McNair Scholars Research Journal Volume 3 | Issue 1 Article 5 1-24-2011 German Lieder: Songs for Women Andrea M. Apel Eastern Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.emich.edu/mcnair Recommended Citation Apel, Andrea M. (2011) "German Lieder: Songs for Women," McNair Scholars Research Journal: Vol. 3: Iss. 1, Article 5. Available at: http://commons.emich.edu/mcnair/vol3/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at DigitalCommons@EMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in McNair Scholars Research Journal by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@EMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Apel: German Lieder: Songs for Women *(50$1 LIEDER S21*6)25 W20(1 Andrea M. 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Apel 0lGFKHQOLHG Johannes Brahms: op. 107, no. 5, 1886 Text by Paul Heyse 0DLGHQ¶V6RQJ $XIGLH1DFKWLQGHU6SLQQVWXE¶Q GDVLQJHQGLH0lGFKHQ GDODFKHQGLH'RUIEXE¶Q ZLHÀLQNJHKQGLH5lGFKHQ $OOQLJKWLQWKHVSLQQLQJURRP WKHUHVLQJWKHPDLGHQV WKHYLOODJHODGVODXJK KRZQLPEOHWKHZKHHOV 6SLQQW-HGHVDP%UDXWVFKDW] GDGHU/LHEVWHVLFKIUHXW 1LFKWODQJHVRJLEWHV HLQ+RFK]HLWJHOlXW (DFKVSLQVIRUKHUWURXVVHDX WRJODGGHQKHUGHDURQH 1RWORQJDQGWKHUHZLOOEH WKHZHGGLQJEHOOVVRXQG .HLQ0HQVFKGHUPLUJXWLVW ZLOOQDFKPLUIUDJHQ ZLHEDQJPLU]X0XWLVW ZHPVROOLFK¶VNODJHQ" 1RPDQWKHUH¶VWRORYHPH ZDQWVWRFDUHIRUPH KRZIULJKWHQHGWKLVPDNHVPH ZKRDP,WRWHOO" 'LH7UlQHQULQQHQ 0LUEHU¶V*HVLFKW :RIUVLOOLFKVSLQQHQ" ,FKZHLHVQLFKW 7KHWHDUVJRFRXUVLQJ GRZQP\FKHHNV ZKDWDP,VSLQQLQJIRU" ,GRQRWNQRZ 7KHODVWZRUNLQP\UHFLWDOLVGretchen am Spinnrade.7DNHQ IURP WKH WUDJLF SOD\ Faust, E\ -RKDQQ :ROIJDQJ YRQ *RHWKH ± 6FKXEHUW¶VLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVHUYHGDVDFDWDO\VWIRUWKHÀRRGRIliederWKDWZRXOGVRRQIROORZ)RUWKLVUHDVRQ2FWREHUWKHGD\ 6FKXEHUWFRPSRVHGGretchen am Spinnrade,LVFRQVLGHUHGWKHELUWKGD\ RI *HUPDQ 5RPDQWLF Lieder. *RHWKH¶V OLWHUDU\ ZULWLQJV DUH FRQVLGHUHG WKH PRVW LQÀXHQWLDO RI WKH WLPHV 0DQ\ FRPSRVHUV KDYH VHW *RHWKH¶V SRHPVWRPXVLFDQG6FKXEHUWFRPSRVHGIRUVHYHQW\WKUHHRI*RHWKH¶V WH[WV.LPEDOOS*RHWKHKLPVHOIZDQWHGKLVSRHPVWREHVHW WRPXVLFVD\LQJ³Nur nicht lessen! Immer singer!'RQ¶WHYHUUHDGLW $OZD\VVLQJLW´+DOOPDUNS ,QWKLVVWRU\, )DXVW, DVFKRODUPDNHVDGHDOZLWKWKHGHYLO¶VVHUYDQW 0HSKLVWRSKHOHVWRLQGXOJHDOOWKHSOHDVXUHVRIOLIHLQH[FKDQJHIRU)DXVW¶V VHUYLFH LQ KHOO 0HSKLVWRSKHOHV KHOSV )DXVW PHHW *UHWFKHQ DQ LQQRFHQW DQGEHDXWLIXOJLUOZKRIDOOVLQWR)DXVW¶VDUPV,Q6FKXEHUW¶VLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ http://commons.emich.edu/mcnair/vol3/iss1/5 22 Apel: German Lieder: Songs for Women German Lieder: Songs for Women *UHWFKHQLVDWKHUVSLQQLQJZKHHOWKLQNLQJRI)DXVWDQGKLVSURPLVHV\HW LVWURXEOHGZLWKKHUIHHOLQJVDERXWDPDQVKHEDUHO\NQRZV. 7KHSLDQRDFWVDVLWVRZQFKDUDFWHUWKHVSLQQLQJZKHHO 7KHLQFHVVDQWZKLURIWKHWXUQLQJZKHHODQGKHUDOPRVWXQYDU LHGYRFDOSKUDVHVFUHDWHDVHQVHRIFRQ¿QHPHQWDQGLWLVKLJK GUDPD ZKHQ WKH YRLFH EUHDNV IUHH IURP LWV UHSHWLWLYH SKUDVH VKDSHV 7KH VRQJ LV WLJKWO\ ERXQG WRJHWKHU E\ WKH UK\WKPLF SDWWHUQ RI WKH VSLQQLQJ ZKHHO DQG WKH WUHDGOH ZKLFK PDLQ WDLQV GUDPDWLF DQG HPRWLRQDO WHQVLRQ .LPEDOO S 7KH UK\WKP DQG G\QDPLFV LQ WKH SLDQR DFFRPSDQLPHQW FRQ VWDQWO\KLJKOLJKW*UHWFKHQ¶VHVFDODWLQJHPRWLRQV7KHOLVWHQHUFDQHYHQ KHDUWKHWUHDGOHVWRSWKHQWZRDWWHPSWVWRUHVWDUWDIWHU*UHWFKHQLVGLV WUDFWHGIURPKHUZRUNZKLOHUHOLYLQJDSDVVLRQDWHPRPHQWZLWK)DXVW *UHWFKHQDP6SLQQUDGH Franz Schubert: op. 2, 1814 Text by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe *UHWFKHQDWWKH6SLQQLQJ:KHHO 0HLQH5XKLVWKLQ 0HLQ+HU]LVWVFKZHU ,FK¿QGHVLHQLPPHU 8QGQLPPHUPHKU 0\SHDFHLVJRQH P\KHDUWLVVRUH QHYHUVKDOO,¿QG SHDFHHYHUPRUH :RLFKLKQQLFKWKDE ,VWPLUGDV*UDE 'LHJDQ]H:HOW ,VWPLUYHUJlOOW 0HLQDUPHUNRSI ,VWPLUYHUUFNW 0HLQDUPHU6LQQ ,VWPHU]HUVWFNW :KHUHKHLVQRW WKHUHLVP\JUDYH DOOWKHZRUOG WRPHLVJDOO 0\SRRUKHDG LVFUD]HG P\SRRUZLWV GHVWUR\HG 1DFKLKPQXUVFKDXLFK =XP)HQVWHUKLQDXV 1DFKLKPQXUJHKLFK $XVGHP+DXV 2QO\IRUKLP,JD]H URPWKHZLQGRZ RQO\IRUKLP,JR IURPWKHKRXVH Published by DigitalCommons@EMU, 2011 23 McNair Scholars Research Journal, Vol. 3 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 5 Andrea M. Apel 6HLQKRKHU*DQJ 6HLQHGOH*HVWDOW 6HLQHV0XQGHV/lFKHOQ 6HLQHU$XJHQ*HZDOW +LVVXSHULRUZDON KLVQREOHDLU KLVVPLOLQJPRXWK KLVFRPSHOOLQJH\HV 8QGVHLQHU5HGH =DXEHUÀX 6HLQ+lQGHGUXFN 8QGDFKVHLQ.X $QGKLVZRUGV² WKHLUPDJLFÀRZ WKHSUHVVRIKLVKDQG DQGDKKLVNLVV 0HLQ%XVHQGUlQJW 6LFKQDFKLKPKLQ $FKGUIWLFKIDVVHQ 8QGKDOWHQLKQ 0\KHDUWFUDYHV IRUKLP RKWRFODVS DQGWRKROG 8QGNVVHQLKQ 6RZLHLFKZROOW $QVHLQHQ.VVHQ 9HUJHKHQVROOW DQGNLVVKLP MXVWDV,OLNHG DQGKLVNLVVHV SDVVDZD\ CONCLUSION *HUPDQliederRIIHUVWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRLPSURYHWKHLUTXDOLW\RI PXVLFLDQVKLSWRQRWRQO\IHPDOHFODVVLFDOVLQJHUVEXWDOOFODVVLFDOVLQJ HUV7KLVJHQUHLQFRUSRUDWHVQRWRQO\PXVLFEXWDOVRWKHDUWIRUPRISR HWU\FRPELQLQJWKHWZRLQWRDSHUIHFWPDUULDJH6WXG\LQJ*HUPDQlieder SURYLGHVGHYHORSPHQWRIDVLQJHUDFWRUZKLOHDOVRJDLQLQJNQRZOHGJHRI WKHOLWHUDWXUHDQGUHSHUWRLUHIURPWKLVZHDOWKRIPXVLF Musick and Poetry have ever been acknowledg’d Sisters, which walking hand in hand, support each other; as Poetry is the harmony of Words, so Musick is that of Notes; and as Poetry is a Rise above Prose and Oratory, so is Musick the exaltation of Poetry. Both of them may excel apart, but sure are most excellent when that are join’d, because nothing is then wanting to either of their Perfections: for thus they appear like Wit and Beauty in the same Person. ²+HQU\3XUFHOOSUHIDFHWRThe History of Dioclesian 6WHYHQVS http://commons.emich.edu/mcnair/vol3/iss1/5 24 Apel: German Lieder: Songs for Women German Lieder: Songs for Women REFERENCES $OO0XVLF*XLGH-RKDQQHV%UDKPV/LHGHURS5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSZZZ FODVVLFDODUFKLYHVFRP %URZP0-(Schubert.1HZ<RUN::1RUWRQ&RPSDQ\ (OOLRW0Singing in style: A guide to vocal performance practices.1HZ+DYHQ <DOH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV )LVFKHU'LHVNDX ' The Fischer-Dieskau book of lieder. 1HZ <RUN /LPHOLJKW Editions. 'ULQNHU+6Texts of the solo songs of Franz Schubert in English translation. 1HZ<RUN7KH$VVRFLDWLRQRI$PHULFDQ&ROOHJHV$UWV3URJUDP 'ULQNHU+6Texts of the solo songs of Robert Schumann in English translation. 1HZ<RUN7KH$VVRFLDWLRQRI$PHULFDQ&ROOHJHV$UWV3URJUDP 'ULQNHU+6Texts of the Solo Songs of Johannes Brahms in English Translation. 1HZ<RUN7KH$VVRFLDWLRQRI$PHULFDQ&ROOHJHV$UWV3URJUDP 'ULQNHU+6Texts of the solo songs of Hugo Wolf in English translation. 1HZ <RUN7KH$VVRFLDWLRQRI$PHULFDQ&ROOHJHV$UWV3URJUDP )OHPLQJ5The inner voice: The making of a singer.1HZ<RUN3HQJXLQ%RRNV *UHHQ%The inner game of music. 1HZ<RUN'RXEOHGD\ +DOOPDUN5German lieder in the nineteenth century. 1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH7D\ORU )UDQFLV*URXS .LPEDOO&Song: A guide to art song style and literature. 0LOZDXNHH:,+DO /HRQDUG&RUSRUDWLRQ /XQGD\(Secret lives of great composers.3KLODGHOSKLD3$4XLUN%RRNV 6FKRQEHUJ+&The lives of the great composers. 1HZ<RUN::1RUWRQ &RPSDQ\ 6WHLQ' 6SLOOPDQ 5 Poetry into song: Performance and analysis of lieder. 1HZ<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 6WHYHQV'A history of song. 1HZ<RUN::1RUWRQ&RPSDQ\ :LQJHOO5-Writing about music: An introductory guide.1HZ-HUVH\3UHQWLFH +DOO APPENDIX 6XJJHVWHGLiederIRU:RPHQE\&RPSRVHU )UDQ]6FKXEHUW± *UHWFKHQDP6SLQQUDGH*UHWFKHQDWWKH6SLQQLQJ:KHHORS E\*RHWKH 'LHMXQJH1RQQH7KH<RXQJ1XQRSQRE\&UDLJKHU $YH0DULD/DG\RIWKH/DNHRSQR6LU:DOWHU6FRWW 'DV0lGFKHQV.ODJH0DLGHQ¶V/DPHQWRSQRE\6FKLOOHU 'HU7RGXQGGDV0lGFKHQ'HDWKDQGWKH0DLGHQRSQR E\&ODXGLXV 0RUJHQOLHG0RUQLQJ6RQJRSQRE\:HUQHU Published by DigitalCommons@EMU, 2011 25 McNair Scholars Research Journal, Vol. 3 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 5 Andrea M. Apel 'HU)LVFKHU7KH)LVKHUPDQRSQRE\*RHWKH 6XOHLNDRSQRE\*RHWKH 6XOHLND¶V]ZHLWHU*HVDQJ6XOHLND¶V6HFRQG6RQJRS E\*RHWKH :LHJHQOLHG6OXPEHU6RQJRSQR 'DV(FKR7KH(FKRRSE\&DVWHOOL .ROPD¶V.ODJH.ROPD¶V/DPHQW3RVWE\2VVLDQ .OlUFKHQV/LHG&ODUH¶V6RQJSRVWE\*RHWKH (OOHQ¶VHUVWHU*HVDQJ(OOHQ¶V)LUVW6RQJRSQRE\6FRWW (OOHQ¶V]ZHLWHU*HVDQJ(OOHQ¶V6HFRQG6RQJRSQR E\6FRWW 'HOSKLQHRSQRE\YRQ6FKW] 'DV0lGFKHQ7KH0DLGHQSRVWE\6FKOHJHO /LHGGHU$QQD/\OHRSQRIURP6FRWW¶V0RQWURVH 'HU8QWHUVFKHLGXQJ1RWWKH/HDVW/LWWOH%LWRSQRE\6HLGO 'LH0lQQHUVLQGPHFKDQW0HQDUH$OOWKH6DPHRSQR E\6HLGO $QGLH1DFKWLJDOO7RWKH1LJKWLQJDOHRSQRE\&ODXGLXV $QGLH6RQQH7RWKH6XQRSQR E\*DEOLHOHYRQ%DXPEHUJ 'LH6SLQQHULQ7KH6SLQQHURSQRE\*RHWKH 9HUJLVVPHLQQLFKW)RUJHW0H1RW'E\6FKREHU 6FKZHVWHUJUXVV6LVWHU¶V*UHHWLQJ'E\%UXFKPDQQ *UHWFKHQV%LWWH*UHWFKHQ¶V3UD\HU'E\*RHWKH /DPEHUWLQH'E\6WROO %HUWKDV/LHGLQGHU1DFKW%HUWKD¶V6RQJLQWKH1LJKW' E\*ULOOSDU]HU $PDOLDRSQRE\6FKLOOHU ,GHQV1DFKWJHVDQJ,GD¶V6RQJWR1LJKW'E\.RVHJDUWHQ /LHE0LQQD'HDU0LQQD'E\6WDGOHU %ODQND'DV0lGFKHQ7KH0DLGHQ'E\6FKOHJHO 'DSKQHDP%DFK'DSKQHDWWKH%URRN'E\6WROEHUJ 5REHUW6FKXPDQQ± -HPDQG6RPHRQHRSQRE\%XUQV /LHGGHU6XOHLND6XOHLND¶V6RQJRSQRE\*RHWKH 'LH+RFKOlQGHU:LWWZH7KH+LJKODQG:LGRZRSQR E\%XUQV 0XWWHU0XWWHU*ODXEHQLFKW%ULGH¶V6RQJ2SQR E\5FNHUW http://commons.emich.edu/mcnair/vol3/iss1/5 26 Apel: German Lieder: Songs for Women German Lieder: Songs for Women /DVVPLFKLKPDP%XVHQKDQJHQ7KH%HWURWKHG¶V6RQJRS QRE\5FNHUW +RFKOlQGLVFKHV:LHJHQOLHG+LJKODQG&UDGOH6RQJRSQR E\%XUQV :HLW:HLW7KH%RQLHODGWKDW¶V)DU$ZD\RSQRE\%XUQV :DVZLOOGLHHLQVDPH7KUlQH":KDWPHDQVWKLVWHDUVR/RQHO\" 2SQRE\+HLQH ,P:HVWHQ,QWKH:HVWRSQRE\%XUQV =XP6FKOXVV,Q&RQFOXVLRQRSQRE\5FNHUW 'LH/|ZHQEUDXW7KH/LRQ¶V%ULGHRSQRE\&KDPLVVR 'LH.DUWHQOHJHULQ7KH)RUWXQH7HOOHURSQRE\&KDPLVVR (ULVWJHNRPPHQ7KURXJK6WRUPDQG7HPSHVWRSQR E\5FNHUW &RPSRVHGE\&ODUD6FKXPDQQ /LHEVWGXXP6FK|QKHLWRSQRE\5FNHUW 'HU6ROGDW7KH6ROGLHURSQRE\+&$QGHUVHQ )UDXHQOLHEHXQG/HEHQRSQRV±E\&KDPLVVR 'LH1RQQH7KH1XQRSQRE\)U|KOLFK 9RONVOLHGFKHQ)RON6RQJRSQRE\5FNHUW 'LH6ROGDWHQEUDXW7KH6ROGLHU¶V:LIHRSQRE\0|ULNH 'DVYHUODVVHQH0lJGOHLQ7KH)RUVDNHQ0DLGRSQR E\0|ULNH =LJHXQHUOLHGHU*LSV\6RQJVRSQRE\*HLEHO 'LH7RFKWHU-HSKWDV-HSKWD¶V'DXJKWHURSQRE\%\URQ 6FKQHHJO|FNKHQ6QRZ'URSRSQR$QRQ\PRXV 'DQHQQVWPLFK3RRU*LUORSQRE\(OL]DEHWK.XOPDQQ +HU]HOHLG+HDUWDFKHRSQRE\8OULFK 'LH)HQVWHUVFKHLEH7KH:LQGRZ3DQHRSQRE\8OULFK 'LH6SLQQHULQ,QWKH6SLQQLQJ5RRPRSQRE\+H\VH ±$EVFKLHGYRQ)UDQNUHLFK)DUHZHOOWR)UDQFHRSQR± E\0DU\6WXDUW +RFK+RFKVLQGGLH%HUJH6SDQLVK/RYH6RQJRSQR E\*HLEHO 0lGFKHQ6FKZHUPXWK0DLGHQ'HVSRQGHQWRSQR $QRQ\PRXV -RKDQQHV%UDKPV± 6SDQLVFKHV/LHG6SDQLVK6RQJRSQR7UDQVODWHGE\+H\VH 7UHXH/LHEH)DLWKIXO/RYHRSQRE\)HUUDQG 3DUROH6DOXWHRSQRE\(LFKHQGRUII Published by DigitalCommons@EMU, 2011 27 McNair Scholars Research Journal, Vol. 3 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 5 Andrea M. Apel 9RPYHUZXQGHWHQ.QDEHQ2IWKH:RXQGHG/DGRSQR Volkslied 6HKQVXFKW<HDUQLQJRSQR9RONVOLHG 'HU6FKPLHGRSQRE\8KODQG $QHLQHbROVFKDUIH7RDQ$HROLDQ+DUSRSQRE\0|ULNH *ROGEHUZLHJWGLH/LHEH*ROGWULXPSKVRYHU/RYHRSQR E\%|KPLVFK :RKOVFK|QEHZDQGWZDUHVYRUHKH4XLWHIDLUDQGFRQWHQWHG RSQRE\'DXPHU $JQHVRSQRE\0|ULNH ±1HXH/LHEHVOLHGHURSQRE\'DXPHU .ODJH,/DPHQW,RSQRE\:HQ]LJ .ODJH,,/DPHQW,,RSQRE\:HQ]LJ 'HV/LHEVWHQ6FKZXU7KH/RYHU¶V2DWKRSQRE\:HQ]LJ hEHUGLH6HH2YHUWKH6HDRS1RE\/HPFNH 6DORPHRSQRE\.HOOHU 0lGFKHQÀXFK1DFKGHP6HUELQVFKHQ7KH0DLGHQ¶V&XUVHRS 1RE\.DSSHU (VOLHEWVLFKVROLHEOLFKLP/HQVH6R/RYHO\LV/RYHLQ6SULQJRS 1RE\+HLQH 6RPPHUDEHQG6XPPHU(YHQLQJRSQRE\6FKPLGW 'HU.UDQ]7KH*DUODQGRSQRE\6FKPLGW ,QGHQ%HHUHQ,QWKH%HUU\3DWFKRSQRE\6FKPLGW 0lGFKHQOLHG0DLGHQ¶V6RQJRSQRE\.DSSHU *HLVWOLFKHVZLHJHQOLHG&UDGOHVRQJRIWKH9LUJLQRSQR E\*HLEHO 'DV0lGFKHQ7KH0DLGHQRSQRE\.DSSHU 'HU-lJHU7KH+XQWHURSQRE\+DOP 9RUVFKQHOOHU6FKZXU7KH5DVK2DWKRSQRE\.DSSHU 'RUWLQGHQ:HLGHQ,QWKH6KDGHRIWKH:LOORZVRSQR 9RONVOLHG =LJXHQHUOLHGHU*LSV\6RQJVRSQRV±E\&RQUDW .ODJH&RPSODLQWRSQR9RONVOLHG 6WlQGFKHQ6HUHQDGHRSQRE\.XJOHU 0lGFKHQOLHG0DLGHQVRQJRSQRE\+H\VH +XJR:ROI± Mörike Songs. (LQ6WQGOHLQZRKOYRU7DJ%HIRUHWKH%UHDNRI'D\QR 'DVYHUODVVHQH0lJGOHLQ)RUVDNHQQR http://commons.emich.edu/mcnair/vol3/iss1/5 28 Apel: German Lieder: Songs for Women German Lieder: Songs for Women 1LPPHUVDWWH/LHEH,QVDWLDEOH/RYHQR $QHLQHbROVKDUJH7RDQ$HROLDQ+DUSQR $JQHVQR 5DWHLQHU$OWHQ2OG:RPDQ¶V$GYLFHQR (UVWHV/LHEHVOLHGHLQHV0lGFKHQV7KH*LUO¶V)LUVW/RYH6RQJQR 1L[H%LQVHIXVV7KH0HUPDLG5XVKIRRWQR Goethe Songs. +DUIHVQSLOHU,/RQHOLQHVVQR 5LWHU.XUWV%UDXWIDKUW6LU.XUW¶V5LGHWRKLV:HGGLQJQR 'LH%HNHUWH&RQTXHUHGQR Songs from “Suleika”. +RFKEHJOFNWLQGHLQHU/LHEH5LFKHVRI/RYHQR $OVLFKDXIGHP(XSKUDWVFKLIIWH7KH'UHDPQR 1LPPHUZLOOLFKGLFKYHUOLHUHQ<RXWKDQG$JHQR Eichendorff Songs. 'LH=LJHXQHULQ7KH*\SV\*LUOQR Spanisches Liederbuch: Weltliche Lieder (Spanish Song-book: Secular Songs). .OLQJHNOLQJHPHLQSDQGHUR:KLUULQJWDPERXULQH,VKDNH\RXQR ,QGHP6FKDWWHQPHLQHU/RFNHQ,QWKHVKDGRZRIP\WUHVVHVQR 0|JHQDOOHE|VHQ=XQJHQ/HWDOOHYLOWRQJXHVQR 6DJWLKPGDHU]XPLUNRPPH7HOOKLP,KDYHWRVHHKLPQR %LWW¶LKQR0XWWHUELWWHGHQ.QDEHQ3UD\KLP2PRWKHUSUD\\RX WR&XSLGQR /LHEHPLULP%XVHQ/RYHKDVOLWD¿UHQR 6LHEODVHQ]XP$EPDUVFK7KH\¶UHVRXQGLQJWKHUDOO\QR :HKHGHUGLHPLUYHUVWULFNWH:RHWR+HUZKROXUHGKLPDZD\QR Italienisches Liederbuch (Italian Song-book, Paul Heyse). :HUULHIGLFKGHQQ":HUKDWGLFK:KRFDOOHG\RXWKHQ" :KRVHQWIRU\RX"QR :LHODQJHVFKRQZDULPPHUPHLQ9HUODQJHU+RZORQJKDVP\ \HDUQLQJDOZD\VEHHQ"QR 1HLQMXQJHU+HUUVRWUHLEWPDQ¶V1R\RXQJVLURQHGRHVQRW carry on soQR 0HLQ/LHEVWHULVWVRNOHLQ0\VZHHWKHDUWLVVRVPDOOQR ,KUMXQJHQ/HXWHGLHLKU]LHKWLQV)HOG<RX\RXQJSHRSOHZKR PDUFKLQWRWKH¿HOGQR 0HLQ/LHEVWHUVLQJWDP+DXV0\EHORYHGVLQJVE\WKHKRXVHQR ,FKHVVHQXQPHLQ%URWQLFKWWURFNHQPHKU,GRQRWHDWP\EUHDG GU\DQ\PRUHQR Published by DigitalCommons@EMU, 2011 29 McNair Scholars Research Journal, Vol. 3 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 5 Andrea M. Apel 0HLQ/LHEVWHUKDW]X7LVFKHPLFKJHODGHQ0\VZHHWKHDUWLQYLWHG PHWRGLQQHUQR 'XVDJVWPLUGDLFKNHLQH)UVWLQVHL<RXWHOOPHWKDW ,DPQRSULQFHVVQR *HVHJQHWVHLGDV*UQXQGZHUHVWUlJW%OHVVHGEHWKHFRORUJUHHQ DQGZKRZHDUVLWQR 9HUVFKOLQJ¶GHU$EJUXQGPHLQHV/LHEVWHQ+WWH/HWP\ORYHU¶V KRXVHEHHQJXOIHGE\WKHDE\VVQR ,FKKDELQ3HQQDHLQHQ/LHEVWHQZRKQHQ,KDYHDORYHUOLYLQJLQ 3HQQDQR Songs from various poets. 'LH6SLQQHULQ7KH6SLQQHUQRE\5FNHUW 7UHWHWHLQKRKHU.ULHJHU'HGLFDWLRQQRE\.HOOHU 6LQJWPHLQ6FKDW]ZLHHLQ)LQN,IP\GHDURQHVLQJVOLNHD¿QFK QRE\.HOOHU :DQGOLFKLQGHP0RUJHQWDX:KHQ,ZDQGHULQWKHPRUQLQJGHZ QRE\.HOOHU Posthumous Songs. *UHWFKHQYRUGHP$QGDFKWVELOG*UHWFKHQEHIRUHWKHLPDJH *|HWKH¶V)DXVW 6XVFKHQV9RJHO6XVLH¶V5RELQQRE\0|ULNH 'HU7RFKWHUGHU+DLGH7KH'DXJKWHURIWKH+HDWKQRE\0|ULNH 'LH.OHLQH7KH/LWWOH2QHQRE\(LFKHQGRUII :RKLQPLWGHU)UHXG":KDWVKDOO,GRZLWKP\-R\"QR E\5HLQLFN http://commons.emich.edu/mcnair/vol3/iss1/5 30
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