Reminders:
C 23-25 TEST =
WED 3/1
40 MC (10 from Unit 2)
1 SAQ
C 25 Q/V/A due TODAY!
C 26 Q/V/A Due TH 3/2
Field Trip? C 23 matching?
What’s happening in
this painting?
HAPP?
C 24: New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania
Hispaniola (Haiti-Dominican Republic
Indigenous Taino people (4 million 1492
(1000s by 1540s)
Encomienda system?
Gold, some silver NOT silks and spices
Taino populations gone by mid 16th C
Culture preserved through language

fire consuming the temple of Huitzilopochtli

the appearance of streaking fire
across the sky,

the “boiling,” and later flooding, of a lake nearby
Tenochtitlan,

a woman weeping in the middle of night

Fishermen discovered a bird that wore a strange
mirror in the crown of its head. Montezuma
looked into the mirror and saw a distant plain,
with people making war against each other and
riding on the backs of animals resembling deer.
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and the sightings of strange monsters having two
heads and only one body throughout the city.

God Quetzalcoatl (bearded, fair skinned Toltec
god) was to return from the East

The emperor Montezuma was said to have
consulted fortune tellers to determine the causes
of these omens; but they were unable to provide
an exact explanation until after the arrival of the
Spaniards
1519
1520: Death of Montezuma II
June 1520: Fall of the Aztec Empire
600 Spanish Conquistadors killed
100-200,000 Aztecs killed: battle of Tenochtitlan
December 1520: 70 day smallpox epidemic
Florentine Codex
1547-1558
Bernardino de Sahagun:
Father of modern enthography
Bartolome de las Casas:
Wrote about abuse of native populations
Initially suggested imported Africans for labor
Bishop Diego de Landa
Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán 1566
During a ceremony on July 12, 1562, a disputed number of Maya codices
(or books; Landa admits to 27, other sources claim "99 times as many")
and approximately 5,000 Maya cult images were burned. The actions of
Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the Americas.
Francisco Pizarro and Atahualpa:
The Fall of the Inca Empire 1532-1533
Pizarro had 180 soldiers
60 reinforcements to
conquer an empire of 11
million
Atahualpa and Huascar
Inca army = thousands
(Submit and Live,
Resist and Die)
Battle of Cajamarca 1532
Francisco Pizarro and
Atahualpa, in 1532, drawing
by Felipe Guamán Poma de
Ayala, c. 1600.
Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala
Guaman Poma's great work was the
(The First New Chronicle and Good
Government), a 1,189-page document..
His book remains the longest
sustained critique of Spanish colonial
rule produced by an indigenous
subject in the entire colonial period.
Written between 1600 and 1615 and
addressed to King Philip II of Spain,
the Corónica outlines the injustices of
colonial rule and argues that the
Spanish were foreign settlers in Peru.
The king never received the
document.
Europeans
in the
Americas?
Portuguese
and
indigenous
peoples?
FIND a friend and QUIETLY answer this SAQ.
Minimum of two sentences per a, b, and c.
Be prepared to share.
a. Identify and explain ONE similarity in the system of social
hierarchy established in the Americas by the Spanish and the
Portuguese.
b. Identify and explain ONE difference in the system of social
hierarchy established in the Americas by the Spanish and the
Portuguese.
c. Explain ONE reason for a similarity or difference as cited by you
above.
Differences?
S:
Peninsulares
Creoles (Crillos)
MESTIZOS
RIGID Hierarchy
Peninsulares owned all
the land and power
FAMILIES
P:
Pensinsulares
MESTIZOS
Mulattos
Zambos
-More male dominated
85% of migrant population
was male
- more African slaves (1518: first
slaves imported to New Word- to Brazil
-Portuguese planters and
owners of sugar mills were a
privileged class
- acted like the landed nobility
- as long as they contributed to
royal revenues, they were left alone
Similarities:
-
Peninsulares were highest social class
People of varied ancestry lived together under European rule
Mixed race performed much of the manual labor
Members of native European countries were the pinnacle of the social ladder
Mixed races below on the social hierarchy
Slaves at the bottom
REASONS?
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Social Organization:
Similar or Different
from other areas?
Mestizos
Spanish
+
Natives
Born in America/
Iberian parents
Creoles
Mulattos
African
+
Spanish/
Portugese
Zambos?
Native Indians
Black Slaves
Miguel Cabrera: 18th century Zapotec artist…
Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of colonial administration
established in colonial America.
What evidence would you use to answer this question?
Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of colonial administration
established in colonial America.
Differences:
S:
- initially ruled by conquistadores
- semi-private regimes that gave way to
the Spanish crown
-administrative centers in Mexico and
Peru governed by viceroys
- viceroys were reviewed by audencias
haciendas
encomienda system eventually replaced
by the repartimiento system
quinto: Spanish crown claimed 1/5 of
all silver produced
P:
- Sugar plantations
- Portuguese king granted large
territories to nobles
- Expected nobles to develop
their holdings
- Dispatched a governor to
oversee affairs and enforce
- Imperial policy
Similarities:
-Imperial rule/ royal backing and oversight
-European style society in the cities
-Both developed colonies for economic gain’
-Tried to gain control of as much land and territory as possible
-Tried to make sure officials remained loyal to their respective governments
-- generally saw this land as a place to exploit rather than as a place to settle
A Hacienda in Chile
Mexico City and Lima?
Potosi
Quinto?
Mita service?
Zacatecas: One of the most productive of its silver mines, the Alvarado,
has records which show a production of nearly $800,000,000 in silver
between 1548 and 1867.
Colonial government
in North America:
Private investors VS
Royal backing…
European Empires
and Colonies
In the Americas, 1700
North American Populations
8000000
7000000
6000000
5000000
Native
European
African
4000000
3000000
2000000
1000000
0
1500
1800
Export of Tobacco from Virginia
300000
250000
200000
150000
Pounds
100000
50000
0
1616
1624
1638
Compare the nature of the contact between the indigenous peoples and
the Spanish, French and English in colonial America.
What evidence would you use to answer this question?
Compare the nature of the contact between the indigenous peoples and
the Spanish, French and English in colonial America.
Differences:
S:
-forced labor so half hearted attempt to
rebel/ little option available to them
- mestizo populations develop because
initially Spanish men settled in
Americas by themselves
- some attempt to use Spanish law to
address poor treatment
Fr: (more success w/ CONVERSION)
- initially French male traders and fur
trappers
- Meti populations develop (FR and
Native America)
- mot as oppressive/ Fr don’t force
religion or government on natives
- Native Americans used the Fr and
English against one another to maximize
profit
E:
- treaties/ not great. English tended to
settled in North America as familiesFARMS conflicted w indigenous
migrations/hunting: led to conflict/
bitterness/ resentment/ HATED
interracial marriages/ didn’t care about
religious conversion
Similarities:
In all cases, Europeans met
Disorganized groups of
indigenous peoples
(unlike Spanish Latin America)
All were seeking trading relationships.
(fur, fish…)- trade routes
All eventually came to dominate the
indigenous populations
1531: Latin America/ Virgin of Guadalupe yes!
Spanish fort in Florida
Social:
S
P
Development
and
Transformation
of social
structures
90% of native pop
Lost in Latin Am
North Am = mostly
displacement
Political:
I
State-building,
expansion and
conflict
C
Spanish/ Portuguese: viceroyalties, audencias check the power of the viceroys,
encomineda system serves as mechanism for control
Brazil: given to nobles by the king
Iberian royal crowns controlled the colonies to a greater degree than the
British or French
British/ French: more independent, backed by support of some private investors as
well as the crown under a mercantilist model
Interaction
E
Spanish: introduced smallpox, reduced native pop by 90% (~ 4 million to 2000)
imposed strict system of social hierarchy based on race (peninsulares, creoles,
mestizos, mulattos, zambos)/ harsh treatment of natives: encomienda system
repartimiento system, mita service)/ established capitals in European style:
Mexico City (New Spain), Lima (New Castile)./early settlers mostly single men
Portuguese: no forced labor for natives, imported African slaves for sugar mills, similar
social hierarchy to the Spanish/ early settlers mostly single men: social classes
created from offspring of Europeans and Africans (mulattos) and natives and
Africans (zambos) (BOTH social systems based on race)
French: mostly single men come over to Americas: enter into relationship with native
women = metis
English: families come over- less interaction with natives
Between
humans and the
environment
Latin America: Plantations/ haciendas/ mining/ gold and silver / sugar/ introduction
of smallpox and huge population loss
North America: originally intend to live off the land and import goods/ later become
settled agriculturalists- learn from natives
New England: refine sugarcane into molasses for export
French: exploit fur resources
Spanish/ Portuguese: intentionally do not encourage cultural exchange or
diffusion, tried to eliminate native beliefs and replace with
Development
and interaction
Roman Catholicism. Missionaries present early on:
of cultures
Bartolomeu de las Casas, Bishop Diego de Landa- Virgin of
Guadalupe represents support for Christianity among natives
Culture:
S
P
English/ French: neither had much interest in converting natives to Christianity
more cultural diffusion with the French/ English resisted mixed
relationships the most / Africans in French colonies = voodoo
Native resistance: try to retain cultural identity but largely unsuccessful- some
revolts in North America/ African slaves attempted revolt but not successful
Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala: native Incan who protested to the king to no avail
Tupac Amaru rebellion (Inca) 1572 : led a rebel state, last Inca ruler, executed by the Spanish
I
C
E
Economic:
Creation,
expansion and
interaction of
economic
systems
Spanish/ Portuguese: first looked for finished products/ spices/ gold/ finding none
set up plantation economies (mostly sugar cane)
Spanish: silver mines (Zacatecas, Mexico/ Potosi), Peru/ Manilla galleons
EMCOMIENDA/ REPARTIMIENTO/ FREE LABOR
qunito tax
Brazil: engenhos
English: mercantile system/ Atlantic Slave trade/ sugar = molasses and rum
indentured servants as labor pool
did not enslave the natives
cash crops = cotton, tobacco, southern plantations
French: in North America = fur trade, timber, fish
in Caribbean colonies = horrible plantation conditions, sugarcane