goggles, 253
Woodworm feast bowl, 133
woodcuts on paper, 49
World War II, 71, 77
X
X-ray technique, xxvi
Y
Yaari, photograph of, 72
Yakutat-area beadwork, 110
yellow cedar, 114
Yukon Flats beadworkers, 100–101
Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, 50, 52, 62, 192
Yukon-Kuskokwim Health Corporation (YKHC)
collection, 22n3, 171, 192, 198n6, 231
Yupiit. see Yup'ik Eskimos
Yupik, 28, 86n6
Yup'ik Eskimos
artists, 227
basketry of, 54, 54–56, 56, 87n20, 191
basket weavers, xxviii, 253
carvers and red ochre, 217
changes in attitudes and behaviors, 193
cultural aesthetic of, 53
cultural hub of, 49–50
and cycle of seasons, 86n9
dance fans, 185
dancers, 186
dance songs of, 27
dance sticks, 185
design concepts, 57
dolls of, 59–61, 67, 231
goggles, 253
graphic motifs, use of, 48
hats and visors of, 79
homes of, 51
influence of, on Athabaskan groups, 92, 160
ivory carvings, painting on, 43
ivory carving style, 41
man with grass respirator, 195
and masks, 59, 60, 134–135, 185
men's house (qargi), 51
mittens and boots of, 144
parka, fancy, 180
pictographic works of, 47–49, 136
self-effacement among, 193
spirituality of, 53
and storyknives, 150
trading between Deg Hit'an Athabaskans and, 185
traditional ways of, 11, 50
village residents, 52
wood carving of, 57–59
Yupik of St. Lawrence Island, 68
see also St. Lawrence Island Eskimos
Index by S. Jane Henderson, Indexplorations
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