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SENSEABLE CITY LAB
INNOVATION & TECHNOLOGY
CARLO RATTI
Carol Ratti, a member of the World Economic Forum’s Global Agenda Council for Urban
Management and the curator of the Future Food District pavilion at the 2015 World Expo in
Milan, directs the Senseable City Lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
MATTHEW CLAUDEL
Matthew Claudel is a research fellow at the Senseable City Laboratory.
JAN 14, 2014
The Driverless City
CAMBRIDGE – At the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas last week, the
roulette wheel of innovation landed on something rather old-fashioned and
unexpected: the automobile. In recent decades, cars have been undergoing a gradual
transformation from the kinds of mechanical systems Henry Ford might have imagined
into computers on wheels. And that transformation is bringing with it a new wave of
digital advances – above all, autonomous driving.
The first autonomous (or self-driving) cars date back to the late twentieth century. But
recent increases in sophistication and reductions in cost – reflected, for example, in
cheap LIDAR systems, which can “see” a street in 3D in a way similar to that of the
human eye – are now bringing driverless cars closer to the market.
As we saw last week, several manufacturers are working toward integrating such systems
into their fleets, and expect to start selling premium cars with different degrees of
autonomy as early as 2016. According to a just-released IHS report, “sometime after
2050” virtually all vehicles on the road might be self-driving.
But what is the drive behind self-driving cars? Are there meaningful benefits beyond the
convenience of keeping your hands off the steering wheel and thus being able to read a
book, take a nap, or guiltlessly text?
At the CES, journalists were busy snapping pictures of driverless vehicles zooming
through the streets of Vegas. But, had they turned their cameras around, they might
have captured something far more interesting: the stage upon which the drama of selfdriving will take place – the street itself.
Self-driving vehicles promise to have a dramatic impact on urban life, because they will
blur the distinction between private and public modes of transportation. “Your” car
could give you a lift to work in the morning and then, rather than sitting idle in a
parking lot, give a lift to someone else in your family – or, for that matter, to anyone else
in your neighborhood, social-media community, or city.
A recent paper by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s SMART Future Mobility
team shows that the mobility demand of a city like Singapore – potentially host to the
world’s first publicly-accessible fleet of self-driving cars – could be met with 30% of its
existing vehicles. Furthermore, other researchers in the same group suggest that this
number could be cut by another 40% if passengers traveling similar routes at the same
time were willing to share a vehicle – an estimate supported by an analysis of New York
City Taxis shareability networks. This implies a city in which everyone can travel on
demand with just one-fifth of the number of cars in use today.
Such reductions in car numbers would dramatically lower the cost of our mobility
infrastructure and the embodied energy associated with building and maintaining it.
Fewer cars may also mean shorter travel times, less congestion, and a smaller
environmental impact.
The deployment of more intelligent transportation systems promises to deliver similar
benefits. Real-time data planning and smart routing are already a reality. Tomorrow’s
autonomous vehicles will prompt another wave of innovation, from optimization of
road capacity to intersection management. Imagine a world without traffic lights,
where vehicular flows “magically” pass through one another and avoid collision.
But, while the world’s mobility challenges will increasingly be met with silicon rather
than asphalt, encouraging widespread adoption requires guaranteeing that our streets
are as safe – or safer – than they are today. That means that various redundancies must
be introduced to ensure that if one component fails, another seamlessly takes over.
Traffic accidents, though rarer, would still be a possibility; in fact, they might be one of
the main impediments to implementation of autonomous systems, demanding a
restructuring of insurance and liability that could sustain armies of lawyers for years to
come.
Finally, there is the fresh issue of digital security. We are all familiar with viruses
crashing our computers. But what if the same virus crashes our cars?
All of these issues are urgent, but none of them is insurmountable. They will be resolved
in the coming years as autonomy redefines mobility and sparks the next generation of
innovations in the field. At that point, the smart money might favor something even
more old-fashioned than cars: the city itself.
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