German Lieder: Songs for Women

McNair Scholars Research Journal
Volume 3 | Issue 1
Article 5
1-24-2011
German Lieder: Songs for Women
Andrea M. Apel
Eastern Michigan University, [email protected]
Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.emich.edu/mcnair
Recommended Citation
Apel, Andrea M. (2011) "German Lieder: Songs for Women," McNair Scholars Research Journal: Vol. 3: Iss. 1, Article 5.
Available at: http://commons.emich.edu/mcnair/vol3/iss1/5
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at DigitalCommons@EMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in McNair
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Apel: German Lieder: Songs for Women
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Andrea M. Apel
Dr. Emery Stephens and Professor Kathleen Segar, Mentors
ABSTRACT
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German Lieder: Songs for Women
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Published by DigitalCommons@EMU, 2011
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Andrea M. Apel
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McNair Scholars Research Journal, Vol. 3 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 5
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McNair Scholars Research Journal, Vol. 3 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 5
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Apel: German Lieder: Songs for Women
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McNair Scholars Research Journal, Vol. 3 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 5
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Apel: German Lieder: Songs for Women
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Published by DigitalCommons@EMU, 2011
23
McNair Scholars Research Journal, Vol. 3 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 5
Andrea M. Apel
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Musick and Poetry have ever been acknowledg’d Sisters,
which walking hand in hand, support each other; as Poetry is the harmony of Words, so Musick is that of Notes;
and as Poetry is a Rise above Prose and Oratory, so is Musick the exaltation of Poetry. Both of them may excel apart,
but sure are most excellent when that are join’d, because
nothing is then wanting to either of their Perfections: for
thus they appear like Wit and Beauty in the same Person.
²+HQU\3XUFHOOSUHIDFHWRThe History of Dioclesian 6WHYHQVS
http://commons.emich.edu/mcnair/vol3/iss1/5
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Apel: German Lieder: Songs for Women
German Lieder: Songs for Women
REFERENCES
$OO0XVLF*XLGH-RKDQQHV%UDKPV/LHGHURS5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSZZZ
FODVVLFDODUFKLYHVFRP
%URZP0-(Schubert.1HZ<RUN::1RUWRQ&RPSDQ\
(OOLRW0Singing in style: A guide to vocal performance practices.1HZ+DYHQ
<DOH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
)LVFKHU'LHVNDX ' The Fischer-Dieskau book of lieder. 1HZ <RUN /LPHOLJKW
Editions.
'ULQNHU+6Texts of the solo songs of Franz Schubert in English translation.
1HZ<RUN7KH$VVRFLDWLRQRI$PHULFDQ&ROOHJHV$UWV3URJUDP
'ULQNHU+6Texts of the solo songs of Robert Schumann in English translation.
1HZ<RUN7KH$VVRFLDWLRQRI$PHULFDQ&ROOHJHV$UWV3URJUDP
'ULQNHU+6Texts of the Solo Songs of Johannes Brahms in English Translation.
1HZ<RUN7KH$VVRFLDWLRQRI$PHULFDQ&ROOHJHV$UWV3URJUDP
'ULQNHU+6Texts of the solo songs of Hugo Wolf in English translation. 1HZ
<RUN7KH$VVRFLDWLRQRI$PHULFDQ&ROOHJHV$UWV3URJUDP
)OHPLQJ5The inner voice: The making of a singer.1HZ<RUN3HQJXLQ%RRNV
*UHHQ%The inner game of music. 1HZ<RUN'RXEOHGD\
+DOOPDUN5German lieder in the nineteenth century. 1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH7D\ORU
)UDQFLV*URXS
.LPEDOO&Song: A guide to art song style and literature. 0LOZDXNHH:,+DO
/HRQDUG&RUSRUDWLRQ
/XQGD\(Secret lives of great composers.3KLODGHOSKLD3$4XLUN%RRNV
6FKRQEHUJ+&The lives of the great composers. 1HZ<RUN::1RUWRQ
&RPSDQ\
6WHLQ' 6SLOOPDQ 5 Poetry into song: Performance and analysis of lieder.
1HZ<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
6WHYHQV'A history of song. 1HZ<RUN::1RUWRQ&RPSDQ\
:LQJHOO5-Writing about music: An introductory guide.1HZ-HUVH\3UHQWLFH
+DOO
APPENDIX
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Published by DigitalCommons@EMU, 2011
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Published by DigitalCommons@EMU, 2011
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McNair Scholars Research Journal, Vol. 3 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 5
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0lGFKHQÀXFK1DFKGHP6HUELQVFKHQ7KH0DLGHQ¶V&XUVHRS
1RE\.DSSHU
(VOLHEWVLFKVROLHEOLFKLP/HQVH6R/RYHO\LV/RYHLQ6SULQJRS
1RE\+HLQH
6RPPHUDEHQG6XPPHU(YHQLQJRSQRE\6FKPLGW
'HU.UDQ]7KH*DUODQGRSQRE\6FKPLGW
,QGHQ%HHUHQ,QWKH%HUU\3DWFKRSQRE\6FKPLGW
0lGFKHQOLHG0DLGHQ¶V6RQJRSQRE\.DSSHU
*HLVWOLFKHVZLHJHQOLHG&UDGOHVRQJRIWKH9LUJLQRSQR
E\*HLEHO
'DV0lGFKHQ7KH0DLGHQRSQRE\.DSSHU
'HU-lJHU7KH+XQWHURSQRE\+DOP
9RUVFKQHOOHU6FKZXU7KH5DVK2DWKRSQRE\.DSSHU
'RUWLQGHQ:HLGHQ,QWKH6KDGHRIWKH:LOORZVRSQR
9RONVOLHG
=LJXHQHUOLHGHU*LSV\6RQJVRSQRV±E\&RQUDW
.ODJH&RPSODLQWRSQR9RONVOLHG
6WlQGFKHQ6HUHQDGHRSQRE\.XJOHU
0lGFKHQOLHG0DLGHQVRQJRSQRE\+H\VH
+XJR:ROI±
Mörike Songs.
(LQ6WQGOHLQZRKOYRU7DJ%HIRUHWKH%UHDNRI'D\QR
'DVYHUODVVHQH0lJGOHLQ)RUVDNHQQR
http://commons.emich.edu/mcnair/vol3/iss1/5
28
Apel: German Lieder: Songs for Women
German Lieder: Songs for Women
1LPPHUVDWWH/LHEH,QVDWLDEOH/RYHQR
$QHLQHbROVKDUJH7RDQ$HROLDQ+DUSQR
$JQHVQR
5DWHLQHU$OWHQ2OG:RPDQ¶V$GYLFHQR
(UVWHV/LHEHVOLHGHLQHV0lGFKHQV7KH*LUO¶V)LUVW/RYH6RQJQR
1L[H%LQVHIXVV7KH0HUPDLG5XVKIRRWQR
Goethe Songs.
+DUIHVQSLOHU,/RQHOLQHVVQR
5LWHU.XUWV%UDXWIDKUW6LU.XUW¶V5LGHWRKLV:HGGLQJQR
'LH%HNHUWH&RQTXHUHGQR
Songs from “Suleika”.
+RFKEHJOFNWLQGHLQHU/LHEH5LFKHVRI/RYHQR
$OVLFKDXIGHP(XSKUDWVFKLIIWH7KH'UHDPQR
1LPPHUZLOOLFKGLFKYHUOLHUHQ<RXWKDQG$JHQR
Eichendorff Songs.
'LH=LJHXQHULQ7KH*\SV\*LUOQR
Spanisches Liederbuch: Weltliche Lieder (Spanish Song-book:
Secular Songs).
.OLQJHNOLQJHPHLQSDQGHUR:KLUULQJWDPERXULQH,VKDNH\RXQR
,QGHP6FKDWWHQPHLQHU/RFNHQ,QWKHVKDGRZRIP\WUHVVHVQR
0|JHQDOOHE|VHQ=XQJHQ/HWDOOHYLOWRQJXHVQR
6DJWLKPGD‰HU]XPLUNRPPH7HOOKLP,KDYHWRVHHKLPQR
%LWW¶LKQR0XWWHUELWWHGHQ.QDEHQ3UD\KLP2PRWKHUSUD\\RX
WR&XSLGQR
/LHEHPLULP%XVHQ/RYHKDVOLWD¿UHQR
6LHEODVHQ]XP$EPDUVFK7KH\¶UHVRXQGLQJWKHUDOO\QR
:HKHGHUGLHPLUYHUVWULFNWH:RHWR+HUZKROXUHGKLPDZD\QR
Italienisches Liederbuch (Italian Song-book, Paul Heyse).
:HUULHIGLFKGHQQ":HUKDWGLFK:KRFDOOHG\RXWKHQ"
:KRVHQWIRU\RX"QR
:LHODQJHVFKRQZDULPPHUPHLQ9HUODQJHU+RZORQJKDVP\
\HDUQLQJDOZD\VEHHQ"QR
1HLQMXQJHU+HUUVRWUHLEWPDQ¶V1R\RXQJVLURQHGRHVQRW
carry on soQR
0HLQ/LHEVWHULVWVRNOHLQ0\VZHHWKHDUWLVVRVPDOOQR
,KUMXQJHQ/HXWHGLHLKU]LHKWLQV)HOG<RX\RXQJSHRSOHZKR
PDUFKLQWRWKH¿HOGQR
0HLQ/LHEVWHUVLQJWDP+DXV0\EHORYHGVLQJVE\WKHKRXVHQR
,FKHVVHQXQPHLQ%URWQLFKWWURFNHQPHKU,GRQRWHDWP\EUHDG
GU\DQ\PRUHQR
Published by DigitalCommons@EMU, 2011
29
McNair Scholars Research Journal, Vol. 3 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 5
Andrea M. Apel
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PHWRGLQQHUQR
'XVDJVWPLUGD‰LFKNHLQH)UVWLQVHL<RXWHOOPHWKDW
,DPQRSULQFHVVQR
*HVHJQHWVHLGDV*UQXQGZHUHVWUlJW%OHVVHGEHWKHFRORUJUHHQ
DQGZKRZHDUVLWQR
9HUVFKOLQJ¶GHU$EJUXQGPHLQHV/LHEVWHQ+WWH/HWP\ORYHU¶V
KRXVHEHHQJXOIHGE\WKHDE\VVQR
,FKKDELQ3HQQDHLQHQ/LHEVWHQZRKQHQ,KDYHDORYHUOLYLQJLQ
3HQQDQR
Songs from various poets.
'LH6SLQQHULQ7KH6SLQQHUQRE\5FNHUW
7UHWHWHLQKRKHU.ULHJHU'HGLFDWLRQQRE\.HOOHU
6LQJWPHLQ6FKDW]ZLHHLQ)LQN,IP\GHDURQHVLQJVOLNHD¿QFK
QRE\.HOOHU
:DQGOLFKLQGHP0RUJHQWDX:KHQ,ZDQGHULQWKHPRUQLQJGHZ
QRE\.HOOHU
Posthumous Songs.
*UHWFKHQYRUGHP$QGDFKWVELOG*UHWFKHQEHIRUHWKHLPDJH
*|HWKH¶V)DXVW
6XVFKHQV9RJHO6XVLH¶V5RELQQRE\0|ULNH
'HU7RFKWHUGHU+DLGH7KH'DXJKWHURIWKH+HDWKQRE\0|ULNH
'LH.OHLQH7KH/LWWOH2QHQRE\(LFKHQGRUII
:RKLQPLWGHU)UHXG":KDWVKDOO,GRZLWKP\-R\"QR
E\5HLQLFN
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